PTE 本周真题预测
2024.07.04– 2024.07.10
目录
Read Aloud
第 1 页/211 页
Repeat Sentence
第 20 页/211 页
Describe Image
第 29 页/211 页
Retell Lecture
第 38 页/211 页
Answer Short Question
第 40 页/211 页
Summarize Written Text
第 43 页/211 页
Writing Essay
第 44 页/211 页
Re-order paragraphs
第 50 页/211 页
Fill in the blanks (R & W)
第 67 页/211 页
Fill in the blanks (R)
第 135 页/211 页
Summarize spoken text
第 152 页/211 页
Highlight incorrect words
第 193 页/211 页
Fill in the blanks (Listening)
第 196 页/211 页
Write from Dictation
第 202 页/211 页
题型
编号
内容
DI
#031054
Energy Produced from Coal in Four European Countries 1995重回
2010
DI
#031178 Map of Azerbaijan
ASQ
#051003
ASQ
#051073
What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual
property?
变化
重回
重回
If you leave a picture or design permanently on your skin with
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a needle and ink, what is that called?
FIB-RW #071251 Dark Energy
新增
FIB-RW #071304 Coastal Fish Farms
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FIB-RW #071332 Great Barrier Reef
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FIB-RW #071333 Brain
新增
FIB-RW #071334 Economic Depression（B）
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FIB-RW #071336 Willful Blindness
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FIB-RW #071338 Mercury
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FIB-RW #071339 Modern technology
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FIB-RW #071341 Wrist watch
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FIB-RW #071375 Electrons
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FIB-RW #071379 Democracy
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FIB-RW #071380 Marshmallow Test
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FIB-RW #071381 Contexts
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FIB-RW #071384 Academic Writing
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FIB-RW #071385 Selfies
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FIB-RW #071386 Left-handed Population
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FIB-RW #071393 Dag Hammarskjold Library
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FIB-RW #071416 Study of Objects
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FIB-RW #071418 Ikebana
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FIB-RW #071426 Life Science
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FIB-RW #071432 Hibernation
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FIB-RW #071451 Conservationists
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FIB-RW #071493 Ernest Shackleton
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FIB-RW #071498 Emperor Penguin
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FIB-RW #071500 Questionnaire
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SST
#111086 Clean Water 纯净水源
重回
WFD
#131349
WFD
#131039
WFD
#1311033
The seminar provides an opportunity to exchange ideas with
other students.
Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among a
group of reputable scientists.
重回
剔除
Lectures are the oldest and the most formal teaching method
剔除
at university.
Read Aloud
命中率：低
优先级：中
共 6-7 题，命中 1-3 题
备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库（保证单词都读对）
借助 SST 文本、SWT 文本、FIB 文本作为陌生文段练习
当前趋势
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
READ ALOUD - 163题
1.Blue #011001
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food researchers say that when
humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black or
purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
2.Carbon Emission #011002
When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars and power stations, but bush
fires are not included – presumably because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In
Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year; in both 2004 and more
recently, the figure has been over one million hectares.
3.Tesla and Edison #011003
Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power systems. Thomas
Edison promised him almost one million dollars in today's money to undertake motor and generator
improvement. However, when Tesla, the ethical Serb, asked about the money, Edison’s reportedly reply was
"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor." The pair became arch-rivals.
4.Productive Capacity #011004
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive capacity and the ability
of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of
industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
5.Father #011005
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to his study, wrote for a
couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother, and then went back to work for the
rest of the morning. Many years passed before I realized that he did this for a living.
6.Himalayas #011006
Although it comes from a remote region in the Himalayas, this plant now looks entirely at home on the banks
of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839 (eighteen thirty-nine), it quickly escaped, colonising riverbanks and
damp woodlands. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand and Canada. In the Himalayas the plant is
held in check by various pests, and it grows and reproduces unhindered.
7.Pluto #011007
Pluto lost its official status when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to
eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the General Assembly Meeting in Prague about
the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to
exclude it with applause.
8.Fiscal Year #011008
At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance with the
University's financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of expenditure. Account managers
are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available in the appropriate object before initiating
transactions to use the funds.
9.Lincoln #011009
Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war powers to emancipate slaves was caused by the
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escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and
strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.
10.Shakespeare #011010
A young man from a small provincial town - a man without independent wealth, without powerful family
connections and without a university education - moves to London in the late 1580s and, in a remarkably short
time, becomes the greatest playwright not of his age alone but of all time. How is an achievement of
magnitude made? How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare?
11.Domestication #011011
Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political development. They were more likely to survive and
prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans provided the animals with food and protection,
in exchange for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and, yes, their flesh.
12.Akimbo #011012
Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and puzzles us in part because it
doesn't seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost
invariably found in arms akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply
bent outward, one signalling impatience or hostility.
13.Yellow #011013
While yellow is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and
babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused.
14.Elephant #011014
The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the usual
mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth
and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a
huge body.
15.Avi Loeb #011015
The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi Loeb of the HarvardSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a paper that's been accepted for publication
in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
16.Yellow Tulip #011016
How do we imagine the unimaginable? If we're asked to think of an object - say, a yellow tulip – a picture
immediately forms in our mind's eye. But what if we try to imagine a concept such as the square root of
negative number?
17.Grand Canyon #011017
Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first glimpse of the Grand Canyon. It took nature
more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder - in some places, 17 miles wide - largely through the
relentless force of the Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length, a mile beneath its towering rims.
18.English Revolution #011018
There are three main interpretations of the English Revolution. The longest lasting interpretation was that the
Revolution was the almost inevitable outcome of an age-old power struggle between parliament and crown.
The second sees it as a class struggle, and a lead-up to the French and other revolutions. Finally, the third
interpretation sees the other two as too fixed, not allowing for unpredictability, and that the outcome could
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have gone either way.
19.Quotes #011019
Many papers you write in college will require you to include quotes from one or more sources. Even if you
don't have to do it, integrating a few quotes into your writing can add life and persuasiveness to your
arguments. The key is to use quotes to support a point you're trying to make rather than just include them to
fill space.
20.Global Warming #011020
Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This trend
began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major environmental concerns of scientists and
governmental officials worldwide. The changes in temperature result mostly from the effect of increased
concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
21.Marine Biologist #011021
The speaker is a marine biologist who became interested in the Strandlopers, an ancient people who lived on
the coastline, because of their connection to the sea. Their way of life intrigued him. As a child he had spent a
lot of time by the sea, exploring and collecting things – so he began to study them, and discovered some
interesting information about their way of life, how they hunted, what tools they used, and so on.
22.Company-Oriented Reforms #011022
The climate for doing business improved in Egypt more than in any other country last year, according to a
global study that revealed a wave of company-oriented reforms across the Middle East. The World Bank
rankings, which look at business regulations, also showed that the pace of business reforms in Eastern Europe
was overtaking East Asia.
23.Furniture #011023
There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely functional and useful, and
don't bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as essential to civilized living and concern themselves
with design and how the furniture will look in a room. In other words, function combined with aesthetics; and
yet others see furniture as a form of art.
24.Modern buildings #011024
Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy those of building
codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment. However, these conditioned environments
demand resources in energy and materials, which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.
25.Transportation #011025
Not a lot is known about how the transportation of goods by water first began. Large cargo boats were being
used in some parts of the world up to five thousand years ago. However, sea trade became more widespread
when large sailing boats travelled between ports, carrying spices, perfumes and objects made by hand.
26.Historian #011026
As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the past, you must be like
a novelist and get into the skins of your characters and think and feel as they do. You are asked to imagine
what it's like to be a peasant in medieval times, asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the
writer is saying is that a historian needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.
27.Studying Abroad #011028
Studying abroad is a very popular option for students who come from a wealthy family. Most people believe
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that overseas experience provides a deeper understanding of cultures and develops communication skills.
While this may be true, not all of these new experiences are useful for finding a job. Employers tend to value
interpersonal skills and industry knowledge more than cultural background.
28.History #011029
History rubs shoulders and often overlaps with many other areas of research, from myths and epics to the
social sciences, including economics, politics, biography, demography, and much else besides. Some
histories are almost pure narratives, while others go in for detailed, tightly-focused analyses of, for example,
the parish records of a Cornish village in the 16th century.
29.Energy and Pollution #011030
Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So it is unsurprising that the way people have been producing
energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems. Pollution comes in many forms, but those
that are most concerning, because of their impact on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power
stations and cars.
30.Rehabilitation #011031
The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following
an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can
move to different intensities of particular activities. A useful thing to take a crack at.
31.Recent Trend #011032
A recent trend in the entertainment world is to adapt classic works of literature for either TV or the movies. One
argument is that this is to everyone's benefit, as it introduces people to works they might otherwise never have
experienced, while others say that turning books into movies not only cheapens the original, but is rarely done
successfully.
32.Hamburg University #011033
Three professors from Hamburg University's medical faculty traveled last month to Ingeborg's sitting room in
East Berlin to test her on the work she carried out in pre-war Germany. They were impressed and a special
ceremony took place at Hamburg University Medical Centre on Tuesday, in which she finally received the
Ph.D. that the Nazis stole from her.
33.The Border #011034
The border itself between Mexico and the United States is fraught with a mix of urban and desert terrain and
spans over one thousand nine hundred miles. Both the uninhabited areas of the border and urban areas are
where the most drug trafficking and illegal crossings take place. Crime is prevalent in urban cities like El Paso,
Texas and San Diego, California.
34.Long-Distance Fliers #011035
Researchers think that long-distance fliers such as the American golden-plover and the white-rumped
sandpiper picked up the spores while lining their nests. Then when the birds arrive in new places, they molt leaving behind the feathers and their precious cargo - to start growing again at the other end of the world.
35.Spelling System #011036
The problem begins with the alphabet itself. Building a spelling system for English using letters that come from
Latin, despite the two languages not sharing exactly the same set of sounds, is like building a playroom using
an IKEA office set.
36.University #011037
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A university is a lot more than just classes and exams. University is a concept that offers you a host of
possibilities to develop both academically and personally. Find out about the different projects, clubs and
societies that are in your university. You will definitely find something you are interested in.
37.Moods #011038
Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent to which judges
rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external information. Positive moods promote more
holistic and top-down processing style, while negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up
processing.
38.Market Research #011039
Market research is a vital part of the planning of any business. However experienced you or your staff may be
in a particular field, if you are thinking of introducing a service to a new area, it is important to find out what the
local population thinks about it first.
39.Roman Writers #011040
Roman writers and orators began to expand their imaginative and intellectual horizons and refine the Latin
language through the study of Greek literature. Early Roman literature had two kinds: the recording and
examination of public life and behaviour through life stories of famous men, and the particularly Roman art of
satirical comedy and drama.
40.Energy Efficiency #011041
This finding is understandable in certain cases in spite of its high significance; that is because energy
efficiency of building operation just represents a single aspect of sustainability. By the same token, an energy
efficient building with poor building material choices may not be considered sustainable.
41.Integration #011042
Currently, integration is increasingly needed in the business environment. This need emerges from the
efficiency and synergy requirements necessary in a complex and turbulent environment. In other words,
integration is needed to facilitate coordination, which is again related to the building of competitive advantage.
42.Dolphins #011043
Dolphins, whales and porpoises are all social animals, but some species are more sociable than others. This
depends on the environment because a species adopts the lifestyle most suitable for this. Among dolphins,
forming groups makes it easier for them to find food, reproduce and gain knowledge. They are safer, too,
because dolphins can communicate danger when there are threats around.
43.US Student Debt #011044
The numbers on US student debt, after all, are truly staggering. The average two thousand and fifteen US
university graduate who took out loans to help pay for tuition enters the workforce with thirty-five thousand
dollars in student debt. In the US, total student debt exceeds one point one five trillion dollars, dwarfing, for
instance, the nation's credit card debt.
44.Tsunamis #011045
The tsunamis could provide crucial information about the habitability of ancient Mars. The first one occurred
when the planet must have been relatively warm and amenable for life, because it carved out backwash
channels as it returned to the sea. By contrast, the planet had become much cooler by the time the second
tsunami hit, the waters apparently flash-froze after flowing onto the surface.
45.CD-Quality Sound #011046
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Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis, a study of studies, on whether people can
really perceive better-than CD-quality sound. He analyzed data from 18 studies, including more than 400
participants and nearly thirteen thousand listening tests. Overall, listeners picked out the better-than CDquality track fifty-two point three percent of the time. Statistically significant, if not all that impressive.
46.War On Women #011047
While the Republican field is packed with male candidates, so far, some of the sharpest Clinton critics have
come from women. Democrats successfully campaigned on an alleged GOP perpetrated "war on women" in
2012, but faltered in 2014 when they tried the same tactic. With Hillary Clinton as the likely Democratic
nominee, the fight for women voters will be a central part of the 2016 campaign.
47.Wild Cat #011049
In the photo, the wild cat's huge paws are clamped onto the side of the white safari Jeep in which Chappell
was a passenger. Almost as tall as the Jeep on her hind legs, she appears to be forcing her muzzle into the
back window.
48.Hackers #011050
The Office of Personnel Management was the target of the attack, but data from nearly every government
agency was stolen. U.S. investigators say they believe Chinese hackers were behind the breach.
49.Atlantis #011051
For centuries, Atlantis has been one of the western world's favorite legends, a tantalizing blend of fantasy and
mystery. Stories tell of a rich and glorious empire that was lost to the sea, where some hope its ruins still lie,
waiting to be discovered.
50.Naming English #011052
In the past, naming English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The textbook selected and graded
items of language which were put into content and then practiced intensively. New items were carefully
controlled so that the student could cope quite easily. Now that English is used as a medium of instruction.
51.Mitigation #011053
As far as politics go, the responses are just as varied. Mitigation is common and calls for a reduction of
emissions and less reliance on fossil fuels. Coal burning power plants are now replaced with hydraulic power
plants and electric cars are replacing some gasoline efficient cars. Many people, however, feel that this is not
enough.
52.Thompson #011054
"Thompson recognized and exploited all the ingredients of a successful amusement ride," writes Judith A.
Adams in The American Amusement Park Industry. "His coasters combined an appearance of danger with
actual safety, thrilled riders with exhilarating speed, and allowed the public to intimately experience the
Industrial Revolution's new technologies of gears, steel, and dazzling electric lights."
53.Free Trade #011057
Free trade is an economic policy under which the government does not interfere with trade. No tariffs are
applied to imports or exports, and people are allowed to trade goods and services as they please. Supply and
demand dictates the prices for which goods and services sell and are the only factors that determine how
resources are allocated in society.
54.Networking #011058
Networking is easy and fun because it taps into this human predilection to talk about ourselves when asked.
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Consider successful networking as little more than the process of guiding a person to tell you about his life,
what he's doing, the company that employs him, and his current industry.
55.IT #011059
IT may well change the way you live, yet again. Welcome to world mobile commerce, where your handheld
device, be it a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant or any other wireless application will soon be used for
commercial transactions. Skeptical? Consider these facts. In Japan, mobile phones are used for locationbased services where the mobile service providers tie up with a host of other players such as restaurants, car
rental companies and so on. When the mobile user enters that zone, messages from all these players are
flashed on the mobile device. Location-based services are proved in several other countries as well.
56.Insults and Criticism #011060
The insults and criticism were not unexpected. What was surprising was people's enthusiasm about the
competition. Thousands have participated in the discussion.
57.Sleep Apnea #011061
The second group that is particularly vulnerable are night shift workers, and the third group that is particularly
vulnerable are people with sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea. One out of three men and one out of six
women have sleep apnea. And yet, eighty-five percent are undiagnosed and untreated. And it more than
doubles the risk of crashes.
58.Arms #011062
Unlike the United Kingdom, which has taken a relatively restrictive approach to the possession of arms, the
United States has taken a more lenient approach. In the United States, three models have evolved regarding
the interpretation of the meaning of the right to bear and keep arms as delineated in the Second Amendment.
59.Trade Unions #011064
Trade unions originated in Europe during the industrial revolution. Because of the machinery that had become
commonplace, skilled labour became less in demand so employers had nearly all of the bargaining power.
Employers mistreated the workers and paid them too little for the work they did. Trade unions were organised
that would help in the improvement of working conditions.
60.Marijuana #011066
Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low temperature to kill any dangerous
microorganisms and then allow that patient to eat it or drink it. Both of these methods of administration make
smoking the drug unnecessary. However, criticism of medical marijuana has also been raised because as a
natural plant, it cannot be patented and marketed by pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win
widespread medical acceptance.
61.Such an agreement #011069
Such an agreement would include recognition that the world must aim as soon as possible to hold global
warming to one point five degrees Celsius, a long-term low-carbon future, five-year updated action plans that
recognize the developing climate reality, and aid to those countries that did little to cause climate change but
are most at risk from it.
62.Uncaffeinated Adults #011070
Researchers gathered 160 uncaffeinated adults, people who consumed less than 500 milligrams of caffeine a
week. These decaf subjects looked at pictures of various objects, then took either a placebo or a pill
containing 200 milligrams of caffeine. That's roughly the amount you'd get from two cups of coffee.
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63.Reading #011072
The student's reading in his own subject slows down, and his comprehension becomes less secure. He
expresses himself slowly and often fails to convey his ideas exactly. He is disappointed to find that under
pressure he makes a lot of unnecessary mistakes in areas where he knows the correct language forms. His
social relations are difficult as he cannot find the right phrase quickly enough to keep a conversation going, so
his language often betrays him into dullness, coldness, or worst of all, rudeness. Instead of the students being
in control of the language, the language seems now to be in control of the students.
64.Improvement #011074
Analysts were impressed by the improvement in margins reported across all regions, apart from the United
Kingdom, and said that this reflected a clear effort to improve profitability across the business. Although the
turnaround is still in its early stages and the valuation looks full, given the challenge of turning around such a
large and complex business, this is certainly an impressive start.
65.Galaxy #011077
One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A, an elliptical galaxy located about
12 million light-years from Earth. The other is in a globular cluster of stars found just outside NGC 4636,
another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.
66.Brain Hemispheres [V1] #011078
The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the right hemispheres. Each hemisphere provides
a different set of functions, behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the creative side of
the brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side of the brain. The right hemisphere controls the
left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side.
67.Introvert and Extrovert #011079
Introvert, or those of us with introverted tendencies, tends to recharge by spending time alone. They lose
energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other
hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too
much time alone. They recharge by being social.
68.Job of Doctor #011080
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief
executive. The people who run hospitals and physician's practices don't just need to know medicine. They
must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal
decisions.
69.Easy-To-Use Statistics #011081
The development of easy-to-use statistics is being taught and learned. Students can make transformations of
variables, create graphs of distributions of variables, and select among statistical analyses all at the click of a
button. However, even with these advancements, students sometimes find statistics to be an arduous task.
70.Written Examination #011083
Written examinations are a fact of life for most high school and university students. However, recent studies
have shown that this traditional form of assessment may not be an accurate indicator of academic
performance. Tests have shown that many students experience anxiety during exam weeks, which leads to
poorer results. As a result, some learning institutions are replacing exams with alternative assessments such
as group work and oral presentations.
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71.Life Expectancy #011087
Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last century. Most people these days will live for over 70
years. This is more than double the lifespan of the average human in the seventeenth century. We can attribute
our longevity to advances in medicine and lifestyle. While everyone agrees that living longer is wonderful,
overpopulation is becoming a serious environmental concern.
72.Ecotourism #011088
You may have heard of the new fad known as "ecotourism". This means tourism which is environmentally
friendly, and conscious about conserving the environment. The key is to minimize the physical, social and
behavioral impacts of overseas travel. Tour groups will often work with local and indigenous communities to
design respectful and memorable programs for visitors.
73.Microbes #011089
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in
microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in
drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the
other to chloramphenicol.
74.Botanic Garden #011092
Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to collect, study, exchange, and display
plants for research and for the education and enjoyment of the public. There are major botanic gardens in
each capital city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding, preservation, and
display of native and exotic fauna in captivity.
75.Clouds #011094
Howard believed that all clouds belonged to three distinct groups: cumulus, stratus and cirrus. He added a
fourth category, nimbus, to describe a cloud "in the act of condensation into rain, hail or snow." It is by
observing how clouds change colour and shape that weather can be predicted, and as long as the first three
of cloud keep their normal shape there won't be any rain.
76.Philippe de Montebello #011096
Using more than fifty interviews, award-winning writer Danny Danziger creates a fascinating mosaic of the
people behind New York's magnificent Metropolitan Museum of Art from the aristocratic, acerbic director of
the museum, Philippe de Montebello, to the curators who have a deep knowledge and passionate appreciation
of their collections from the security guards to the philanthropists who keep the museum's financial life blood
flowing.
77.Teen Marriage #011097
Marriage is a big step in anyone's life and there is an argument to be made against getting married too early.
As any newlywed couple knows, there is a huge amount of financial pressure associated with marriage. Firstly,
the wedding reception and honeymoon will cost you an arm and a leg. Then there's the matter of home loans,
rent and energy bills. If you're looking to start a family, your child's education is another thing you need to save
up for. Teenagers should probably find a proper job before deciding to tie the knot.
78.Augustus #011101
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of
republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or State Council, with great respect and successfully reduced the
political power of the army by retiring many soldiers by giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
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79.Industrial Revolution #011102
As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a
number of countries, a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial
Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences among
writers.
80.Major Breeding Areas #011103
Major breeding areas and breeding islands are shown as dark green areas or darts. Open darts show nobreeding records on islands and are also used for offshore sightings that are from ships or boats. Other areas
where species are not meant to be seen are pale green, with pale green hatching where records are usually
sparse.
81.Diversity of Language #011104
The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the natural world. Just as the demise of
plant species reduces genetic diversity, and deprives humanity or potential medical and biological resources.
So extinction of language takes with it a wealth of culture, art and knowledge.
82.Stress #011105
This study tracked about one thousand adults in the United States, and they ranged in age from thirty-four to
ninety-three, and they started the study by asking, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?"
They also asked, "How much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?"
And then they used public records for the next five years to find out who died.
83.Vanilla #011106
The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world's palate. It's also
the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor-intensive cultivation methods and the plant's
temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the
increasing demand for the product.
84.Legal Writing #011113
Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more
important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make
extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.
85.Two Sisters #011115
Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister started to say
that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by
two years, interrupted in amazement. "What are you talking about?" she said, "Our parents were very lenient."
86.Marketing Management #011120
For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as Marketing Management,
Marketing Strategy and Principles of Marketing. This is the only planning handbook that guides students
through step by step creations of a customized marketing plan while offering commercial software to aid in the
process.
87.Fast food #011123
Hundreds of millions of American people eat fast food every day without giving it much thought, unaware of
the subtle and not so subtle ramifications of their purchases. They just grasp a hamburger and unwrap it and
tossed the wrap into the bin. The whole experience is transitory and soon forgotten.
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88.Australian English #011124
Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals, Australian English has only
tenuous links with the mother tongue. Our speech is peppered with words and phrases whose arcane
meanings are understood only by the native speaker. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang is
yet to truly explain.
89.Statistical Information #011125
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens our society. It provides a basis
for decisions to be made on public policy, such as determining electoral boundaries and where to locate
schools and hospitals. It allows businesses to know their market, grow their business, and improve their
marketing strategies by targeting their activities appropriately.
90.Botswana #011128
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that AIDS has caused threatens to
destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help
of international donors, it launched an ambitious national campaign that provided free antiviral drugs to anyone
who needed them, and by March 2004, Botswana's infection rate has dropped significantly.
91.Shrimp #011129
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move them into growout ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and dramatically increases survivals in the
grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have
been surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
92.Environmental Policy Course #011130
Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today's MBA students
are enrolling in courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of business schools
require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91
US business schools, published in October 2005.
93.Public Demand for Education #011131
Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of education as a means of social
progress. Aware of the added value of education to the world of work, the government continues to innovate
and update the education system in order to produce a qualified and competent workforce.
94.Business School Admissions #011132
Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part the result of a
realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring several year's work experience.
Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree
because they were intimidated by the expectation of work experience.
95.Online Shopping Environments #011133
A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail interfaces
with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the
implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the
electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.
96.Bookkeepers #011135
A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has uncovered
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sixty-five instances of theft in more than five years, with more than thirty-one million dollars stolen. Of the
cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male
bookkeepers who defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.
97.Domestic Work #011136
Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong association of the home
with femininity and paid work with masculinity, to challenge who does what in the home is arguably equivalent
to challenging what it is to be a woman or a man.
98.The Only Family #011137
Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door and
discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children walking to school.
Where did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been there, you
just hadn't seen them?
99.The Most Measurable Benefit #011139
Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet in small groups,
something that is difficult to arrange in such a desperate organization. Many officers would have to work
together for thirty years but would not know each other's strengths and weaknesses.
100.Teenage Girls #011140
Teenage girls are continuing to outperform boys in English while the gender gap in achievements in math and
science has almost disappeared. The figures show that last year eighty percent of fourteen-year-old girls
reached at least the expected Level Five in English, compared with sixty-five percent of boys. But in math, the
girls are just one percent ahead of boys, while in science the difference is two percent.
101.Black Swan #011141
Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans were white, an
unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical evidence. The sighting of the first black
swan might have been an interesting surprise for a few ornithologists, but that is not where the significance of
the story lies.
102.Important Values of Literature #011142
One of the important values of literature is that it nourishes our emotional lives. The inner life that good writers
reveal in their characters often gives us glimpses into some portion of ourselves. We can be moved to laugh,
cry, tremble, dream, ponder, shriek, or rage by simply turning a page instead of turning our lives upside down.
103.Being Green #011144
You used to think that being green was a luxury for your company, but climate change has made you realise
that you can no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming carbon-neutral, but where do you start? Consider
your drivers. Do you want to become carbon-neutral for marketing reasons, for financial reasons, or just to
save the planet?
104.A World Without Light #011146
Have you ever pictured a world without light? Just think how much we rely on man-made light sources in our
lives. Without engineers, we wouldn't be able to live the way we do. No streetlights, no TV, no computer
displays, no house lights. Engineers design and build all these things.
105.Language appeared from nowhere #011149
It seems that language appeared from nowhere since no other species has anything resembling human
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language. However, other animals do possess basic systems for perceiving and producing sounds that enable
them to communicate. These systems may have been in place before the appearance of language.
106.Soil Samples #011150
Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in fifty-two other soil samples taken from all
around the planet. The park had organisms that also exist in deserts, frozen tundra, forests, rainforests, and
prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park.
Only a small percentage of the park's microbes were found to be already listed in databases.
107.Rural Population #011151
Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests
of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations or location; and in such a
country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
108.Informative Speech #011153
The purpose of the informative speech is to provide interesting, useful, and unique information to your
audience. By dedicating yourself to the goals of providing information and appealing to your audience, you can
take a positive step toward succeeding in your efforts as an informative speaker.
109.Method of learning #011154
There is no single method of learning that guarantees success. How we learn that depends on many different
factors. What works best for you will not necessarily be the same as the approach used for the other students
even if they study the same course. We are all unique as learners, although some patterns emerge from any
groups of students.
110.The Training of an Actor #011157
The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and commitment. You will
learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use independent and proactive processes that
inform you to do the best work possible for both stage and screen.
111.Modern Food Production #011158
Globalization has affected what we eat in ways we are only beginning to understand. Modern food production
is no longer related to our biological needs but is in direct conflict with them. The relationship between diet
and our fertility, our cancer, heart disease and mental illness is becoming clear. Yet much of our food is
nutritionally bankrupt.
112.Brain hemispheres [V2] #011163
The brain is divided into its hemispheres by a prominent groove. At the base of this lies nerve fibers which
enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the left hemisphere usually controls
movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere similarly controls the left side
of the body.
113.Scientific evidence #011168
The latest scientific evidence on the nature and strength of the links between diet and chronic diseases is
examined and discussed in detail in the following sections of this report. This section gives an overall view of
the current situation and trends in chronic diseases at the global level.
114.The Current Measure #011170
The current measure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 30 years. Yet during that time, there have
been marked changes in the nation's economy and society and in public policies that have affected family's
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economic well-being, which are not reflected in the measure.
115.Australian Mining Industries #011171
Australia has one of the world's most important mining industries. It is a major exporter of coal, iron ore, gold,
bauxite, and copper, and is self-sufficient in all minerals bar petroleum. Since the first discoveries of coal in
1798, mineral production has risen every year; in the decade to 1992, it doubled.
116.Chasing the Flame #011172
Yet it is precisely in observing the intertwinings of success and failure that Chasing the Flame makes its
greatest mark. With piercing insight and relentless logic, it reveals the pitfalls of international politics and
details an intricate struggle between individual and institution. It haunts us with the poignant truth that even a
great man can do only so much to reinvent the world.
117.US Automobile market #011175
The United States is at present the world's market for motor cars and trucks. An agent for the U.S. Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce reports a prosperous condition of affairs prevailing in Japan, which is buying
more automobiles, especially large cars, than ever before.
118.Deaf children #011179
Deaf children learning a language could certainly pursue the development of listening and spoken language
skills if desired, and doing so would carry much less risk knowing the child would have mastery in at least one
language. If a child does not succeed in mastering either a spoken language or a sign language, we must then
ask how much benefit the child derived from interventions in each language relative to the amount of time and
resources dedicated to those interventions
119.Food is important #011181
Food is one of the most important things you'll ever buy. And yet most people never bother to think about their
food and where it comes from. People spend a lot more time worrying about what kind of blue jeans to wear,
what kind of video games to play, what kind of computers to buy.
