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<
A Scholastic Skills Book
by Bill Johnson
SCHOLASTIC INC.
New York
Toronto
Auckland
Sydney
Tokyo
Editor: Mary Lee Johansen
Editorial Director: Eleanor Angeles
Art Director/Designer: Marijka Kostiw
Production Editor: Judy Susman
Consultant: Leonore Itzkowitz
Cover Illustration: Andrea Baruffi
Photos: 36: t NASA. 58: t NASA.
Art and Cartography: Eric Barnes: 4; t 5; 9; 11; 21; 25; 27; 31; 33; 35; 39; 41; r// 46; t
51;60. Graphic Chart and Map Company: 7; 8; 10; 12; 14; 15; 16;
20: 26; 28; 34; c 46; 55; b 58. Jack Luboff: 18; 19; 38; b 40; 56; 57. Wilhelmina Reyinga: b 5; 22; 24; 30; 32; c 36; 42; 43; 44; 48; 49; 50; b 51; 52; 53; 54;
61. Mike Suh: t 40.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. For information regarding permission, write
to Scholastic Text Division, 730 Broadway, New York, NY 10003.
ISBN 0-590-34362-9
Copyright © 1985 by Scholastic Inc. All rights reserved. Published by Scholastic Inc.
ZeetOnOeSn716.5)4°-3
2.1
3
Printed in the U.S.A.
567
8 9/8 0/9
14
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
LESSON
FINDING THE RIGHT MAP .......................
4
LESSON
UNDERSTANDING STREET MAPS ...................
8
LESSON
READING: ROAD MAPS: oot...
5% oan Pee AG
10
LESSON
REV LEW Peresori
LESSON
LESSON .
ELEVATIONS Soric ceets estes ore ale sharin giro ate
LESSON
PUTTING INFORMATION TOGETHER ................
26
LESSON
MAPS" CAN TELL STORIES? | oie. . fice. cinceste sso
§ exede
30
tates a nsey
34
er
cE
a voi ajo asredsdtenniepetems
farcun’ 16
a
18
SPECIAL PURPOSEGMAPRS? oamretcis-siereesecclste
mes oie reaes 22
LESSON
oS
DY
P&H
MN
oO
ON
—
REV EW
LESSON
nlS&S
EARTH ASSAGSPHERE
ear cree
ne
te oh Renee
caer! ver. « « o osare weaye,oiede wT oko ays 36
LESSON 11
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.......................
LESSON 12
EARTHOAND: THE*SUN ios.
LESSON 13
REVIEW issn settereste ecseta tio ,ts ietels 5 emia! austere orcoliegh
46
LESSON 14
TELLING TIME AROUND THE WORLD................
48
LESSON 15
PROJECTIONS terete
ne, sosret sc shee siscers coe an ee eisin
52
LESSON 16
OUTEORSTHLS WORLD fioacr tee wae 90% one oelneus ORM iin?
00
LESSON 17
REVIEW
LESSON 18
NGURSOWINGMAPS ete
sereeie peter.
GLOSSARY... 9 (DE PEIN EEN 2)BERS 1D. SOME
38
pete «looters
sos asa o'soie 42
he 6 io ss bake coe wre t teo oA 60
oto
vcs sc cis © ooh aren 8 62
EOD ie BO
IR ee ee ea
64
LESSON 1
a2 FINDING THE RIGHT MAP
Maps can give you many kinds of information. You will find five kinds of
maps in this book. Each kind has different information.
street maps—show streets and buildings in cities and
towns.
:
road maps—show roads and highways within states,
from one state to another, and from one country
to another. .
political maps—show cities, and state and country
boundaries.
physical maps—show natural features of the land,
such as mountains, plains, plateaus, rivers, lakes,
and deserts.
special purpose maps—show many kinds of information about the land and people. For example,
these maps may show information about population,
transportation,
resources,
Or
amounts
rainfall.
How do you find the map with the information you want? The best place to
start is in an atlas. An atlas is a book of maps. In the front of an atlas, the
table of contents lists the title of each map and the page in the order you
will find it in the atlas.
At the right is part of a table of contents from an atlas. Use it to answer these questions.
1. Maps of what three countries are
listed in this part of the Table
of Contents?
Table of Contents
2. You want a map that shows all the
U.S. states and state capitals.
Which map would be best to look at?
3. You want to know if Mexico has high
mountains. Which page of the atlas
would best show this information?
4. What map would compare the climates
of the U.S. and Canada?
World, Political
World, Physical
North America, Political
North America, Physical
North America, Physical, Climate, Vegetation ...
Canada, Physical
Canada, Climate
Canada, Political
United States, Political
United States, Physical
United States, Climate
Alaska and Hawaii, Physical, Political
Mexico, Physical
Mexico, Climate
Mexico, Political
of
Practice finding the exact information
A table of contents will help you find the map you want. But
how quickly can you find places on the map?Many maps have an index that lists places in alphabetical
order. Each place has a letter and number beside it. Letters
and numbers also run along the edges of the map. They divide
the map into a grid, or pattern of squares. A grid helps you
find places on a map.
The map below shows part of the South Central section of the United States,
with its own index. Find Laredo, TX, in the index. The letter and number
grid reference for Laredo is C-4. Put your finger on C at the top or bottom
of the map. Move your finger up or down the map until it is across from 4.
Look in that square area for the town of Laredo. Circle Laredo on the map.
1. Find Jackson, MS, in the index. What is its grid reference (letter and number)?
Put your finger on 2 at the edge of the map. Move it across until it is below F.
Do you see Jackson? Circle it.
SOUTH CENTRAL UNITED STATES
TSE)
1
MISSOURI
eae oe eon
*
Fort Worth
2
%
PD
®
San
@ Antonio
A1}0
50100
i
200
Las Vegas, NM_
A-1
Little Rock, AR
Lubbock, TX
E-1
B-2
Mississippi R. — F-1/F-3
Oklahoma City, OK
D-1
Pecos R.
A-1/B-3
Red R.
B-1/F-3
Shawnee, OK
_—D-1
300MI.|
,
Shreveport, LA
3 0
100 200 300KM
eae
—_—— STRESS
Pee
D-4
Dallas, TX
D-2
Fort Smith, AR = _E-1
Fort Worth, TX
D-2
Houston, TX
D-3
Jackson, MS_
F-2
Laredo, TX
C-4
@ @ Dallas
Austiny,
F-3
Corpus Christi, TX
Shermane
San Angelo
D-1/F-2
D-3
Brazos R.
B-2/D-4
Carlsbad, NM
_B-2
OKLAHOMA
gu
B-1
Arkansas R.
Austin, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
*Shawnee |
A
;
Amarillo, TX
__ aN
E-2
Tulsa, OK
D-1
Wheeler Peak
A-1
:
CDE
2. Use the index to give the grid reference (letter and number) for
each place below. Then find each place on the map and circle it.
Ge GGriscduINIMMie
2
as
€. Bolon ROVOEA LAT
(mate
e. Shawnee, OK
b. Tulsa, OK
afai nl
d. Pecos River
Si ent
f. Wheeler Peak, NM
____
Using an atlas index . . . on your own
Many maps do not have their own index. Instead, in the back of an atlas
there is an index for all the maps. It lists places in alphabetical order. The
index gives the page for each map and the grid reference for the place you
wish to find.
In this kind of index, you must look carefully through names from around the
world. You may see two or more places with the same name. If you do,
carefully check the state, country, or continent that follows the name. Be sure
you turn to the correct map.
Part of an atlas index is shown below.
1. Find Charleston, SC (South Carolina), in the index.
How many cities named Charleston are listed?
tae,
2. On what page in the atlas will you find Charleston, SC?
a seas
3. What is the grid reference for Charleston, SC?
pliseshter
ied
Birmingham, AL 7 (B-2)
Birmingham, Great Britain
154 (C-2)
Bristol, Great Britain
154 (C-4)
Bristol, TN
120 (C-1)
Brunswick, GA
103 (H-6) |
Butte, MT
102 (C-2)
California, U.S.
102
Cameroon, Africa
209
Canton, China
189 (A-8)
Cape Canaveral, FL 7 (D-4)
Cape FearR., NC
121 (D/E-1/2)
Caracas, Venezuela
133 (A-3)
Cedar Falls, |A 109 (B-5)
Chad, Africa
209
Charleston, MS
120 (A-3)
Charleston, SC
104 (D-3)
Charleston, WV
104 (E-6)
Charlotte, NC
104 (D-2)
Chatham Is., New Zealand
198 (F-11)
Chattanooga, TN
120 (C-1)
Chicago, IL
104 (B-3)
Chile, South America
133
Clarksville, TN
120 (C-1)
Cleveland, MS
120 (A-4)
Cleveland, OH
104 (E-3)
Cleveland, TN
7 (B/C-2)
Look at the map on page 7. Several places on it are listed in the index above.
4. Find Birmingham, AL (Alabama), in the index.
a. What is its grid reference?
ease Fi
b. Find Birmingham, AL, on the map. Circle it.
5. Now find the following places in the index above. If they are not on the
map on page 7, write X on the’line. If they are on the map, write the
grid reference on the line. Then circle the name on the map.
6
aa Cleveland, TNa-
2a
b. Butte, MT
pire
c. Cape Fear R., NC
y
d. Charleston, WV
e. Cape Canaveral,
RIEU a
f. Bristol, TN
FL
Finding information . . . on your own
A spy is hiding somewhere in the United States.
SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES
One of his assistants is arrested. He has a piece
of paper with the spy’s phone number on it. But
the number is in this code:
Raleigh, NC
D-
Wilmington, NC
Montgomery, AL
BMobile, AL
BSavannah, GA
__DNatchez, MS. A-
E-
St. Petersburg, FL CNashville, TN
BTallahassee, FL CPalm Beach, FL D-
The spy’s area code and phone number is made
up of the grid numbers of the ten cities above.
But the cities must be in the same alphabetical
order as they would be in an atlas index. Can
you break the code? Follow these directions.
»
On the lines below, write the city names
(with grid letters) in alphabetical order.
(St. is an abbreviation for Saint.)
} Look at the grid letter next to each name.
On the map, run your finger up and
down below that letter to find the city.
»
Look across at the grid number for that
city. Write that number next to the city
name and letter below. (The first one is
done for you.)
1:
Mobi le
B-3
2
3
ae
5
Now write the grid number for each city on these lines.
ee
That’s the spy’s phone number!
LESSON 2
2 UNDERSTANDING STREET MAPS
A street map helps you find your way around a town or city. It shows
streets, parks, important buildings, and other places. It usually has a
letter/number grid to help you locate a place.
This map shows part of the city of Toronto, Canada. Learn how to use it
by answering the questions below.
ST.
YONGE
i Osgoode
el
Ol
> o
iu
Pelee?
Z
9
lu
S| =
Q)}0
icp)
=
o
Sloe
:
St
ADELAIDEST. ,|
O
Ss
a
:
_, |
King
Edward
KING ST.
Hotel
ara
| ia
foaKep)
COLBORNE
T.
|Z
|
St.
James
Bl Park
York
[J Hote!
Union
Station
eH
Yon Tower
1KM
1. Find City Hall (A-4/5) and Union Station (D-4/5) on the map.
Is the station north, south, east, or west of City Hall?
2. Look at the scale of kilometers. To the nearest .5 kilometer,
how wide (east to west) is the area covered on the map?
3. Look at the letters and numbers on the edges of the map.
What park is located at the grid reference C-7? »
4. Look at the Legend that explains map symbols. What symbol
stands for a subway station?
Remember this when using a street map: Suppose you are going south.
A friend tells you to turn left or right. You must hold the map so that the
direction you are going in points away from you. Then turn left or right.
5. Suppose you are driving south on Peter Street (B-1).
You are told to turn left on King Street. What direction will
you be going then? (Hint: Turn, the map upside down.)
8
|
|C|
Practice using a street map
Use the map on page 8 to help you answer the questions below.
ike Find where Queen St. (B-6) intersects, or crosses, Yonge St. (B-6).
What building is at the southwest corner of the intersection?
. You are riding in the subway, You got on at Osgoode Station (B-4).
The subway then stops at St. Andrew Station (C-4). What will the
next stop be on the line?
. You are staying at the York Hotel (D-4). You want to drive to
Clarence Square (C/D-1) with the fewest number of turns.
What will your route be? (Give direction and street names.)
. The CN Tower is one of the tallest structures in the world.
Suppose you are walking east along King St. (C-2). You see
the CN Tower directly on your right. What is the next street
you will come to on your left?
. You are at Massey Hall (A-6). You go by taxi to meet a
friend at the King Edward Hotel (C-6). Victoria St. looks like
the most direct route. Why can’t the taxi driver use it?
. Imagine you are standing at the corner of two streets.
You see the scene in the picture below.
a. On the corner of which two streets are you standing?
b. In what direction are you facing?
LESSON 3
¥
READING ROAD MAPS
Road maps show where roads go and what kind of roads they are. They
will help you and your family plan trips from one place to another by car.
In the legend, look at the symbols for the following:
interstate, U.S. highways — wide roads that go through several states.
You pay a toll, or fee, to drive on some of them.
state highways — smaller than interstate and U.S. highways.
They connect towns and cities within one state.
interchanges — points where you can get on and leave interstate and
U.S. highways. They are shown by a 2
on most road maps.
The scale on a road map gives you an idea of distances between places. But
it is hard to measure exact distances on curving roads using a map scale.
So, road maps show mileage between certain points. There are colored dots
or arrows beside certain towns and interchanges on the map. Colored
numbers between these markers show the exact distance in miles. Use these
guides to help you answer the questions below.
NORTHERN
:
Wendover
as
Y
7% ne
}
UTAH
—
interstate highway
er
U.S. highway
.
.
i
:
—(C)— State highway
highway under
construction
interchange
mileage marker
state capital
cities, towns
point of interest
mountain peak
SCALE
0
10 20 30MI.
Se
ae
1. Find the town of Vernal (C-5). Note the colored arrow below the town symbol.
Follow U.S. Highway 40 southeast to Dino. There is a colored arrow below that
town symbol. What is the distance marked on U.S. 40 between the two arrows?
2. Drive from Vernal southwest on U.S. 40 for 59 miles. What city do you come to?
10
forest area
Practice using a road map
Use the map on page 10. Underline the word, words, or numbers
that best complete each sentence below.
1. You can drive across Utah from Nevada to Wyoming on
6
2. If you drive west from Colorado on Interstate 70, you will
find the highway under construction just west of
Salina
Green River
Crescent Junction
3. If you drive from Provo (C-3) to Price (D-4) on
you will pass through
Soldier Summit
Woodside
Fairview
4. From Mountain View (B-5), you want to drive as close as
possible to Kings Peak (B-5). The best route would be
@
@
5. You want to drive south from Nephi (D-3) to Salina (E-3)
on
. Your trip will be ——__.
62 miles
76 miles
14 miles
6. You and your family take the bus from Salt Lake City (B-3)
to Wendover (B-1) on
(8g). From the first interchange,
the bus goes on that route to the.exit for Wendover. That
exit will be the _______ interchange on (0) .
seventh
third
eighth
7. Now use the map on page 10 to plan a sight-seeing trip. You want to
visit Flaming Gorge Recreation Area (B-5), the Dinosaur Natural History
Museum (C-6), Cold Water Geyser (E-5), and the Uinta National Forest
near Nephi (D-3). Circle each place on the map. Then start at Salt Lake
City (B-3). List the highways you will take to get from one place to
another. (Use route symbols and numbers. )
a. from Salt Lake City to
Flaming Gorge Recreation
Area
b. from the recreation area
to Dinosaur Natural
History Museum
c. from the museum to
Cold Water Geyser
d. from the geyser to the
Uinta National Forest
e. from the national forest
to Salt Lake City
1]
Roads that cross the border
The map below shows the southeastern part of Canada and the northeastern tip
of the United States. Look at the Legend. Find the symbols for the following:
> a provincial and a U.S. state highway. A province is a political division
of Canada.
} Trans-Canada Highway. This highway goes east and west across Canada.
> ferry routes.
Use the Legend carefully as you answer the questions below the map.
1. Find Bar Harbor (F-1/2). From this point, to what port
city in Nova Scotia does the Bar Harbor ferry go?
2. Suppose you take the ferry across the Bay of Fundy,
from Nova Scotia to New Brunswick. At which port city
do you arrive?
12
Practice traveling across borders
SSS
e
2
as
e
eee
Use the map on page 12 to answer these questions.
ie What kind of border do you drive across when you
go from Caribou (C-2) to Fredericton (D-3)?
. What do you call the kind of border you cross driving
from Edmundston (B-1/2) to Cabano (B-1)?
. In which direction are you going if you travel from
Chatham (B-4) to Boiestown (C-3)?
. Suppose you want to drive from Halifax (E-6) to
Pictou (D-6). What will be your most direct route?
(Give each route number and town.)
. The route from Halifax to Pictou along the southeast
coast of Nova Scotia is very pretty. But it is longer
than the route through Truro (D-6). What is the
number of the provincial highway from Halifax?
. Exactly how many miles would you travel on that
coastal route from Halifax before you get to
Trans-Canada Highway 104?
. How far do you travel on Trans-Canada 104
before you reach Pictou?
. The Johnson family lives in Bangor (E-1). They plan to drive to Halifax
and back. But they don’t want to travel over the same road twice. Study
the map and work out the best two routes for them.
- Write the route numbers for each trip below. Then on the map, trace
each route with a colored pencil.
From Bangor to Halifax:
From Halifax to Bangor:
Compare your routes with those of your classmates.
Are they the same? Are they different? In what way?
13
Practice with inset maps
fixie
ee ene
Ae
eee
ee
The main map on this page shows part of the Province of Quebec in
Canada. The smaller inset map in the upper left-hand corner shows a
continuation of the Province of Quebec to the east. A small area is shown
on both the main map and the inset map. But the two maps have different
scales. When you use an inset map, look at its scale carefully. Use both
maps to answer the questions below.
SOUTHEASTERN
QUEBEC
—-83— Trans-Canada highway
provincial highway
interchange
:
international border
provincial border
park
ferry
capital city
city
mileage marker
1. What route, shown on both the main map and the inset map, runs from
Trois Pistoles (B-6, main map) to Forillon National Park (A-10, inset map)?
2. What two parks are shown on both the main map and the inset map?
3. Find the Lévis interchange (E-3) and the Riviére de Loup interchange (B-5)
on Trans-Canada Highway 20. What is the distance between the two
interchanges compared to the distance from Grand Metis Park (B-7, inset
map) to Forillon National Park, along the south coast on Route 132? (Hint:
Look carefully at the mileage markers.)
100 miles longer
125 miles shorter
50 miles longer
14
Traveling by car . . . on your own
Imagine you are going to drive from the ski areas
near Ste.-Agathe-des-Monts (L-10) to the city of
directions for driving from Ste.-Agathe-des-Monts to
the Botanical Gardens in Montreal. Give route
Montreal. In Montreal, you will visit the Botanical
numbers and tell whether you will turn right or left
Gardens (N-4, inset map).
at any intersection of two routes. There are several
ways to go. Try to choose the most direct way. The
directions are started for you below the map.
th
i
the i
l
Bead ae Bom gop and the inset map-on:this page
to plan your route. Below the map, write exact
CENTRAL QUEBEC
Leave Ste.-Agathe-des-Monts on route Ee
15
LESSON 4
<2 REVIEW
The road map below, with its inset of Winnipeg, shows part of the state of
North Dakota and two provinces of Canada. Use the map, the Legend, and
the Index to answer the questions on this page and on page 17.
60
Fort Qu’Appelle
Portage ou
la Prairie
_MANITOBA
—_——
UNITED]
‘STATES
mare
Minnesota (U.S.)
Trans-Canada highway
interstate highway
U.S. highway
state, provincial highway
international border
- state, provincial border
provincial capital
Thief River Falls
North Dakota (U.S.)
Bowbells
D-4
Devil's Lake
Grand Forks
G-4
#H-5
Kenmare
D-4
Minot
E-4
Rugby
F-4
Stanley
D-4
Saskatchewan (Can.)
Antler
E-3
Arcola
D-3
Elkhorn
Erickson
-Assiniboia
E-2
_-F-1/2
Gordon _ (inset map)
Oak Lake
E-2
Portage la Prairie
Roblin
E-1
Souris
F-3
Steinbach
= 1-2/3
P g
mileage marker
in the Index.