120.Demographic change #011184
How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas migration. While a
moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the economy and policies to the
changing population demographics, rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result, governments and
society as a whole may need to take actions to address these issues.
121.Ozone ascents #011190
A total of five ozone ascents were taken at Indian mission Antarctica from April to June 2016 (two thousand
and sixteen). As stratospheric temperatures reduced to -82.24℃ (negative eighty-two point twenty-four degree
Celsius) on the twentieth of June 2016 (two thousand and sixteen) indicating the formation of stratospheric
clouds, leading scientists feared that Montreal Accord has not succeeded to control the emission of ozonedepleting gases in the atmosphere.
122.English colonies #011192
English colonies emerged along the eastern seaboard for a variety of reasons. People, primarily men, originally
migrated to Virginia to find gold and silver to make a quick profit. After it became evident that there were no
precious metals in the area, men came to Virginia to start cultivating cash crops like tobacco.
123.History is selective #011194
History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what
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historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be
made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school
history lessons.
124.Hunter-gatherer #011196
The life of a hunter-gatherer is indeed, as Thomas Hobbes said of the state of nature, 'solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short'. In some respects, to be sure, wandering through the jungle bagging monkeys may be
preferable to the hard slog of subsistence agriculture.
125.Blue whales #011197
Blue whales are the largest living mammals. Though reports of maximum length and weight vary from one
account to another, Antarctic blue whales are known to have reached lengths to 100 feet and weights of over
150 tons before stocks were severely depleted by whaling operations.
126.Personal libraries #011203
Scholars build their own personal libraries to support not only particular projects but also general reading in
their field. They buy or make photocopies of materials when possible so they can consult them frequently,
mark passages, and write annotations on them. When moving into a new field, they add to their collections,
usually concentrating on primary texts.
127.Flood control #011207
We’ve spent a lot of money over the last 70 years on flood control, and it’s protected millions of people and
has saved us billions of dollars. We’ve built dams to hold back the waters. We’ve built levees to keep the
water off the people, and we’ve raised the ones that were originally started in 1718.
128.Changes in climate #011209
Changes in climate affect, for example, the plant and animal life of a given area. The presence of coal beds in
North America and Europe along with evidence of glaciation in these same areas indicates that they must have
experienced alternately warmer and colder climates than they now possess.
129.Graduate admission school #011211
Since our graduate admission school is not centralized, each of the university schools and colleges admits
students to its own programs. For information about specific program degrees, graduate applications,
graduate admission requirements and procedures, graduate scholarships and status of your application, visit
the individual school websites.
130.Lincoln’s executive order #011214
But on May 3rd a couple of weeks later, Lincoln issued an executive order calling for 43,000 3-year volunteers
for the army and also increasing the size of the regular army and navy by 40,000 men. Both these actions were
in apparent violation of the constitution.
131.Your thesis #011215
It is normally expected that the final version of your thesis which must be submitted to the university library in
both hardcopy and electronic form will be freely available to the public. Once in the library, your thesis may be
consulted, borrowed and copied in accordance with the regulations.
132.Windows in the painting #011220
We can see from the X-rays that at an early stage of painting, a window was painted in at the left of the
portrait. It seems that there may have been two windows in the initial design for the portrait or that the window
was moved at an early stage.
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133.The hottest ever Earth #011221
The Earth just had the hottest month in recorded history, and it’s even worse than normal. The record comes
in a run of unprecedentedly hot months. Not only does it break through the all-time record set a year before, it
also continues a now 10-month long streak of months that are the hottest ever according to Nasa data. The
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration calculates temperatures slightly differently.
134.Electric vehicles have arrived #011228
Electric vehicles have arrived. With technology led by Tesla, and all of the world's major car manufacturers
following along behind, electric vehicles are now a common sight on the roads of most developed countries.
Yet the situation in less developed countries is rather different; the only African country to have started the
change to electric vehicles is South Africa.
135.Barley grains #011229
University of Adelaide researchers have uncovered fundamental new information about the malting
characteristics of barley grains. They say their finding could pave the way to more stable brewing processes or
new malts for craft brewers. Published in the Nature publication Scientific Reports, the researchers discovered
a new link between one of the key enzymes involved in malt production for brewing and a specific tissue layer
within the barley grain.
136.Babies’ hearing #011230
Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play
classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult
speech as early as 10 weeks before birth, gathering the basic building blocks of their family's native tongue.
137.Restaurant location #011231
The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the city has long been known as a major
factor in its likely success or failure. Once restaurants are established in such environments they can do little
about their location. All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises. Restaurateurs often
do this by engaging in battles with local authorities about car parking.
138.The word radical #011234
The word radical from the Latin word for roots means anyone who advocates fundamental change in the
political system. Literally, a radical is one who proposes to attack some political or social problem by going
deep into the social or economic fabric to get at the root cause and alter this basic weakness.
139.New textbook #011235
This is a new, accessible and engaging textbook written by academics who also work as consultants with
organizations undergoing change. It offers a unique combination of rigorous theoretical exploration together
with practical insights from working with those who are actually responsible for managing change.
140.Volcano behaviors #011236
There were various explanations for volcano behavior before the structure of the earth's mantle as a semisolid
material was developed. For decades, awareness that compression and radioactive materials may be heat
sources was discounted and volcanic action was often attributed to chemical reactions and a thin layer of
molten rock near the surface.
141.Emigrants to North America #011237
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, many English, French and Dutch emigrants went to North America in
search of gold and silver. But they did not find it. Instead, settlers were forced to support themselves by
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cultivating crops that they could sell in Europe, like tobacco, indigo and rice.
142.Tortoise #011241
The tortoise size and shell shape varies depending on where they live. The shell is made of bone and is a dull
brown color. Their rips, backbone and breastbone have become part of the shell, which is why you can never
separate the tortoise from its shell.
143.Consumer culture #011242
In this course, we will explore how such things as department stores, nationally advertised brand-name goods,
mass produced cars and suburbs transformed the American economy, society and politics. The course is
organized both thematically and chronologically. Each period deals with a new development in the history of
consumer culture.
144.Attending the theater #011243
Experts discuss the significance of attending the theater as a civic occasion, associated with the political and
cultural achievements of Athens. Through archeology and analyses of contemporary art forms such as
decoration on pottery, a picture is built up of ancient Greek theater.
145.Norms and values #011244
Members of a culture must conform to its norms for the culture to exist and function. Hence, members must
want to conform and obey rules. They first must internalize the social norms and values that dictate what is
normal for the culture. Then they must socialize or teach norms and values to their children.
146.Antarctica #011246
The world's fifth-largest continent Antarctica is almost entirely covered by ice over 2000 (two thousand) meters
thick. The area sustains a varied wildlife, including seals, whales, and penguins. The Antarctic Treaty, signed in
1959 (nineteen fifty-nine) and in force since 1961 (nineteen sixty-one), provides for international governance of
Antarctica. To gain Consultative Status, countries have to set up a program of scientific research into the
continent. Following a 1994 (nineteen ninety-four) international agreement, a whale sanctuary was established
around Antarctica.
147.William Shakespeare #011247
Three hundred and eighty years after his death, William Shakespeare remains the central author of the Englishspeaking world; he is the most quoted poet and the most regularly produced playwright — and now among the
most popular screenwriters as well. Why is that, and who "is" he? Why do so many people think his writing is
so great? What meanings did his plays have in his own time, and how do we read, speak, or listen to his words
now?
148.Giving helps with depression #011248
At a time when stress levels are soaring, rates of depression are increasing and the gap between rich and poor
is ever widening. We believe that giving can play a positive role in helping people to feel connected to those
around them and generate a sense of purpose and hope. When we give, we feel valued, useful and happy.
149.Your tutor #011249
Your tutor helps you make the most of your time at university by giving you guidance and support along the
way. All new students are allocated a personal tutor who will encourage you to get the most out of your
course, direct you to other sources of support and help you achieve your goals.
150.Attendance at cultural venues #011250
To some extent, attendance at cultural venues and events is influenced by a person's age and the composition
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of the household in which they live. For example, those people in households with dependent children were
more likely to visit zoological parks and aquariums than people living in single person households.
151.A single research study #011252
Rarely, however, does a single research study produce the certainty needed to assume that the same results
will apply in all or most settings. Rather, research is usually an ongoing process, based on many accumulated
understandings and explanations that, when taken together, lead to a generalization of educational issues and
ultimately, to the development of theories.
152.Urban forests #011253
Urban forests can show pride and community spirit. Trees enhance community economic stability by
attracting businesses and tourism. People linger and shop longer along tree-lined streets, apartments and
offices in wooded areas, rent more quickly and have higher occupancy rates. Businesses leasing office space
and developed developments with trees find their workers are more productive and absenteeism is reduced.
153.Scottish literature #011254
Despite many similarities with literary political debate and other nations, there are also ways in which the
cultural and political situation in Scotland has left a study of Scottish literature in a significantly different
condition from that of a literary studies in many other parts of the world.
154.Plant roots #011255
The networks of roots that plants used to absorb water and nutrients can encompass a space larger than the
part of the plant visible above ground. The nature of these roots systems can help plants adapt to challenging
environments such as deserts.
155.Child psychology #011256
Within this free course, you will be introduced briefly to the discipline of child psychology and to theories and
approaches that have been developed to help us understand and support children's lives by focusing on the
individual children. Psychologists can assess changes in their child's abilities over time, including their
physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development.
156.Political problems #011257
The course considers the ways in which thinkers have responded to the particular political problems of their
day and the ways in which they contribute to a broader conversation about human goods and needs, justice,
democracy, and the proper relationship of the individual to the state.
157.Statistics #011258
Statistics are indicators of change and allow meaningful comparisons to be made. While it may be the issues
rather than the statistics as such that grab people's attention, it should be recognized that it is the statistics
that informed the issues. Statistical literacy, then, is the ability to accurately understand, interpret and evaluate
the data that inform these issues.
158.Agricultural problems #011259
Agricultural problems due to climate change of normal weather, water depletion and the collapse of soil have
become big problems in all parts of the world. Many are now focusing on ethics and family farming as a way to
combat these issues.
159.An innovative new product #011260
An innovative new product or service can give a firm a head start over its rivals, which can be difficult for a
new entrant to overcome. If the new technology is also patented, then other firms cannot simply copy its
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design. It is legally protected.
160.Madagascar #011176
Scientists have recommended actions the government of Madagascar's recently elected president Andry
should take to turn around the precipitous decline of biodiversity and help put Madagascar on a trajectory
towards sustainable growth. Madagascar's protected areas, some of the most important for biodiversity in the
world, have suffered terribly in recent years from illegal mining, logging, and collection of threatened species
for the pet trade.
161.Terms for certain items #011240
An industry or work place often has its own terms for certain items, places, or groups of people, and a
university is no different. Here we have attempted to explain some of the terms you may come across on our
website that are specific to higher education.
162.Hubble Space Telescope #011261
The successor to the Hubble Space Telescope has been delayed yet again and will not now launch until
"approximately May 2020". The James Webb Space Telescope is also in danger of busting the cost cap put
on the project by the US Congress. Back in 2011, politicians on Capitol Hill said the observatory should not
take more than $8 billion dollars to build and $800 million dollars to operate over five years in orbit.
163.Loggerhead turtle #011262
It's time for this young loggerhead turtle to go to work. We can tether turtles in these little cloth harnesses, put
them into this tank and a dull swimming place. University of North Carolina biologist Ken Loman studies sea
turtles that are programmed from birth for an extraordinary journey. Mother turtles bury the eggs on the beach
and then return to the sea, and the eggs hatch about fifty to sixty days later.
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Repeat Sentence
命中率：中
优先级：高
共 10-12 句，命中 2-6 句
备战策略
预测刷题＞机经总题库＞非真题
以“读熟”为目标，保证开口流利度
当前趋势
每周少量新题增加
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
REPEAT SENTENCE - 166题
1.A computer virus destroyed all my files. #021001
一种电脑病毒毁了我所有的文件。
2.A lot of agricultural workers came to the east end to look for alternative work. #021002
许多农业工人来到东区寻找替代的工作。
3.A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly. #021003
期刊是定期发行的出版物。
4.A preliminary bibliography is due the week before spring break. #021004
一份初步的参考书目要在春假前一周交。
5.A study skill seminar is on for the students who require assistance. #021005
一场技能学习研讨会开始了，专为需要帮助的学生开设。
6.A full bibliography is needed at the end of all the assignments. #021006
所有作业的结尾处都需要一份详尽的参考书目。
7.All essays and seminar papers submitted must be emailed to your tutor. #021007
所有提交的论文和研讨会论文必须通过电子邮件的方式发送给你的导师。
8.All filed assignments should have a full list of bibliography. #021008
所有归档的作业都应该有一个完整的参考书目列表。
9.All necessary information is in the assignment. #021009
所有必要的信息都在作业中。
10.All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar. #021010
所有本科生都应该参加研讨会。
11.All students and staff have access to printers and scanners. #021011
所有学生和工作人员都可以使用打印机和扫描仪。
12.All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week. #021014
所有的作业都要在本周末前交上来。
13.Allergy problems do run in the family, but we don't understand why. #021016
过敏问题确实会遗传，但我们不知道为什么。
14.Any text or references you make should be cited appropriately in the footnotes. #021017
您作出的任何文本或参考文献都应恰当得在脚注中引用出来。
15.Anyone who has a problem with their accommodation should speak to the welfare officer. #021018
任何对住宿有疑问的人都应向福利员提出。
16.Basketball was created in eighteen ninety one by a physical educational instructor. #021019
篮球运动是在1891年由一位体育教练创立的。
17.Being a student representative in the union really cuts into my study time. #021020
成为学生会的学生代表真的会占用我的学习时间。
18.Being a vegan means not consuming any animal product. #021021
成为素食主义者意味着不吃任何动物产品。
19.Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row. #021023
第 20 页 /共 211 页
请把讲义传给你这排的其他人。
20.Dr. Green's office has been moved to the second floor of the building. #021025
格林医生的办公室已经搬到大楼的二楼了。
21.Does the college refectory offer vegetarian dishes on a daily basis? #021026
书院餐厅是否每日供应素菜？
22.Don't forget to hand in your assignments by the end of next week. #021028
别忘了在下周末之前交你的作业。
23.The African elephant is the largest living land mammal in the world. #021030
非洲大象是世界上最大的陆地哺乳动物。
24.Essays should be typed with double space in white paper. #021031
论文应用双倍行距打在白纸上。
25.Farmers do not always receive price for agricultural goods. #021033
农民并不总是收到农产品的价格。
26.Higher numbers of patients were infected than during previous outbreaks of the illness. #021036
感染人数高于以往此疾病暴发期的感染人数。
27.I missed yesterday's lecture. Can I borrow your notes? #021040
我错过了昨天的课。我可以借你的笔记吗?
28.I thought the mid-term exam was only worth half of our course grade. #021043
我以为期中考试只占我们课程成绩的一半。
29.I will be in my office every day from 11 to 12. #021044
我每天从11点到12点都在办公室。
30.I will now demonstrate how the reaction can be arrested by adding a dilute acid. #021046
我现在将示范如何通过加入稀酸来中止反应。
31.If you forgot your student number, you will need to contact Jenny Brice. #021049
如果你忘记了你的学号，你需要联系珍妮布莱斯。
32.If you want to quit the student union, tell the registrar. #021050
如果你想退出学生会，请告诉登记员。
33.Journalism is the collection and publication or transmission of news. #021060
新闻工作是新闻的收集，出版或传播。
34.Just wait a minute. I will be with you shortly. #021061
稍等片刻。我很快就来见你。
35.Make sure you correctly cite all your sources. #021062
确保你正确地引用了所有的来源。
36.Next time, we will discuss the influence of the media on public policy. #021076
下次，我们将讨论媒体对公共政策的影响。
37.No more than four people can be in the lab at once. #021077
实验室里一次不能超过四个人。
38.Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the others just stay here. #021081
我们班分成两组。你跟我来，其他人留在这儿。
第 21 页 /共 211 页
39.To get a further extension, you need to call the education executive on 401. #021085
为了获得更长的延期时间，你需要拨打401找教学主管。
40.You need to finish all the reading chapters before the field trip. #021087
你们需要在实地考察前完成所有的阅读章节。
41.Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table. #021090
把刀叉放在汤匙旁边，靠近桌子边缘。
42.The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the semester. #021092
在学期结束时，学生宿舍会在教学楼关闭时间之前关闭。
43.She has been in the library for a long time. #021093
她在图书馆待了很长时间了。
44.She is an expert in eighteenth century French literature. #021094
她是18世纪法国文学的专家。
45.Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned how. #021099
学生们很害怕写论文，因为他们从来没有学过怎么写。
46.Students can download the materials from the website. #021100
学生可以从网站上下载资料。
47.Students need to finish their assignments during the next four weeks. #021103
学生们需要在接下来的四周内完成作业。
48.The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events. #021109
互联网为学生和时事提供了非同寻常的机会。
49.The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars, and tutorials per week. #021110
该课程包括每周20小时的讲座、研讨会和辅导课。
50.I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice. #021119
我想要白面包三明治里夹一个鸡蛋和西红柿，配上橙汁。
51.These developments are discussed in more depth in Chapter nine. #021121
这些进展将在第九章进行更深入的讨论。
52.The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman induction seminar. #021137
办公室在新生入职研讨会之后的周一和周四开放。
53.The office said Dr. Smith will arrive later today. #021138
办公室说史密斯医生今天晚些时候会到。
54.The part of the story is the story of my father. #021140
其中一部分的故事是我父亲的故事。
55.The professor will talk about the summary in the lecture. #021142
教授将在讲座中谈论这个摘要总结。
56.The School of Arts and Design is having an open day on Thursday next week. #021149
艺术与设计学院下周四将举行开放日活动。
57.The smoke from these contributed a great deal to the air pollution. #021152
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这些烟在很大程度上造成了空气污染。
58.The trial experiment is to increase the interests of the issue and the jurisdiction clause. #021158
审判试验是为了增加利益问题和管辖权条款。
59.The tutorial is held on the 8th of April. #021159
辅导课在4月8日举行。
60.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. #021160
英国是君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。
61.The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology. #021161
客座教授将作一个关于地质学的讲座。
62.The wheelchair lift will be upgraded this month. #021162
轮椅电梯这个月将进行升级。
63.There will be a significant rise in tuition fees starting next year. #021171
从明年开始学费将会有明显的上涨。
64.To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts. #021178
要收到报销，你必须保留原始收据。
65.We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty. #021182
我们很高兴罗伯特教授加入我们的团队。
66.We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. #021190
我们提供广泛的本科和研究生课程。
67.Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon. #021213
全球化是一个势不可挡的城市和城市化现象。
68.I wasn’t able to attend the tutorial because I had a doctor appointment. #021215
我没能参加辅导班，因为我要去看医生。
69.I'm glad you got here safely. #021219
我很高兴你安全到达这里。
70.Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the president. #021225
全国各地的报纸都在报道总统的故事。
71.No crop responds more readily to careful husbandry and skillful cultivation. #021226
面对细心的耕种照料和娴熟的培育技术，所有农作物都很容易呈现积极反应的。
72.There are various approaches for plagiarism across different university departments. #021237
在不同的大学院系中，对于剽窃有不同的处理方法。
73.Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selective subjects clash on my timetable. #021239
不幸的是，两门最有趣的经济选修课的时间在我的时间表上有冲突。
74.We must hand in our assignments by the end of the week. #021240
我们必须在周末前交作业。
75.Companies exist to make money, not to change society. #021245
公司是为了赚钱而存在，不是为了改变社会而存在。
76.I would like a tomato and cheese sandwich on white bread and orange juice. #021253
我想要一个西红柿乳酪三明治加白面包和橙汁。
第 23 页 /共 211 页
77.If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts. #021254
如果你想报销，你必须提交原始收据。
78.Nearly half of the television outputs are given away for educational programs. #021260
将近一半的电视产出用于教育节目。
79.Number the beakers and put them away before tomorrow. #021261
把烧杯标好号码，在明天之前把它们收起来。
80.Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial additives. #021262
有机食品在生产过程中不使用化学物质，也不含人工添加剂。
81.The lecture on child's psychology has been postponed until Friday. #021271
关于儿童心理学的讲座已推迟到星期五。
82.The library is located on the other side of the campus behind the student center. #021273
图书馆位于校园的另一边，在学生活动中心的后面。
83.The small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands. #021276
这个小小的印度邦是一片森林、山谷和多雪岛屿的土地。
84.What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography. #021283
使他与众不同的是他对黑白摄影的戏剧性运用。
85.The gap between rich and poor is not increasing rapidly as expected. #021286
贫富差距并没有像预期的那样迅速拉大。
86.We are required to submit the assignments before Friday. #021291
我们被要求在星期五之前交作业。
87.There will be an open book exam on Monday, the twenty-eighth. #021292
28号星期一会有一场开卷考试。
88.Please do not bring food into the classroom. #021294
请不要把食物带进教室。
89.Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing. #021296
环境友好是校园竞争的一个新类别。
90.Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer. #021301
更高的学费会让学生更加批判性地思考大学能提供什么。
91.You are required to submit the assignment before Friday. #021305
你必须在星期五之前交作业。
92.The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library. #021314
学生服务中心位于图书馆后面的主校区。
93.Hypothetically, insufficient mastery of comprehension slows future progress. #021323
假设来说，理解能力掌握不足会延缓未来的进步。
94.Our school of Arts and Technology accepts applications at all points during the year. #021324
我们的艺术与技术学院全年都接受所有的申请。
95.Many undergraduate students go back home and stay with their parents after graduation. #021332
许多大学生毕业后会回家和父母住在一起。
96.We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances. #021337
第 24 页 /共 211 页
我们想吸引最优秀的学生，无论他们的经济状况如何。
97.In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers. #021344
在我的空闲时间，我喜欢阅读时事和报纸。
98.The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for the explosion. #021346
把黑洞的假设作为对爆炸的解释是无意义的。
99.You can pay by cash or using a credit card. #021361
你可以付现金，也可以用信用卡。
100.The cafeteria closes soon, but snack machines are accessible throughout the night. #021367
自助餐厅很快就要关门了，但零食售卖机整晚都可以使用。
101.Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine. #021368
针灸是中医学中的一种技术。
102.Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. #021370
动脉将含氧血液从心脏输送到身体的其他部位。
103.The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way. #021372
这个假设需要更严格的检验。
104.Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand. #021391
许多卫生工作者认为领取养老金的人太老了而不能理解。
105.You should go to the reception to get your student card. #021393
你应该去服务台拿学生证。
106.Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstripped theory. #021394
在经济需要的压力下，实践又一次超越了理论。
107.You can download all lecture handouts from the course website. #021395
你可以从课程网站上下载所有的课程讲义。
108.Contemporary critics dismissed his idea as eccentric. #021407
当代批评家认为他的想法古怪而不屑一顾。
109.It is argued that students can learn more by collaborating rather than as individuals. #021414
有人认为，学生通过合作而不是单独学习可以学得更多。
110.The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab. #021419
技术员把新显微镜留在了生物实验室。
111.The university celebrated the Earth Day by planting trees. #021423
这所大学通过种树来庆祝地球日。
112.Living in the 21st century is increasingly stressful. #021432
生活在21世纪的压力越来越大。
113.Please don't forget to check your email for the updates of the week. #021444
请不要忘记检查您的电子邮件，以了解本周的更新。
114.Many industries moved to the countryside where manufacturing costs are lower. #021448
许多企业迁往制造业成本较低的农村。
115.Everyone should get access to art galleries no matter where they live. #021449
无论住在哪里，每个人都应该有机会参观艺术馆。
第 25 页 /共 211 页
116.This framework allows us to pose further research questions more systematically. #021455
这一框架使我们能够更系统地提出更多的研究问题。
117.The geography assignments must be submitted by the midday of Friday. #021456
地理作业必须在星期五中午前交上来。
118.Read the safety instructions before using the equipment during the workshop. #021458
在车间使用设备前阅读安全说明。
119.I think your watch is fast. You need to reset it. #021465
我觉得你的表走快了，你需要重新设置一下。
120.The university policy on plagiarism can be viewed on the website. #021466
大学关于剽窃的政策可以在网站上查看。
121.There is not enough space for me in the car. #021469
车子里没有足够的地方让我坐。
122.Animals grow larger and stronger to help them hunt better. #021473
动物长得更大更强壮，以帮助他们更好地狩猎。
123.All students must return the books to the college library before the end of the term. #021476
所有学生必须在学期结束前把书归还学院图书馆。
124.Note that the deadline for the submission of proposals has been extended for a week. #021477
请注意，提交提案的截止日期已延长一周。
125.Tuition fees will vary according to the field of study. #021478
学费会根据学习领域的不同而有所不同。
126.Today's lecture is canceled because the lecturer is ill. #021480
今天的讲座取消了，因为演讲者病了。
127.We change the classroom because this one is too small. #021493
我们换了一间教室，因为这间教室太小了。
128.The professor plans to discuss issues in the news that reflect concepts taught in class. #021498
这位教授打算讨论一些新闻事件，这些新闻事件中反映出课上教过的概念。
129.I have lectures on Tuesdays from nine o’clock until two o’clock. #021501
我星期二上午九点到下午两点有课。
130.In Russia, my colleagues said my written language is hard to understand. #021502
在俄罗斯，我的同事说我的书面语言很难理解。
131.Keeping organized class notes will make study time more efficient. #021508
有条理的课堂笔记会让学习时间更有效率。
132.Students can choose graduate certificate, graduate diploma and master course. #021512
学生可以选择研究生证书（课程）、研究生文凭（课程）和硕士课程。
133.Animal behavior appears to contain both similar and distinct aspects to that of humans. #021515
动物的行为似乎与人类既有相似之处，也有不同之处。
134.There are many welcoming activities for new undergraduate and postgraduate students. #021527
这里有许多欢迎新入学本科生和研究生的活动。
135.The university hosts a wide range of events both on and off campus. #021530
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这所大学在校园内外举办了各种各样的活动。
136.Our capacity to serve the community is a vital part of our role. #021531
我们服务社会的能力是我们这个职位的重要组成部分。
137.The support and advice of lecturers within the department has been invaluable. #021534
系里讲师的支持和建议是非常宝贵的。
138.Tomorrow's lecture has been canceled due to the power cut. #021535
因为停电，明天的讲座取消了。
139.Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada. #021536
140.By logging in, you agree to all terms and conditions regarding your enrollment. #021541
通过登录，你同意关于你的注册的所有条款和条件。
141.Having a healthy breakfast can provide energy throughout the day. #021547
一顿健康的早餐可以为一天提供能量。
142.We are committed to recruiting the best students regardless of their financial situations. #021550
我们致力于招募最优秀的学生，无论他们的经济状况如何。
143.None of the students found it difficult to get a job. #021552
没有一个学生发现找工作很难。
144.Experts cannot agree on a single definition of intelligence. #021557
专家们无法就“智力”的单一定义达成一致。
145.There is a lot more about this topic on the university website. #021558
在大学网站上有更多关于这个话题的信息。
146.She is doing a Master's degree by distance learning. #021560
她正在通过远程教育攻读硕士学位。
147.The campus library will be closed during the winter break. #021561
校园图书馆将在寒假期间关闭。
148.The bus for London will leave ten minutes later than planned. #021563
开往伦敦的公共汽车将比原计划晚十分钟开出。
149.The energy that we absorb from the food we eat can help us prevent the cold and become warmer.