What is its grid reference?
2. What direction is Moose Jaw from Yorkton (D-1)?
3. To the nearest 10 miles in a straight line,
how far is Moose Jaw from Yorkton?
4. Exactly how many miles is Moose Jaw from
Yorkton by @) and @) ?
16
Manitoba (Can.)
Brandon.
F-2
Dauphin
F-1
Winnipeg
other city, town
1. Find Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan,
1-4
Estevan
Fort Qu’Appelle
G-2
H-2 and inset map
A-3—
C-3
P
_
S
C-1|
Griffin
C-3
Moose Jaw
A-2 —
Qu’Appelle
C-1/2
Redvers
D-3
Regina B-2
Whitewood
D-2
Yellow Grass
B-3
Yorkton
D-1 —
eee
cree rete
er ea
Ne
le
ee
a
een
2
Use the map and the Index on page 16 to answer these questions.
1 . Cross out each town below that is not on the Trans-Canada Highway.
Some towns are in Saskatchewan. Others are in Manitoba. (Use the
Index and grid references to find each town.)
Portage la Prairie
Steinbach
Fort Qu’Appelle
Moose Jaw
Elkhorn
Oak Lake
. Alice lives in Brandon, Manitoba. Her friend lives in
Grand Forks, ND. Their families arrange to meet in Minot, ND.
“We'll have to drive farther than you,” Alice told her friend.
“No, said her friend. ‘We live farther from Minot than you do.”
“You can drive directly west,” said Alice. ‘We drive south and west.”
Who has to drive farther — Alice or her friend? (Remember
to use the exact mileage markers on the map.)
. Mr. Gore drove his delivery van from Winnipeg to Gordon
in Manitoba. Mr. Peters drove his van from Winnipeg to
Portage la Prairie. Did both men drive the same distance?
If not, who drove farther—Mr.
Gore or Mr. Peters?
. Two friends decide to fight littering in their neighborhood. You
can find their names hidden on the map on page 16. To find the
names, take the journey described below. At each STOP point,
write the name of the town or city on the line. The first letters of
the STOP points spell out the litter fighters’ names.
Name #1: From Brandon, Manitoba, travel south on Route 10 to Route 2.
Turn right on Route 2. At the first town you come to on Route 2, STOP.
Continue west on Route 2. At the first town in Saskatchewan,
STOP.
You are now on Route 13. Go west to the next town and STOP.
Continue west on Route 13. Cross Route 9. At the town just west of
Route 9, STOP.
Name #2: Continue west on Route 13. At the next town, STOP.
Continue west on Route 13 until it meets Route 2. STOP.
Turn right on Route 2. At the Trans-Canada Highway, turn right. Drive
east for 44 miles. STOP.
Drive south on Route 6. After 24 miles, turn left onto Route 39. At the
first town you come to on Route 39, STOP.
iherltiemtiahters dress nd
=
17
LESSON 5
a2 ELEVATION
The maps in Lessons 1—4 show direction and distance from one place to another.
But they do not show the elevation, or height, of land. Street maps and road maps
do not show whether land is flat or hilly. You need an elevation map to show that.
The maps on pages 18 and 19 show the elevation of an island and the depth of
the water around it in these three ways: profile, relief, and contour. The maps on
pages 18 and 19 show Twin Peaks in these three ways.
A profile map shows the land as if it were sliced like a piece of cake. You see the
sliced area from the side. The map has a vertical scale that shows the height of land
above sea level and the depth of water below sea level. (The symbol ’ stands for feet.)
PROFILE MAP
Sharp Point
:
A relief map uses shading, color, or patterns to show elevations above sea level
and depths below sea level. A legend explains the colors and patterns.
RELIEF MAP
LEGEND
FE over 1500’
;
[MM 1000°- 1500"
[] 500’- 1000"
fo - 500"
[ ]o--s00.
—500'
--1000’
[BM] - 1000"--1500"
Another way to show elevation
A contour map uses lines to show elevation. Each contour line connects all points at
the same elevation above or below sea level. Where the lines are close together, the
land is steep. Where they are far apart, the land is not as steep, or is quite flat.
CONTOUR MAP
Yo mile
Now use the contour map above and the maps on page 18 to answer these
questions about elevation.
1. How high is High Crag?
_ 2. Which side of Sharp Point is the steepest?
3. Which map does not show the rivers?
4. In what direction does the South River flow?
5. Which river is at a higher elevation at its source,
or beginning—North River or South River?
6. About how far is High Crag, in a direct line, from
the southern coast of the island?
7. Which side of the island would be the easiest to walk up? Why is this so?
8. Look at the contour map. How does point V compare in height with point W?
19
Using an elevation map . . . on your own
The map below shows parts of California and Nevada. Mount Whitney
(C-2), the second highest point in the United States, is shown on the map.
Death Valley (D/E-2/3), the lowest point in the United States, is also shown.
Look at the Legend to see how land below sea level is shown on the map.
Use the map to answer the questions on page 21. As you look at the map,
pay careful attention to colors, patterns, and contour lines.
-
“‘Telesco
|
11,045’
CALIFORNIA
J
YX
MOJAVE
® Barstow
over 10,000’
DESERT
5000’—10,000’
1000’—5000’
500’—1000’
0’—500’
0’—500' below
sea level
SCALE
0
100
In items 1-5, underline the word or words that best complete each sentence.
Remember to pay careful attention to the Legend and the scale for the map
on page 20.
1. Telescope Peak (D-3) towers over the _____
eastern
western
side of Death Valley.
northern
2. The steepest slopes of the Sierra Nevada are mainly on the
east
west
north
3. The area north and east of Death Valley has no
land higher than 1000’
valleys
rivers
4. To the nearest 10 miles, Mount Whitney is _____- miles from
Telescope Peak.
50
70
90
5. To the nearest 100 feet, Mount Whitney is
than the lowest point in Death Valley.
14,000
14,500
__ feet higher
14,800
6. Two hikers found the profile map (at the right).
It shows where an old miner buried some gold. The
area in the profile map is on the map on page 20.
Can you find where the gold is hidden? On the map
on page 20, draw a line to show where the profile
runs. On the map, put an X on the hiding place.
Comsuter fun
Here is a computer program that will work out the differences in any elevations for you.
For places that are below sea level, you must put a minus sign (—) in front of the number
of feet. For example, Death Valley is — 282 feet. Use the elevations given for mountains
on the map on page 20 or find elevations of other mountains in an atlas index.
10°
INPUT
"NAME OF FIRST-PLACE?
"SF
IN FEET?"sE
"ELEVATION
INPUT
20
30
INPUT
"NAME OF SECOND
PLACE?
"35%
IN FEET? osF
“ELEVATION
fOmeINPUT.
Soe
Ie E<F «THEN 780
SOS
702
3O-
§0—
UPRINIZEs 3) 1S ee sib Ei
Bees
HIGHER THAN "35%
eGO T0010
PRINI2oes
alo.
3 h-b oR E ET
HIGHER THAN "35F%
GOTO 10
If you do not have a computer, work out the differences with a calculator.
Use a minus sign for land below sea level.
21
LESSON 6
a2 SPECIAL PURPOSE MAPS
In Lessons 1—5, you learn about maps that show
where places are located and what the land looks
like. But some maps show other kinds of information.
They are called special purpose maps.
The special purpose map below shows the population
density of Australia. The colors show the areas of
the country that are crowded, and the areas that
have few or no people living in them.
A special purpose map may tell you about the natural
vegetation or climate of an area. It may tell you
about the people in a particular area—for example,
how large the population is, or what languages the
people speak. A special purpose map may also tell
you about things that are produced in an area. You
will work with several different kinds of special
Population density is usually measured by the average
number of people per square mile. The legend
colors. So you can easily see where most Australians
do—or do not—live. Use the map to answer the
purpose maps on pages 22-32.
questions below it.
explains that the areas with few people per square
mile are shown with pale colors. The areas with
more people per square mile are shown with darker
AUSTRALIA
POPULATION |
:
inhabitants per square mile
| NORTHERN |
| TERRITORY
[|
reat sto
uninhabited -
eee under2
Desert
.
3
WESTERN
AUSTRALIA
Oe
1. What do the white areas stand for on the map?
areas with few people
areas with no people
areas with many people
2. In what part of Australia do most people live?
the center
the northwest
the southeast
3. What is the population density for most of Australia?
fewer than 2 people per square mile
between 25 and 60 people per square mile
between 2 and 25 people per square mile
_—_—_—
22
ee
EESSSSSESSSSSSSSSmmMsHeFeFeFFFsssSSsmsmsmsmsseseF
Practice
with a special purpose map
Use the map on page 22 to answer these questions. Remember to look at the
legend carefully.
1. How many areas are there in Australia with more than
60 people per square mile?
2. Which is probably closer to the population count of Sydney
and its urban area—between | and 2 million people or
between 2 and 3 million people?
3. In Australia, there are no main highways from the center of the continent
to the west coast. Look at the map and explain briefly why this is probably so.
4. Seven city or town symbols are on the map. Here are names and descriptions
of five cities and towns. Which name belongs next to which symbol on
the map. Write the letter for the town or city next to the correct symbol.
a. Perth—the largest city in southwest Australia.
b. Melbourne—more than 2 million people live here.
c. Alice Springs—in central Australia at the edge of an uninhabited area.
d. Brisbane—on the east coast, with a population of 60-125 people per
square mile.
e. Darwin—a northern city with a population of only about 10,000; the
largest population of any place within hundreds of miles.
5. A rich Australian died, leaving all his money locked in a safe. No one
knew the three-figure combination. But he had left the population density
map (page 22) and the note below. To find the combination, follow the
directions in the note and draw each line on the map.
a. Start at the western end of the southernmost uninhabited area. Move
directly north to the coast.
. Then start at Adelaide (south coast). Go north to the eastern tip of the
easternmost uninhabited area. Go from that point to the eastern tip of
the southernmost uninhabited area.
From that point, move in a south-
easterly direction to a very small area with a population of from 2-25
people per square mile.
. Now start at a point on the northeast coast with a population of from
25—60 people per square mile. Go to the most populated city on the
south coast.
d. What number have you drawn on the map?
Practice with a special purpose map
.
The map below is a product map. It shows the main farm crops and animals
raised in Australia. It also shows important minerals and manufactured
goods. The symbols on the map show the main areas where the products
come from. The Legend tells what each symbol stands for.
Use the map to answer the questions below.
AUSTRALIA
‘Farm Products, Minerals, Resources, Manufacturing
LEGEND
af
cattle raising
!
!
sheep raising
sugarcane
|
wheat
|
|
manufacturing
center
automobiles
coal
Se
ee
iron ore
machinery
B
.
i
elaide
natural gas
Som\
|
nm!
© bd
oil refining
Melbourne
uranium
1. What does the symbol
(s) stand for?
2. In what part of Australia is most coal found?
coal
machinery
cattle
eastern
northern
western
3. Which two farm products are raised in southwestern Australia?
sugar cane and wheat
24
sheep and sugar cane
sheep and wheat
Using a special purpose map . . . on your own
Use the map on page 24 to answer these questions.
1. What animal is raised in both the southwest and
the southeast of Australia?
2. Suppose your parents worked in an automobile factory
in Australia. In what part of the country would you
probably be living—the eastern or the western?
Suppose three Australian students visit your school. You ask them where they
come from. They say you might not have heard of the small towns where
they live. But they tell you about what their hometown regions are like.
PMfamily and other
In the region where
T live, they grow wheat.
There is 4
uranium mine
3. Look at the map. Then write the name of the city in each student's
hometown region.
“Ee al
sa
lel
Keying
tee ae eS
ee
Norman:
Computer fun
Do you notice that many symbols on a product map look a lot like the real
product? By using different keys on a computer, you can make up some of
your own product symbols. Try this program. Then try writing some symbol
programs of your own.
£05
20°
SO
40
SOF
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
ORRINT
TAB(4)
TAB(S)
"\--/
"00"
"
PRINT
GO
70.) SP RUNT
PRINT
80
LPRINT
80>
RUN
eA Co) te n/ ie) ke oe
“{ 3"
TAB(4)
20" TAB tS )) 0"
TABC7):
What do you think the symbols you made on the computer stand for?
If you do not have a computer, draw one or two symbols on a separate
piece of paper. Ask a classmate to guess what they stand for.
Hee
a
25
LESSON7
~ PUTTING INFORMATION TOGETHER
Each kind of special purpose map gives you different information. You can
learn something about an area by studying each map separately. But you
can learn even more by comparing two or more maps. For example,
suppose a rainfall map shows an area that has very little or no rain. A
population map of the same area shows that very few, if any, people live
there. You could say this is probably because so little rain falls in that area.
Look at these two special purpose maps that show part of North Africa.
Pay careful attention to the Legend in each map. Answer the questions
below the maps.
NORTH AFRICA
‘FR livestock
wheat
natural gas
oil
average number of
inches
per year
40-60
20—40
10-20
under 10
1. How many countries are named in each map?
3
4
8
2. Which of the countries named in each map
is farthest east?
Tunisia
Morocco
Libya
3. What does each map give you information about?
Map A:
Map B:
ne
26
Practice putting information together
Use the maps on page 26 to compare the two maps and answer these questions.
1. Do both maps on page 26 cover the same land area?
2. Which country shown on the maps produces natural gas?
3. In which three countries is barley grown?
4. Which country has the least rain and produces the least agriculture?
5. Which two agricultural products need at least 20 inches of rain each
year to grow well?
6. Which three products shown on the map probably do not depend
on rainfall?
7. Suppose you were planning to grow dates and raise cattle for a living.
In which country would it be best to settle?
8. Most people in Algeria and Morocco liveinthe northern part of those
countries. Study the maps on page 26. Then on the lines, write two
reasons why this is probably so.
I wonder wh
they dont grow
any corn aroun
Putting information together . . . on your own
Here are three more special purpose maps of part of North Africa.
Study them carefully to answer the questions on this page and page 29.
Remember, you will have to put information together from two or from
all three of the maps to answer most of the questions.
NORTH AFRICA
MAPA
2
oe
POLITICAL
a
: x
_ Mediterranean
Sea
capital city
a
other cities
Atlantic
Ocean
international border
mountain peak
MAP B
ELEVATION
5000’ and above
2000’—5000’
oe
_ Atlantic
:
1000’-2000'
~ Ocean
:
0’—1000’
:
N
t
MAPC
an
;
PO PULATION
-
oe
average number of people per
square mile
60-250
25-60
2-25
under 2
uninhabited
a.
_
.
/
:
moe
fe
ae
Medit
©:Herero ::
-
Qe
Altantic
o
Ocean
N
'
1. National boundaries are shown on ___.
Map A
Map B
Map C
2. Study —_____ and _______ to see if many people
live in the mountainous areas of Algeria.
Map A
Map B
Map C
28
Putting more information together . . . on your own
Study the maps on page 28. Choose the word or words that best complete
each sentence below.
1. The capital city of Libya is
Banghazi
Tunis
Tripoli
2. The highest peak in the area shown in the maps is in
Morocco
Algeria
Tunisia
3. The most heavily populated areas are
north of the Atlas Mts.
south of the Atlas Mts.
4. The uninhabited areas are
on the Atlantic coast
on the Mediterranean coast
in the Sahara
5. The two cities in the area shown on the maps with the largest
population are
Tripoli and Algiers
Algiers and Tunis
Rabat and Tripoli
6. The natural feature that can be said to act as a border
between Algeria and Morocco is
the Atlantic coast
three large cities
a high mountain range
Computer fun
Many special purpose maps use different patterns to show information on
“one or more maps. The patterns can stand for different amounts of rainfall,
population, sunny days, and many other things. Light patterns might show
small amounts. Heavy or dark patterns might show large amounts. You can
use a computer to print different patterns. Here is a program you can try:
PO-s
POUR PASH" 1 TOS
COmmrimeey
= Loh: 20
oO"
=PRINT UKs
40°
NEAF-Y
90
PRINT
SO
NEAT 7A
RUN
Now change the X in line 30 to another letter, to a number, or to a symbol.
What is the lightest pattern you can produce? What is the heaviest pattern?
If you do not have a computer, try using a typewriter instead. Or look for
samples of different patterns in atlases or encyclopedias and copy them onto
a separate piece of paper.
LESSON 8
a2 MAPS CAN TELL STORIES
All the maps in Lessons 1-7 have shown you what places are like today. But
maps can also show how places change. A historical map can show you
what has happened or what places looked like in the past.
Look at the historical map of early voyages in the Caribbean. The colored
lines show the routes taken by the European explorers. The arrows on the
routes show the direction the explorers traveled. The Legend names the
explorers for each route and the dates of the voyages. Use the Legend and
map to answer the questions below.
EARLY CARIBBEAN VOYAGES
LEGEND
eens Bastidas & La Cosa, 1501-02
==
Columbus, 1492-93
mame
COlumbus, 1502-04
w=
Columbus, 1493-94
~~
Ponce de Leon, 1512-13
~xemee Columbus, 1498
oman: Ge Cordoba, 1516
owe
=.
Ojeda & Vespucci, 1499-1500
Pineda, 1519
Gulf of Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
°
ee
> . CoS,
PUERTO
JAMAICA
RICO
| LEEWARD
! g!SLANDS
D
5)
g
Caribbean Sea
8
#WINDWARD
g ISLANDS
o
Pacific Ocean
1. About how long ago did the voyages shown on the map take place?
about 1400 years ago
about 1500 years ago
about 500 years ago
2. Who explored the east and west coasts of Florida?
Pineda
Ponce de Leon
de Cérdoba
3. Who explored the northern coast of South America in 1501?
Ojeda and Vespucci
Columbus
Bastidas and La Cosa
Ee
eee
en
nL
30
Le
Practice using a historical map
Use the Legend and the map on page 30 to answer these questions.
1. What was the westernmost island explored by Columbus on
his voyage during 1492-1493?
2. Who made the last voyage shown on the map?
3. Who sailed all the way past the delta of the Orinoco River?
4. On which voyage—first, second, third, or fourth—did
Columbus sail directly south as he explored a coast?
Now imagine you have traveled back in time nearly 500 years. . .
5. You are living on the northern coast of Hispaniola.
Which explorer might you see sail past?
6. You spend the year 1514 sailing all around the
coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Which explorers, if any,
are you likely to meet?
7. The statement in each picture below could have been said
by a sailor nearly 500 years ago. On the line below each
picture, write the name of the explorer or explorers the
sailor could have been with.
“T sailed with two
explorers. We just missed
“T was with the only explorer
who sailed west from
Cuba to Yucatan.”
“T sailed with the only
European explorer at
the time who visited the
island of Jamaica.”
seeing Columbus
on his last
voyage.”
Maps that show change
The map on page 30 shows you what happened years ago. The map below
shows you changes that are expected to happen in the future. [It shows how
and where urban, or city,
areas west of the Mississippi River and the Great
Lakes are expected to change between now and the year 2000
Be sure you understand the Legend. The light-colored patterned patches
show the size of the urban areas in 1980. The light-colored patches without
@ pattern show how the areas are expected to change between 1980 and
the year 2000. Some areas expect to change a great deal. Some new areas
are expected to develop. And some arags are not expected to change very
much—if at all.
This kind of map is helpful to peopte who are planning where to build new
roads, shopping centers, schools, and many other things people need. Study
the map carefully as you answer the questions on this page and page 33
:
An
SOME URBAN AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES
1. How
™
many
>
lerge urban
~
~
~~
areas WW are shown
~
~
~
~
in
+.
Texas for
—
~
3
2. By the year 2000, in what part of Texas is @ new urban
area exoected * Fave Geveloned?
32
19802
>
1
a
iz
north
south
sos?
Understanding changes . . . on your own
Use the map on page 32 to answer these questions.
] . Find Portland, Oregon on the map. In what direction is its urban
area expected to develop by the year 2000?
. Which state with two large urban areas in 1980 is expected to develop
a new third urban area by the year 2000?
. Which state bordering the Mississippi River does not expect to have
developed any urban areas by the year 2000?
. What two states with no urban area in 1980 are expected to have
developed one by the year 2000?
. Name three states in which the urban areas are not expected to change
much, if at all, by the year 2000.