#021564
我们从食物中吸收的能量可以帮助我们御寒取暖。
150.The result of the experiment indicates that further research is needed. #021565
实验结果表明，还需要进一步的研究。
151.Your abstract should contain the empirical evidence of your research. #021568
你的摘要应包含你研究的实证证据。
152.This program is running in partnership with a number of departments. #021569
这个项目是与一些部门合作进行的。
153.Students are not allowed to speak when they are in the examination hall. #021570
考生在考场内时不允许发言。
154.Students from different backgrounds can achieve a variety of qualifications. #021573
来自不同背景的学生可以获得各种各样的学历。
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155.Numerous courses devoted to life sciences are listed in the prospectus. #021574
在招生简章中列出了许多专门针对生命科学的课程。
156.Please write your name on essay cover sheet. #021575
请把你的名字写在论文封面上。
157.It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures. #021056
在讨论数字的时候将性别因素考虑在内是很重要的。
158.Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help. #021066
可以为需要额外帮助的学生安排与导师的会面。
159.Meteorology is a detailed study of earth's atmosphere. #021067
气象学是对地球大气的详细研究。
160.Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date. #021229
学生在截止日期后提交的作业将不会被给予学分。
161.Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates. #021341
你在特定领域的专长使你有别于其他毕业生。
162.Mobile phone chargers vary enormously from one place to another. #021494
手机充电器在不同的地方差别很大。
163.Key aspects of this investigative paradigm may prove useful in other spheres. #021521
这种研究模式的关键方面可能在其他领域被证明是有用的。
164.One of the first mass transit systems was located in France. #021525
最早的公共交通系统之一位于法国。
165.We have specially assigned staff to help you find appropriate work placements. #021545
我们有专门的工作人员帮助您找到合适的工作安排。
166.I haven't done a lot of work in this area before. #021567
我以前在这方面没有做过很多工作。
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Describe Image
命中率：中
优先级：中
共 3-4 题，命中 1-2 题
备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
以数据图为主。
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
DESCRIBE IMAGE - 52题
Years to Double Population #031001
Dubai Gold Sales in 2002 #031002
Weekly Temperature #031006
Consumer Confidence #031008
S&P/ASX 200 #031015
US Fruit and Vegetables Consumption Trends
#031019
第 29 页 /共 211 页
Life Expectancy (Years) at Birth by Sex #031021
Life Expectancy of Males and Females at birth by
Years #031026
World Income Distribution and Poverty Line in
1970 and 1990 #031030
University and College Students who did
educational activities #031032
Temperature and CO2 for the Last 400,000 Years Australian Age Group #031053
#031033
第 30 页 /共 211 页
Internet Population in Millions of Users #031058
Population of Major European Countries in 1997
and 2007 #031076
Populations of Countries of the European Union
in 1998 and 2007 #031137
The Average Household Energy Consumption
Size of Nine Planets #031141
Lunar Cycle affects Fish Catch Rates #031167
#031140
第 31 页 /共 211 页
Computers Then and Now #031168
Parts of a Tree #031175
Map of Countries by GDP #031187
Population Density in Australia 2011 #031192
Annual Sunshine Hours for France #031196
Global Warming Predictions by Temperature
Increase #031197
第 32 页 /共 211 页
Simple Circuit with Light #031221
Annual Income of Bachelor Degree Holders in
Different Fields #031244
Teaching as a Career #031245
Sitting Postures When Typing #031248
Eclipse #031259
Weekly household spending, Ireland #031263
第 33 页 /共 211 页
Trading Goods in Ancient Egypt #031266
Sweden Government Budget 2018 #031268
Annual Mean Temperature #031270
Journeys in UK by purpose #031273
Tomato Life Cycle #031277
Rainforest in South America #031283
第 34 页 /共 211 页
Fruits #031284
World Population Density (Orange) #031290
Mosquito life cycle #031297
What is E-waste #031300
Internet users who accessed via a mobile phone The world's biggest chocolate consumers
#031301
#031308
第 35 页 /共 211 页
Best food for brain health #031323
Pet Ownership #031325
Energy Produced from Coal in Four European
Countries 1995-2010 #031054
Map of Azerbaijan #031178
第 36 页 /共 211 页
Articles Published Per Year by Male and Female
University Professors #031023
Food Pyramid #031148
Government Expenditure: Education - All Sectors Bird Feeder #031174
#031149
Cycle of an Apple Tree #031209
Recycle of old plastic bottles #031304
第 37 页 /共 211 页
Retell Lecture
命中率：低
优先级：低
共 1-2 题，命中 1-2 题
备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
新题与旧题并行
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
RE-TELL LECTURE - 34题
1.Australian export 澳大利亚出口 #041001
2.Brain development 大脑发育 #041002
3.Darkness between galaxies 银河系的黑暗 #041003
4.Bomb calorimeter 弹式测热仪 #041005
5.Pavlov’s Conditioning Experiment 巴甫洛夫实验 #041008
6.Monkey and Typewriter 猴子打字 #041011
7.Frogs 青蛙 #041012
8.Mars 火星研究 #041021
9.Dissociation of a Personality 多重人格 #041023
10.Incentives for sales people 销售人员薪资机制 #041025
11.Teaching 老教授谈教学 #041026
12.Food Labelling 食品颜色标签 #041028
13.Biomedical Engineering 生物医学工程 #041033
14.Gene & Protein 基因和蛋白质 #041034
15.Loggerhead turtles 红海龟迁徙路线 #041040
16.Superman & Superpower 超人&超能力 #041044
17.Mars and Earth 地球和火星 #041045
18.Early Robot 早期机器人 #041046
19.Cloud Formation 云的行成 #041054
20.Warning Label 化学品的警示标签 #041056
21.Practice and Performance 熟能生巧 #041061
22.Win-win Solutions 双赢局面 #041071
23.Dog’s Growl Distinction 区分狗的低吼声 #041074
24.Marshmallow Test 棉花糖测试 #041077
25.Venus 金星 #041080
26.Shy Fish and Bold Fish 胆小鱼群实验 #041126
27.The Springtime Phenomena 早春现象 #041127
28.Cars in Washington 华盛顿汽车尾气污染 #041133
29.Happiness & Social Relations 幸福和社会关系 #041142
30.Hubble Telescope 哈勃天文望远镜（待补充） #041149
31.Oracle #041154
32.The Best Rice 转基因大米 #041050
第 38 页 /共 211 页
33.Solar Energy 太阳能 #041111
34.Leadership and management 领导力与管理 #041155
第 39 页 /共 211 页
Answer Short Questions
命中率：低
优先级：低
共 5-6 题，命中 1-4 题
备战策略
先刷机经，再刷预测；最好把机经总题库都刷完；
关注单词的发音，否则答案读错也算错
当前趋势
本次更新
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所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
ANSWER SHORT QUESTION - 79题
1.A business doesn’t want to make a loss - what does it want to make?
- - Profit #051001
2.What would call a doctor who sells prescribed medicines? - - Pharmacist / Chemist. #051002
3.A famous canal links the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean, is it the Corinth or Suez Canal? - - Suez
Canal #051004
4.How would you describe a list of events that is placed in time order? - - chronology #051005
5.What is the animal with white ivory and long trunk? - - Elephant #051009
6.If you get sick, you go to see a doctor in hospital. There are different types of doctors. Some doctors deal
with bones; some deal with the heart. Which doctor deal with teeth? - - Dentist #051055
7.In which direction does the Sun arise from? - - East #051064
8.What do you call a difficult time when economic activities slow down, and there are more people
unemployed? - - Recession #051079
9.What are winter, spring, summer and autumn? - – Seasons #051098
10.What do we call a period of 100 years? - — Century #051108
11.What subject studies the life and structure of human, animals and plants? - – Biology #051116
12.Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do operations? - – Surgeon. #051128
13.What are the animals that have fins? - Fish. #051133
14.What kind of movement of the Sun can be seen during dawn? - – Sunrise #051138
15.What instrument do scientists use to see tiny elements that cannot been seen with naked eyes? - –
Microscope #051140
16.What are the paintings or photos of people especially when they include someone’s face, head and
shoulders? - – Portrait #051142
17.When you bake a cake, where do you put the tray into? - Oven. #051166
18.What is the study of stars and planet called? - – Astronomy #051186
19.What do we call it when the moon completely blocks out the light from the sun? - Solar eclipse #051214
20.What’s the material that we use to stick two things together when we make a crafts by hand? - - Glue.
#051218
21.What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting event? - Olympics. #051283
22.How many sides does a hexagon have? - - Six. #051298
23.What device do you use to type when you use a computer? - - Keyboard #051302
24.In what room do scientists usually do experiments? - Laboratory. #051303
25.What do you call someone who does a job with no salary or offers to do something without being forced? - Volunteer. #051308
26.If a business wants to introduce their products to the public by showing the qualities of the products on
media, such as TV or newspaper, what would they use? - Advertisement. #051332
27.What are the mountains that can erupt? - - Volcano. #051333
第 40 页 /共 211 页
28.What will water become at zero temperatures or under zero temperatures? - - Ice. #051342
29.What is the line where the sky meets the land? - Horizon. #051345
30.Word ‘postgraduate’, what does ‘post’ mean? - - After. #051360
31.What is paper made from? - - Wood #051374
32.Which part of your leg can make it possible to bend? - – Knee #051404
33.What do you call a length of time that lasts for seven days? - - Week. #051435
34.Which part of a birds’ body is used for flying? - - Wings. #051463
35.What are dollars, euros, and pounds the examples of? - - Currency. #051473
36.In winter, what activities do people usually do on snow mountains by standing on a long, thin board? Snowboarding. #051535
37.What is the subject to study past events? - History. #051545
38.What is the second month of a year? - February. #051546
39.What part of a door or a window that we can use to open it? - - Handle. #051551
40.What is the opposite of "negative"? - Positive. #051557
41.What word do you use to describe uncooked meat? - - Raw. #051581
42.Where do marine animals live? - - Ocean / Sea. #051603
43.What is the room that is under the ground floor? - - Basement. #051619
44.What is the word to describe when you believe in yourself? - - Confidence. #051665
45.What galaxy do the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth belong to? - - The Solar System. #051666
46.What do we call a group of sheep or birds? - - Flock #051667
47.What do we call a horse-like animal with a single horn on the head? - - Unicorn #051668
48.What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual property? - - Patent #051003
49.If you leave a picture or design permanently on your skin with a needle and ink, what is that called? - Tattoo #051073
50.What is the portable breathing apparatus that divers wear on their back? - - Aqualung / Scuba #051010
51.What is the behavior when an animal changes its color to match the environment for protection? - Camouflage #051012
52.How many days are there in a week? - – Seven #051028
53.How many seasons are there in a year? - – Four #051031
54.How would you call people who study ancient bones, rocks and plants? - - Paleontologist. #051040
55.If telescopes are used to locate distant objects, what instrument is employed to magnify miniscule objects?
- Microscope #051051
56.If you are feeling ‘fed up’, is it a positive or negative feeling? - Negative #051053
57.What is the joint connecting your foot to the leg? - - Ankle #051118
58.What is the antonym of vertical? - – Horizontal #051152
59.When it’s raining, what object would you raise over your head? - - Umbrella. #051177
60.What do you call a period of ten years? - – A decade #051213
61.Which sweet food do bees produce? - – Honey #051251
第 41 页 /共 211 页
62.What do you call the condition of being unable to sleep? - - Insomnia. #051311
63.What is the area of the low land between hills or mountains? - Valley. #051314
64.What is the book that people write about their own stories? - - Autobiography. #051320
65.What do you call the tower containing a beacon of light to warn or guide ships at sea? - - Lighthouse
#051351
66.What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine? - - Headline #051379
67.What is the music that is recorded for a movie or a film? - - Soundtrack. #051457
68.What do you call the two siblings who were born at the same time? - Twins. #051508
69.Some people use right hands to write, then who are the people using left hands to write? - Left-handed /
Lefty / Sinistral #051549
70.What is another name for religious study? - - Theology. #051570
71.What is the antonym of maximum? - - Minimum #051604
72.What is the legal relationship between a husband and wife? - - Marriage. #051613
73.What is the antonym of export? - - Import. #051629
74.What will ice do when heated? - - Melt. #051655
75.What is the name for the sound that the heart produces? - - Heartbeat. #051658
76.What is the name for the communication conveyed through the movements of your body parts? - - Body
language #051659
77.If winter comes after autumn, then what comes after winter? - - Spring. #051661
78.What do you call the person who lives or sits next to you? - - Neighbor. #051662
79.What do you call a collection of large quantity？ - - Bulk. #051664
第 42 页 /共 211 页
Summarize Written Text
命中率：不稳
优先级：低
命中 1-2
备战策略
利用模板，一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
持续重回旧题
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT - 27题
1.Plug-in vehicle 充电车 #091001
2.American English美语影响力 #091004
3.Malaysia Tourism马来西亚旅游 #091005
4.Plants research 植物研究 #091059
5.2014 Olympics 2014年奥林匹克 #091061
6.Ageing in Australia 澳洲老龄化 #091064
7.Greenhouse Gases (Carbon Dioxide) 二氧化碳与温室气体 #091066
8.Wright brothers 怀特兄弟 #091070
9.House Mice 家鼠 #091071
10.Compulsory Reburial of Human Remains 残骸掩埋 #091073
11.Australian indigenous food 澳洲本地食物 #091076
12.Paleolithic people 旧石器时代祖先 #091078
13.University College大学学院 #091086
14.Energy Demand 能源需求 #091099
15.The Importance of Soil 土壤的重要性 #091102
16.The Greenland Sharks 格陵兰鲨 #091112
17.Reading Aloud 大声朗读 #091119
18.New Women 新女性 #091120
19.Silent movies 默片 #091122
20.Is language natural? 语言是先天能力吗？ #091130
21.Wright Brothers V2 (暂无原文) #091132
22.Straw as building material “稻草房” #091138
23.Positive mindset 积极心态 #091139
24.Climate change impact on birds气候变化影响候鸟迁徙 #091007
25.Crime rate 犯罪率 #091058
26.Benefit of Honey to athletes 蜂蜜对运动员的好处 #091083
27.Brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度 #091127
第 43 页 /共 211 页
Writing Essay
命中率：2 中 2
优先级：高
备战策略
1. 模板 2. 预测
当前趋势
稳定！
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
WRITE-ESSAY - 43题
1.毕业或工作前就结婚 #101001
It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is foolish. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
【有人认为，在完成学业或找到工作之前结婚是愚蠢的。 你在多大程度上同意或不同意? 】
2.法律改变人的行为 #101003
Some people think human behaviors can be changed by laws, while others think laws have little effect. What is
your opinion.
【一些人认为法律可以改变人的行为，另一些人认为法律没有什么作用。你的意见是什么?】
3.员工参与决策的利弊 #101004
In some companies, some employers involve employees in the decision-making process of products and
services. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a policy?
【有些雇主会让员工参与产品和服务的决策过程。这种政策的优点和缺点是什么?】
4.书面考试是否有效评估学习成果 #101005
The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
【正式的笔试是评估学生学习成绩的有效方法。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?】
5.海外留学有必要吗/旅行对于学习的必要性 #101006
问法一：It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars who study locally. Is
travel a necessary component of quality education?
【人们常常认为海外留学被高估了。有许多学者在当地学习。旅行（此处结合上下文要理解为“出国学习”的意
思）是素质教育的必要组成部分吗? 】
问法二：There is no value to travel overseas for study, as you can be a good scholar even without leaving your
home base. It is or isn’t necessary to travel overseas for a better education?
【出国留学是没有价值的，不出家门就可以成为一个优秀的学者。为了更好的教育，是否有必要出国旅行? 你在
多大程度上相信这个说法，并给出你的观点。】
问法三：Is the value of travel an important component for a successful scholar? Some people think scholars
should read books and never need to leave their home base. To which extend do you agree? Explain why.
【旅行（不一定是出国，前往其他城市也可称之为travel）是一个成功的学者的重要组成部分吗？有些人认为学者
只需要读书，根本不需要离开家乡。你同意哪种观点？解释为什么。】
（请注意，只有问法三的“travel”没有指明“overseas出国”的概念，问法一和问法二的措辞中，都有明确提及
“overseas”）
6.欠发达国家的旅游业利弊相当 #101007
The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries are as great as the advantages. What is your
opinion?
【旅游业在欠发达国家的缺点和优点一样大。你的意见是什么?】
7.极限运动 #101008
问法一：In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure sports?
第 44 页 /共 211 页
【在你看来，极限或冒险运动的优点和缺点是什么?】
问法二：Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as skiing, or white-water
rafting. Are you in favor of them? Why? Use examples to support your opinion.
【如今，越来越多的人从事危险的运动，如滑雪、漂流。你赞成他们吗？为什么？用例子来支持你的观点。】
[2023.03.01 更新措辞，无论哪种问法，论证词汇都一样]
8.大众传媒引发的信息革命带来的利弊 #101009
“The information revolution by modern mass communication has both positive and negative consequences
for individuals and for society.” To what extent do you agree? Explain with your own experience.
【“现代大众传播带来的信息革命对个人和社会都有积极和消极的影响。”你在多大程度上同意? 用你自己的经
历来解释。】
9.大众传媒影响社会与观念 #101010
The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, influences our society and shapes our opinions and
characters. What is your opinion?
【大众传媒，包括电视、广播和报纸，影响我们的社会，塑造我们的观点和性格。你的意见是什么?】
10.大众传媒对年轻人的影响 #101011
Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans, particularly on the younger
generation. It has a pivotal role in shaping people's opinions. Discuss the extent you agree or disagree. Use
your own experience or examples.
【大众传媒，包括电视和报纸，对人类有很大的影响，特别是对年轻一代。它在塑造人们的观点方面起着关键作
用。讨论你同意或不同意的程度。用你自己的经验或例子。】
11.气候变化谁负责 #101012
Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities, governments, big
companies or individuals?
【气候变化是一个令人关切的全球问题。谁应该承担责任，政府，大公司还是个人？】
12.100年内最重要的发明 #101014
There are many important inventions in the modern world, including antibiotics, airplanes and computers.
What do you believe is the most important invention of the past hundred years? Why?
【现代世界有许多重要的发明，包括抗生素、飞机和计算机。你认为过去一百年里最重要的发明是什么？为什么
？】
13.日用消费品的营销应该重品牌还是重优惠 #101015
Should marketing in companies producing consumer goods like food and clothing, place emphasis on the
reputation of the company or short-term strategies like discounts and special offers? Why?
【在生产食品和服装等消费品的公司中，营销应该强调公司的声誉还是短期战略，如折扣和特价？为什么？】
14.研究气候变化的某方面 #101016
You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain why you pick this
particular area of your study and give an example in the area you pick.
【你的研究领域是气候变化。你更想选哪个领域？解释你为什么选择你研究的这个特定领域，并给出一个你选择
的领域的例子。】
15.高中学习百年前戏剧的利弊 #101028
第 45 页 /共 211 页
There are both problems and benefits for high school students to study plays and works of theatres written
centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.
【对高中生来说，学习几个世纪前写的戏剧和戏剧作品既有问题也有好处。请就这个观念进行讨论，并使用你自
己的经验。】
16.大商场替代小商铺 #101030
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you think this is a good or
bad change?
【大型购物中心正在取代小商店。你对此有什么看法？你认为这是好事还是坏事?】
17.无现金社会是否现实？优缺点？ #101038
There are more and more situations where credit cards are used instead of cash. The idea of a cashless
society seems to be becoming more of a reality. How realistic do you think it is? What do you see as the
potential benefits or problems?
【用信用卡代替现金的情况越来越多了。无现金社会的想法似乎越来越成为现实。你觉得它有多现实？你认为潜
在的好处和问题是什么?】
18.医学延长人们寿命是好是坏 #101039
Medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think it is a curse or a
blessing?
【医疗技术提高了人们的平均预期寿命。你觉得这是诅咒还是福祉？】
19.体验式学习在学校有无好处 #101040
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing) can work well in formal education.
However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning is beneficial
in high school or college?
有些人指出，体验式学习（即通过“实践”来学习）在正统教育中效果很好。然而，其他人认为传统的教学形式
是最好的。你认为体验式学习在高中或大学是有益的吗?】
20.家长需要为孩子的行为负法律责任吗 #101042
Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you agree with this opinion?
Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.
【父母应该为孩子的行为承担法律责任吗?你同意这个观点吗？用你自己的研究、经验或观察来支持你的观点。
】
21.学校扣迟交作业学生的分数 #101043
Some universities deduct students’ marks if assignments are given late. What is your opinion and give your
recommendations?
【某些大学会对迟交的作业进行扣分。你的看法是什么？并给出你的建议。】
22.兼顾工作和学习 #101044
In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a student to combine
learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the other. Is it realistic to combine them at
the same time in our life today? Support your opinion with examples.
【有效的学习需要舒适平静的状态和充分的时间。因此一个学生不可能同时把学习和工作结合起来，因为两者会
相互干扰。在我们今天的生活中，把它们同时结合起来现实吗?用例子来支持你的观点.】
23.政府面临的最严重的问题是什么 #101055
第 46 页 /共 211 页
The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think is the most
pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet? And give solutions.
【世界各国政府和组织正面临着许多问题。你认为对地球上的居民来说，哪一个是最紧迫的问题？并给出解决方
案。】
24.建筑设计对工作生活的影响 #101056
How does the design of building affect, either positively or negatively, where people work and live?
【建筑设计如何影响人们工作和生活的地方的，无论是积极的还是消极的？】
25.城市生活与乡村生活，你喜欢哪个？ #101062
Living in the countryside or having a city life, which one do you prefer? Please use examples or your personal
experience to support your opinion.
【住在农村还是住在城市，你更喜欢哪一个?请用例子或你的个人经历来支持你的观点。】
26.城市空间拥挤，有何良策 #101094
As the urban population is growing, city roads are busy and public areas such as parking are packed. People
feel that city space is overcrowding. What solutions can you think of for this problem?
【随着城市人口的增长，城市道路繁忙，停车场等公共区域拥挤不堪。人们觉得城市空间过于拥挤。对于这个问
题，你能想到什么解决办法?】
27.与书本，正统教育相比，人生经历经验是更好的老师？ #101122
Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more effectively than
books or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea? Support your opinion with reasons
and/or your personal experience.
【有些人认为经验是最好的老师。生活经验比书本或正规学校教育更有效。你在多大程度上同意这个想法？用理
由和/或你的个人经历来支持你的观点。】
28.大学购买数码媒体取代纸质书的利弊 #101123
With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become obsolete. Universities
should only procure new digital media rather than constantly update textbooks. Discuss both the advantages
and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
【随着在线数字媒体的增加，图书馆的作用已经过时。大学应该只购买数字材料，而不是不断更新教科书。讨论
这个职位的优点和缺点，并给出你自己的观点。】
29.政府应该改善公共交通还是多修路 #101124
As cities are expanding, some people claim governments should look forward to creating better networks of
public transport available for everyone rather than building more roads for vehicle owning population. What’s
your opinion? Give some examples or experience to support.
【随着城市的扩张，一些人声称，政府应该着眼于为每个人创造更好的公共交通网络，而不是为拥有汽车的人口
建造更多的道路。你的意见是什么?给出一些例子或经验来支持。】
30.兼顾工作和私人生活（普遍性与后果） #101126
The time people devote in jobs leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is the problem? What
problem will this shortage of time cause?
【人们投入工作的时间留给个人生活的时间很少。这个问题有多普遍?时间短缺会导致什么问题？】
31.兼顾工作与私人生活（重要性与成因） #101127
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Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and other aspects of
one’s life, such as time with family and leisure needs. How important do you think is this balance? Why do
people find it hard to achieve?
【如今，在工作和生活的其他方面，比如与家人相处的时间和休闲需求之间保持平衡越来越难了。你认为这种平
衡有多重要？为什么人们觉得这个平衡很难实现？】
32.描述一个新发明及其优点或缺点 #101128
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been evolving on a daily basis. Please describe a
new invention and explain the impact, either beneficial or detrimental, that you feel it has had on society.
【在我们的技术世界里，新发明的数量每天都在变化。请描述一项新发明，并解释你认为它对社会产生了有益或
有害的影响。】
33.电视有多种功能 #101130
Television has many functions to play in everyone's life. For some it's relaxation; for some, it is the companion.
To what extent do you think the statement is true? Please provide your argument and supporting evidence
from your own experience.
【电视在每个人的生活中有许多功能。对有些人来说电视让他们放松，对一些人来说电视是他们的陪伴。你认为
这种说法在多大程度上是正确的？请从你自己的经历中提供你的论点和支持性证据。】
34.减少工时以缓解失业率 #101132
In modern society, unemployment among young people is a serious problem. One solution is to shorten the
working week and put more people to work. . Give your opinion of the idea, considering the advantages and
disadvantages, whether it can apply to young people or the whole workforce.
【在现代社会，年轻人失业是一个严重的问题。一个解决办法是缩短每个人的每周工作时间，让更多人有工作。
给出你对这个想法的看法，考虑到优点和缺点，它是否适用于年轻人或整个劳动力。】
35.名人是否要放弃隐私 #101134
People who are famous entertainers or sportspeople should give up the right to privacy because this is the
price of fame. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Give your opinion with your
experiences.
【那些著名的艺人或运动员应该放弃隐私权，因为这是成名的代价。你在多大程度上同意或不同意这一观点?用
你的经历给出你的观点。】
36.未来人们工时会减少 #101135
“In the future, people will work less hours at their jobs.” To what extent do you agree with it? Please support
your opinion with your own experience.
【“未来，人们的工作时间会更短。”你在多大程度上同意它?请用你自己的经验来支持你的观点。】
37.年龄限制 #101136
Age restrictions can be seen everywhere. It is believed that people should not do things until they reach the
right age, such as marriage, and driving. Select one activity and state the minimum age that you think. Support
with your own experiences.
【年龄限制随处可见。人们认为，在达到合适的年龄之前，不应该做一些事情，比如结婚和开车。选择一件事
，并说明你所认为的这件事的最低年龄。用你自己的经历来支持你的观点。】
38.外语应该成为必修课吗 #101137
Should schools make learning a foreign language compulsory?
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【学校应该把外语作为必修课吗?】
39.国家把钱花在建筑修复，而非现代住房 #101138
More and more countries spend large amounts of money on the restoration of buildings instead of on modern
housing. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this analysis? Support your writing with its advantages
or disadvantages.
【越来越多的国家花大量的钱来修复建筑,而不是现代住房。你在多大程度上同意或不同意这种分析?用它的优点
或缺点来支持你的写作。】
40.21世纪的孩子越来越难 #101139
It is getting harder for children to live and grow in the 21st century than in the past. Do you agree or disagree?
【孩子们在21世纪的生活和成长比过去更难了。你同意还是不同意?】
41.要不要限定最高薪资 #101140
"Should there be a maximum wage for high-paying people." To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Please give your reasons and/or arguments.
【“应该为高收入人群设定最高工资标准吗?”你在多大程度上同意这种说法?请给出你的理由和/或论点。】
42.过度竞争对个人和社会的利弊？ #101142
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being over-competitive to individuals and society?
【过度竞争对个人和社会有什么好处和坏处?】
43.既然有人工智能翻译，还需要学外语吗？ #101143
Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence can translate a foreign language easily. Do you think
learning a foreign language is still necessary? Support with your own experience.
【人工智能等先进技术可以很容易地翻译外语。你认为学习一门外语还是有必要的吗？用你自己的经验来支持你
的观点。】
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Re-order Paragraphs
命中率：高
优先级：中
共 2-3 题，命中 1-2 题
备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库
切勿以押题为目的，以理解逻辑+做题思路为目的
当前趋势
持续变动
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
RE-ORDER PARAGRAPHS - 91题
1.Indian IT #061001
(1).Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of
Boston Consulting Group in India.
(2).Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a
more cost-effective way.
(3).This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
(4).He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign universities
if the capability is not available locally.
(5).“This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them myself”
says Mr. Maria.
2.Foreign aid #061002
(1).But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
(2).Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices.
(3).Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
(4).Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid
routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
3.Jet Stream #061003
(1).Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km)
above the surface of the earth.
(2).They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
(3).Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate
eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
(4).Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds are
encountered
(5).In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save
fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
4.Map #061004
(1).For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station
supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.
(2).This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the concept of
punctuality.
(3).But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.
(4).This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard to the reality of either political
divisions or the changing seasons.
5.Chimpanzees #061005
(1).A simple way to disprove this hypothesis (the Innateness Hypothesis) is to demonstrate that other species
have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech.
(2).A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic code.
(3).Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike homo sapiens, their vocal cords are located higher in their
throats and cannot be controlled as delicately as human vocal cords.
(4).It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language.
(5).Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if they could only express it some other way.
6.Immigration Effect #061006
(1).In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state and, specifically,
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the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has become a staple of discussion
among policy makers and politicians.
(2).It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the populism of the Daily
Mail.
(3).Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
(4).But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than have been
acknowledged
7.Mother of Storm #061007
(1).Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters.
(2).This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and informative,
although occasionally the author's manipulations in moving them about are a bit blatant.
(3).They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction
upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
(4).But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
8.Charles Lindbergh #061008
(1).After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route
operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
(2).He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois, Peoria and Chicago.
(3).During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances.
(4).After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander
Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
9.SEPAHUA #061009
(1).SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where
a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
(2).That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich
in mahogany and accessible from the town.
(3).In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small
part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
(4).It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
(5).Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area
each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.
10.Piano keys #061010
(1).Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness.
(2).Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
(3).Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory.
(4).But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost
exclusively used.
(5).Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
11.International Date Line #061011
(1).International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally following the 180° meridian of
longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
(2).The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
(3).For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would elapse as it circled the globe,
but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the
ground below them.
(4).The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the opposite
side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
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(5).The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date, thus
bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
12.Aviation #061012
(1).During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first transatlantic
flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford
Smith's transpacific flight the following year.
(2).One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to
be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
(3).By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous
qualified pilots available.
(4).The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled
rockets.
13.Aviation after World War II #061013
(1).After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and
commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus
transport and training aircraft became available.
(2).Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the
new middle-class market.
(3).By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first
widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other aircraft at
that time.
(4).At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to
serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
14.Actors and characters #061014
(1).In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A. Konijn looked to the question of how much
actors are aware of their performance as they perform it, and how much they let the character “take over”.
(2).She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the emotions of the characters they were playing
across a range of affective states (from disgust and anxiety to tenderness and pleasure).
(3).She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors as they played those character’s emotions.
(4).However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the less likely the actor would report feeling that
emotion onstage.
15.Volkswagen #061016
(1).Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to peers due to bad reputation
among investors, high capital expenditure and its close links to the state of Lower Saxony, which effectively
has a blocking minority.
(2).A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and uncertainty about the reason for a
share buyback has in recent years left investors bewildered.
(3).“The main problem with Volkswagen is the past. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened
away,” said one Paris-based fund managers.
(4).Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated, compared to BMW’s 19 and are the
second cheapest in the sector.
16.Earth-like planets #061018
(1).A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of a Sun-like star.
(2).Using observations gathered by NASA's Kepler Mission, the team found five planets orbiting a Sun-like star
called Kepler-62.
(3).Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller than even the
smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
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(4).These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth.
(5).In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
17.Carbon Detox #061019
(1).In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by
information.
(2).Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
(3).Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those that offer us some
reward.