. In which far western state are two separate urban areas expected to be
joined together by the year 2000?
. Between Oklahoma and what other state would you expect to find
many new roads and houses by the year 2000?
. In the year 2000, a creature from another planet lands east of the
Mississippi River. Although this creature looks almost human, it plans
to visit crowded areas where it might not be noticed easily. Through
which group of states could it drive without ever leaving an urban area?
Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas
Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas
Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota
LESSON 9
——$____—_—__—
a2 REVIEW
Maps can give you many different kinds of information. In this section, you
have learned how to combine information from two or more maps. Here
are three maps of Alaska. One shows elevations. One shows amounts of
precipitation, or rain and melted snow.
One shows average temperatures
for July. Use all the maps to answer the questions on page 35.
ALASKA
over 10,000’
5000’—10,000’
1000’—5000’
0’—1000’
mountain peak
state capital
other cities
--— international border
average high, July
100-200
[ag
32-100
16-32
|
3-16
oe
__s
i
a | Mekin ey
§
oe,
|
ER cor-68°
[_] 52°-60°
44°-52°
Underline the word or words that best complete each sentence.
1. The wettest area of Alaska is closest to the
Bering Strait
Gulf of Alaska
Beaufort Sea
2. The natural feature that connects the U.S.-Canadian border
with Norton Sound (B-3) is the
Brooks Range
Alaska Peninsula
Yukon River
3. The amount of rain and snow that falls on Mt. McKinley
every year is
inches.
8 to 16
16 to 32
32 to 100
4. There is a large area of lowland
along the southeastern coast
on the Alaska peninsula
by the mouth of the Yukon River
5. A visitor from Alaska says: “We had only four inches
of rain and snow last year.’” The visitor probably
comes from
Barrow
Anchorage
Juneau
6. A friend from Alaska says: “I live in a central Alaskan
town where it can reach up to 76° in July.”
The friend
lives in
Fairbanks
Barrow
z
:
Ly
Hye
27
ety
mn |
Nome
7. The boundaries for the different areas of precipitation
in Alaska seem to follow the same paths as the
July temperatures
coastlines
mountain ranges
8. Suppose you are going camping in Alaska in July.
You want to be near mountains, but you want the
temperature to reach at least 70° during the daytime.
You also want to be sure that there won’t be much
rain. You will probably camp
near Norton Sound
in Mt. McKinley National Park
on Kodiak Island
35
LESSON 10
a2 EARTH AS A SPHERE
Have you seen photographs of Earth taken from
space? One is at the right. It shows clearly that
Earth is not flat like most maps, but round like a
sphere.
A globe is a map in the shape of a sphere. It is
a model of Earth’s true shape, and shows the
positions and shapes of all land and water areas
correctly. To help you locate places, a globe
always has three special features: the North Pole,
the South Pole, and the equator.
The drawings below show two opposite sides of a globe.
You know that the equator is a line drawn on flat maps and on globes. It
divides Earth into two hemispheres, or halves—the Northern Hemisphere and
the Southern Hemisphere. Look at the drawings above. Which continents are
completely or partly in:
1. the Northern Hemisphere?
2. the Southern Hemisphere?
eee
36
Practice using a globe
The drawings on page 36 show the Eastern and Western hemispheres as well as the
Northern and Southern hemispheres. Use the drawings to help you do the following work.
1. On the correct line in the drawings, write N for North Pole, $ for South
Pole, E for Eastern Hemisphere, and W for Western Hemisphere.
2. In which hemisphere—Eastern or Western—-are the following areas located?
a. Australia
ee
BC
a =
d. South America
BMNOnMeAMenCore
ee
e. Europe
GmnGiCnsOCceOn
ae
f. Africa
3. Which continents or parts of continents are located in the hemispheres
listed below? Write the continent names on the lines. Remember,
the equator divides the world into Northern and Southern hemispheres.
a. Northern and Eastern:
b. Southern and Eastern:
c. Northern and Western:
d. Southern and Western:
4. Marcia daydreamed about traveling around the world. She wrote about
her travels, but she kept the names of the places she wanted to visit a
secret. Look at the drawings on page 36 to discover where Marcia wants
to go. Write each place name on the lettered line at the right.
“I’m going to leave from San Francisco and
travel southwest. The first place I’ll see
will be the (a)
Islands. After leaving
a.
b.
those islands, I‘ll head northwest. I want
to sail right across the (b)
Ocean. Then
I'll visit the first island country I reach. It will be
(c)
. From there, I'll head directly south.
After I cross the equator, I want to visit the
continent of (d)
. Then I'll sail directly
west across the (e)
Ocean. I'll continue
sailing around the southern tip of the continent
of (f)
. But I want to finish my trip on the
east coast of North America. So I'll sail
(g)
(direction) all the way across the
(h)
Ocean.”
,
d.
e.
i
g.
h.
37
LESSON 11
a2 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
There are other important lines, besides the equator,
that are drawn on most globes and flat maps. They
are lines of latitude and longitude.
around Earth east and west of O° longitude. For
example, if a place is 50° west longitude, it is 50°
west of 0° longitude (the Prime Meridian).
Lines of latitude circle Earth parallel to the equator.
They measure distance in degrees north and south
of the equator (0°). For example, if a place is 10°
north latitude, it is 10° north of the equator. Lines
Together, lines of latitude and longitude form a
pattern called a grid. This grid can be used to give
of longitude,
or meridians,
are
drawn
from
the
the exact location of any place on Earth’s surface.
When degrees of latitude and longitude are used to
give a location, they are called coordinates.
North to the South poles. They measure distance
1. On the map below, you can find the city of Iquique, Chile, using
latitude and longitude. The coordinates are 20° south latitude (20° S)
and 70° west longitude (70° W). The city is located where the coordinates
meet. Find Iquique on the map and circle it.
2. Most places are located between the grid lines on a map or globe. For
example, on this map, Brasilia, Brazil, is located between 10° S and
20° S, at 15° S, and between 40° W and 50° W, at about 47° W.
Find Brasi ia on the map. Circle it.
SOUTH AMERICA—NORTHERN
HALF
i
*
Capitals
e
other cities
ee
international
border
ee
Practice
with coordinates a
a
Use the map on page 38 to answer these questions. Remember, many places
will be located in between the grid lines.
1, What capital city is on the equator at about 77° W?
2. What city is about 3° S, 60° W?
3. What country is about 12° N at its northernmost
point and 4° S at its southernmost point?
4. What country reaches to about 35° W in the east and
nearly 75° W in the west?
5. Give the closest coordinates,
in whole degrees,
Ria nenCOn C3). ee
teers
a
are
for these cities:
Lima (D-2/3)
6. An airline has advertised a Mystery Tour of South America.
Solve the mystery and find out where you will go on the tour.
Write the name of each city in the blank after its coordinates.
2 Join the Mystery Tour! We start at about 5° N, 52° W:
:From there we will fly to about 5° N, 74° W:
7 Our next stop will be a city about 16° S, 68° W:
We will end our tour in a city about 8° S, 35° W:
7. Now use a ruler and draw lines on the map to show
the Mystery Tour route. What country will you be in
when you cross the equator?
Suppose you are looking at a map of a part of the world that does not
show the equator. Can you tell whether you are in the Northern or Southern
hemisphere? Look at the lines of latitude and the compass rose on the map.
If the degrees of latitude increase as you move northward, you are in the
Northern Hemisphere. If the degrees of latitude increase as you move
southward, you are in the Southern Hemisphere.
39
Using grid coordinates . . . on your own
On pages 38 and 39, you see how latitude is
measured from the equator. Degrees of latitude are
numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° at each
pole. Degrees of longitude are numbered east and
west of 0° (Prime Meridian) at Greenwich, England.
The lines go east from 0° to 180°. They go west
from O° to 180°. They meet at 180°—directly
opposite Greenwich.
The map below shows the state of Alaska and the
most northeastern area of USSR (Russia). The map is
centered on 180° longitude.
1. Find 180° longitude. Put a check on it.
2. St.
Lawrence
Island
is located
at
170°
west
longitude and about 64° north latitude. Circle St.
Lawrence Island.
ALASKA AND NORTHEAST USSR
ve
Lap
Fae
175°—180
175°
°
roo)
c
&
3=
®
=
®
=
=
oO
equator
Se
essences
Use the map on page 40 to answer these questions. Underline the word or
words that best complete each sentence.
1. The longitude of Bering Strait, between Alaska
and the USSR is
70° N
170° W
170° E
170° E
170° W
160° W
3. Part of
Island is at longitude west
and part is at longitude east.
Attu
St. Lawrence
Wrangel
4. If you were at a point 64° N, 165° W, you
would be closest to the city of
St. Michael
Anadyr
Nome
2. To the nearest 10 degrees, the Aleutian Islands
stretch as far west as
5. A ship carrying two million dollars worth of gold bars sank somewhere
in the area shown on the map on page 40. The captain and the crew
escaped. But the captain sent a radio message to his company telling
where the ship had sunk. To keep the spot secret, he gave only these
four sets of grid coordinates:
Mark each of those four spots on the map with an X. Then join them
with straight lines to form a cross like the drawing. The ship sank
at the point where the two lines meet. Circle that point on the map.
What are the closest coordinates for that point?
Computer fun
The length of one degree of latitude is the same everywhere on Earth—
about 70 miles. If you know the latitude of two points in a direct line, north
and south, the following program will tell you how many miles apart they
are. For each place, enter the degrees latitude, then a comma,
then N or S.
(Example: 35,N or 35,S)
You can also find out how far a place is from the equator or the nearest
pole. Enter O for the equator. Enter 90 for either pole. Enter the latitude for
the place as shown above.
To
ZO
30
40
INPUT
“FIRST CATITUDE?
"'D,AS
(INPUT “SECOND LATITUDE?
"sE+8$
IF A#=BS OR B=" " THEN 50
M=70 * (D+E):
GOTO 60
20
GO
M=70 * ABS
PRINT
"THE
PS
SN sree)
(D-E)
NORTH-SOUTH
ee
DISTANCE
4]
LESSON 12
a2 EARTH AND THE SUN
When Earth is midway between these positions (on
March 21 and September 22), the sun’s direct rays
fall on the equator. On those days, in both hemispheres, day and night are the same length. During
those months, the temperature is moderate—not very
hot or very cold. It is spring in one hemisphere and
fall in the other.
The diagram below shows Earth in relation to the
sun at four special times during the year.
You know that Earth is always tipped in the same
direction on its axis. As Earth orbits the sun, the sun’s
strongest, direct rays fall on the Northern Hemisphere
and the Southern Hemisphere in turn. This gives each
hemisphere
its summer
season,
with
warm,
long
days, and short nights—and its winter season with
Use this diagram to solve the problems below.
colder, shorter days, and longer nights.
|March 21
SS
Soy,
Po ile
Mel lives in Melbourne, Australia, in the Southern Hemisphere. Win lives in
Winnipeg, Canada, in the Northern Hemisphere. Put a check below the
name of the student who could truthfully make the following statements. (You
may put a check below both names if the statement is true for both students.)
Mel
Win
1. “TI love the long summer days we have in December!’’
2. “It’s September, and our fall is beginning.”
3. “It’s March, and we have 12 hours of daylight and
12 hours of darkness.”
4. “Thank goodness it’s August, and winter is finally
coming to an end!”
SSS
42
Practice understanding seasons
re
neste
aetna
sees
iscsi
me
ected
mo
June 21
i
i
December 22
sun’s rays strike north of
Arctic Circle all day
gg
N
sun’s rays do not strike
north of Arctic Circle
WINTER
sy sun’s direct rays
Ss
Western Hemisphere
at Tropic of
Cancer
at Tropic of
Capricorn
WINTER
SUMMER
_——
sun’s rays do not strike
south of Antarctic Circle
ai
sun’s rays strike south of
Antarctic Circle all day
NY
Eastern Hemisphere
The drawings above give you more information about Earth in June and December.
They show four special parallels that are on most globes and maps. These parallels
mark different positions of the sun’s rays as they shine on Earth.
Tropic of Cancer (232° N)—The direct rays of the
sun shine this far north at the beginning of summer
Arctic Circle (663° N)—The farthest north that any
rays of the sun reach at the beginning of winter
(June 21) in the Northern Hemisphere.
(Dec. 22) in the Northern Hemisphere.
Tropic of Capricorn (233° S)—The direct rays of the
Antarctic Circle (663° S)—The farthest south that any
sun shine this far south at the beginning of summer
(Dec. 22) in the Southern Hemisphere.
rays of the sun reach at the beginning of winter
(June 21) in the Southern Hemisphere.
The area of Earth that lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn is called the tropics. The area of Earth between the Arctic Circle
and the North Pole is called the North Polar Region. The area between the
Antarctic Circle and the South Pole is called the South Polar Region.
Use the diagrams to help you answer these questions.
1. Suppose you are at 70° S on June 21. How much sunshine will there be?
lots
none
2. Suppose you are on the Tropic of Cancer in January. What season is it there?
summer
winter
3. What will the temperature be in January in the tropics?
warm
cold
no
yes
4. Suppose you travel from Florida (30° N) to the southern tip of South America
— during the last week in June. Will you need to take heavy, warm clothes?
Explain your answer briefly:
43
Working with special parallels . . . on your own
On the maps of the hemispheres below, the special parallels are dashed
lines. The equator is labeled. In the space between the hemispheres, label
each of the other special parallels.
Several important cities are labeled on the maps. Use these maps and the
drawings on pages 42 and 43 to help you answer the questions below and
on page 45.
North Pole
North Pole
equator
—
-—f-“ANTARCTICA—Oo.
=
a
80
South Pole
South Pole
Western Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
1. What city in Asia is shown farthest from the tropics?
2. What city in the tropics is shown closest to the
Tropic of Capricorn?
3. Name one city shown above that would not have
any sunshine on December 22.
4. If you left St. Louis, U.S., in midwinter and flew to
Perth, Australia, what season would it be in Perth?
5. If you left Santiago, South America, in the fall and
flew to Lisbon, Europe, what season would it be
in Lisbon?
6. Suppose you were going to take special photographs
in Belem, South America. You want to do this when
the sun’s rays are strongest and most direct in that
area. In what month would it be best to photograph—
June, September, or December?
44
TEA
Choosing the right clothes . . . on your own
Dawn Starr is acting in a movie that is being filmed in places all over the
world. Dawn wants to know what kind of clothing to take to each place.
Her travel and movie schedule is shown in the chart below.
For places in the polar region, Dawn should always take heavy clothing.
For places in the tropics, she should always take light clothing.
For other places, she needs heavy clothing in winter, light clothing in
summer, and medium clothing in spring and fall.
Write heavy, light, or medium in the last column for each place.
Scene
Place
Dates
Clothing
Chase in the bazaar
Ankara, Turkey, Asia
March 20—30
Elephant hunt
Colombo, Sri Lanka, Asia
April 10—20
Escape from sharks
Perth, Australia
June 10—30
Reindeer stampede
Hammerfest, Norway, Europe
August 1—10
Dancing by moonlight
Lisbon, Portugal, Europe
September 15-30
Earthquake
Santiago, Chile, S. America
December
10-31
Computer fun
The program below will ask you what season it is at different times of the
year in either the Northern or Southern hemisphere. The computer waits
about five seconds before it prints the answer. See if you can beat it.
POmBDSINTGZ- * RND OL
+1)
20
IF D=1 THEN D$="DEC,.
22":
GOTO 40
30
D#="MARCH
21"
AOe
H=INTC2 * RND(1)
+ 2)
50
IF H=1 THEN H#$="NORTHERN":
GOTO 70
60
H#="SOUTHERN"
LN THE
tS 630S5" 5° YOUSRE
POMEPRINT
"S$H$3" HEMISPHERE.
WHAT SEASON?"
80
90
100
110
120)
130.
FOR X=1 TO 8000:
NEXT XK
IF D=i1 AND H=1 THEN
S$="WINTER":
GOTO 130
IF D=2 AND H=1 THEN
S#="SPRING":
GOTO 130
IF D=i AND H=2 THEN
S#="SUMMER":
GOTO 130
S?="FALL®
"sss
= PRINT-“17-.s
PRINT
If you do not have a computer, play this game with a classmate.
Ask your classmate, changing the months and hemispheres (northern,
southern, eastern, western), whether the season is for ice-skating,
swimming, photographing spring flowers, or raking fall leaves.
nn
nL
EEE
45
LESSON 13
REVIEW
In this section, you have seen how Earth can be
shown on a globe. You have learned how to locate
seen why seasons are different in the Northern and
Southern hemispheres,
slaces using latitude and longitude coordinates, You
3
;
9
parallels (latitude
have also learned about special
\
P
P
eke
lines) that have to do with seasons and Earth’s
Look at the map of New Zealand on this page. Work
.
ae
mites
with it carefully as you answer the questions on this
ss
page and on page 4/7,
changing position in relation to the sun, You have
as
34°=
168°
170°
166°
> TM" aa a
NORTH CAPE
me
SCALE
Auckland},
Bayof
Hamilton @
EAST
CAPE
Plenty,
a
New Plymouth,
efenee CAPE
Ot
Thames
\
Y Gisborne
N
X Hastings
Christehureh
Oc
FAREWELL
CAPE
FOULWIND
_. Greymouth,S
¥
Xe
STEWART
ISLAND
166°
168°
170" S721
ATR
ARS
180
Underline the word or words that best complete each sentence.
(Only one answer is possible for each question.)
1. The country of New Zealand lies between
34° N and 48° N
34° S and 48° S
2. New Zealand is in the ______
Northern and Eastern
168° W and 178° W
hemispheres.
Southern and Eastern
3. The most westerly point of New Zealand is at about —_
43° S, 172° E
46
48° S, 178° E
4& S, 166° E
Southern and Western
eee
trae oreo
iantscnnalineierettemeteipaner sicamempenedicorrospensalanseacdilistid noe cons cotaadatlnas a oegag ae
see
Use the map on page 46 to answer the questions below.
1. The capital city of New Zealand is at about
87° §, 175° E
ANS
175°
44°S, 173° E
2. The northern tip of North Island is just over 10° from the
Tropic of Capricorn (233° S)
equator (0°)
Tropic of Cancer (232° N)
3. In Dunedin, the month with the most hours of daylight is
June
September
December
4. New Zealand is on the direct opposite side of the world from
the North Pole
England
Australia
5. Each set of coordinates below is close to a city in New Zealand. Use the
coordinates to find the city on the map. Write the city name on the line.
(0 us SRS
RA
i
Gait ds
ame Oy ie
e. 46° S, 168° E
207
aN ae
a) AC
Oh this SAee
Gh ko ely
Gate
ee
Nie
Wade S772. E
If the correct cities are now listed next to the coordinates, their first -
letters will spell the name of another New Zealand city. Write the name
of the city on the line below.
6. How good a navigator are you? Follow the course given below.
Mark your route on the map with a colored pencil.
a. Start at Christchurch (about 43° S, 173° E).
b. Sail directly south to 48° S.
c. Sail 225 miles west, along that latitude.
d. Sail directly north on that longitude for 8”.
e. Sail east along the latitude until you reach land.
Put an X on the map at that point.
To the nearest 50 miles, how far have you sailed?
47
LESSON 14
a2 TELLING TIME AROUND THE WORLD
You have seen how the seasons change as Earth revolves, or turns, around
the sun. You know that Earth also turns in another way. It rotates, or spins,
on its axis once every 24 hours. This means that different parts of the world
have daylight at different times. When it is noon for you, it is midnight on
the opposite side of Earth. So at any given moment, clocks in different time
zones, or areas, of the world show different times.
DRAWING A
-
12noon, Eastern Time
DRAWING
B
12 noon, Central Time
The drawings above show how time changes as Earth
rotates. Imagine that the curved frame of the globe
is marking the line of longitude closest to the sun.
The sun would be overhead along this line. It would
be 12 noon at all places along this line. The arrows
show the direction in which Earth spins. As it spins,
the different areas on different lines of longitude
move under the sun (the frame in the diagrams), to
the noon position.
Drawing B, Earth has rotated toward the east. The
curved frame (the sun) stays still. It is now 12 noon
in Kansas City. It is 1 p.m. in New York City. In
Drawing C, Earth has rotated farther east. Now it
is 12 noon in Salt Lake City. Use the drawings to
answer the questions below.
in New York City?