(4).He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might
lie.
(5).We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and
community action.
18.Battle with enemy #061020
(1).With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do battles
with its enemy.
(2).How do you do battle with your enemy?
(3).The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the economic foundation, that
the productive capacity is different in each case.
(4).So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you want to do is burn
his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
(5).But in the industrial era destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing the factories which are
located in the cities.
(6).Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means destroying the information
infrastructure.
19.An underperforming company #061021
(1).Take an underperforming company
(2).Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all the fat.
(3).Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
(4).That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
20.Environmental revolution #061022
(1).The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it has changed forever
how companies do business.
(2).In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on the environment.
(3).Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for strict government
regulation
(4).In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan, people were dying of
mercury poisoning.
(5).Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the environment.
21.German invasion #061023
(1).German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.
(2).In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her borders.
(3).But Polish forces could not defend a long border.
(4).They lacked compact defence lines and additionally their supply lines were also poorly protected.
(5).Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were conducting testes
to exploit the same.
22.Top executives #061024
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(1).The top executives of the large, mature, publicly held companies hold the conventional view when they stop
to think of the equity owners’ welfare.
(2).They assume that they’re using their shareholders’ resources efficiently if the company’s
performance—especially ROE and earnings per share—is good and if the shareholders don’t rebel.
(3).They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any corporation that invests its resources
poorly.
(4).So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and shareholders alike, and ensure
competitiveness; companies investing poorly shrink, resulting, perhaps, in the replacement of management.
(5).In short, stock market performance and the company’s financial performance are inexorably linked.
23.Hypothesis #061028
(1).Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis.
(2).Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
(3).Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels
internal or external pressure to get a specific result.
(4).In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find ”something wrong”, such as systematic effects,
with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those
expectations may not be checked as carefully.
24.Ancestors lit fire #061036
(1).Many years ago, humans had been eating raw meat only.
(2).Then they learned how to light a fire.
(3).Since then humans started eating cooked meat.
(4).And they also learned to cook many other food.
25.Carbon Pricing in Canada #061038
(1).There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
(2).There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
(3).If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories will relocate to
other countries to avoid the regulation.
(4).Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be uneven across
sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might threaten the political viability of the
policy.
26.Wal-Mart #061039
(1).Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year ago due to rising gasoline
prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke said Wednesday.
(2).”We're seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure,” Duke said at an event in New York. ”There's no
doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact.”
(3).Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically shop in bulk at the beginning of the
month when their paychecks come in.
(4).Lately, they're ”running out of money” at a faster clip, he said.
(5).”Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the month even more than last year,” Duke said. ”This endof-month [purchases] cycle is growing to be a concern.
27.Color TV（2月1日确认原文） #061040
(1).Several systems of color television have been developed.
(2).In the first color system, a motor-driven disk with segments in three primary colors—red, blue, and
green—rotated behind the camera lens, filtering the light from the subject.
(3).The receiving unit of this system formed monochrome, which is black-and-white images, through the usual
cathode-ray tube.
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(4).This method is said to be field-sequential because the monochrome image is painted first in one color, then
another, and finally in the third, in rapid enough succession so that the individual colors are blended by the
retentive capacities of the eye, giving the viewer the impression of a full colored image.
28.Objectivity of Journalists #061041
(1).Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably share the system biases of the
disciplines and cultures in which they work.
(2).Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issues.
(3).Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to invite all
candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate.
(4).Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
29.Language #061044
(1).It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills, because
language stands apart in several ways.
(2).For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak at least one
language, and many learn more than one.
(3).By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to
paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
(4).Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
(5).But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.
30.Memory and habits #061046
(1).In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his memory.
(2).Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest idea.
(3).Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get something to
eat.
(4).Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are stored has
nothing to do with memory or reason.
(5).It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than a century ago that humans
“are mere walking bundles of habits
31.Father-Led Literacy Project #061047
(1).A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project, to encourage
fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
(2).Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as
literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
(3).Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes towards
reading to be formed early on – with the help of male role models.
(4).She said, “A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly for young boys, who are
statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy programs.”
32.Markets #061053
(1).Markets may be good at encouraging innovation and following trends, but they were no good at ensuring
social equality.
(2).These markets had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises who were able to act in their own
interests, against the interests of both workers and consumers.
(3).There had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses - such as various Factory Acts to prevent
the exploitation of child workers.
(4).Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to protect us against powerful
interests.
(5).He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was genuinely capable of responding to social
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needs and social interests, unlike markets.
33.3-D print #061055
(1).Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic structure of an entire building.
(2).Structures built with this system could be produced faster and less expensively than traditional
construction methods allow.
(3).Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different materials could be incorporated as the
process goes along.
(4).Ultimately, the researchers say, this approach could enable the design and construction of new kinds of
buildings that would not be feasible with traditional building methods.
34.Recycling electronic waste #061059
(1).Recycling electronic waste such as old computers, TVs, and monitors is a daunting challenge considering
how much technology we all use today.
(2).The challenge didn't deter IU students, who persuaded the IT Services department to launch its Electronic
Waste Collection Days program.
(3).On numerous dates throughout the year, students, faculty, and staff can drop off their old equipment to be
completely recycled--nothing ends up in a landfill.
(4).Collection days netted more than 650,000 pounds of waste in 2010, and a whopping 830,000 pounds in
2009.
35.University of Otago #061062
(1).University of Otago Centre of International Health co-directors Professor Philip Hill and Professor John
Crump share a view that global health is a multidisciplinary activity.
(2).In their work – from Tanzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to Indonesia and beyond – they tap into a wide
range of expertise from across the University, including clinicians, microbiologists and molecular
microbiologists, public health experts, economists and mathematicians.
(3).They have also forged relationships and collaborations with research and aid agencies around the world.
(4).For the past seven years Professor Philip Hill has been part of a collaborative tuberculosis research project
in Indonesia, with the University of Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java, undertaking European Commissionfunded research into the causative links between infectious and non-communicable diseases – in this case
tuberculosis (TB) – and diabetes mellitus.
36.The formation of the moon 月球的形成 #061063
(1).For more than 30 years, the prevailing view of the formation of our moon has been the ”giant impact
hypothesis”.
(2).The precursors to the current four rock planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars – appear to have been
dozens of smaller bodies known as ”planetary embryos”.
(3).According to the giant impact hypothesis, our moon formed as the result of the last of a series of ”giant
impact” mergers between planetary embryos that eventually formed the Earth.
(4).In this last collision, one embryo was nearly Earth-sized and the other approximately Mars-sized.
37.Young Employees #061067
(1).Employers are often reluctant to hire young people, even though there are more than 850,000 unemployed
16-to24-year-olds and UK businesses are struggling to fill one in five vacancies because of skills shortages.
(2).They are skeptical about young people’s skills and their readiness for work.
(3).But a growing number of companies are setting up schemes to recruit young workers.
(4).They can be surprised by the results.
38.Children's Emotions #061071
(1).Most young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
(2).As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
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(3).In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to effectively
communicate their need for emotional support.
(4).The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in alternative behaviours.
(5).Strategies that children may employ at this age are commonly referred to as defense mechanisms
39.Amino Acid #061077
(1).Amino acid, which is also known as Leucine, is a fundamental element in the muscle’s formation.
(2).Animals’ protein has a 9-13% of the Leucine, and plants’ protein has 7% of Leucine.
(3).Plus, ()
(4).However, there are also some exceptions exist.
40.The Job of a Manager #061079
(1).The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees.
(2).In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
(3).That is, however, easier said than done.
(4).Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, encompassing various disciplines.
41.BCGI Global Tree Search [更新版] #061080
(1).A recent research has revealed that more than 60,000 species of trees are available globally.
(2).The BCGI, a charity group, has compiled the list of trees on the basis of data gathered from its network of
500 member organizations.
(3).The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two years from sources including over
500 published contents and 80 experts in the BCGI’s network.
(4).The data will be kept updated with the discovery of new species or the extinction of some, said the
researchers. All the data required for the world’s trees is now available in one database, thanks to Global Tree
Search.
(5).The results of the research were published in the Journal of Sustainable Forestry.
42.Sustainable Development #061084
(1).Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe in both.
(2).The Brundtland Report, our Common Future (1987) defines sustainable development as” development
which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
(3).Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained. Is this true?
(4).Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge
improvements in living standards.
(5).To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and
inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.
43.Superpower [不完整待补充] #061085
(1).The ‘superpower’ has international text, which means having control over resources … political power.
(2).In terms of superpower, it included …
(3).... ‘green superpower’, …
(4).In addition to green energy superpower, company should meet the above global average … emissions …
and …
44.Historical Records #061087
(1).Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help – if they exist. But even prehistoric sites
contain records – written in nature’s hand.
(2).The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects relatively, if not
absolutely.
(3).However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date of a site, they can often go beyond simple
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stratigraphy.
(4).For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, tree time), dates wooden artifacts by matching their
ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.
45.Music record in Brazil #061088
(1).Early in 1938, one Folklore Research Mission dispatched to the north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil on a
similar mission.
(2).The musicologists's intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before
encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
(3).They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo
priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
(4).Regrettably, the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
46.Easier said than Done #061089
(1).In 'Easier Said than Done', we set out some of the reasons why we might find it hard to live in a healthy
way, exercising, eating well, getting adequate sleep, and checking for early warning symptoms.
(2).Perhaps most importantly, we look to the field of behavioural science for strategies that people can use to
overcome those hurdles and to initiate lifestyle changes.
(3).These include Commitment devices, where we make it very unattractive to not follow through on an
intention.
(4).Changing existing behaviour can be a difficult task, but with the help of these strategies new behaviours
can become habitual, facilitating a long-term sustained healthy lifestyle.
47.Fibers for clothing #061098
(1).Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
(2).The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk
(3).However, up to 30 times cheaper.
(4).Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He says
that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
48.Native English Speaker #061099
(1).Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but possibly not sport)
needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
(2).Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to know how to
talk without baffling them.
(3).Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it is to master
another language.
(4).Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
(5).This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes comprehension
harder.
49.Hip Hop Culture #061102
(1).Hip Hop culture emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s,
and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
(2).It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social justice.
(3).Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values remain at its core
that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around the world.
(4).Yet, the Hip Hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
50.EU Fish Problems 欧洲渔业 #061104
(1).The European Union has two big fish problems.
(2).One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no longer meet
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European demand.
(3).The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the surplus
boats.
(4).The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck
agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
(5).As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
51.New Ventures 企业家计划 #061105
(1).New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s most dynamic, emerging
economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
(2).We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses
whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient
water use, and sustainable agriculture.
(3).Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
(4).For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco-star, refurbishes copy machines from
the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
52.Glow Worms #061106
(1).The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
(2).The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the sandstone in the
Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
(3).For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
(4).The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this case, the
Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat.
(5).Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned
tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
53.Puzzle [不完整待补充] #061107
(1).When I was a young scholar, I did a … research that changed my perception…
(2).I invited one student from their school each time, set them comfort and then give them a puzzle.
(3).One is very easily, another is very hard.
(4).The students did the question with confuse and….
(5).I observe their behavior and record their strategies
54.Australia’s native plants and animals #061113
(1).Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions of years.
(2).Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals for habitat, food
and shelter.
(3).Some have also had to face new predators.
(4).These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and waterways and on its
native plants and animals.
55.Pidgins #061115
(1).In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the country.
(2).For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin.
(3).This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a kind of ‘contact’
language called a pidgin.
(4).A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical purpose, such as trading,
among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other’s languages.
56.Blue Halo #061118
(1).Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the surface of
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their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
(2).These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a subtle
effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
(3).By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to test the effect on
pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
(4).They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently.
57.Japanese girl learning English #061119
(1).This paper summarizes some of the major data gathered in a longitudinal, naturalistic study of a Japanese
girl learning English as a second language.
(2).The subject in this study is Uguisu, “nightingale” in Japanese.
(3).Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a visiting scholar at
Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-class neighbourhood.
(4).The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
(5).Uguisu also attended public kindergarten of two hours every day, and later elementary school, but with no
tutoring in English syntax. Most of her neighbourhood friends were in her same class at school.
58.The Takeover Battle #061120
(1).It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder,
Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
(2).The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who
wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
(3).The story tells us two things about European business, both positive.
(4).Shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where until recently it was depressingly rare.
(5).And more importantly, the Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global
economy.
59.Gender stereotype #061123
(1).The research by Will and colleagues dressed 6-month-old babies in different colored outfits that did not
necessarily match their gender, so the participants had no way of knowing if the baby was in fact a boy or a
girl.
(2).Sometimes, the infant was dressed in blue and was called Adam and sometimes it was dressed in pink and
was called Beth.
(3).There were three toys in the room: a train (boy stereotype), a doll (girl stereotype) and a fish (neutral).
(4).This study found that babies dressed in blue and thought to be boys were more likely to be given the train.
Babies in pink or “girls” were more likely to be given the doll and more people smiled at “Beth” then at
“Adam”.
60.German Writers #061124
(1).This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a German sociologist.
(2).The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts and oral communications, in a
variety of media and including reprints and translations.
(3).The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date.
(4).There is, however, no search facility.
61.Rosa Parks #061126
(1).It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate her seat in the middle of the
bus so that a white man could sit in her place.
(2).She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
(3).Park's arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement, succeeded in catalyzing the
Montgomery bus boycott.
(4).Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks' good standing with the
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community, her employment, and her marital status.
62.Writing a book (近似原文) #061128
(1).For many years, I had been thinking of writing a book.
(2).Not an ordinary book, but a literature book.
(3).I would do extensive literature reading and think about how I could do as well as they had done.
(4).What I did is what you will need to do.
63.Big Country Snake Removal #061135
(1).Big Country Snake Removal responded to a home in Albany, Texas, after a man who was trying to restore
his cable, climbed under the house and saw some snakes.
(2).”He saw a 'few' snakes and quickly crawled out,” said a post on Big Country Snake Removal's Facebook
page.
(3).”We arrived around lunchtime and as soon as I crawled under I could immediately see that there was far
more than a 'few,'” the post said.
(4).The company ended up removing 45 rattlesnakes from beneath the house.
64.Hudson #061137
(1).Aboard the ship Discovery, Hudson left England in April 1610.
(2).He and his crew, which again included his son John and Robert Juet, made their way across the Atlantic
Ocean.
(3).After skirting the southern tip of Greenland, they entered what became known as the Hudson Strait.
(4).The exploration then reached another of his namesakes, the Hudson Bay.
65.Calves and milk #061139
(1).To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
(2).Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead
to a reward.
(3).In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line,
two-and-a-half feet apart.
(4).The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an
empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
(5).The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
66.Eating habits #061140
(1).Researchers surveyed more than 2,000 young people about their eating habits in 1999.
(2).When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the teenagers were eating fewer fruits and
vegetables.
(3).The researchers, led by Nicole I. Larson of the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, found two
dips in the intake of fruits and vegetables during the teenage years.
(4).The first occurred in early adolescence when consumption went down by more than half a serving.
(5).The second came in late adolescence and was about the same size as the first.
67.Staff motivation #061141
(1).Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is relatively happy if they believe
their work is secure.
(2).However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible duties will not feel satisfied for
long staying with the same and boring job.
(3).People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for promotion to a more challenging job.
(4).If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated.
68.Children's clothes #061145
(1).During the past few years, some of the world's biggest names in high-end fashion have begun to see
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children's clothes as a promising sideline with which to extract more value from their main business.
(2).Jean Paul Gaultier, Chloe and John Galliano have all launched children's clothes lines.
(3).But for France's Bonpoint, making kids' clothing is the main business.
(4).Since Bonpoint was founded 40 years ago by clothes store owner Marie-France and Bernard Cohen,
children and babies have been at the centre of the brand's development.
69.Rugby in Wales #061146
(1).Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events: imagining the nation is
easier when there is a national team playing another nation (Hobsbawm, 1990).
(2).Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the main thing that
unites people in Wales.
(3).In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
(4).From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation - with the sport providing both
widespread interest and one of the few positive associations of outsiders' perceptions of Wales.
70.History books #061147
(1).History is selective.
(2).What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have
selected.
(3).They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made.
(4).Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next
generation in the shape of school history lessons.
71.Totalitarianism #061150
(1).Totalitarianism is a political and social concept that explains a form of government where the state has all
control over the civilians.
(2).Such government assumes full power, without any limitations.
(3).As put by Juan Linz, a totalitarian scholar, the three main factors of a totalitarianism government are ”a
monistic center of power; an ideology developed, justified and pursued by the leadership; and mass
participation in political and social goals encouraged and even demanded by that same leadership.”
(4).Throughout the 20th century, the manifestation of totalitarianism was an extreme measure of harsh political
occurrences.
72.Noise level 噪声级 #061151
(1).Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study.
(2).Others study best in a crowded, noisy room because the noise actually helps them concentrate. Some
students like quiet music playing; others do not.
(3).The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying.
(4).However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than
music or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or studying.
73.LiDARs 激光雷达 #061155
(1).Cameras help autonomous vehicles read street signs and the color of traffic lights.
(2).But LiDARs, aka light detection and ranging systems, do the important work of sensing and helping cars
avoid obstacles, whether that's a fallen tree, drunk driver, or a child running out into the road.
(3).Now, a startup called Luminar Technologies Inc., is unveiling a high-resolution LiDAR sensor that was five
years in the making.
(4).The startup, which has raised $36 million in seed-stage funding so far, built its LiDAR systems from scratch.
(5).That means the company engineered its own: lasers, receivers, chips, packaging and more, rather than
incorporating off-the-shelf components.
74.Vision and echolocation #061157
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(1).Vision and echolocation have many features in common.
(2).One narrow range of radiation - light in the case of vision, ultrasounds in the case of echolocation provides information relevant to a wide variety of cognitive and practical goals.
(3).Why, then, is vision so common and echolocation so rare?
(4).Because, in most environments, vision is much more effective.
(5).Echolocation is adaptive only in an ecological niche where vision is impossible or badly impaired - for
instance, when dwelling in caves and hunting at night, as bats do.
75.Restaurant location #061158
(1).The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the city has long been known as a
major factor in its likely success or failure.
(2).Once restaurants are established in such environments they can do little about their location.
(3).All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises.
(4).Restaurateurs often do this by engaging in battles with local authorities about car parking.
76.Photogrammetry #061161
(1).Photogrammetry involves taking hundreds of photos of an object at slightly different angles and ‘stitching’
them together to create an interactive digital 3D model.
(2).The process is already being used by the University of Aberdeen’s anatomy department to create digital
models of organs and other body parts to aid teaching and learning for young doctors.
(3).Now the same technology is being used to create virtual replicas of artefacts within the University’s
museum’s collections, including an ancient Egyptian mummified cat, prehistoric skulls and ancient Greek
pottery.
(4).These artefacts are rarely handled as they are so fragile.
(5).Photogrammetry lets the public and students get to see them close-up and in very high detail.
77.Sleeping habits of animals #061162
(1).A technology for recording brainwaves in wild animals could awaken a more sophisticated understanding of
the function of sleep.
(2).Studies using miniature sleep-recording devices known as neurologgers have already challenged several
long-held beliefs about the sleeping habits of sloths and birds.
(3).Three-toed sloths, for example, sleep far less than once thought.
(4).And male sandpipers can go almost entirely without sleep during the three-week breeding season, helping
maximize their success at that time.
(5).Now, John Lesku of La Trobe University in Melbourne and his colleagues are using neurologgers to
investigate whether light pollution interferes with the circadian rhythms of tammar wallabies in Australia.
78.First Publication #061164
(1).To celebrate his first publication, Frost had a book of six poems privately printed; two copies of Twilight
were made—one for himself and one for his fiancée.
(2).Over the next eight years, however, he succeeded in having only 13 more poems published.
(3).During this time, Frost sporadically attended Dartmouth and Harvard and earned a living teaching school
and, later, working a farm in Derry, New Hampshire.
(4).But in 1912, discouraged by American magazines’ constant rejection of his work, he took his family to
England, where he found more professional success.
79.English agricultural revolution #061166
(1).Historians are now agreed that beginning in the 17th century and continuing throughout the 18th century,
England witnessed an agricultural revolution.
(2).English (and Dutch) farmers were the most productive farmers of the century and were continually adopting
new methods of farming and experimenting with new types of vegetables and grains.
(3).They also learned a great deal about manure and other fertilizers.
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(4).In other words, many English farmers were treating farming as a science, and all this interest eventually
resulted in greater yields.
80.Recording sleep #061170
(1).A technology for recording brainwaves in wild animals could awaken a more sophisticated understanding of
the function of sleep.
(2).Studies using miniature sleep-recording devices known as neurologgers have already challenged several
long-held beliefs about the sleeping habits of sloths and birds.
(3).Three-toed sloths, for example, sleep far less than once thought.
(4).And male sandpipers can go almost entirely without sleep during the three-week breeding season, helping
maximise their success at that time.
81.MBTI & the "Big Five" #061171
(1).Some psychologists believe that independent, peer-reviewed research in the decades since the MBTI was
devised has provided something better than Myers-Briggs.
(2).They champion the notion of the “Big Five” personality traits — openness, conscientiousness, extroversion,
agreeableness and neuroticism.
(3).Of these, only one trait is closely shared with the MBTI — extroversion.
(4).Myers-Briggs does not focus on “neuroticism” or, indeed, any similarly negative trait, which may point to
one of the reasons why the criticisms lobbed at the test by modern science have yet to undermine its
popularity.
82.West Antarctic Ice Sheet #061173
(1).Scientists have known for over a decade that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has been losing mass and
contributing to sea level rise.
(2).Its eastern neighbour is, however, ten times larger and has the potential to raise global sea level by some
50 metres.
(3).Despite its huge size and importance, conflicting results have been published on the recent behaviour of
the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
(4).A study led by a group of NASA scientists, that was published in 2015, suggested that this part of
Antarctica was gaining so much mass that it compensated for the losses in the west.
83.Women during wars #061176
(1).During wars, women had to go to work.
(2).Women earned less, only a half of what men earned.
(3).This was mainly because women do not have the same physical strength as men have.
(4).But men stress on their own contribution when men come back after wars.
84.HUAWEI certification program #061177
(1).Huawei offers college students a certification program.
(2).This program includes various training courses.
(3).The program exempts students from exam fees.
(4).The fees used to be 200 to 500 dollars each student.
85.Unprecedented opportunity #061179
(1).We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: with ambition, drive, and talent, you can rise to the top of
your chosen profession regardless of where you started out.
(2).But with opportunity comes responsibility.
(3).Companies today aren’t managing their knowledge of workers’ careers.
(4).Instead, you must be your own chief executive officer.
(5).That means it’s up to you to carve out your place in the world and know when to change course.
86.Population growth #061180
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(1).We’ll likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century – more than nine billion people.
(2).But sheer population growth isn’t the only reason we’ll need more food.
(3).The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is driving an increased demand for
meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to grow more corn and soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and
chickens.
(4).If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets will require to roughly
double the amount of crops we grow by 2050.
87.Plato #061181
(1).Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of ancient Greece’s most
important patrons of mathematics.
(2).Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BCE, where he stressed mathematics as
a way of understanding more about reality.
(3).In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the secrets of the universe.
(4).The sign above the Academy entrance read: “Let no-one ignorant of geometry enter here”.
88.O'Keeffe #061185
(1).O’Keeffe never formally recorded her theories about art.
(2).She did, however, leave a long trail of interviews and letters that reveal how she approached her painting
practice—and the rituals, experiences, and environments that inspired her.
(3).Correspondence with her husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, in particular, offers a raw, honest glimpse
into O’Keeffe’s creative mind.
(4).The two exchanged 25,000 pages of letters between 1915 and 1946, during which time she found her voice
as an artist: first, through her flower paintings, and later, through landscapes and surrealistic still lifes inspired
by her mountainous, skull-studded surroundings in New Mexico.
89.Travel speed to Mars #061186
(1).To overcome the pull of gravity and reach another body in space you need to achieve a certain speed.
(2).A journey to Mars from Earth’s surface requires a minimum total speed of nearly 30,000mph.
(3).This requires large rockets, tonnes of fuel, and complex orbital manoeuvring.
(4).Due to the moon’s weaker gravitational field, the same journey from the lunar surface would “only” require a
speed of 6,500mph.
(5).This is roughly one third of that necessary to reach the International Space Station from Earth.
90.Charles Darwin #061187
(1).Charles Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 into a rich and powerful family.
(2).His paternal grandfather was Erasmus Darwin, a famous scientist who came up with his own theory of
evolution, while his maternal grandfather was Josah Wedgwood, of pottery fame.
(3).Despite this, for the first decades of his life Darwin failed to distinguish himself, first dropping out of medical
studies in Edinburgh because he hated the sight of blood, and subsequently entering Cambridge to study for
the profession of clergyman very much as second option.
(4).Yet Darwin was gaining great skill as an amateur naturalist and it was this that allow him to seize the
opportunity presented when he was offered an unpaid position as scientist on board the Beacle, a naval
surveying ship bound for the farthest corners of the globe.
(5).The five-year voyage was the making of Darwin, providing him with the wealth of observations of the natural
world that established him as one of the foremost scientists of his age and provided the raw material for his
revolutionary theory.
91.Short-term memory #061138
(1).Short-term memory (SMT) can hold information anywhere between 15-30 seconds.
(2).According to Miller's Magical Number Seven (1956), short-term memory has a limited capacity, being able
to store 5 to 9 items simultaneously.
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(3).However, if we hear concepts or ideas repeatedly in an audio form we can acoustically encode the
information.
(4).It is a process referred to as ”rehearsal”, thereby committing it to our long-term memories.
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Fill in the Blanks (R&W)
命中率：中
优先级：高
共 5-6 题，命中 1-5 个
备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库
不要死记硬背，知其所以然更重要
当前趋势
持续变动
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
READING&WRITING: FILL IN THE BLANKS - 308题
1.Pinker #071001
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the
swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited
to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune
from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior
executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become mechanical
engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are
obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or
that parenting may have little influence on personality.
2.Video-Conferencing Technology #071002
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train
journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to
greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced
a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate
outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to
be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel. Previous
designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive
technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world with unrivalled transmission quality.
3.Australia Higher Education Funding #071003
Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full
responsibility for funding higher education – abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university
accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In
1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which
included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university to remain
accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the
Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate
Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article
examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS.
While the proportion of total revenue
raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a
significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several
years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their
HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.
4.Social Isolation #071004
Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right, about 20
years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is
already deteriorating. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological
Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those
surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things---And yet, while some are declaring
a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN's Anatomy of
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Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular
rise of 64 per cent since 2003.
5.Edison #071005
Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change
take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When
Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit
by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093
inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions was the
incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a
small box for viewing moving films.
Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improved upon the
original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard
work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration
and 99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were
dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.
6.Impressionism #071006
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists
who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible
brush strokes, light colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating
the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the
movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy
inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours,
freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix.
They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and
portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture
the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
7.Trigger Points #071007
All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle known as
"trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting," says
Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is
what deep tissue massage aims to break. "The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to
apply pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the
affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the
tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to
contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."
8.Poverty #071008
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent
economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty
line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the
prices of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed
countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East
Asia and Latin America.
9.Indian Onion #071009
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The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the
cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all
classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of
simple, flat bread) and an onion.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past few
days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden
spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. With its
capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in
Indian politics. This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention
of the governing elite.
10.Seatbelt #071010
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk
of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear
helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book
on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely
undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued,
particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very
suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year.
There is remarkable data from the year 1970 to 1978 in which countries with wearing of seat belts compulsory
have had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction of the law. In the
UK, road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is
no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover, there is
evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased by about 10 per cent.
11.Spanish language #071011
If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they
should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use
neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is
partly political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries
and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught
in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in
the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique
vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin
American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its
strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was
brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called
Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci"
and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin
America). Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of
"ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.
12.Ocean floor #071012
The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems
are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km long coral formation off the
northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy
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for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the
surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water
combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.
In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the
coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had
predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the midoceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new
oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual
sea life - giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived around the hot springs.
13.The black diamonds #071013
An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or
"black" diamonds, the mysterious stones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are
unusual for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles.
The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted
glass. Because of their odd appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as gemstones. But they do have
industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by
Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study suggesting that the
odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in
the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of
carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon
bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in
space.
The diamonds also showed strong similarities to tiny Nano diamonds, which are frequently found in
meteorites. "They're not identical," Haggerty said, "but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have
developed theories predicting that Nano diamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called
supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space.
The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, probably come from the impact of a diamondrich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.
14.Arabic Student #071014
HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab
students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own language. The
Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course
will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The
Arabic MBA will raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among
businesses in the Arabic speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region." The first
intake of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business
School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for business and industrial
development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region."
15.Richard Morris #071015
Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the
top 5 per percent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s.
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Sometimes in the lecture we’ve only got about one third of students enrolled attending, he said. It definitely is
a problem. If you don’t turn up to class you’re missing out on the whole richness of the experience: you don’t
think a whole lot, you don’t engage in debates with other students or with your teachers.
It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said
the internet was transforming the way students access and use
information.
It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, traditional lectures seem to persist in our
universities.
16.Edible insects #071016
Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible insects
– termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an estimated
80 percent of the world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” – made from
midges – are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or entomophagous – hotspot, where
more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat,
including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a
kilogram.
Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth,
for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of
caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.
What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire
ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects
are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues
guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams
of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.
17.Foreign students' English standards #071017
Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students are graduating
from Australian universities with poor English skills.
Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign students are graduating
without a competent level of English. But Ms Bishop says Australian universities only enrol foreign students
once they have achieved international standards of language proficiency.
"This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities," she
said. "International students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a place at
a university in Australia and they can't get into university without reaching that international standard."
University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an
English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. "There are, of course, intercultural
difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who
don't speak such fantastically good English either. So we're trying to push the standard even higher than
present but it's a very useful one already."
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Ms Bishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seen no evidence to suggest that
students are not able to complete their courses because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by
the universities," she said. "I've not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our
largest exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high
standards because their international recognition is at stake.”
18.Burger King #071018
Drive down any highwayand you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and
far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’sand Wendy’s the
“big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown,
unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride,
Burger King remains No. 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall
quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have increased. The decline has been
attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw
advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would
suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a
basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the
same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the
highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.
19.Kimbell #071020
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College,
London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on
risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts
that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom
practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the
form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story
format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators.
The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about “having, growing, and proving”
ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and
quantity of ideas with the term, “sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light
bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as
well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for
qualities such as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author
provides examples of the project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and their
sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.
20.English class at Beijing Language Institute #071021
There were twenty-six freshmen majoring in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983. I was
assigned to Group Two with another eleven boy and girls who has come from big cities in China. I was told
that language study required smallness so that we would each get more attention from the skillful teachers.
The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were ready all talking in English,
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simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their
intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to
catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it all, only that it was English.
Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had
never heard them spoken back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the city folks
was thawing before my eyes.
21.Jean Piaget #071022
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening
to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the
same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of
interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute
and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own
special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.” Piaget's
insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and
remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10
to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science:
developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology Although not
an educational reformerhe fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today’s
education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages” and
"cannibals” by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking
seriously.
22.Definition of a country #071023
What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world,
they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite
navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many
countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say
there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a
straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and
because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.
23.United Nations #071024
Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the United
Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999,
Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations
Day has been observed on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the
organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian
missions across the globe. Though some say its influence has declined in recent decades, the United Nations
still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then SecretaryGeneral of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world."
Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to
130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of
August 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small
island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.
24.Market for Vegetarian foods #071025
Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat
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or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian foods such as
produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest
growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration's 1999
decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy
protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred tremendous interest in
soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand)
reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to
67%. Beliefs about soy's effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new
consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating
soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41% had
sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy foods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel
estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat alternatives in food stores at nearly $300 million, with
soymilk sales nearing $250
million.
25.Oxford medical school #071027
When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the
decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very much weight on this
decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession.
When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems
have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand
how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do
occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients.
However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have
dissipated, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes
wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences
when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a
suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of
how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
26.Job-hunting #071028
When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself
- to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must
make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you
the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a positive first impression.
Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course, that you are judged.
Throughout the entire job-seeking process employers use short-cuts — heuristics or rules of thumb — to save
time. With cover letters, it’s the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With resumes, it is
a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview, it’s how you’re dressed that sets the tone of the
interview.
How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a
little investigation of your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as
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though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or under dress (the
more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.
27.The horned desert viper #071029
The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head
buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo
van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a computer
model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears
for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not
the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have external eardrums,”
says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear it.”
28.Space work for an astronaut #071031
The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the work is
carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space Travel. Outside the craft, they can see
how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change
their biological character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.
29.Roman arena #071032
The Romans glorified the bravery shown in the arena, but trivialized the events and degraded the participants.
Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, graphically violent to our eyes, were displayed in the public
rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly
understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its
significance and represented the institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The tendency was
also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans
empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started
to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators
as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves.
30.A Dog #071033
A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective breeding has
pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed,
some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though,
offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree
pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size is reasonably large, so there is
plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis.
Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to
identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.
31.Complementary Therapies #071038
Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially
coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with
China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of
areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.
32.Meet Customer Demand #071040
It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly in time, quality and quantity,
whether the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the production
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line.
33.Egg-Eating Snakes #071041
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs,
which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but
it requires special treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the
egg open as it passes through the throat.
34.Flower Attract Insects #071042
( Only the gist. Not the original text.)
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can their own ways to attract insects to
help them pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. Beverley Glover from the University of Cambridge
and her colleagues did an experiment in which they use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their
experiments, they freed many bumblebees from their origins repeatedly, and got the same results.
35.Two farms #071043
Both farms were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their respective
districts. In particular, each was centred around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for sheltering and milking
cows. Those structures, both neatly divided into oppositefacing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in
the district. Both farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own
hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and increased their production of
summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.
36.Investment #071044
One city will start to attract the majority of public or private investment. This could be due to natural
advantage or political decisions. This in turn will stimulate further investment due to the multiplier effect and
significant rural to urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the expense of other cities.
37.Olympic medalists #071046
In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze
medalists appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Medvec et al. argued that bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver
medalists compared themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were the most salient because they
were either qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what
actually occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes (among
others) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based on their prior expectations, consistent with
decision affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations
are higher than those of bronze medalists.
38.David Lynch #071047
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub dean in
the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation head of the
University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in
the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher education. David’s research
interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a
changed world.
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39.Darkness in the Northern Hemisphere #071049
The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year "indicates to the plant that autumn is
coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they drop off. Evergreens protect their
needle-like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar
maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they
do, the plants first try to salvage important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
40.A big, bad idea? #071052
The two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was correlated with increased growth of willow and
cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were avoiding sites from which they
couldn't easily escape, the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker,
beaver colonies expanded.
41.School-to-work Transitions #071056
School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts
national systems of vocational education and training. The transition process refers to a period between
completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful
employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers.
The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young
people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into
the labour market. Since the transition to a job is seen as a major success in life, youth who manage this step
successfully are more optimistic about their future; till others are disillusioned and pushed to the margins of
society. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements,
those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to
prepare for careers. Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviours.
42.Farming #071057
In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the government
seemed to be encouraging an exploitative farming binge. He went directly after the Department of Agriculture
for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature, he thundered in speeches.
43.William Shakespeare #071064
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal
history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and
church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of
information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
44.How does outer space affect the human body? #071066
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment -- such as that
inside the International Space Station (ISS) -- result in loss of bone density and damage to the body’s muscles
. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are
reporting that their 20/20 vision faded after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they
returned to Earth.
45.Paraphrasing #071068
Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However, what are
your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should be
considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood another
person's ideas and can summarise them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their phrases. If you
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just change a few words or add some bits of your own to an otherwise reproduced passage, you will probably
be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using
different sentence structures and expressions. It is also important to credit the original writer by referencing.
46.UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic #071071
This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary
Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great
outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research
vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on
topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC
professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts,
new shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late
UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.
47.Anesthesia #071072
Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800, alcohol and opium had
little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but
failed to ease all pain and patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally
unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick
afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847)
was very effective with few side effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some
people because of the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.
48.EE & AVG [Version 1] #071073
Currently, there is concern about the increasing amount of time children spend engaged in sedentary
activities, the number of children who fail to achieve minimum daily physical activity guidelines (i.e. 60 min of
moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities every day), and the apparent increase in obesity prevalence as a
result of such sedentary behavior. Screen-based activities, including television, viewing and playing computer
games are among the most frequently observed sedentary activities that children partake3 with children
spending 2.5-4 h per day participating in such activities.
The introduction of “active video games” (AVGs) into the gaming market presents an opportunity to convert
traditional, sedentary screen-time in to active screen-time and thus increase total daily energy expenditure
(EE). Modern AVGs utilize cameras and motion sensors to allow the gamer to physically perform a variety of
actions, dependent on the console, such as swinging a tennis racquet or running. The most demanding AVGs
provided similar responses to walking and, based on international standards, should be classified as lowintensity activities. Whilst AVGs may provide children with a better alternative to sedentary gaming, they are
not a sufficient replacement for normal physical activity, e.g. sports and outdoor play.
49.Charity #071075
Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28 billion given to charity in 2005,
76.5% of it came from individual donors. These people gave across the range of non-profit bodies, from
museums to religious organizations, with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the Asian tsunami and US
hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2% of their household income in 2005, slightly above 40-year
average.
50.Disclose Business Emission #071076
There is a need to disclose business emission. The data of emission can be used to test which company
causes climate change …… the government campaigners and environmental invigilators ()
51.Sales Representatives #071078
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Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work
independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals
needs to be in place to motivate and guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals
with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and
monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they must
perform during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are
achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how
a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance
goals. The success of the business hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all
the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing what the sales force sells.
Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate
knowing things are going.
52.Crime #071080
A crime is generally a deliberate act that results in harm, physical or otherwise, toward one or more people, in
a manner prohibited by law. The determination of which acts are to be considered criminal has varied
historically, and continues to do so among cultures and nations. When a crime is committed, a process of
discovery, trial by judge or jury, conviction, and punishment occurs. Just as what is considered criminal varies
between jurisdictions, so does the punishment, but elements of restitution and deterrence are common.
53.Behavior of Liquids #071081
If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual way, it was probably
made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who
pioneered an influential method for interpreting the behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects
involving water has been honored with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences.
Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011, was recognized for developing the method of
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to use computer
simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were
incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy.
Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the
fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid.
SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the evolution of the
universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of planet building.
54.Push and pull factors #071082
People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can come from a
combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors' – those that encourage people to
leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move
include seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work,
leaving the congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family
and friends. In reality, many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or family
to move.
55.What’s a herbal? #071083
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for
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preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay
tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older
still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC.
Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic.
Known as ‘De materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and
Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople
(modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn of
European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make
the pills and potions prescribed by physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in
England by
William Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard, whose
illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries later.
56.Tomb of Tutankhamun #071084
The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank in Luxor but the area in front
of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instead of the tranquility that usually descends on
the area in the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment, journalists milled and
photographers held their cameras at the ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard Carter discovered
the tomb in 1922 the mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display.
Inside the subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass, accompanied by four
Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus
where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a
wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high- tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase
located in the outer chamber of the tomb where, covered in linen, with only the face and feet exposed, it now
greets visitors.
57.Active Reading #071085
(Only the gist. Not the original text.)
Reading is an active process, not a passive one. We always read within a specific context and this affects
what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape
how we approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to
read the text.
58.Legal Deposit #071086
Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s published output (and
thereby its intellectual record and future published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the
material for the use of future generations and to make it available for readers within the designated legal
deposit libraries. The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers:
Deposited publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are preserved for
the benefit of future generations, and become part of the nation’s heritage. Publications are recorded in the
online catalogues, and become an essential research resource for generations to come.
59.DNA on a Crime Scene #071088
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a
crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an individual to crack a case. An
institute in London can help reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.
60.Water security #071089
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Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has pointed out that
about one- third of the world's population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with a
disproportionate impact on the poor. With current projected global population growth, the task of providing
water for human sustenance will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce but
vital resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states. The UN is doing a great
deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member States. UNEP has long been actively
addressing the water issue together with partner UN agencies and other organizations. Looking ahead, the UN
can do more to build synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this field. In this regard, events like the
annual World Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about
championing water issues.
61.Use Your Time Well #071090
You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are available
for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a
part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have time to spare
later.
And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write
about something else if you don't know the correct answer -- this is just a waste of your valuable time (and the
examiner's).
62.Maya descendants #071091
Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as “the corn people.” The phrase
is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their abiding dependence on this miraculous
grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9,000 years. The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint compound,
the linoleum and fiberglass and adhesives out of which the building itself has been built-is in no small measure
a manifestation of corn.
63.Primates #071092
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates
on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size
makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and
snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree
bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they
have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and
tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.
64.Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum #071093
The Edo-Tokyo Tatemono En is an open-air architectural museum but could be better thought of as a park.
Thirty buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries from all around Tokyo were restored and relocated to
the space, where they can be explored by future generations to come. The buildings are a collection of houses
and businesses, shops, and bathhouses, all of which would have been present on a typical middle-class street
from Edoera to Showa-era Tokyo. The west section is residential, with traditional thatched roof bungalows of
the 19th century. Meiji-era houses are also on view, constructed in a more Western style after Japan opened
its borders in 1868. The Musashino Sabo Café occupies the ground floor of one such house, where visitors
can enjoy a cup of tea. Grand residences like that of Korekiyo Takahashi, an early 20th century politician
assassinated over his controversial policies, demonstrate how the upper class lived during that time period.
The east section is primarily businesses from the 1920s and ’30s, preserved with their wares on display.
Visitors are free to wander through a kitchenware shop, a florist’s, an umbrella store, a bar, a soy sauce shop,
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a tailor’s, a cosmetics shop, and an inn complete with an operational noodle shop.
65.Opportunity Cost #071094
Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do, there is always a trade-off. We
must trade off one thing for another because resources are limited and can be used in different ways.
By acquiring something, we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The
notion of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. Most decisions involve several alternatives. For
example, if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have one fewer hour to pursue other
activities. To determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the best of these
“other” activities. For example, suppose the alternatives to studying economics are studying for a history exam
or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of your time than
working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the four extra points you could have received on a
history exam if you studied history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the best alternative, the
opportunity cost of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead.
66.Gender Equality Campaign #071095
As the development of gender equality campaign and cultural change, the traditional role that men must be the
earner, and women should stay at home, is challenged today.
67.Advances of Military #071096
( Only the gist. Not the original text.)
With the advances of military, the demand of armed force is decreasing... // ... opened more position to
women, including ... in military, provided they work behind the front line of war.
68.Private Schools in UK #071097
Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000
boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwilling or
unable to afford the fee - top boarding schools edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year - and a cultural shift
away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive.
Overseas students now account for about ...
69.A Bonus of Dendrochronology #071100
A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of rain and the
season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct
past climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a series of narrow rings means a drought.
70.Diversity of the Amazon Basin #071101
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one
of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is ‘melting
pot’ for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs
there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We
have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions
have played a major role.”
71.The Bridge to Pop #071103
In the U.S., artists in the mid-1950s began to create a bridge to Pop. Strongly influenced by Dada and its
emphasis on appropriation and everyday objects, artists increasingly worked with collage, consumer products,
and a healthy dose of irony. Jasper Johns reimagined iconic imagery like the American flag; Robert
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Rauschenberg employed silk-screen printings and found objects; and Larry Rivers used images of massproduced goods. All three are considered American forerunners of Pop.
72.Allergies #071104
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When
you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your
body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines —
are known as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that
allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one
of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal
tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this
antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an
allergic reaction.
73.Good customer service #071107
Good customer service relates to the service you and your employees provide before, during and after a
purchase. For example, it’s how you interact with your customers. Improving your customer service skills can
lead to great customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience for them.
No matter the size of your business good customer service needs to be at the heart of your business model if
you wish to be successful. it is important to provide good customer service; to all types of customers,
including potential, new and existing customers.
Although it can take extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to customer satisfaction
which can generate positive word-of-mouth for your business, keep your customers happy and encourage
them to purchase form your business again. Good customer service can help your business grow and prosper.
74.UNEP #071108
Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third of the
world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with disproportionately high impacts
on the poor. With respect to the current projected human population growth, industrial development and the
expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two decades, water demand is expected to rise to levels that will
make the task of providing water for human sustenance more difficult. Since its establishment, the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources management
practices through collaborative approaches at the national, regional and global levels. After more than 30
years, water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of UNEP’S work.
UNEP is actively participating in addressing water issues together with partner un agencies other organisations
and donors. They facilitate and catalyse water resource assessments in various developing countries;
implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management plans; create
awareness of innovative alternative technologies and assist the development. implementation and
enforcement of water resource management policies, laws and regulations.
75.Standard English #071109
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is,
evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era
when the rules of Standard English, as elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned
our sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt,
and excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages
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and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and
uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between
the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has
had traumatic consequences Which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an
inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.
76.MBA Programmes #071110
Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process. With
nearly 600 accredited MBA programmes on offer around the world, the choice of where to study can be
overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the application
and funding process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a point in their
careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't know exactly what they want to do with
their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an
MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you, look at other criteria: culture,
teaching method, location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management
programme. Super-defined career goals don’t have to be a part of this process."
77.Forest in climate change #071112
Forest plays a crucial role in migration of climate change
primarily, promoting, increasing, equivalent
78.Copyright's position #071113
The presentation will cover copyright's position as one of the intellectual property rights and how it differs from
other intellectual property rights. It will give an overview of what copyright protects as well as what may be
done with copyright protected works without permission under permitted acts (sometimes or so-called
exceptions). It is by manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that rights owners
establish and exploit commercial markets. In contrast to commercial markets, the growth of open source and
open content licensing models has challenged established business models. The presentation gives a brief
commentary on two of the more prominent open licensing frameworks: the GNU Creative Commons licences.
79.Sustainable transportation system #071114
A sustainable transportation system is one in which people needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce,
recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying principles of
sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic
congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and
cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be reduced.
Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and within the City will be on public transit, foot or
bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians
and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail
and commercial establishments will prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an environment
enhanced by trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,” (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the
like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is no longer
required or needed.
80.Track down research #071116
Having tracked down research that is relevant to your area of interest the next task is to actually make sense
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of that research. This section is intended to show you how to be critical of the research you are reviewing and
how to check that the evidence is credible and represented appropriately. Unfortunately this means discussing
the ways in which research findings may be misrepresented.
81.Good looks win votes #071117
It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that
beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous
prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to
find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.
82.“An Act” #071119
The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of Environment and Tourism to register
a conservancy if it has a representative committee, a legal constitution, which provides for the sustainable
management and utilisation of game in the conservancy, the ability to manage the funds, an approved method
for the equitable distribution of benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries.
83.Native species in North America #071121
Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are native to North America. And while there are no
pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should champion those that do live here, because they’re insectivorous.
These bats consume moths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour.
They also protect gardens and crops from such pests as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.
84.Wind #071122
The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a
gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and hurricanes. gentle or fierce, wind always
starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more
than others. The air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to
rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier. Winds blow because air squeezed out by sinking, cold air
is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a difference in air temperature and
pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name North America’s chinook and Frances mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds
over the entire globe.
85.Two sentiments #071123
Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments
throughout the history of towns and cities. One is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an
earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city marks a
new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract
people, who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two
sentiments is evident in every established city unless its development has been almost completely accidental
or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of
reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South
Wales, which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to
establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with
an original survey whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets.
86.Paris is very old #071124
Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined
in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire
today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious
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population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of
narrow streets and alleyways. But You can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused
great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simply razed, and whose
neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn
down.
87.The Origin of Species #071126
In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has evolved over time, and he
proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that change. He observed that individuals differ in
their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading to evolutionary change. Although
Darwin realised that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for evolution, he did not know precisely how
organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years after Darwin published The Origin of
Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a ground breaking paper on inheritance in pea plants in that paper, Mendel
proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to
their offspring. Although Darwin did not know about genes, Mendel’s paper set the stage for understanding
the genetic differences on which evolution is based.
88.Global Textile Industry #071127
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used
worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced, 200 tons of water is polluted with
chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card
and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind
mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint.
“Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term,” says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief
executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India.
With something of an “if you build it, they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the
leading edge of eco-friendly textile production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with
organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in central
India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional
cotton farmers to change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a
guarantee of fair- trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers
across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
89.Modify cultural ideas #071128
People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably,
there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because
inexplicit ideas are hard to convey accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain to
another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every
word. So it can be only rarely, if ever, that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in their minds. That
is why, when the founder of a philosophical movement or a religion dies, or even before, schisms typically
happen. The movement's most devoted followers are often shocked to discover that they disagree about what
its doctrines—really are.
90.Great engineers #071129
Great engineers have a passion to improve life; a burning conviction that they can make life better for
everyone. Engineers need to have a talent for invention and innovation, but what drives them is the conviction
that they can find a better way to do things; a cheaper and more efficient solution to the problems of human
existence on this planet of limited resources that we call Earth.
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Many of us spend a lot of time complaining about the difficulties and problems of life. It is easy to find fault
with things that make daily life arduous. For an engineer, these difficulties can be opportunities. How can this
be made to work better? How can that process be made more efficient? How can components be made more
cheaply, more accurately and more fit-for- purpose? Great engineers are convinced that everything can be
improved. Instead of complaining, they think of ways to make things better.
91.Music in ancient Egypt #071140
Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society Although it is thought that
music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered
that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was
the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was
found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.
92.Women’s participation in labour force #071141
With the increase in women 's participation in the labour force, many mothers have less time available to
undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognition that the father 's role
and relationship with a child is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from income
provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities
can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
93.Paris Opera #071142
Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during the July
Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet -pantomimes told stories elaborate ones -and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across to the audience.
Therefore, music had to be newly created to fit each story Music tailor-made for each new ballet-pantomime,
however, was only one weapon in the Opera's explanatory arsenal. Another was the ballet-pantomime libretto,
a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Operas lobby(like the opera libretto),
and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to
recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and operas) in their reviews of premieres. So did the publishers
of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous performers and of scenes from favorite balletpantomimes and operas.
94.Dictatorship #071143
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the Roman Republic,
exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to individual dictators such as Sulla and Julius
Caesar. The intention was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it POSSIBLE to
take swift and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some disagreement as to how the term
should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary exercise of
emergency powers? Or can it now be applied in a much broader sense-as common usage suggests?
95.Wind moving #071145
Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an hour Winds can
travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it is
windy Weather forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength of wind is
measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage
houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
96.Two types of genes #071147
Recently, research into embryonic development has given us an even better insight into how major structural
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changes might occur in a given population of organisms. We now understand that there are two major types of
genes: developmental and “housekeeping” genes. Developmental genes are those that are expressed during
embryonic development, and their proteins control the symmetry, skeletal development, organ placement, and
overall form of the developing animal. In contrast , “housekeeping” genes are expressed during the animal's
daily life to generate proteins which keep the cells, tissues, and organs in the body functioning properly. as
you might suspect, mutations in developmental genes can have radical consequences for body form and
function, whereas mutations in “housekeeping” genes tend to affect the health and reproductive success of
the post-embryonic animal.
97.Seminars #071148
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an opportunity for you to
discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is only by
actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an
adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that you will be the
only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a service for the entire group if you
come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The
seminar is to provoke discussion .
98.Studying Law #071149
It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many
students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability,
without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less
instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more
laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to reading the book are less
likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-based materials.
99.Leadership #071150
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral
authority that gives the right to organise and direct the efforts of others. But moral authority does not come
from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from
many sources, including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep
understanding of the business in question. All these factors build confidence.
Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave unethically; they become plagued by self-doubt
and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power lose self-awareness and thus lose connection with
those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if
someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong it is up to
them to abide by a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them
or vote them out.
100.Retirement #071151
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mind-sets arising from
earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take
early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement.
We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their
hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time.
We also need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live.
Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement,
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as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the
barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range
of leave entitlements. They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and development so that the
needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously. This approach supports the different
transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming
responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.
101.Distance learning #071154
Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to expand
their horizons to adults looking for more job security. with programs that allow learners of all ages to take
courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance learning can meet the needs of a diverse
population.
Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about advantages of distance learning is the flexibility the
majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it's convenient for them. For those who are
struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a fulltime job and taking care of a family this
kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to do so. Since
there are no on-campus courses to attend, students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch
breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet access. For some it can even be a big source of savings on
the fuel costs and time required to commute to classes.
102.Computational thinking #071155
Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. many of us
happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to
learn how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will
become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill.
Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on England's curriculum for children from
the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark
Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand
what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
103.Petrified Forest #071157
The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found and more are being discovered
each year as continuing erosion is exposing new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a
tropical region, filled with towering trees and extraordinary creatures. More than 150 different species of
fossilized plants have been discovered by paleontologists and evidence indicating ancient native people who
inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago have been confirmed by archeologists.
104.The speech of alchemy #071158
To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into gold,
it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart no
list of elements. to the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead
it was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silvereven though modern scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without
knowledge of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds?
105.Interior design #071159
Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior
spaces and the elements within. Interior design is concerned with the function and operation of the aesthetics
and its sustainability. The work of an interior designer draws upon many other disciplines, such as
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environmental psychology, architecture, product design and, aesthetics, in relation to a wide range of building
spaces including hotels corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls,
restaurants, theaters and airport terminals.
106.Australia’s dwelling #071160
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing
proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This
article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.
107.The narrative of law #071161
The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility.
Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and culpability, to which the state
responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and punishment.
This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analysed. The problem is that so often analysis
ends there, at the level of individual action, characterised in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance, it would be absurd
to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict
analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
108.Interdisciplinary Centre #071162
A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle
to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology
Centre will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that
concerns them both “This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap--in the
physics of the very early universe,” said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical
observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our
knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no
Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their laboratory Steven Weinberg,
Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's advent”(movement)a very
exciting development “for that department.
109.Foreign policy #071163
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration,
this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its neighbours, at least in the
formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders.
Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings
and princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of
the 'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoining the
frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that
the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet
to emerge in India under Mughal rule.
110.Film #071164
Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said “A painter just needs a brush and the writer just
needs a pen, but the producer needs an army.” And an army needs money; a producer is just like an
entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and
purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea, often a reasonably small sum. Besides, to
commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you
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find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of which
are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or even
Europe because the economic dynamic is different.
111.Life expectancy at birth #071165
Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised indicators of population
health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and provides a useful summary of the general
health of the population. While an indicator describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into
account quality of life would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such
measure exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress Indicator here. During the
decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes.
A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live to 79.3 years.
Over the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more than girls'(3.1 compared with 2.1 years). This
saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years
In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life
expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the northern
Territory, and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
112.Hairstyles #071169
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates
on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size
makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and
snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source- they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree
bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they
have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and
tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.
113.Integrate sales activities #071170
Organisations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers' needs according
to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales
can help organisations to become more customer oriented and considers how they are responding to
challenges such as increasing competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling
environment.
Many organisations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, which makes it necessary to
allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical customer and market knowledge
to help inform both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that within the industry there is still
uncertainty about the shape a future sales team should take, how it should be managed, and how it fits into
their organisations business model.
114.Northern spotted owls #071171
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the subspecies
allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that influence the subspecies’
genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted owls, several landscape
features were important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation
Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene
flow, acting as a “genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly
over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for long-distance
dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and genetic structure.
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115.Learning process #071174
Learning is a process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience. Learning from
experience plays a major role IN enabling us to do many things that we clearly were not born to do, from the
simplest tasks, such as flipping a light switch, to the more complex, such as playing a musical instrument. To
many people, the term “learning” signifies the activities that students do - reading, listening, and taking tests in
order to acquire new information. This process, which is known as cognitive learning, is just one type of
learning, however. Another way that we learn is by , which is the focus of this module.
You probably associate certain holidays with specific sights, sounds, and smells, or foods with specific flavors
and textures. We are not the only species with this skill even the simplest animals such as the earthworm can
learn by association
116.Progressive enhancement #071175
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for the least
capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a
core set of functionality and information to all users, and then progressively enhance the appearance and
behaviour of the site for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice Instead of
spending hours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we
simply use the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it
in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers wont know what they are
missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that
websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your
time to more interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive
enhancement.
117.Mayan Civilisation #071177
The Classic era of Mayan civilization came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear; the cities
were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of drought led to famine. Recent geological research
supports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time.
118.Snails #071178
Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex
decisions using just two brain cells in findings that could help engineers design more efficient robots.
Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the heads of freshwater snails as they searched
for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was hungry or not, while another
let it know when food was present. Foodsearching is an example of goal-directed behaviour, during which an
animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using as little
energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, sai “This will eventually help us design the”
brain “of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components necessary to perform
complex tasks.”What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioural decisions and carry them out
is poorly understood.”Our study reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an
animal's brain which drives and optimises complex decision-making tasks.
119.Language comes naturally #071179
Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the
world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to
others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the
sounds contain information about the intentions of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a
means of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to
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think thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own.
Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he is in
chains. Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition,
seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence. Energy equals mass times the speed of light
squared. I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as
King without the help and support of the woman I love.
120.SpaceX Dragon Capsule #071182
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching
orbit 9 minutes later.
The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day carry both
crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US
human space flight programme,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would
consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “Even if we prove out just that the first stage
functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work
correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the
Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety
reasons at the end of 2010.
121.Plants research #071184
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans, and
they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges facing humanity
in our time are food, energy, and environmental degradation. All three are plant related. All of our food is
produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a source of energy
production. And they are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environmental
concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway pollution.
What's more, none of these issues is independent of each other. Climate change places additional stresses on
the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these problems
and moving into the future. For plant research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say
technological
development is critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh
hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms function and build
the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available to the
study of plant life, they
say.
122.History Books #071189
History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what
historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be
made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school
history lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed
at the end of the 1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest.
Politicians argued about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret
Thatcher, intervened in the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main
camps on this issue – those who thought the history of Britain should take pride of place, and those who
favored what was referred to as 'world history'.
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123.Children sleep patterns #071198
Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But
teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can influence their sleep patterns.
Despite these factors, they actually need longer sleep time.
124.Politics and International Relations #071199
This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and
international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the workings of political institutions in
countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance,
public policy, public administration, national security, border control and commerce ensure that students
receive a broad and current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and
international relations and commerce.