2. Look at Drawing B. It is 12 noon in Kansas City. What time is it:
in New York City?
48
12 noon, Mountain Time
In Drawing A, it is 12 noon in New York City. In
1. Look at Drawing C. It is 12 noon in Salt Lake City. What time is it:
in Kansas City?
DRAWING C
in Salt Lake City?
Practice understanding time zones
+f)
Atlantic
Z|
Ocean
wt
S|:
.¢ Honolulu
3
3)
Thursday
ts
Pacific
:
Sydney
Cape
Verde |. f
Ocean
Atlantic
Ocean
\j
t
150°}
165° | 180°]!165° | 150°}
135° | 120° | 105°
The world is divided into 24 time zones. Each one
covers about 15° of longitude. (Many time-zone
boundaries zig zag so as not to cut through certain
countries or states.)
As you move from one time zone to the next, the
standard time changes by one hour. If you go east,
each time zone is one hour later than the one next
Bangladesh, six time zones east of Greenwich. If
you move west, each time zone is one hour earlier
than the one next to it. When it is 6 p.m. in Greenwich,
it is only 5 p.m. in the Cape Verde Islands, west of
Africa. It is 1 p.m. in New York City.
When you move from one time zone to another,
remember to reset your watch! Traveling west, you
to it. When it is 6 p.m. in Greenwich, England, it is
should set it back. Traveling east, you should set it
7 p.m.
ahead. Can you explain why?
in Rome,
Italy. It is midnight in Dacca,
Use the time zone map of the world above to answer these questions.
1. It is 3 p.m. in New York. What time is it in Phoenix?
2. It is 3 p.m. in Anchorage, Alaska. What time is it in New York?
3. A plane flies from Tokyo, Japan, to Sydney, Australia.
It leaves Tokyo at 10 a.m. The flight takes five and a half
hours. At what time does the plane arrive in Sydney?
4. Doreen lives in Nairobi, in Africa. At 2 p.m., she gets a
phone call from Rome, Italy. What time is it in Rome?
5. When a company in Brasilia, Brazil, opens each day, it
calls an office in Rome. It is 1:30 p.m. in Rome. What
time does the company in Brasilia open?
49
More practice with time around the world
Suppose you could fly westward around the world
at the same speed as Earth rotates. You take off at
It is called the International Date Line. The line
appears on globes and most world maps with time
12 noon on a Saturday. Because you are traveling
zones. On the west side of this line, it is always one
with the speed of Earth’s rotation, it will be noon for
your entire trip. And it will still be noon when you
land at home 24 hours later. But it will be Sunday
noon, not Saturday noon! Where did your new day
begin?
day later than on the east side of the line. This is
true at any time during the day or night. It was
Saturday noon when you approached the east side
of the International Date Line. When you crossed to
the west side of the line, it became Sunday noon.
- That is where your new day began!
An imaginary line has been drawn from the North
Pole to the South Pole—close to the 180° meridian.
DRAWING B |
DRAWING A
Use the drawings above to answer these questions. Underline the word or
words that best complete each sentence.
1. New Zealand is west of the International Date Line. The United States is
east of the International Date Line. When it is Monday in the United
States, it is
Sunday
in New Zealand.
Saturday
Tuesday
2. If you cross the International Date Line from the west side to the east
side, you move into the
day before
next day
next hour
3. A ship is sailing east from New Zealand. It crosses the International Date
Line. It is Wednesday morning on the ship just before it crosses the line.
After it crosses the line it is
on the ship.
Tuesday morning
50
Thursday morning
Wednesday afternoon
More practice with time around the world
Dawn Starr is making another movie. The first part is being filmed in Hawaii,
Japan, and Australia, Help her work out a schedule for this week of work.
Write the correct time, day, name,
or city on the lines in her notebook.
Monday: Take off for Tokyo, 7 a.m., Honolulu time. Flight takes
64 hours, Will arrive at (1)
(time) on (2)
(day).
Tuesday: Filming in Tokyo until Thursday. Forgot my running shoes.
Will call Honolulu during lunch break today, 1:00 p.m. It will be
(3)
(time) in Honolulu on (4) .
_ (day).
Thursday: Leave Tokyo for Sydney, Australia, 9:30 a.m. Tokyo time.
Flight takes 8 hours, Will arrive in Sydney at (5)
_ (time) on
(6)
(day),
Saturday: Must call either Sam in New York or Monica in Rome, Italy,
and set up schedules for next week, They set up schedules only on
weekdays between 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. their time. Will call today
at 7:30 a.m,, Sydney time. Will talk to (7) —
(name) in
(8)
(city),
TIME ZONES OF THE WORLD
Atlantic
Ocean
,,Monolulu
%
Cape
Verde |. A
— + Thursday
eeee
pee?
Se
fone
Sydney
|
1
150°)
Pacific
Ocean
165° | 18071} 165°} 150°]
135° | 120°
Atlantic
i
—
PROJECTIONS
Only a globe shows the true shape of Ear
INTERRUPTED PRQUECTION
On a flat map of the worla, lang anc wate
areas are distorted, or pulled out oF
Mage
to fit the flat paper. Manmekers US Giterent
=
projections to show the world,
oF Oars oF
A map grid shows how @ map projection
changes the real shape of land and wore
areas.
Suppose you could cut a globe ang spread
out flat. It would look something like the
f
world shown on the interrupted projection of
the right. Can you discover some things to
watch out for in this projection? Suey
POLAR PRQUECTIONS
# care
fully. Then write T for each true sentence
below, and F for each false one.
___._ 1. Water areas in this map are
interrupted,
or broken
—____ 2. Distances can be measured
accurately between North Americe
and Europe.
—__—. 3. Distances are accurate along the
equator.
The Polar Projections at the righ? show views,
of Earth from above the North and South
poles. On Map N, the North Pole is in the
center. If you go from any point on this map
toward the center, you are going north. On
MapS, the South Pole is in the center. The
direction from any point on the map toward
the center is south,
4. Look at each polar projection. In what
direction (N, S, E, or WW) do you move if
you go from:
a. Point A to the North Pole?
b. the North
Poe
%
| ‘oint
=>
c. Point C to the South Pole?
|
|
Practice with projections
There can be big differences between map projections. Look at the two maps below. Each one shows
the same two routes between Tokyo and Chicago.
One of the routes on each map is part of a great
circle. A great circle is any line drawn around a
globe that divides it into two halves. Each meridian
is part of a great circle. The equator is a complete
great circle. Other lines of latitude are not great
circles. They do not divide the globe into halves.
The shortest and most direct route between any two
places on Earth (and on a globe) is a great circle
MAP A—POLAR
PROJECTION
route. For this reason, planes often use great circle
routes on long flights. They are the shortest routes.
Map A below is a polar projection. The great circle
route from Tokyo to Chicago is an almost straight
line. You would see that on a globe, this line is part
of a circle. Map B is a Mercator projection. On it,
the dashed line from Tokyo to Chicago looks as if it
is really the shortest route. But this projection is not
accurate for showing great distances. The polar
projection is more accurate. It shows that the dashed
line is really longer than the great circle.
MAP B—MERCATOR
PROJECTION
PRE
V4
Use the maps on pages 52 and 53 to decide whether each sentence below is
true or false. Write T if it is true. Write F if it is false.
The North Pole or South Pole will always be the center of a polar projection.
_____ 2. If you travel from the North Pole to Africa, you go south.
_____ 3. The shortest route from Australia to South America is over Antarctica.
_____ 4. The outer edge of a polar projection can be the Tropic of Cancer
or the Tropic of Capricorn.
_____ 5. The outer edge of a polar projection is always a great circle.
53
Understanding a polar projection
cere
CL
This map (polar projection) shows the location of 12 large cities in the
Northern Hemisphere. The Legend identities the name of each city
by number. Study the map carefully as you do the work below
NORTHERN
HEMISPHERE
Cities
Bertin, Germany
6
Calcutta, india
9
Chicago, US.
2
Dakar Senegal
§
Fairbanks, US.
Hong Kong
10
London, England
4
Moscow USSR
§
New York, US.
$
Rome, Raly
7
San Franeisea, US.
Tokyo, Japan
1. On the map, put a check at any point on the equator (0° latitude).
Put an X at any point on the Prime Meridian (0° longitude),
2. Locate the cities of Calcutta and Dakar. Calcutta is ___—._
northwest
west
of Dakar.
east
3. Suppose you are flying from Tokyo
in a straight line toward the North Pole.
You are flying
southeast
north
south
4. The great circle route from San Francisco to Moscow would pass
the North Pole
New York
Fairbanks
5. Two pilots are comparing their flight paths, or routes. Speedy flies
from New York to Hong Kong. Swifty flies from London to New York.
Speedy says he lands farther south than Swifty. Who is farther south
when he lands?
34
Ti
1
Looking at another view . . . on your own
This map shows a hemisphere, or half, of Earth. It is the hemisphere that
contains most of Earth’s water area. But you can also see parts of other
more familiar hemispheres—Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western.
Study this map and the map on page 54 as you do the work below.
EARTH’S WATER HEMISPHERE
1. On the map above, locate the equator and 180° longitude.
Put an K where these two lines cross.
2. Put a check on the Prime Meridian (0° longitude).
3. On the map above, locate each hemisphere (Northern, Southern,
Eastern, and Western). Write N in the Northern Hemisphere,
S in the Southern Hemisphere,
E in the Eastern Hemisphere,
and W in the Western Hemisphere.
4. Suppose you fly from South America to Australia over the South Pole.
In what direction will you be flying?
east and then west
south and then north
west and then north
5. Antarctica appears on the map above, but not on page 54.
What one other continent appears only on the map above?
South America
Asia
Australia
55
LESSON 16
¥ OUT OF THIS WORLD
How can you tell which stars are which? To begin
with, some stars are brighter than others. On most
star maps, the brighter stars are shown with bigger
symbols. And the brightest stars have five points.
Also, stars form different groups or patterns. These
groups are known as constellations. The ancient
peoples thought many of them looked like animals,
and gave them names such as Leo (lion), Cygnus
(swan), Pisces (fish), and Ursa (bear).