In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and International Relations and
Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced
communication abilities, problem solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop
ethically based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.
125.Job of Doctor #071200
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief
executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know medicine. They
must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal
decisions.
126.The Origin of Music #071201
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting
our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll
or rap – reflects who we are.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive
answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is
nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child.
In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic
musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers
adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers.
As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and
2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants and a critical need for stronger relationships
between mothers and their newborn babies.
According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, ‘motherese’ arose as a way to
strengthen this maternal bond and to help ensure an infant’s survival.
127.Delegation #071203
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-up. At each of these
points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are delegating the right to perform an action
, you are delegating the right to make decisions. It is important to be neutral, as the person to whom you
delegate may have a better and faster way of completing a job than you. Despite all these, you retain the
overall responsibility. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on their performance.
128.Sociology #071204
Sociology is the study of human societies. It is usually classed as one of the social sciences and was
established as a subject in the late 18th century.
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However, the subject has only really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the 20th century through
the work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott Parsons. One name that you may have
heard of - Karl Marx - has probably done more to stimulate people's interest in the subject than anyone else,
even though he lived and wrote in a period before Sociology became fully established as an academic
discipline.
Sociology, therefore, has a reasonably long history of development although in Britain it has only been in the
last 30 - 40 years that Sociology as an examined subject in the education system has achieved a level of
prominence equivalent to or above most of the other subjects it is possible to study. At present, approximately
40,000 students sit an A-level Sociology exam, making it one of the most popular A-levels in our society.
129.Parasitic Plants #071205
parasitic plantshost plants
flowers are pollinated well and their seeds are dispersed
they are co-evolved to
the results will be upsetting for both species.
130.Australian women novelist #071206
In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in
homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian
women.
But it was not until recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in
that decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed
an increase in women’s novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about literary history - that is becoming
possible with the spread of ‘Digital Humanities.’ The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is
opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible
without computational methods and digitized resources to bring information together in an accessible way.
Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of
digital humanities really takes off.
131.Teens Writing #071208
Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to get a good grade, to stay in touch with
friends, to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether virtual or
otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can select topics that are
relevant to their lives and interests, and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the
opportunity to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them, present them with
interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for teens. Teens also report
writing for an audience motivates them to write and write well.
132.Omniscience #071209
Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds,
you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually
know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sources of information may, with
proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books—the working
of one book in connexion with another—and applying your own intelligence to both. By this means we get as
near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or
work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a
knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe reference
books to be, they can easily be made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be
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made of them.
133.DNA is a Molecule #071211
DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the hereditary material, which is passed down from
generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the construction of our bodies, telling
our cells what kinds of molecules to make and guiding our development from a single-celled zygote to a fully
formed adult. These two things are of course connected. The DNA sequences that construct the best bodies
are more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-constructed bodies are more likely to
survive and thus to reproduce. This is Darwin’s theory of natural selection stated in the language of DNA.
134.Bones and joints #071213
Bones are extremely strong. One of their main functions is to protect organs. For example, the skull protects
the brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the
body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart and lungs,
and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, part of the intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.
Joints make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be impossible. Three kinds of freely
movable joints play a big part in voluntary movement: Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in
the knees and elbows. Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to
side. Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type of
joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.
135.Daniel Harris #071215
Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally supplanted
illustration as the “primary means of advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of the
drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude, posture, and
gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in
the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but
angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the
head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power
the severity like an emperor’s bust embossed on a Roman coin.
136.Emerald #071216
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly green color that
falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To be an emerald, the specimen must
also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation or light tone should be called “green beryl.” If the beryl‘s
color is greenish blue then it is an “aquamarine.” If it is greenish yellow it is “heliodor”.
This color definition is a source of confusion. Which hue, tone, and saturation combinations are the dividing
lines between "green beryl" and "emerald"? Professionals in the gem and jewellery trade can disagree on
where the lines should be drawn. Some believe that the name "emerald" should be used when chromium is
the cause of the green color, and that stones colored by vanadium should be called "green beryl."
Calling a gem an "emerald" instead of a "green beryl" can have a significant impact upon its price and
marketability. This "color confusion" exists within the United States. In some other countries, any beryl with a
green color - no matter how faint - is called an "emerald."
137.Natural Capital #071217
Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital – the machines, tools, and equipment used in
the production of other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing also relies on natural capital. If we forget this, we
risk degrading the services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our economies and sustain our
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lives. These services include purifying our water, regulating our climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our
crops. The Natural Capital Project works to provide decision makers with reliable ways to assess the true
value of the services that ecosystems provide. An essential element of the Natural Capital Project is
developing tools that help decision makers protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.
138.A Bad Title #071218
A good story may be given a bad title by its author, and so started toward failure. Novices are peculiarly liable
to this fault, usually through allowing themselves to be too easily satisfied. They go to infinite pains to make
the story itself fresh and individual, and then cap it with a commonplace phrase that is worse than no title at
all. A good title is apt, specific, attractive, new, and short.
A title is apt if it is an outgrowth of the plot—a text, as I have said. It stands definitely for that particular story,
and gives a suggestion of what is to come—but only a suggestion, lest it should anticipate the denouement
and so satisfy the curiosity of the reader too soon.
139.Fresh Water #071220
Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals and plants cannot live. Although a few plants and
animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water if they are to stay fit
and healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh, and most of that is
stored as ice and snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it.
Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's
about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals and people
on the planet.
140.Mini Helicopter #071221
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at
the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down
helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft.
The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini
helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realised that a
simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs
to boot.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade
structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need
no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the
samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design.
141.Population Change #071222
Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the
number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity (a woman's childbearing potential).
Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to
members of the population. Demographers most commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a statistical
device that provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the
population.
Migration refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a destination place across some
predefined, political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are
somewhat permanent. Thus demographers do not consider tourists and travellers to be migrating. While
demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect
sources of data including tax forms, and labour force surveys are also important.
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Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial
training in social sciences, statistics or health studies.
142.Taylor's Restaurant #071223
The rest of Taylor’s restaurant is student-run. Students in quantity food production and service management
classes make the articulate and detailed dishes. "We teach students to understand where a product comes
from and to respect that product," Garmy said.
Skeptics might doubt the quality of a student-run restaurant, but one visit to Taylor's will immediately change
their outlook. Dishes such as orecchiette and butternut squash, pappardelle with duck and bistro chicken will
please any appetite while imparting the need to return for a second taste.
Students are taught to use ratios and proportions rather than recipes when creating dishes.
"Understanding ratios and proportions when creating dishes instead of recipes makes students think and
actually teaches them how to cook, rather than just reading a recipe and not learning from it," Garmy said.
Garmy said he believes in using all aspects of a product, which Taylor's menu reflects.
143.A giant turtle #071224
A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the British Science Festival this week. The
plastic containers, bottles and cups were collected locally in Hull, where the event is taking place at the city’s
university. Standing 3.5m tall (11.5ft), the art installation was commissioned by the University of Hull with the
aim of raising awareness of plastic waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university’s Energy and
Environment Institute, said: “Marine pollution is a mounting global challenge, which is already having
devastating consequences. “We have a duty to protect these fragile environments and the marine life and
ecosystems which we call home. The university has commissioned this installation as a physical reminder of
what is ending up in the oceans, but also to ask visitors to campus to stop and think what they could do to try
to reduce their own waste.”
144.Granular Materials #071225
Part of the fun of experimenting with granular materials, says Stephen W. Morris, is the showmanship. In one
stunt that he has demonstrated in settings ranging from high school classrooms to television studios, the
University of Toronto physicist loads clear plastic tubes with white table salt and black sand and starts them
rotating. What transpires in the tubes usually knocks the socks off of any unsuspecting bystander. Instead of
mixing into a drab gray sameness, the sand particles slowly separate into crisp black bands cutting across a
long, narrow field of salt. As the spinning continues, some bands disappear and new ones arise. "It's a parlor
trick," Morris says. Not to deny its entertainment value, this demonstration of how strangely granular materials
can behave is also an authentic experiment in a field both rich in fundamental physics and major practical
consequences. Yet granular mixing today remains more of an art than a science, says chemical engineer
Fernando J.
145.The Ironbridge Gorge #071226
The Ironbridge Gorge World Heritage property covers an area of 5.5 km2 (550ha) and is located in Telford,
Shropshire, approximately 50km north-west of Birmingham. The Industrial Revolution had its 18th century
roots in the Ironbridge Gorge before spreading across the world, bringing with it some of the most far-reaching
changes in human history. The site incorporates a 5km length of the steep-sided, mineral-rich Severn Valley
from a point immediately west of Ironbridge downstream to Coalport, together with two smaller river valleys
extending northwards to Coalbrookdale and Madeley. The Ironbridge Gorge offers a powerful insight into the
origins of the Industrial Revolution and also contains extensive evidence and remains of that period when the
area was the focus of international attention from artists, engineers, and writers. The site contains substantial
remains of mines, foundries, factories, workshops, warehouses, iron masters' and workers' housing, public
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buildings, infrastructure, and transport systems, together with traditional landscape and forests of the Severn
Gorge. In addition, there also remain extensive collections of artifacts and archives relating to the individuals,
processes, and products that made the area so important. 2020.11.13
146.Computer Simulation #071227
The purpose of this paper is to consider the claim, often made, that computer simulation exercises provide an
excellent source of speaking practice. In so doing I shall first consider the properties of computer simulations
from a theoretical point of view, then describe the experience of using a particular simulation with a general
EFL class. On the basis of this experience, and of some very straightforward pedagogical considerations, I
shall argue that the claim is justified, subject to a very important caveat: computer simulations can form the
basis of excellent speaking exercises, provided you do not expect the computer to do all the work. Put in
another way, many computer simulations only attain their full potential as language exercises if they are
integrated into a larger, planned, teacher-managed activity.
147.Zika Virus #071228
Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated. At present, it is circulating in more than 50
countries. And as of mid-May, seven countries or territories have reported cases of microcephaly or other
serious birth defects linked to the virus, which is transmitted by mosquito bite, blood transfusion or sexual
contact with an infected human. It can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
Despite Zika’s vast range over almost 70 years, there is little genetic difference among the various strains,
according to an analysis by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. For example,
the strain currently in the Americas and another previously detected in French Polynesia are practically
indistinguishable from each other (group in white box). If the virus has changed so little over time, why is it
rearing its ugly head now? Scientists are not sure yet, but new experimental work in mosquitoes suggests that
the virus was capable of causing detrimental health effects and outbreaks all along. Therefore, it is unlikely
mutations enabled new abilities. Instead public health officials probably did not understand Zika’s potential
because the virus circulated mostly in remote locations until recently.
148.Agrarian Party #071230
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural
sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two
factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: For agrarian parties to be important, the representation of
countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major sections of society. Thus, a country
might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters
were predominantly related to their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country
the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
149.Trinity Sport and Fitness #071231
Whether you want to exercise and stay healthy, train professionally with like-minded people, or indulge your
competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered.
We've got a dedicated support development team on campus to support every student in taking part in sports.
You might want to participate in sports competitions volunteer with a local sports class or simply play for fun
with our social sport program.
Trinity fitness members of our public-facing sports facility will also entitle you to discounts when you are
booking a sports facility and fitness class. You will also get an opportunity to benefit from tailored personal
training, free activities events, and lots more.
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150.A Music Student #071235
A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a song in two weeks is celebrating after being featured
on a compilation album produced by Metropolis Studios.
Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir Elton John have all recorded music at the world
famous Metropolis Studios.
Last year, the recording studios set about compiling an album called ‘Lost Songs’, which features songs from
relatively unknown musicians.
First year student Zak Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the Lost
Songs album which was released this year, after he saw how successful Volume One had been.
Zak 24, said: “I found this competition when simply searching the internet for songwriting competitions one
day, and was lucky that there was still time to enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with huge
pop stars thought my song was good and worth something."
151.Experience the museum #071236
The best way to experience the museum is from the top floor down. One emerges from the elevators into a
spacious hallway. At some hours, museum staff members are giving small hands-on demonstrations of
techniques such as quillwork. These activities take place near wall cases filled with objects. These small
surveys of the museum’s vast holdings are called “Windows on the Collection”. Appearing on every floor in the
halls that overlook the rotunda, these display cases serve as a kind of visible storage, presenting a panoply of
objects and materials. Their arrangements are artistic, and their contents perhaps intentionally designed to jar
the visitor. For example, the largest case on the fourth floor displays animal imagery of all sorts. Older
sculptures of birds, mammals and sea creatures appear alongside witty contemporary works such as Larry
Beck’s version of a Yup’ik mask made of rubber tire treads and metal tools, and Jim Schoppert’s “Walrus
Loves Baby Clams” mask. Recently-made ivory carvings challenge the common distinction between so-called
“authentic fine art” and commodity (a distinction which may be passe in the academic world, but which still
holds strong among much of the general public).
152.Technology and education #071237
While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers are wondering how to use education to
insulate the next generation from such a fate. This has worked before. When the last wave of automation
swept the developed world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided education was the answer.
“If machines were going to substitute for brawn”, they reasoned, “more people would need to use their
brains”. The US invested heavily in education, with good results. Workers reaped the benefits through better
jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like this: “The
industrial revolution started a race between technology and education — and, for most of the 20th century,
humans won that race.”
153.Mechanical engineering #071239
Mechanical engineering was at the heart of Taylor’s theorizing, providing the context for its development, the
world view by which it was sustained and, finally, the justification for its widespread application. Scientific
management aimed to analyse and control the activities of people in the same way that engineers analysed
and controlled machines. Central to Taylor’s system was the desire to rationalize and standardize production
techniques in the interests of economy, efficiency and mutual prosperity. His primary point of interest was the
individual worker pursuing individual goals and motivated by incentive payments. Undoubtedly Taylor’s view of
human motivation was somewhat simplistic and his apprehension of the significance of groups was limited
and generally negative.
154.Fossil fuels #071242
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But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world
economy - the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar’s worth of income - keeps falling, at a rate of
about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of fossil-based and
fossil-free sources in the world’s energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth without
increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not enough to address climate change and we
need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning number, which refutes the claim by some
environmentalists that permanent economic growth is fundamentally incompatible with finite physical
resources.
155.Colonial Era #071243
At the end of the colonial era, as many new nations gained independence, relative levels of economic
development became an important criterion by which to distinguish between countries. The former colonial
powers and wealthier parts of the world generally became known as advanced industrial, or developed,
countries, while former colonies and poorer nations became known as less developed, or more positively,
developing countries. Critics of the uneven distribution of wealth across the globe highlighted the role which
wealth creation in some places had played in impoverishing poorer nations and, rather, described them as
actively underdeveloped. The question as to whether economic change is developing or underdeveloping
countries remains a vital issue, as the debate over sweatshops highlights.
156.Color preferences #071244
Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, people in most parts of the world have similar color
preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow, and
orange. Overlaying this basic order of color preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of
course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some
colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since outside factors may be influential
in determining both color preferences and the way that they are expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in
clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping, and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys,
in particular, may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for colors other than those of favorite football
teams, because color awareness may be regarded by their peer group as feminine.
157.Migrating birds #071245
For birdwatchers in southern New Mexico, September can be highly entertaining. Good numbers of many
diverse species are on the move during this time, traveling southward from northern breeding grounds to
places they will spend the winter, and there’s always a chance that some rare or unusual bird will turn up.
158.Circular tables #071247
UMN's ALCs features large circular tables that seat nine students and can accommodate laptop computers for
collaborative work. Typically, students bring their own computers to class and use the building's ubiquitous
wireless capability. The classrooms are designed to facilitate hands-on activities and problems that require
students to interact with each other to reach a solution. Students can display their work on large LCD screens
mounted around the room to promote small- and large-group discussion. Each table is allotted three
gooseneck microphones so that students can make themselves heard without shouting during group
discussions. Additionally, students can press a button on their table console to light a signal lamp to indicate
when they need help or wish to speak. To facilitate brainstorming and group reporting, the room is also lined
with erasable marker boards.
159.An abstract #071248
An abstract is an original work, not an excerpted passage. An abstract must be fully self-contained and make
sense by itself, without further reference to outside sources or to the actual paper. It highlights key content
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areas, your research purpose, the relevance or importance of your work, and the main outcomes. It is a welldeveloped single paragraph of approximately 250 words in length, which is indented and single spaced. The
function of the abstract is to outline briefly all parts of the paper. Although placed at the beginning of your
paper, immediately following the title page, the abstract should be the last thing that you write, once you are
sure of the conclusions you will reach.
160.Linda Finch #071252
Sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished mysteriously in the Pacific during her attempt to become the first
person to circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda Finch, a San Antonio businesswoman,
accomplished pilot, and aviation historian, recreated and completed her idol's last flight as a tribute to the
aviation pioneer's spirit and vision.
On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator took off from Oakland International Airport, California, in a
restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same make and model aircraft that Earhart used on her last journey. The
mission to fulfill Amelia Earhart's dream was called “World Flight 1997.” Although Ms. Finch was not the first to
attempt Earhart's around-the-world journey, she was the first to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch closely
followed the same route that Earhart flew, stopping in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and a half
months later when she landed back at the Oakland Airport on May 28.
Over a million school children and others were able to follow the flight daily through an interactive website as
part of a free multimedia educational program called “You Can Soar,” provided by the project's sponsor.
161.Proto-Indo-European (PIE) 原始印欧语系 #071253
No matter whether you speak English or Urdu, Waloon or Waziri, Portuguese or Persian, the roots of your
language are the same. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the mother tongue – shared by several hundred
contemporary languages, as well as many now extinct, and spoken by people who lived from about 6,000 to
3,500 BC on the steppes to the north of the Caspian Sea. They left no written texts and although historical
linguists have, since the 19th century, painstakingly reconstructed the language from daughter languages, the
question of how it actually sounded was assumed to be permanently out of reach. Now, researchers at the
Universities of Cambridge and Oxford have developed a sound-based method to move back through the
family tree of languages that stem from PIE. They can simulate how certain words would have sounded when
they were spoken 8,000 years ago. Remarkably, at the heart of the technology is the statistics of shape.
“Sounds have shape,” explains Professor John Aston, from Cambridge’s Statistical Laboratory. “As a word is
uttered it vibrates air, and the shape of this soundwave can be measured and turned into a series of numbers.
Once we have these stats, and the stats of another spoken word, we can start asking how similar they are and
what it would take to shift from one to another.”
162.Behaviorists #071255
Another way of looking at personality is the behaviorist approach. According to the behaviorists, the inner
facts of the consciousness are not important. Instead they believed that our behaviors, and therefore our
personalities are learned primarily through our experiences. The theories of behaviorism arose through
experiments largely on animals in which behaviors were learned through carefully controlled stimuli.
163.Internet Use #071259
People are spending twice as much time online compared to 10 years ago, fuelled by increasing use of tablets
and smartphones. The biggest increase has been among young adults, with time spent online almost tripling
from 10 hours and 24 minutes each week in 2005 to 27 hours and 36 minutes in 2014.
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In total, the average adult spends more than 20 hours online a week, which includes time spent on the internet
at work. Meanwhile the average person spends 2.5 hours every week “online while on the move” - away from
their home, work or place of study. This is a five-fold increase from 2005, when the figure was just 30 minutes.
Overall, the proportion of adults using the internet has risen by half - from six in ten in 2005 to almost nine in
ten today, according to Ofcom’s Media Use and Attitudes 2015 report, which questioned 1,890 adults aged 16
and over about their internet consumption habits.
164.How fish travel #071263
Small lakes with a surface area of less than 100 square meters represent the majority of global freshwater
ecosystems. Many of these lakes are found in remote, often mountainous areas with no inflow and outflow.
Yet in most of these lakes, there are fish. So how do fish reach lakes and ponds that are not connected to
other bodies of water?
This question was already addressed by some of the leading natural scientists of the 19th century such as
Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell, who all came to the same conclusion—water birds
must be responsible for fish dispersal.
And they had a plausible explanation for this: fish eggs of some species are sticky and can survive for some
time out of water. The theory is thus that the fish eggs stick to water birds' feathers or feet; the birds then fly
from one body of water to the next, where the fish hatch from their eggs.
165.Clean water in Rome #071265
Clean water was very important to the Romans. Cities, towns and forts were built near springs. However, as
Roman cities and towns grew, they needed to bring in water from further afield. As the population grew, so did
the need for clean water. Trying to shift large volumes of water underground in pipes was not possible as lead
pipes would be too weak and bronze pipes would be too expensive. The Romans could not make cast iron
pipes as the techniques for doing this were not known to them. If water could not be brought via pipes, the
Romans decided to bring it overland in what were conduits. When the water got to the city, it was fed off into
smaller bronze or ceramic pipes. To get the water to flow at an even (and slow) pace, conduits were built on a
slight slope. Valleys were crossed by using aqueducts. One of the most famous of these is the Pont du Gard
aqueduct at Nimes in southern France. Where possible, the Romans did take water through tunnels but the
hills needed to be relatively small for this to be successful.
166.Kathryn Mewes #071268
Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the
parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny,
Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behaviour, as well
as doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and
unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control their whole
lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day
Nanny" because of her pledge to fix behavioural problems in children under the age of 12 within three days,
she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The role of the parenting
consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise,
such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting advice.
167.Superhighway #071269
Even after thousands of years exploring Earth, we're still uncovering new things like an ancient 'superhighway'
in the Guatemalan rain forest. Hidden beneath a thick layer of vegetation, the network of roads stretches over
150 miles and was most likely built by the Mayan empire some 2,000 years ago. The newly mapped roads are
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connected to the ruins of El Mirador (sometimes called the Kan Kingdom) in northern Guatemala.
Archaeologists believe El Mirador was founded around the 6th century BCE, and was at its most powerful
around the early first century CE. At that time, it had a population of as many as a quarter of a million, a
quarter the size of Rome itself at the time. It also has some of the largest pyramids in the world. It was the
heart of the Mayan civilization, and naturally needed some major roadways. The roads of El Mirador have been
known about since 1967, but scientists had no idea how extensive they were until now. The thick jungle
obscured the remnants of the road, making it difficult to see from the air.
168.Roman army #071270
Over many centuries and across many territories the Romans were able to win an astonishing number of
military victories and their success was due to several important factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily
attacked. There was a huge pool of fighting men to draw upon, a disciplined and innovative army, a centralized
command and line of supply, expert engineers, effective diplomacy through a network of allies, and an
inclusive approach to conquer people, which allowed for strengthening and broadening of the Roman power
and logistical bases. Further, her allies not only supplied, equipped and paid for additional men but they also
supplied vital materials such as grain and ships. On top of all this Rome was more or less in a continuous state
of war or readiness for it and believed absolutely in the necessity of defending and imposing on others what
she firmly believed was her cultural superiority.
169.Green spaces #071271
Green spaces contribute significantly to a reduction in soil and aerial temperatures during spells of hot
weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden context, there is, however, little information as to
what extent various types of plants differ in their cooling potential and how certain planting combinations may
maximize cooling under a scenario of low rainfall and minimal water inputs.
170.Storm names #071272
The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have originated with Clement Wragge, an Australian
meteorologist who in the 1890s entertained himself by naming storms after women, mythical figures, and
politicians that he didn’t like. The modern system of using personal names developed during World War II,
when meteorologists began using women’s names—often those of wives or girlfriends—instead of
cumbersome designations based on latitude and longitude. Short and quickly understood, names were easier
to transmit over the radio and easier to keep straight if there was more than one storm in a given area. The
system was formalized in 1953 when the National Weather Service put together an alphabetical list of female
names to be used for storms in the Atlantic basin. Male names were added to the list in 1979 when women’s
groups pointed out the sexism of using only female names.
171.Mothers in paid employment #071273
Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly mothers, to be in paid
employment. International studies have found that countries with greater enrolment rates in publicly funded or
provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, although untangling causal relationships is
complex. From the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself
associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty has been shown to be a key independent
determinant of children’s outcomes. From the point of view of the public purse, as mothers enter employment
they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra revenues through income tax and national
insurance contributions.
172.Pricing theory #071274
Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to sell it at. The price
is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit, competition, perceived
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value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is willing to exchange
for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many factors influence what the purchaser
decides is a fair value.
It also should be noted that, in addition to monetary exchange, price can be the exchange of goods or
services as in a barter agreement, or an exchange of specific behavior, such as a vote in a political campaign.
173.Supreme Court #071275
One of the Supreme Court's most important responsibilities is to decide cases that raise questions of
constitutional interpretation. The Court decides if a law or government action violates the Constitution. This is
known as judicial review and enables the Court to invalidate both federal and state laws when they conflict
with the Constitution. Since the Supreme Court stands as the ultimate authority in constitutional interpretation,
its decisions can be changed only by another Supreme Court decision or by a constitutional amendment.
174.Teaching of language #071276
The teaching of languages could be revolutionised following ground-breaking research by Victoria University,
New Zealand, PhD graduate Paul Sulzberger. Dr Sulzberger has found that the best way to learn a language is
through frequent exposure to its sound patterns--even if you haven't a clue what it all means. "However crazy
it might sound, just listening to the language, even though you don't understand it, is critical. A lot of language
teachers may not accept that," he says. "Our ability to learn new words is directly related to how often we
have been exposed to the particular combinations of the sounds which make up the words. If you want to
learn Spanish, for example, frequently listening to a Spanish language radio station on the internet will
dramatically boost your ability to pick up the language and learn new words." Dr Sulzberger's research
challenges existing language learning theory. His main hypothesis is that simply listening to a new language
sets up the structures in the brain required to learn the words.
175.Neuroscientists #071277
We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and
this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experience in the observer. Human beings tend to imitate
actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons, which react to actions that are seen
as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear
people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc, neural
networks in our brains are stimulated by the “shared representations” generating feelings within us that reflect
the experience of those we are observing.
176.Truancy #071278
In reality, however, the causes of truancy and non-attendance are diverse and multifaceted. There are as many
triggers of non-attendance as there are non-attenders. Each child has her own unique story, and whilst there
may often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non- attending child demands and deserves an
individual response, tailored to meet her individual needs. This applies equally to the 14-year-old who fails to
attend school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11 -year-old who fails to attend because he is
embarrassed about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15-year-old who is 'bored' by lessons, and to the
seven-year-old who is teased in the playground because she doesn’t wear the latest designer-label clothes.
177.Crop losses #071280
As demand for food and competition for land rises, it is vital that crop losses are limited. Chemical protection
has provided effective control of crop losses in recent years. Alongside chemical fertilizers and improved crop
genetics, it has helped to increase crop yields dramatically over the last six decades. However, there is now a
need to develop complementary alternatives, and researchers from the Rural Economy and Land Use Program
have been exploring the potential of -- and barriers to -- alternative pest management approaches.
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'Alternatives to chemical pesticides are needed because overuse of them leads to pesticide resistance and
affects biodiversity and water quality,' says Dr Alastair Bailey. 'Heightened EU regulations are also leading to
the withdrawal of many pesticide products. Hence, complementary approaches are required to reduce use
and preserve the efficacy of those valuable pesticides that are still available to sustain food production
systems.
178.Sigmund Freud #071281
That Sigmund Freud became a major intellectual presence in twentieth-century culture is not in doubt. Nor is
there any doubt that at all times there was both fervent enthusiasm over and bitter hostility to his ideas and
influence. But the exact means by which Freud became, despite this hostility, a master of intellectual life, on a
par, already in the 1920s, with Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie and Bertrand Russell, has not been
sufficiently explored. Strikingly, Freud emerged as a twentieth-century icon without the endorsement and
support of an institution or a profession (in contrast to Einstein, Curie and Russell). Where are we to look for
the details of this story of an emergent - and new - figure of immense cultural authority? One of the principal
aims of this book is to show how this happened in one local, parochial yet privileged, site - Cambridge, then as
now a university town stranded in the English Fens with a relatively small fluctuating population.
179.The Iron Age #071282
People in parts of western Africa and southwestern Asia were the first to realize that the dark-silvery rocks
poking out of the earth could be worked into tools and weapons, sometime around 1500 B.C., evidence
shows. The metal was probably discovered there by accident when some ore was dropped into a fire and
cooled into wrought iron, historians think. The eureka moment didn't reach Europe for another 500 years,
traveling slowly north and west through Greece, Italy, central Europe and finally to the British Isles with the
spread of the famous Celtic tribes. The Celts diffused iron technology over much of the continent through
warfare, where their victory was assured due to the strength of iron weapons. Perhaps not the most peaceful
of cultural exchanges, but where the technology did travel, it caught on fast. Iron made life a lot easier in those
days, when just living to the age of 45 was a feat. By that time, much of Europe had settled into small village
life, toiling the soil with bronze and stone tools.
180.Marshmallows #071285
In the original test, which was administered at the Bing Nursery School, at Stanford, in the nineteen-sixties,
Mischel’s team would present a child with a treat (marshmallows were just one option) and tell her that she
could either eat the one treat immediately or wait alone in the room for several minutes until the researcher
returned, at which point she could have two treats. The promised treats were always visible and the child knew
that all she had to do to stop the agonizing wait was ring a bell to call the experimenter back—although in that
case, she wouldn’t get the second treat. The longer a child delayed gratification, Mischel found—that is, the
longer she was able to wait—the better she would fare later in life at numerous measures of what we now call
executive function. She would perform better academically, earn more money, and be healthier and happier.
She would also be more likely to avoid a number of negative outcomes, including jail time, obesity, and drug
use.
181.Valuable shrimp farms #071286
Over the past two decades, around a third of the world's mangrove swamps have been converted for human
use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand
showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor, conversion would
seem an excellent idea.
However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure
and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These
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comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of
habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for
three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
182.Digitalisation and smart automation #071288
As digitalisation and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs altered. Advances in automation
technologies will mean that people will increasingly work side by side with robots, smart automation and
artificial intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at the tasks that smart automation
struggles to do and that add value to the use of smart automation.
In the past, technological progress has had a positive impact on our society, increasing labour productivity,
wages and prosperity. Right now, a new technological wave of digitalisation and smart automation –
combinations of artificial intelligence, robotics and other technologies - is fundamentally transforming the way
we work, at an unprecedented pace. For example, data analytics, the Internet of Things and drones are
already used in many industries to make production processes better, faster, and cheaper. We already see
shifts in the structure of employment: in industries, tasks, educational levels and skills.
183.Climate change #071289
First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-stricken, because things are moving
much faster than they expected. Greenhouse gas emissions are going up faster than predicted both from
industrialising countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in Siberia and Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is
melting so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free in late summer in five years' time. Most climate scientists
now see last year's report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by
most governments for planning purposes, as a purely historical document.
Second, the biggest early impact of global warming will be on the food supply, both locally and globally. When
the global average temperature hits one and a half degrees hotter - and it will, the carbon dioxide already in
the atmosphere commits us to that much warming - some countries will no longer be able to feed their people.
Others, further from the equator, will still have enough food for themselves, but none to spare.
184.Quiet or noisy study space #071293
Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded, noisy
room because the noise actually helps them concentrate. Some students like quiet music playing; others do
not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying. However, one
general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music or other
background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or studying. Also, don’t let yourself become
distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.
185.Speed of sound 音速 #071294
The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At sea level on a “standard day,”
the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is approximately 761 mph. As the altitude increases, the temperature and
speed of sound both decrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the temperature remains steady until about
60,000 feet. Within that 36,000–60,000 foot range, Mach 1 is about 661 mph. Because of the variation, it is
possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude to be slower than a subsonic flight at sea level.
The transonic band (the “sound barrier”) extends from around Mach .8—when the first supersonic shock
waves form on the wing—to Mach 1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic.
186.Facial appearance #071295
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Research demonstrates that facial appearance affects social perceptions. The current research investigates
the reverse possibility: Can social perceptions influence facial appearance? We examine a social tag that is
associated with us early in life — our given name. The hypothesis is that name stereotypes can be manifested
in facial appearance, producing a face-name matching effect, whereby both a social perceiver and a computer
are able to accurately match a person’s name to his or her face. In 8 studies we demonstrate the existence of
this effect, as participants examining an unfamiliar face accurately select the person’s true name from a list of
several names, significantly above chance level. We replicate the effect in 2 countries and find that it extends
beyond the limits of socioeconomic cues. We also find the effect using a computer-based paradigm and
94,000 faces. In our exploration of the underlying mechanism, we show that existing name stereotypes
produce the effect, as its occurrence is culture-dependent. A self-fulfilling prophecy seems to be at work, as
initial evidence shows that facial appearance regions that are controlled by the individual (e.g., hairstyle) are
sufficient to produce the effect, and socially using one’s given name is necessary to generate the effect.
Together, these studies suggest that facial appearance represents social expectations of how a person with a
specific name should look. In this way a social tag may influence one’s facial appearance.
187.Superintelligence #071296
A superintelligence is any intellect that vastly outperforms the best human brains in practically every field,
including scientific creativity, general wisdom, and social skills. This definition leaves open how the
superintelligence is implemented: it could be in a digital computer, an ensemble of networked computers,
cultured cortical tissue, or something else. On this definition, Deep Blue is not a superintelligence, since it is
only smart within one narrow domain (chess), and even there it is not vastly superior to the best humans.
Entities such as corporations or the scientific community are not superintelligences either. Although they can
perform a number of intellectual feats of which no individual human is capable, they are not sufficiently
integrated to count as intellects, and there are many fields in which they perform much worse than single
humans. For example, you cannot have a real-time conversation with the scientific community.
188.Skip School #071297
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. Fewer
children played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m
unauthorized days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of
all those on unauthorized absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same period
last year.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their school last term, compared with 0.9%
for the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.
189.Disadvantage in early childhood #071298
Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development. Factors such as low
socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation may have lasting impacts on a
child's chance of reaching their full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool education can
help to lessen the effects of these risk factors and can provide children with a better start to school. However,
some of these factors may also be barriers to preschool attendance for groups that would benefit most from
preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's education is the responsibility of many
government and non-government agencies and it occurs in a range of settings. Preschool is aimed at children
around four years of age to prepare them for compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states
and territories, children can start full-time schooling at five years of age, when they enrol in a kindergarten or
preparatory year. In 2001, just over half of five-year olds (57%) were at school with about a third (34%)
attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can commence preschool before they turn
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four, participation rates for three-year olds are much lower than four-year olds (24% compared with 56% for
four-year olds in 2001). The preschool participation rate of four-year olds in 2001 (56%) was similar to the rate
in 1991 (58%).
190.The 18th century #071299
Throughout the 18th century, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers researched, discussed, and
published their investigations into how the world worked, while engineers and inventors developed new and
successful machines and processes. The latest theories inspired greater invention, and more technology
encouraged theoretical scientists to make further discoveries in medicine, biology, mechanics, physics, and
chemistry. By 1800, the new machines had brought revolutionary changes to the workplace transportation and
communications, and eventually to the home. Some of these inventions simply made it easier to produce
things on a large scale such as textile machines and foundries, which produced large quantities of cloth and
metal objects quickly and cheaply. But some inventions brought completely new possibilities such as the first
batteries, steamboats, and locomotives. It would take decades for some of these inventions to make a big
impact on the world. Yet their creation, and the sheer amount of imagination and risk-taking involved, marked
the beginning of a modern, global, technologically-based economy of the kind that we live in today.
191.Feature films are narratives #071300
Feature films are narratives - they tell stories. Even films based on true events will fictionalize them in order to
produce drama, to telescope time, to avoid being filled up with too many minor characters ,or simply to be
more entertaining. Even in the current welter of special-effect movies, feature films are usually summarized by
their plots - in their first 'treatment' (or outline of the script idea), in the advance publicity, in the TV guide, in
reviews, and in conversations. Films may differ from other kinds of narrative - literary fiction or television
drama, for instance - in the medium used and the representational conventions. They do, however, share with
literary fiction and television drama the basic structure and functions of narrative. Much work has been done
by researchers in the field known as 'narratology' on exactly what constitutes the structures and functions of
the narrative. Their conclusions are of great use to students of the feature film.
192.Decision Making #071301
Decision making is central to the management of an enterprise. The manager of a profit making business has
to decide on the manner of implementation of the objectives of the business, at least one of which may well
relate to allocating resources so as to maximize profit. A non-profit-making enterprise (such as a department
of central or local government) will be making decisions on resource allocation so as to be economical,
efficient and effective in its use of finance. All organizations, whether in the private sector or the public sector,
take decisions which have financial implications. Decisions will be about resources, which may be people,
products, services or long-term and short-term investment. Decisions will also be about activities, including
whether and how to undertake them. Most decisions will at some stage involve consideration of financial
matters, particularly cost.
193.Radioactivity #071302
So why is it a concern? It is because radioactivity is invisible and unsensed, and for that reason is perceived as
scary. Nevertheless, we understand quite well the radiation levels to which people can be exposed without
harm, and those levels are orders of magnitude above the typical background levels.
194.Small Lakes #071303
Small lakes with a surface area of less than 100 square meters represent the majority of global freshwater
ecosystems. Many of these lakes are found in remote, often mountainous areas with no inflow and outflow.
Yet in most of these lakes, there are fish. So how do fish reach lakes and ponds that are not connected to
other bodies of water? This question was already addressed by some of the leading natural scientists of the
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19th century such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell, who all came to the same
conclusion—water birds must be responsible for fish dispersal. And they had a plausible explanation for this:
fish eggs of some species are sticky and can survive for some time out of water. The theory is thus that the
fish eggs stick to water birds' feathers or feet; the birds then fly from one body of water to the next, where the
fish hatch from their eggs.
195.Noble Gas #071305
Uniquely stable, they seemed to participate in no chemical reactions. But by understanding the stability of the
noble gases, physicists discovered the key to chemical bonding
itself. Dmitri Mendeleev added the noble gases to his periodic table in 1902, where he arranged the elements
in rows and columns according to their atomic weight. Mendeleev was able to see repeating or periodic
patterns in their properties. The noble gases appeared regularly in the periodic table, occurring in every eighth
position, at least amongst the lighter elements.
196.Mass Extinction #071307
Scientists have discovered the cause of a mass extinction of sea-floor marine organisms 800,000 years ago —
which also provides insight into how climate change can impact on
deep ocean biota. In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, scientists from the
universities of Nottingham and Durham and the British Geological Survey BGS, have discovered the cause of a
mass extinction within marine organisms called foraminifera. Foraminifera are an important group in relation to
biomass in the deep ocean and the cause of their extinction was previously unknown. Scientists tested various
possible causes for the mass extinction and were able to discount others such as ocean cooling. Instead, they
discovered that the extinction was caused by a global change in plankton at the surface of the ocean.
197.Sun and Moon #071308
In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon appeared.
Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the
great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was
thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be
discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in
different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact
it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the
world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
198.Health and Fitness #071309
A renewed interest in well-being, especially among baby boomers, as well as rising personal incomes, led to
more spending on health and fitness in 2005. This prompted an expansion
in the number of fitness and recreation centres across the country. Golf courses also enjoyed renewed
success, as the sport increased in popularity, possibly the result of retiring baby boomers heading to the links.
In 2005, households spent an average $3,918 on recreation, up slightly from $3,678 in 2004. Items included in
the 2005 figure are: an average $166 on sports and athletic equipment; $665 to buy and operate recreational
vehicles such as snowmobiles, bicycles and trailers; and $299 for the use of sports and recreation facilities.
199.Cell #071310
Cells are now acceptable as a unifying concept. A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function. Thus, cells
are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells vary in size. With few exceptions, individual cells are so
small they cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a British scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the first
time using a microscope. A microscope is an instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of cells are
taken with a microscope and are called micrographs.
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200.Stressors #071311
Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house,
marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also
common causes of stress. Differences in personality may also playa part.
201.English Language #071312
With about one and a half billion non-native speakers, English has become the world's own language. Such
dominance has its downside, of course. There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with
perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of über-languages, most
importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a fortnight. Want to learn
Busuu, anyone? Then you'd better head to Cameroon fast, before one of the language's last eight speakers
kicks the bucket (as the Busuu-nese presumably doesn't say).
202.Economists' Views #071313
An economist sees the world basically through a typical micro-economic toolkit. That involves things like
thinking at the margin, rationality, opportunity cost, trade-offs. Economists like any other discipline, or dogma
has its own jargon and its own rules, and its own way of seeing the world. So basically economics, or
economists in general tend to apply micro-economic concepts like that to explain the way humans behave and
to make predictions about the future.
203.Power Mix #071314
Imagine a time in the not too distant future when your power comes from a seamless mix of renewable energy
and traditional sources. It is delivered by a grid that manages thousands of windmills and hundreds of
thousands of customers. Computer controlled, the grid is able to manage instant variations in supply and
demand and provides a real time power balance. Far more complex than anything in existence today, it is
called a smart grid. This technology is a new frontier in power supply and seen as a green solution to current
outdated management systems. When introduced smart grids will result in energy savings and will allow
consumers a choice in their electricity charges and to be able to select the cheapest time slots. The difficulty
for the energy industry is that smart grids do not exist in reality and the power companies cannot experiment
with existing supplies. Without an actual grid to conduct research on Professor Wu has had to design a
simulated laboratory including input from theoretical wind generators and solar panels to feed into a constantly
operating system. For an authentic approach researchers built various types of equipment failures into the grid
to test the system. And it works.
204.Shrimp Farm #071315
Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have been converted for human
use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand
showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor, conversion would
seem an excellent idea. However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies
formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to
ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken
from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp
farm only stays productive for three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards: if
you do so with mangroves themselves, add another $9,318 per hectare. The overall lesson is that what looks
beneficial only does so because the profits are retained by the private sector, while the problems are spread
out across society at large, appearing on no specific balance sheet.
205.Scientific Method #071316
The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843 and was named the method of
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difference. A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses of water which are identical in
every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes colour! According to
Mills method of difference it is safe to assume that the change in the colour of the water is due to the
introduction of a new factor - the independent variable -in this case, the ink.
206.Amazon Basin #071317
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the
Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at
Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the
Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the
idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the
Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of
the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over
many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in
the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role.
207.French Lord #071318
France was still essentially a feudal nation with lords, due to a range of ancient and modern rights from their
peasants who comprised about 80 percent of the population and the majority lived in rural contexts. France
was a predominantly agricultural nation, even though this agriculture was low in productivity, wasteful, and
using out of date methods. An attempt to introduce modern techniques from Britain had not succeeded.
Inheritance laws, whereby estates were divided up among all the heirs, had left France divided into many tiny
farms; even the large estates were small when compared to other European nations. The only major region [of]
large-scale farming was around Paris, where the always hungry capital city provided a convenient market.
Harvests were critical but fluctuating, causing famine, high prices, and riots.
208.Dance #071319
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases, dance numbers are included as an
excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more effective when it forms an integral
part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes (1936) in which the story about classical
ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enhances, rather than interrupts
the drama.
209.Bhutan #071320
Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has preserved much of their
culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the world Internet, television,
and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years
globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain perfectly balanced.Bhutan is the only country
in the world that has a 'GNH.' You may think GNH is just another statistically based term with no real-life
application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness." The process of measuring GNH began when Bhutan
opened to globalization. It measures people's quality of life, and makes sure that "material and spiritual
development happen together." Bhutan has done an amazing Job of finding this balance. Bhutan has
continually been (ranked) as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world
according to Business Week. In 2007 Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same
time as maintaining their environment and cultural identity.Bhutan is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world;
Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. Over two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and
Buddhism is supported by the government both politically and economically. The government gives subsidies
to Buddhist monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist programs.
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210.World Map of Happiness #071321
Bhutan used to be one of the most isolated nations in the world. Developments including direct international
flights, the Internet, mobile phone networks, and cable television have increasingly modernized the urban
areas of the country. Bhutan has balanced modernization with its ancient culture and traditions under the
guiding philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Rampant destruction of the environment has been
avoided. The government takes great measures to preserve the nation's traditional culture, identity and the
environment. In 2006, Business Week magazine rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighthhappiest in the world, citing a global survey conducted by the University of Leicester in 2006 called the "World
Map of Happiness".
211.Shakespeare #071322
There has been a great variety of critical approach to Shakespeare's work since his death. During the 17th and
18th centuries, Shakespeare was both admired and condemned. Since then, much of the adverse criticism
has not been considered relevant, although certain issues have continued to interest critics throughout the
years. For instance, charges against his moral propriety were made by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century
and by George Bernard Shaw in the 20th. Early criticism was directed primarily at questions of form.
Shakespeare was criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy and failing to observe the unities of time and place
prescribed by the rules of classical drama. Dryden and Johnson were among the critics claiming that he had
corrupted the language with false wit, puns, and ambiguity. While some of his early plays might justly be
charged with a frivolous use of such devices, 20th-century criticism has tended to praise their use in later
plays as adding depth and resonance of meaning.
212.Dinosaurs #071323
What killed off the dinosaurs? The end of the Cretaceous Period saw one of the most dramatic mass
extinctions the Earth has ever seen. The fossil record shows that throughout their 160-million-year existence,
dinosaurs took on a huge variety of forms as the environment changed and new species evolved that were
suited to these new conditions. Others that failed to adapt went extinct. But then 66 million years ago, over a
relatively short time, dinosaurs disappeared completely (except for birds). Many other animals also died out,
including pterosaurs, large marine reptiles, and other sea creatures such as ammonites. Although the number
of dinosaur species was already declining, this suggests a sudden catastrophic event sealed their fate,
causing unfavorable changes to the environment more quickly than dinosaurs and other creatures could
adapt. The exact nature of this catastrophic event is still open to scientific debate. The catastrophe could have
been an asteroid impact, volcanic eruptions or the effect of both, together with more gradual changes in the
Earth's climate over millions of years. Whatever the causes, the huge extinction that ended the age of the
dinosaur left gaps in the ecosystem that were subsequently filled by mammals and birds, allowing them to
evolve rapidly.
213.International Trade #071324
International trade allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and services that otherwise
may not have been available domestically. As a result of international trade, the market is more efficient. This
ultimately leads to more competitive pricing and brings cheaper products to consumers.
214.Crime Prevention #071325
Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have
tried to protectpretend, protect, guard, secure themselves and those close to them from assaults and other
abuses. Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practise a formshape, pattern,
form, action of prevention. Most parents want their children to learn to be law abiding and not Spend
extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at east, most succeed. Only a small minority of young
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people become recidivistrecidivist, severe, serious, persistent offenders. In a functioning society, crime
prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all- pervasivewidespread, extensive,
pervasive,prevalent at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses .When
politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and possiblepotential,
probable, possible, feasible remedies, it is comparatively rare for them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly,
emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other ‘law and order ’responses.
215.Financial Crisis #071326
Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal explanations for why so many banks
made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural. Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to
function as they should. Rules and guidelines were either inadequate or ignored. The second explanation is
that Wall Street was incompetent, that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that they made
extravagant bets without understanding the consequences.
216.European Culture #071327
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th
centuries. This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the
world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or noncivilization. According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and
some people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn’t fit into this category is labeled as chaos or
anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive refinement of
human behavior.In practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or
haute couture, museum-caliber art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people who knew about
and took part in these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might argue that
classical music is more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous music
traditions of aboriginal peoples.
217.Good Information #071328
One of the characteristics of 'good' information identified earlier was that it should be 'balanced'. In an ideal
world, ' objective ' or 'balanced' information would present all the evidence for and against, and leave you to
weigh this up and draw conclusions. In the real world, however, we recognize that all information presents a
position of interest, although this may not necessarily be intentional. Objectivity may therefore be an
unachievable ideal. This means that the onus is on you as the reader and user of the information to develop a
critical awareness of the positions represented in what you read, and to take account of this when you
interpret the information. In some cases, authors may explicitly express a particular viewpoint — this is
perfectly valid as long as they are open about the perspective they represent. Hidden bias, whether or not it is
deliberate, can be misleading. This could be particularly important in a subject area where there is controversy.
218.Bentham #071329
By the 1820s Bentham had become a well-known figure, both in Britain and in other parts of the world. His
ideas were to influence the reforms of public administration made during the nineteenth century, and his
writings are still at the centre of academic debate, especially regarding social policy, legal positivism, and
welfare economics. Bentham died on 6 June 1832, a day before the first Reform Act was given Royal Assent.
As per the directions in his will, Bentham's body was dissected by his friend, the surgeon Thomas Southwood
Smith, and his skeleton preserved as the Auto-Icon. Research into Bentham's thought and life continues today
at UCL's Bentham Project, set up in the early 1960s with the aim of producing the first scholarly edition of his
works and correspondence. This edition is projected to run to some eighty volumes. Members of the public
are invited to assist in this massive editorial task by helping to transcribe Bentham's manuscripts via
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Transcribe Bentham.
219.Public Archaeology #071330
The aim of this book is to give the reader an overview of study and practice in the field of public archaeology.
It offers a series of snapshots of important ideas and areas of work brought together as an introduction, albeit
an inevitably brief and incomplete one, to one of the most challenging and rewarding parts of the wider
archaeological discipline. Read the book from cover to cover and you will have a good working understanding
of public archaeology as a complicated, rich and diverse field, as well as knowledge of some of the most
significant and iconic examples of public archaeology in action. Dip into a specific chapter and you will find a
concise and insightful introduction to one aspect of public archaeology with case studies and a list of readings
to develop your understanding. However you use this book I am confident that you will emerge with a better
understanding of what public archaeology is, why it matters and what you can do about it. First, it is necessary
and useful, drawing on the quotes above, to ask what we mean by public archaeology, and to examine some
of the different ways it has been defined.
220.Honorary Degree #071331
Victoria University of Wellington has conferred an honorary degree on a distinguished astrophysicist in a
recent graduation ceremony. Professor Warrick Couch received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science for
his remarkable contribution to our knowledge of galaxies and dark energy. Professor Couch is a distinguished
astrophysicist who has played a crucial role in the discovery that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating
rate, a finding which led to the lead scientists being awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011, which he
attended in recognition of his contribution. In his research, Professor Couch uses large ground-based and
space-based telescopes to observe galaxy clusters, which are the largest Structures in the Universe. He is
also involved in a number of national and international committees overseeing the management of these
telescopes. In addition to his own research activities, Professor Couch has worked to support young
researchers and provide public comment on astronomy internationally.
221.Distance Learning（B） #071335
If you are interested in studying but have other commitments, our online and distance learning courses offer an
alternative flexible mode of study. Teaching is conducted through a mixture of audio-visual, written and
interactive materials. There are also opportunities for online discussion and collaborative projects with tutors
and other students. Some programs include residential modules taught on campus, giving you the chance to
meet and work alongside your tutors and fellow students face-to-face. Our Graduate School provides
comprehensive support for distance and part-time researchers, many of whom study for up to six years or
more.
222.UK university #071337
The research, commissioned by HEDQF, asked 1,000 students from UK universities for their views on the
quality of their university campus and sheds new light on how students make decisions as they go through the
application process. When asked what the most important factors were when deciding where to study, 76% of
students ranks campus facilities as either 'quite' or 'very' important, with only 8% saying it was 'not very' or
'not at all' important in their choice. This was the fourth most important factor after course, location and
reputation. Estate quality increases in importance once a student has chosen a university, with 86% of
students saying that it is 'quite' or 'very' important in their first year of studies. However, the importance
students attach to estates decreases to 79% for third years students. The research also highlighted how
factors such as demographics, region and type of university attended have an impact on how students view
the university buildings. Students in Russell Group universities are much more likely to describe their buildings
as 'inspiring', closely followed by students in newer universities such as Lincoln, Gloucestershire and
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Ravensbourne College. This pattern was repeated when students were asked to rate the overall quality and
design of estate, with Russell Group students, and students from newer universities, more likely to rate the
estates as excellent. Existing data shows capital expenditure on estates has been the highest amongst the
Russell Group universities during 2001-2011. When asked where they would invest money in their universities,
the top three areas in order of preference were: smaller class sizes, bursaries for poorer students and new
buildings and facilities. When their expenditure options were restricted to estates-only items, the repair and
maintenance of existing buildings came out top with 77%, which suggests that new buildings should not be at
the expense of the rest of the estate, and may even highlight the deficiencies of tired and outmoded facilities.
223.Early humans and water resources #071340
Early humans were hunter-gatherers, roaming from place to place, but their movements were controlled by the
need for water. When humans started to grow food, establishing permanent settlements, water was needed
for crops and animals as well as for people, so settlements have always grown up near reliable sources of
water. Most major towns lie on the banks of rivers, or, where there are no streams or rivers, settlements exist
where underground water can be reached by digging wells. The management of water resources has a long
history. The oldest known dam in the world was constructed in Egypt about 5000 years ago, and was used for
storing drinking and irrigation water. Farmers in Arabia at this time used the craters of extinct volcanoes as
storage tanks for irrigation water and dug deep wells for their drinking water. Excavated ruins in India of similar
antiquity retain the remains of water supply and drainage systems, which included baths and swimming pools.
224.UK drivers #071342
In the UK, it is recommended that drivers should turn off their car engines when they expect to be stationary
for more than 1 minute. To encourage drivers to turn off their engines while waiting at rail crossings, the Kent
city council placed a permanent sign at the crossing asking drivers to "please switch off your engine when
barriers are down to help improve air quality." On average, drivers had to wait between 2 and 3 minutes to
cross after the barrier had gone down. However, the sign didn't seem to be convincing the majority of drivers
to switch off their engines. "Although some research suggests that signs alone can change behaviour, the
message on this sign was designed simply to be an informational request and was not guided by any
particular behavioural theory," the researchers explain. So the research team, led by Rose Mellady of the
University of East Anglia, designed an intervention study.
225.Drones #071343
Antarctic plants can be important indicators of subtle changes in environmental conditions, including climate
change. Traditional ground-based assessments of vegetation health are, however, not ideal in Antarctica, as
they can destroy the vegetation and are physically demanding in the harsh weather conditions. Co-author
Professor Sharon Robinson from UOW’s School of Biological Sciences said the study found drone-based
monitoring of vegetation health produced similar results to traditional techniques, but with much greater
efficiency and with no damage to the vegetation. “Drones are a powerful tool for monitoring fragile Antarctic
vegetation,” Professor Robinson said. “They could be used to provide timely warnings about specific
environmental stress events, as well as monitoring the longer-term impacts of climate change. “These
methods could also be adapted to monitor the health of other small-stature, patchy plant communities,
including in alpine or desert regions.” The researchers found that drones equipped with sensors were able to
detect vegetation health indicators more accurately than satellite imagery. Mosses are one of the key Antarctic
vegetation types that need to be monitored. However, they tend to occur in patches among rocks, ice and soil,
making it important that the imagery used to assess their health is as accurate and spatially detailed as
possible.
226.Academic Writing （B） #071344
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Academic writing is an expression of logic that is the product of thinking. This means that the writing that you
produce is a reflection of your intellectual abilities. It puts into words your knowledge and your conceptual
understanding and shows evidence of your ability to think critically.
227.Giant Exoplanets #071345
Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in characteristics to the solar system's
biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent targets for astronomers in their search for
their extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to detect as they create a large
decrease in brightness when passing in front of their parent stars.
228.Managing Performance #071346
Managing performance is about getting people into action so that they achieve planned and agreed results. It
focuses on what has to be done, how it should be done and what is to be achieved. But it is equally
concerned with developing people - helping them to learn - and providing them with the support they need to
do well, now and in the future. The framework for performance management is provided by the performance
agreement, which is the outcome of performance planning. The agreement provides the basis for managing
performance throughout the year and for guiding improvement and development activities. It is used as a
reference point when reviewing performance and the achievement of improvement and development plans
229.How World Works #071347
Throughout the 18th century, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers researched, discussed, and
published their investigations into how the world worked, while engineers and inventors developed new and
successful machines and processes. The latest theories inspired greater invention, and more technology
encouraged theoretical scientists to make further discoveries in medicine, biology, mechanics, physics, and
chemistry. By 1800, the new machines had brought revolutionary changes to the workplace, transportation
and communications, and eventually to the home. Some of these inventions simply made it easier to produce
things on a large scale such as textile machines and foundries, which produced large quantities of cloth and
metal objects quickly and cheaply. But some inventions brought completely new possibilities such as the first
batteries, steamboats, and locomotives. It would take decades for some of these inventions to make a big
impact on the world. Yet their creation, and the sheer amount of imagination and risk-taking involved, marked
the beginning of a modern, global, technologically based economy of the kind that we live in today.
230.International Journal #071348
The international journal of design is a peer-reviewed, open access journal devoted to publishing research
papers in all fields of design, including industrial design, visual communication design, interface design,
animation and game design, architectural design, urban design, and other design related fields. It aims to
provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and findings from researchers across different
cultures and encourages research on the impact of cultural factors on design theory and practice. It also seeks
to promote the transfer of knowledge between professionals in academia and industry by emphasizing
research in which results are of interest or applicable to design practices.
231.Paleoanthropologist #071349
Forty years ago yesterday, November 24, 1974, paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson found in Ethiopia
what's arguably the most famous and important fossil of a human ancestor : Lucy. Last month, at the
ScienceWriters2014 meeting in Columbus, Ohio, Johanson talked about the moment he laid eyes on Lucy.
"On that eventful day in 1974 I was out, with a graduate student, Tom Gray, and we were walking back to our
Land Rover to go back to camp to enjoy a swim in the river with the crocodiles and enjoy a nice little lunch.
And I am always looking at the ground. I find more quarters by parking meters than anybody I know, I think.
And you know how it is you find what you're looking for, right? "Because a year before the discovery a
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geologist had left his footprints four-to-five feet away from the skeleton, because he was looking for rocks. I
was looking for bones. And I found a little piece of elbow, that little hinge that allows us to flex and extend our
arm. And I knew from my studies of osteology, of comparative anatomy and so on, that this had to be from a
human ancestor. "And as I looked up the slope, I saw other fragments eroding out. And we recovered over a
two-week-long excavation operation roughly, not counting hand and foot bones, 40 percent of a skeleton. And
this was important because first of all it broke the three-million-year time barrier. All the fossils older than three
million years at that point in the history of paleoanthropology would fit in the palm of your hand…we didn't
know it was a new species really until a few years later when we finally published in 1978 the name
Australopithecus afarensis." For more, check out the blog item on our Web site by Scientific American's Kate
Wong who, with Johanson, co-authored the book Lucy's Legacy. Kate's blog is titled The Fossil That
Revolutionized the Search for Human Origins: A Q&A with Lucy Discoverer Donald Johanson.