Up to this point, all the maps in this book give you
information about our world. But there are also maps
of places out of this world. One important type of
map shows the positions of the stars in the night sky.
Sailors, hikers, or people outdoors at night can use
a star map to tell where they are and in what
direction they are moving.
A star map shows the sky as if you were looking
straight up at the sky. The edge of the map represents
the horizon all around you. Look at the star map on
this page. Are east and west in the wrong place?
When you face north, shouldn’t east be on your
right? . . . But hold the map over your head, with
north pointing toward the north. Now what compass
The North Star, or Pole Star, is the most important
star in the sky of the Northern Hemisphere. Its
position in the sky changes so little that it is almost
always directly over the North Pole. If you move
toward the Pole Star—on
direction is on your right?
land, sea, or in the air—
you are moving northward.
CONSTELLATIONS
IN SUMMER
URSA MINOR
NORTHERN HORIZON
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SUMMER
Reading a star map
As Earth orbits the sun during the year, we see the stars in different
positions in the sky. Their positions change in relation to the position of
Earth. The maps on pages 56 and 57 show the position of the stars during
the summer and during the winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Find the constellation called Ursa Minor. It is also called Little Bear or Little
Dipper. It looks like a dipper or a ladle. The star at the end of the curved
handle is the Pole Star, or North Star.
1. Compare the positions of Ursa Minor in summer
and winter. How has the position of the constellation changed?
3. Find Auriga in the center of the winter map.
Where is Auriga on the summer map?
4. What constellation with two brights stars is in the
2. Find Leo (the lion) in the summer sky. Is it to the
south of the winter sky in the Northern Hemisphere,
northwest, the northeast, or the southwest?
CONSTELLATIONS
.
but is not in the summer sky at all?
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SOUTHERN HORIZON
37
Another map out of this world . . . a moon map
In reading star maps, you learned to look for two features—
constellations and brightness. When you read the moon map
on this page, you have to look for two other features:
seas—dark areas on the map that are really dry, flat plains.
craters—light areas on the map that are ring-shaped mountains.
The moon is a sphere like Earth. So the same kind of grid is
used to locate places on the moon. Latitude is measured from
0° at the equator to 90° at the North Pole and South Pole.
The Prime Meridian on the moon (0° longitude) is in the middle
of the side of the moon that faces us. Longitude is measured
east and west up to 180°. 180° longitude is on the far side of
the moon (away from us).
Use the map below to answer the questions on page 59.
MOON
MAP
craters
landing of first U.S.
manned spacecraft
louds
SCALE
0
400 MI.
(approximate, at 0° longitude
and 0° latitude)
58
Reading a moon map . . . on your own
Underline the word or words that best complete each sentence.
Ue The feature directly northwest of the Sea of Tranquility is the
Sea of Crises
Copernicus Crater
Sea of Serenity
. The large crater closest to the South Pole is called
Clavius
Janssen
Walter
. The moon map is divided by the equator and the Prime Meridian
into four quarters. Which quarter contains the largest area of “sea’’?
northeast
northwest
southeast
southwest
. At about 30° N, 5° W, you find the crater named
Plato
Walter
Archimedes
. Astronauts from Earth first set foot on the moon at a point
located at
60° N, 29° E
207732" E
0°, 25° E
. You are a member of the crew of a spacecraft that has landed
on the moon. Your base is in the Sea of Nectar, 15° S, 30° E.
Pat and Charlie, other crew members, have driven off in a moon
buggy to explore the “land” area to the west. Later they radio
to the base that their buggy has broken down. They are stranded
at 25° S, 5° W, just southwest of the Arzachel Crater. There
is a buggy at the base, but it will travel only over the smooth
“sea’’ areas of the moon. You have to work out the shortest route
you can take in that buggy to rescue Pat and Charlie.
a. On the moon map, mark the location of the base with an X .
b. Mark the position of Pat and Charlie with o 4 .
c. Draw the shortest ““sea’’ route between the two places.
d. List each named crater you pass closest to on your route.
Write the direction it was from you as you passed it.
Crater
Direction from you
59
LESSON 17
a2 REVIEW
The maps on page 61 give you different kinds of information about the state
of Washington. Put information together from one or more maps to do the
work on this page.
1. On the lines in front of each item below, write the letter for the
map or maps you would look at to find that information:
a. the capital of Washington
____
b. whether more people live in the eastern
or western part of Washington
c. the direct distance between Seattle
and Spokane
____._ d.. the greatest average number of people living
in the areas with most rainfall
2. On the lines after each item above, write the correct information
from the maps.
3. On Map A, locate each feature below. Then on the map,
write the letter for that feature next to the feature.
a. Grand Coulee Dam, 48° N, 119° W
b. Cascade Tunnel, between 47° and 48° N, 121° W
c. Bonneville Dam, on the Columbia River at 122° W
4. Suppose you lived on a sheep ranch in Washington. You could
expect about
inches of rain and moisture each year.
10-25
0-12
24-28
5. If you travel by train from Spokane (B-6) to Wenatchee (B-4),
you travel across
plateau
lowlands
mountains
6. Most of the fruit in Washington is grown
Cascade Range.
north
west
of the
east
7. What kind of climate and land seems best for growing
grain products in Washington? Write your answer below.
60
WASHINGTON
OHV!
Snake Ae
Pe
19°
118°
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46°
LEGEND
OREGON
wy
se
;
%& state capital
Fa
mountains
ities, towns
if at
44444 railroad
Bee
plateaus
lowlands
mountain
YOUR OWN MAPS
Now you have @ chance to draw some mars of your wa,
In He goace Delow
draw a map of an imaginary planet.
You do not have to how all of BS surface,
but you should incluce one continent and ome ocean, You can US amy proqechor
you wish—round
like @ globe,
or Heat
like a Mercator
projection
Show some importan? physical features, such as mountain peaks,
er craters. List the symbols for the features in the Legend.
Show several products that might come from your planet
unusual
ms or plants.
Design
VPss
These might incluce
tor the progucis ang
Show at least two cities or settlements on your planet
lakes, rivers
RY them
im the
Legena
\
Put the symbol in te Legend
Complete the scale and the compass rose. Write a title for your map on He fhe
above the map.
In the space on this page, draw a street map of
one of the cities or settlements on your planet.
Give each street a name.
A grid is set up for your map. Use it to write an
Include eight important buildings or features on
your map. They could be things such as a space-
Complete the scale and compass rose. List any
symbols in the Legend. On the line below ,
write the name of your city or settlement.
port, space hospital, school, park, power station,
stores, and government buildings.
Include any important physical features, such as
a lake or river.
index of buildings and features, with their grid
references.
¥ GLOSSARY
Antarctic Circle—the line of latitude about 23° from the South
Pole.
Arctic Circle—the line of latitude about 23° from the North
Pole.
meridian—a line of longitude; the Prime Meridian is at 0°
longitude (through Greenwich, England).
atlas—a book of maps.
axis—an imaginary line through Earth to the North ond.South
poles, and around which Earth turns.
=
borders, boundaries—lines drawn on maps to separate dreas,.
especially states and countries.
:
coast—land bordering a large body of water.
Mercator projection—a projection in which lines of latitude
and longitude are at right angles; areas north and south
of the tropics are distorted, or inaccurate.
:
natural feature—any major landform or body of water, often
used as a landmark (e.g., mountain, lake, desert, etc.).
parallels—lines of latitude, parallel to the equator.
physical map—a map showing land elevations, rivers, and
bodies of water. (Also called relief map.)
continent—one of the seven largest bodies of land on Earth.
‘ polar projection—a projection centered on either the North or
South pole.
contour lines—lines on a physical map, connecting all points
of land or water at the same elevation or depth.
“political map—a map showing country and state borders and
coordinates—the combination of a letter and a number on a
map grid, or degrees of latitude and longitude; used to
locate a particular place on Earth.
degree—the unit of measurement used with lines of latitude
and longitude to locate places on Earth exactly.
elevation—the height of land or water above sea level.
equator—an imaginary line circling Earth halfway between
the poles. It divides Earth into Northern and Southern
hemispheres.
globe—a solid, round map of Earth.
great circle—a line circling a globe, dividing it into two
halves. The equator is a great circle. Each line of
longitude is one half of a great circle.
grid—lines crossing each other at right or nearly right angles,
to form a pattern used for locating places on a map.
hemisphere—half of Earth; Northern, Southern, Eastern, and
Western hemispheres (major divisions of the world).
index—(for a map) an alphabetical list of places and
categories of information in an atlas.
interchange—an entrance or exit point on an interstate
highway; tolls (fees) are sometimes paid here.
international border—the boundary between two countries.
International Date Line—a zigzag line on and close to 180°
line of longitude that determines the date change, either
ahead or back by 24 hours.
latitude—distance in degrees north and south of the equator.
legend—a key to explain symbols on a map.
longitude—distance in degrees east and west of the Prime
Meridian (0°) to 180°; a line of longitude runs one half
way around Earth from pole to pole.
64
major cities; major rivers are sometimes shown.
population density—average number of people in an area,
usually a square mile or kilometer.
Prime Meridian—O° longitude, through Greenwich, England,
from which time and east-west direction is measured.
product map—a map showing items grown or produced in
one or more areas.
profile map—a map showing the side view of land above
and/or below water, with elevations.
projection—a way to show Earth, or any part of it, on map.
rotation—(Earth’s) spinning of Earth on its axis, causing night
and day on Earth.
scale—a way of showing how much distance on Earth is
represented by distance on a map.
sea—(on the moon) an area of flat land on the moon.
special purpose map—a map with special information (e.g.,
population density, weather, products, etc.).
symbol—a shape or design standing for something real.
time zone—any area of the world that has the same time
throughout the zone. The world has 24 time zones; each
zone is one hour different than the one next to it.
Tropic of Cancer—a special line of latitude about 23° north
of the equator.
Tropic of Capricorn—a special line of latitude about 23°
south of the equator.
tropics—the area on Earth between the Tropic of Cancer and
the Tropic of Capricorn; always warm at sea level.
urban area—a city and its surrounding area of houses, stores,
factories, and roads; usually densely populated.
zone—any
area
or
region.
DATE
DUE
TILL
372.891
S942 v.
3 9n1
OCLe
Heterick Memorial Library
Ohio Northern University
Ada, Ohio 45810
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