232.Exams Looming #071350
It's that time again! Exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the years gone
already. You start wondering how you're going to cope with it all. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to
be more motivated and more purposeful. It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and
logically about it. In other words, it can help you stay on top of things. Sit down at your desk and make a start
on writing down all the things you have to do to prepare for the exams.
233.Kashmiri #071351
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual
influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers
honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the
British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatists and Islamist militancy attacked and
everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed
in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives,
proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
234.Physical Activity #071352
Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and [wellbeing].
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and
stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to
obtain health benefits.
235.Psychology #071353
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century. During
this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this, there have been many scientific
studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology
(physical factors) influences human experience, how people use their senses (touch, taste, smell, sight and
hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways, how memory
works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about the world, what motivates
people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigations all contribute
to an understanding of human nature. What do we mean by the practical applications of these studies? An
understanding of psychology is useful in many different areas in life, such as education, the workplace, social
services and medicine. This means that people who have knowledge of psychology can use or apply that
knowledge in areas such as the ones listed above.
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236.Chemicals #071354
Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes run off farmland and
enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body that is used as a drinking water
supply receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must filter them
out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help
control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are less toxic, or
degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.
237.Babies #071355
How can you tell the difference between a French baby and a German baby? No, it's not that one is wearing a
saucy little beret while the other is tucked into tiny pair of lederhosen. Well, maybe that's part of it. But a new
study in the journal Current Biology shows that the babies actually sound different. Because the melody of an
infant's cry matches its mother tongue. We all know that babies start eavesdropping while they're still in the
womb. So when they come out, they know their mother's voice. When they're older, they start to imitate the
sounds they hear. Eventually they babble, and then start to speak, and then you never hear the end of it. But
long before that first burble or coo, babies are learning the elements of language. A team of scientists
recorded the cries of 60 newborns: 30 born into French-speaking families and 30 that heard German. And they
found that French infants wail on a rising note while the Germans favor a falling melody . Those patterns match
the rhythms of their native languages. So next time you hear a baby cry, listen closely. He could be telling you
where he's from.
238.Drinking Water #071356
Water involves in almost all the processes in our body such as digestion, elimination, assimilation, respiration,
maintaining body temperature, etc.. It is required to remove the thirst of our body. We can live for days without
food, however, cannot imagine living without water more than a day. The level of useful drinking water on the
earth is very less and other water is salty and not useful to the living beings. Water is required by everything
like plants, animals, microorganisms, human being, etc., to fulfill the body requirements. Do we imagine what
will happen if the drinking water gets finished a day or gets polluted? Yes, it is the main question which has
opened the eyes of everyone and starts saving water at every place we belong like home, surrounding area,
office, school, college, etc.
239.Competent Skills #071357
The skills you will develop on this course will help you become more confident and competent in managing
written and social aspects in your current career. It will prepare you for further study in your area of interest.
We plan to provide you with the opportunity to hear about the work of professors who have been involved in
the past. We have had confirmation that they will give talks on their subjects especially to your group, and help
you to clarify potential future directions you might take in your study and career. There are also dedicated
careers services available at the University, which you will be entitled to use. The assessments for the first part
of the program are designed to develop key study skills and to provide you with the opportunity to brush up on
skills you haven't used for a long time, or feel you do not have. This will include some written work essays, as
well as group work (short presentations) and you will be taught how to do these. Details of the assessment for
each module will be explained in your first session.
240.Learning from History #071358
The prospect of learning something from history is what makes sociologists tick. It is through developing a
systematic understanding of the forces which shape our lives that we can exercise control over them. The
founding thinkers of sociology, who came to prominence during the development of what we are pleased to
call modernity, thought so. It Is the intimate relationship between the development of sociology and the
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development of modernity that the course begins with. This relationship is an intimate one, because it is only
with the social change instituted in the development of the modern world that a discipline such as sociology
and social science in general could either exist or have anything to study.
241.Heart Functions #071359
The heart functions as a pump at the centre of the circulatory system. In humans it is located in the chest
cavity, between the lungs, a bit to the left. The heart consists of four chambers surrounded by a very strong
muscular wall, the myocardium. The upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive blood entering the heart,
and the lower chambers, the right and left ventricles pump the blood out of the heart, via the pulmonary and
the systemic circulatory systems. The two systems work as follows. Blood from the body enters the right
atrium, is passed into the right ventricle and from there is propelled through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
In the lungs the blood releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen and is then transported back to the heart
into the left atrium. From here it passes into the left ventricle, which pumps the oxygenated blood around the
body.
242.Tokyo Skytree #071360
Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40
metres long and immensely detailed. But however massive this form of digital art becomes -and it's a form
subject to rampant inflation--Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital
sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he
recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something in common:
something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that
photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three
dimensions into two, conveying the real world onto a flat surface. But Japanese traditions employed “a
different spatial logic”,as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”.
243.Smartphones #071361
Thanks to their ability to hijack our most primal desires for connection, distraction and validation, smartphones
have become some of the bestselling devices of all time. Apple have sold more than a billion iPhones since its
launch in 2007. By one estimate, we spend an average of almost five hours a day staring at their little screens.
The real figure is probably higher: a team of British psychologists found that people tend to underestimate the
time spent on their phones by about half, whole hours just evaporating in the fog.
244.Iphone #071362
All of this suggests that our relationship to our phones might not be sufficiently intellectualized, which is why
Brian Merchant’s book comes as a relief. Like the best historians, Merchant, an American journalist and editor
of Vice Media’s technology blog, Motherboard, unpacks the history of the iPhone in a way that makes it seem
both inevitable in its outline and surprising in its details.
245.Japan and China #071363
At times, a board stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted on
one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always
itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and needs.
246.Light Pollution #071364
The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an increasingly common
feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is exceptionally high in coastal regions of
tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light
pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or behavior
depends, in some way, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have detrimental effects
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on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge from nests on natal
beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although
some early morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-directed orientation to
the water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface.
Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them to move away from the
sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light
pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.
247.Important Corollary #071365
An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central role of
discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular, the ideas that people hold about how
language works (linguistic ideologies) combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious
effects. In recent years, linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely
analytic tools for tracking those effects.
248.Coral Reefs #071366
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite
pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support
the livelihoods of over half a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to double in coming
decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of
climate change, which could lead to increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to
arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
249.Plains Indians #071367
"The Plains Indians were people who did not like to live in one place. They liked to travel around and moved
camps at least three times a year. For this reason they lived in tepees. These were like big tents and were easy
to put up and take down. These tepees were transported by horses." "Inside the tepee you would find all the
items that people needed to live with. The Plains Indians would decorate the insides with pictures, and store
their weapons and food. The Indians would also have a fire in the middle of the tepee to cook the food. The
Sioux people sed to put buffalo skins on the floor to use as carpets. You would also find their beds." "In the
Indian camp everyone had a job to do. The men had to hunt for food, and keep the families safe. The women
had to cook all the meals, make the clothes, look after the children and whenever the camp moved they had to
take down and put up the tepees."
250.Pop Art #071369
Emerging in the mid 1950s in Britain and late 1950s in America, pop art reached its peak in the 1960s. It began
as a revolt against the dominant approaches to art and culture and traditional views on what art should be.
Young artists felt that what they were taught at art school and what they saw in museums did not have
anything to do with their lives or the things they saw around them every day. Instead they turned to sources
such as Hollywood movies, advertising, product packaging, pop music and comic books for their imagery.
251.Language Extinct #071371
At the moment, there are between six and seven thousand languages in the world. According to linguists, fifty
percent of these are in danger of becoming extinct. The speed of language loss has accelerated over the past
few decades because businesses that need to communicate with a range of people from other cultures prefer
to employ more widely used languages, such as English, Chinese, or Spanish. This attitude is understandable,
but it means that many local languages are dying out before anyone has had the opportunity to study them.
According to linguists, some of these languages could reveal a great deal of useful information about language
learning and cognitive development. In addition, a local language that has been built on the local culture
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contains words and phrases that express that culture; lose the language and you arguably may lose the
culture, too. And finally, historians will argue that a language contains evidence of a region's history and
should, for that reason alone, be preserved.
252.Icebergs' Sound #071373
Twenty years ago, not so long before B-15 broke off from Antarctica, 'we didn't even know that icebergs made
noise,' says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at NOAA who has studied these sounds. But in the past few
years, scientists have started to learn to distinguish the eerie, haunting sounds of iceberg life — ice cracking,
icebergs grinding against each other, an iceberg grounding on the seafloor — and measure the extent to
which those sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While they're just now learning to listen, the sounds
of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm up
.
253.Home Appliances #071374
In the developed world, home appliances have greatly reduced the need for physical labour. Fewer people
need to be involved in tasks that once left them little time to do much else. For example, the word processor
and email have, to a great extent, replaced the dedicated secretarial staff that briefly flourished with the rise of
the typewriter. At one time all copies were made with manual scribes, carefully duplicating what they read.
Then we had carbon paper. Then photocopiers. Then printers. Then the requirement for physical copy
reduced. An entire stream of labour appeared and disappeared as technology advanced. We freed ourselves
of one kind of work; we just replaced it with another.
254.Ozone #071377
Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the
biomass of clones plantedhave planted, planting, planted, being planted outside small towns upstate or on
Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in
Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report.Ozone
chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural
trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban pollution that blowsblows, flows, flies,
wonders in and lingers. A series of new experiments now show that this hang-around ozone is the
overwhelmingsignificant, extremely, overwhelming, irrelevant factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the
July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas payspend,
cost, take, pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
255.Repeated Syllables #071378
Assessments of language learning in 18-month-olds suggest that children are better at grasping the names of
objects with repeated syllables, over words with non-identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help
explainexplain, solve, show, display why some words or phrases, such as 'train' and 'good night', have given
rise to versions with repeated syllables, such as choo-choo and night-night. The researchers say such words
are easier for infants to learn, and may provide them withon, with, by, at a starter point for vocabulary learning.
A team from the University of Edinburgh assessed the infants' language learning behavior in a series of visual
visual, sighted, visible, sightseeing and attention tests using pictures on a computer screen of two unfamiliar
objects. The two objects were named with made-upreal, fictional, true, made-up words which were
communicatedsaid, talked, spoke, communicated] to the infants by a recorded voice — one with two identical
syllables, for example neenee, and the other without repeated syllables, such as bolay. The infants were then
tested for their recognition of each wordobject, syllable, word, voice. Recordings of their eye movements
showed they looked more reliably at the object labeled with repeated syllables, than the other object.
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Researchers validated their results with a control test, in which the infants responded to pictures of familiar
objects — such as a dog or an apple.
256.Genius #071382
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity-doing something truly creative, we're
inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his
masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties,
culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in EFlat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has
hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I
grow old . . . I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman
maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to
be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on
creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an
early age."
257.Research Ship #071383
The modern research ship takes its origins from the early exploration voyages such as HMS Endeavour and
HMS Challenger, both of which were converted vessels, fitted with a range of research facilities to sample and
measure across a range of disciplines in extreme environments. Early research vessels were fairly basic and
simplistic compared to the state-of-the-art ships we see being developed today. Gradually, the trend of
converting other vessels into research ships was challenged by the challenging demands of investigating
increasingly complex areas of oceanographic research, such as physical, biological and chemical
oceanography; marine geology and geophysics; ocean engineering and atmospheric science in one
expedition. In order to carry out multi-disciplinary research in extreme environments, specially designed
research vessels became a requirement. Research ships are the primary source of oceanographic
observations and will remain so for the foreseeable future. As time goes on, science is likely to be conducted
in increasingly remote and environmentally challenging areas, including the polar seas, so the ability to operate
with minimal interruptions from the natural elements remains unchanged from the days of the Challenger
Expedition.
258.Amyloid Beta #071387
It's like the molecular version of the Joker and the Riddler teaming up against Batman. Scientists at Yale
University have discovered that amyloid beta, a protein involved in Alzheimer's disease, can damage brain
cells by binding to prion proteins, which are themselves infamous because, in their abnormal form, they cause
things like mad cow disease. Amyloid beta is best known as the protein that forms the giant plaques that
riddle the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Those plaques contain billions of copies of amyloid beta all stuck
together in one gloppy mess. But the protein also exists in a more soluble form, either in single units or in small
groups of 50 or 100. These smaller clusters don't cause the same large-scale mayhem as plaques, but they do
damage neurons, impairing their ability to learn. And the Yale researchers wanted to find out how. They
discovered that amyloid beta binds to the prion proteins normally found on neurons. What's more, the prions
ramp up amyloid beta's neurotoxic effects. Take away the prions and amyloid-beta clusters are harmless,
findings published in the journal Nature. So drugs that prevent this amyloid-prion coupling could be a potent
weapon against Alzheimer's.
259.Folklore #071388
Folklore - A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that
have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the
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written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of
legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate
societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or
locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.
260.Cardona Salt Mountain #071389
Formed two million years ago when low-density salt was pushed up through the much harder materials
surrounding it, the Cardona Salt Mountain is one of the largest domes of its kind in the world, and unique in
Europe. While small amounts of other minerals pervade the savory hill, the salt pile would have a near
translucent quality if not for the thin layer of reddish clay coating the exterior. The significance of the mountain
was recognized as early as the middle ages when Romans began exploiting the mountain for its salt, which
began to bolster the young Cardonian economy. With the invention of industrial mining techniques, a mine was
built into the side of the mountain and a thriving facility formed at its base as excavators dragged enormous
amounts of potash (water-soluble) salt from the innards of the hill. In addition to the mineral export, the locals
of Cardona began making salt sculptures to sell and invented a number of hard, salty pastries unique to the
area.
261.Teenage Daughter #071391
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for
homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another
vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time? Easily,
according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been
exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult
brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of
development. These are people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."
262.Spanish #071392
Spanish is spoken by more than 300 million people in over 20 countries and is rapidly becoming one of the
most popular choices for language learners around the world. A popular course for beginners, Suenos World
Spanish is designed to meet the varied needs of adult learners, whether learning at home or in a class. From
the very beginning it encourages you to develop your listening and speaking skills with confidence and
provides many opportunities to practice reading in Spanish. Using the extensive range of media available, from
the course book to the audio CDs or cassettes, to the popular accompanying television series and free online
activities, Suenos World Spanish can help you reach the equivalent level of a first qualification, such as GCSE.
263.Environmental Policy #071394
Thus, the environmental policy does not contribute to profitability in any real sense at all. In practice, it is
companies that are well organized and efficient, or that are already comfortably profitable, that have time to
establish environmental policies. This is confusing the cause with effect. It is not that environmental best
practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for concern for the environment.
264.Life Expectancy #071398
People are generally living longer than previous generations across most parts of the world. Rising life
expectancy is a result of advances in medicine as well as improving living standards and healthier lifestyles.
But while this should be celebrated for social reasons, is it beneficial in economic terms? Does the increase in
the older population create an economic burden on society or can older people be mobilized to enhance the
productivity of communities in which they work and live? New analysis of international data from 35 countries,
published by the International Longevity Centre, provides more evidence in favor of a 'longevity dividend'. The
authors found that as life expectancy increases, so does'output per hour worked, per worker and per capita'.
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265.Looking Trustworthy #071402
It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the candidates' track
records and future policy promises. In truth, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look.
Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political
candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate
selected by students as looking the most competent was also the one who'd had real life electoral success,
the implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates' appearance (there’s little evidence
that appearance and competence actually correlate). Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes,
especially in war time (in peacetime, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage). Other research has shown
that was more likely to vote for male and female candidates with deeper voices.
266.Australian Renewable Energy Agency #071439
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has awarded $2.49 million to cover a portion of the cost of
a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime College at the University of Tasmania, in partnership with
The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85 million 'Tidal Energy in Australia - Assessing Resource
and Feasibility to Australia's Future Energy Mix' project will map the country's tidal energy in unprecedented
detail before assessing its ability to contribute to Australia's energy needs. Lead chief investigator Associate
Professor Irene Penesis from the University of Tasmania said the project would help overcome barriers to
investment in commercial-scale tidal farms in Australia. 'With some of the largest tides in the world, Australia is
ideal for this extremely reliable and low-carbon form of energy,' she said.
267.Active Brain #071466
Keeping the brain active and engaged appears to combat the cognitive decline associated with getting older.
Now a study has found a new, but related, factor in maintaining a sharp mind—the space in which we live.
Researchers recruited almost 1,300 senior citizens, none of whom showed any signs of clinical dementia at
the start of the study. The participants had their cognitive function tested annually for up to eight years. And
they also described their living space. For example, maybe they mostly hung around their bedroom. Perhaps
they spent time in the yard. Or frequently traveled. By the end of the study, 180 people had Alzheimers. And
those whose life-space narrowed in on their immediate home were almost twice as likely to develop the
condition as those who ventured out. The homebound folks also had an increased risk of other cognitive
impairments and a faster rate of cognitive decline. The research was published in the American Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry. The study's lead investigator, Bryan James of the Rush University Medical Center in
Chicago, suggests that, "Perhaps life space is an indicator of how much we are actively engaging and
challenging our cognitive abilities."
268.Powerless Creatures #071482
Individual human beings are relatively powerless creatures, no match for lions or bears. It’s what they can do
as groups that has enabled them to take over the planet. These groupings – corporations, religions, states –
are now part of a vast network of interconnected information flows. Finding points of resistance, where smaller
units can stand up to the waves of information washing around the globe, is becoming harder all the time.
269.Dark Energy #071251
The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible substance called dark matter 25% and a
force that repels gravity known as dark energy 70%. Scientists have not yet observed dark matter directly. It
doesn't interact with baryonic matter; it's completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic
radiation, making dark matter impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are confident it
exists because of the gravitational effects, it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters.
270.Coastal Fish Farms #071304
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Coastal fish farms seem to do less harm to nearby plants and animals than previously believed, a new study
reveals. And marine ecosystems can recover from this damage surprisingly fast. But the analysis of a single
trout farm in a Faroe Islands fjord over nearly a year also shows that these facilities need to be placed
carefully, and that there’s a limit to how many can operate in a particular area before its biodiversity suffers
lasting harm. In coastal farms, fish live in large cages hanging from pontoons on the surface. Fish feces and
uneaten food sink to the seabed, affecting its ecosystem. Badly-managed farms can also have serious effects
on the surrounding water column.
271.Great Barrier Reef #071332
One of Australia's most remarkable natural gifts, the Great Barrier Reef is blessed with the breathtaking beauty
of the world's largest coral reef. The reef contains an abundance of marine life and comprises of over 3000
individual reef systems and coral cays and literally hundreds of picturesque tropical islands with some of the
world's most beautiful sun-soaked, golden beaches. Because of its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has
become one of the world's most sought -after tourist destinations. A visitor to the Great Barrier Reef can enjoy
many experiences including snorkeling, scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours, bare boats (self- sail) glassbottomed boat viewing, semi-submersibles and educational trips, cruise ship tours, whale watching and
swimming with dolphins.
272.Brain #071333
For decades, scientists have used an imaging technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or
fMRI, to chronicle the brain in action. But a study in the January 22nd issue of Nature suggests that fMRI might
show more than what the brain is doing—it might reveal what the brain's about to do. FMRI studies assume
that blood flow in the brain correlates with neuronal activity. Active brain cells need nutrients, which are
brought to the cells by freshly oxygenated blood. But in the new study, scientists found that fMRI also detects
increased blood flow in brain regions that aren't active—but that may be in the near future. The researchers
trained monkeys to perform a specific visual task. And they found that, even when the animals were sitting in
the dark waiting for the test to begin, fMRI nevertheless revealed an increased blood flow to the monkeys'
visual cortex. The study suggests that fMRI data may be a lot more interesting than we thought. Scientists may
be looking at their imaging data in a way that's too simplistic. And fMRI may not be measuring exactly what we
thought it did. What will they think of next? Maybe fMRI can tell.
273.Economic Depression（B） #071334
An economic depression is a period of sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more
economies. It is more severe than a recession, which is a slowdown in economic activity over the course of a
normal business cycle. Economic depressions are characterized by their length, and by abnormally large
increases in unemployment rate.
274.Willful Blindness #071336
Willful blindness had started life as a legal concept in the nineteenth century. A judge in Regina v. Sleep ruled
that an accused could not be convicted for possession of government property unless the jury found that he
either knew the goods came from government stores or had "willfully shut his eyes to the fact." Thereafter,
English judicial authorities referred to the state of mind that accompanied one who "willfully shut his eyes" as
"connivance" or "constructive knowledge." Over time, lots of other phrases came into play-"deliberate or
willful ignorance,""conscious avoidance," and "deliberate indifference." What they all have in common is the
idea that there is an opportunity for knowledge and a responsibility to be informed, but it is shirked.
Nowadays, the law is most often applied in cases of money laundering and drug trafficking: if you've been paid
a large amount of money to carry a suitcase, then you are being willfully blind if you don't check what is inside.
275.Mercury #071338
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Mercury is not found in many common products that we buy because it can be very dangerous. The most
common products that contain mercury are batteries, powerful outdoor lights, disinfectants and thermometers,
which are used to measure our body's temperature. It can also be found in barometers, which are used to
measure air pressure and show changes in weather, and thermostats, which regulate the temperature of
buildings, Mercury can also be found in printer and photocopy toners.
276.Modern technology #071339
Modern technology has enhanced the study of language by making its sounds observable in greater detail and
with greater accuracy than ever before, but the thoughts associated with those sounds remain problematic.
Currently developing techniques of brain imaging are allowing us to observe for the first-time which parts of
the brain are active in different circumstances. They do not, however, show experiences themselves, which
may always remain hidden from public observation. There is a sense in which each of us knows what we are
thinking, although we may not always have a good way of verbalizing it. But the only way we can know what
someone else is thinking is through what that person says, or through some other overt action a facial
expression or gesture, perhaps from which that person's thoughts may be inferred, or from imagining what we
ourselves would be thinking in similar circumstances.
277.Wrist watch #071341
The wrist watch works by tracking information such as a person's pulse or movement. When it detects a
change in a person's health, the watch sends information to a touchscreen hub located in the home. The hub
then alerts pre-determined contacts and calls for help immediately.
278.Electrons #071375
The electrons that orbit closest to the nucleus are strongly attracted. They are called bound electrons. The
electrons that are farther away from the pull of nucleus can be forced out of their orbits. These are called free
electrons. Free electrons can move from one atom to another. This movement is known as electron flow.
Electricity is the movement or flow of electrons from one atom to another. A condition of imbalance is
necessary to have a movement of electrons. In a normal atom, the positively charged nucleus balances the
negatively charged electrons. This holds them in orbit. If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positive in
charge. It attracts more electrons in order to get its balance. A conductor is any material that allows a good
electron flow and conducts electricity. A good conductor must be made of atoms that give off free electrons
easily. Also, the atoms must be close enough to each other so that the free electron orbits overlap. Ignition
systems use copper and aluminum wires to conduct electricity. They allow good electron flow.
279.Democracy #071379
Democracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakingsbusinesses,
enterprises, jobs, undertakings of a state or other polity are directly or indirectly decided by the 'people', a
group historically constituted by only a minority of the population (e.g., all free adult males in ancient Athens or
all sufficiently propertied adult males in 19th-century Britain) but generally understood sincewhen, since, while,
as the mid-20th century to include all (or nearly all) adult citizens. By and large, states with democratic
governments prevent rule by autocrats, guaranteeguaranteeing, guarantees, guaranteed, guarantee,
fundamental individual rights, allow forto, with, for, by a relatively high level of political equality, and rarely
make war on each other. As compared with nondemocratic states, they also better foster human development
as measuredmeasured, tested, searched, studied by indicators such as health and education, provide more
prosperity for their citizens, and ensure a broaderhuger, broader, wider, general range of personal freedoms.
280.Marshmallow Test #071380
Mischel is the creator of the marshmallow test, one of the most famous experiments in the history of
psychology, which is often cited as evidence of the importance of self-control. In the original test, which was
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administered at the Bing Nursery School, at Stanford, in the nineteen-sixties, Mischel's team would present a
child with a treat (marshmallows were just one option) and tell her that she could either eat the one treat
immediatelyconstantly, directly, immediately, spontaneously or wait alone in the room for several minutes until
the researcher returned, at which point she could have two treats. The promised treats were always visible and
the child knew that all she had to do to stop the agonizing waitawait, waiting, waited, wait was ring a bell to
call the experimenter back--although in that casetime, place, position, case, she wouldn't get the second treat.
The longer a child delayed gratification, Mischel found--that is, the longer she was able to wait--the better she
would fare later in life at numerous measures of what we now call executive function. She would perform
perform, behave, express, complete better academically, earn more money, and be healthier and happier. She
would also be more likely to avoid a number of negative outcomes, including jail time, obesity, and drug use.
281.Contexts #071381
Contexts is a quarterly magazine of the American Sociological Association about society and social behavior.
Directed to anyonewho, that, ,everyone, anyone interested in the latest sociological ideas and research,
Contexts seeks to apply new knowledge, stimulate fresh thinking, and disseminate important information
producedproduced, created, invented, generated by the discipline. The publication's articles synthesize key
findings, weave togetheradditionally, together, tightly, totally diverse strands of work, draw out implications for
policy, and debate issues of controversy. The hallmarks of Contexts are accessibility, broad appeal, and
timeliness. By design, it is not a technical journal, buteven, than, but, and a magazine for diverse readers,
thoseeveryone, anyone, that, those who wish to be current about social science knowledge, emerging trends,
and their relevance.
282.Academic Writing #071384
Academic writing addresses complex issues that require high-order thinking skills to comprehend (e.g., critical
reflective logical and creative thinking). Think of your writing this way: one of the most important attributes of a
good teacher is the ability to explain complex ideas in a way that is understandable and relatable to the topic
being presented]. This is also one of the main functions of academic writing - describing and explaining the
significance of complex ideas as clearly as possible. Often referred to as higher-order thinking skills, these
include cognitive processes that are used to comprehend solve problems and express concepts or that
describe abstract ideas that cannot be easily acted out pointed to or shown with images. As a writer you must
take on the role of a good teacher by summarizing a lot of complex information into a well-organized synthesis
of ideas concepts and recommendations that contribute to a better understanding of the research problem.
283.Selfies #071385
To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers combed through 2.5
million selfie posts on Instagram to determine what kinds of identity statements people make by taking and
sharing the photos.Nearly 52 percent of all selfies fell into the appearance category: pictures of people
showing off their make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more popular than the other 14
categories combined. After appearances, social selfies with friends, loved ones, and pets were the most
common (14 percent). Then came ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7 percent), and health and fitness (5
percent).
The researchers noted that the prevalence of ethnicity selfies (selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or
country of origin) is an indication that people are proud of their backgrounds. They also found that most selfies
are solo pictures, rather than taken with a group.Overall, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram
were posted by the 18-35-year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn’t too surprising considering the
demographics of the social media platform. The under-18 age group posted about 30 percent of selfies. The
older crowd (35+) shared them far less frequently (13 percent). Appearance was most popular among all age
groups.Lead author Julia Deeb-Swihart says selfies are an identity performance—meaning that users carefully
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craft the way they appear online and that selfies are an extension of that. This evokes William Shakespeare’s
famous line: “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”
284.Left-handed Population #071386
In any given population, about ten percent of the people are left-handed and this figure remains relatively
stable over time. So-called “handedness” runs in families, but what causes it and why the proportion of lefthanded to right-handed people is a constant are still a mystery. One thing we do know is that hand dominance
is related to brain asymmetry; and it seems to be generally agreed that the human brain is profoundly
asymmetric, and that understanding how this works will tell us much about who we are and how our brains
work. Brain (function) is distributed into the left and right hemispheres, and this is crucial for understanding
language, thought, memory, and perhaps even creativity. For right-handed people, language activity is mainly
on the left side. Many left-handers also have left-side language dominance, but a significant number may have
language either more evenly distributed in both hemispheres or else predominantly on the right side of the
brain. Because left-handedness is seen as a key to the complex anatomy of the brain, scientists are searching
for links to other conditions, including immune disorders, learning disabilities, and reduced life expectancy.
285.Dag Hammarskjold Library #071393
The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate
the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic
missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies,
accredited media and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the United
Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.
286.Study of Objects #071416
The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material
culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through
careful study and observation of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source
material for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and
even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body’).Some specialists in the field of
material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns supreme. It plays a
critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or
non-existent. In such cases, objects are all scholars have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient
peoples.
Even where written documents survive the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and
interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval
archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists,
anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean different things to different
people.
287.Ikebana #071418
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity
are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana
often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line,
and form.Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention
behind each arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and
the implied meaning of the arrangement.
288.Life Science #071426
The Life Science Institute at the University of Michigan achieves excellence in biomedical research by bringing
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together the world's leading scientists from a variety of life science disciplines to accelerate breakthroughs
and discoveries that will improve human health. With close to 400 scientific staff members, the LSI is
exploiting the power of a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach to biomedical research in an openlaboratory facility.
289.Hibernation #071432
Hibernation is a way for many creatures - from butterflies to bats - to survive cold, dark winters without having
to forage for food or migrate to somewhere warmer. Instead, they turn down their metabolisms to save energy.
Animals in hot climates also undergo a form of hibernation called aestivation. This works in a similar way and
enables them to survive extreme heat, drought or lack of food. Hibernating is much more profound than simply
sleeping, though. Depending on the species, it can vary from long, deep unconsciousness to light spells of
inactivity. But hibernation carries risks as the dormant animal is [vulnerable] to predators and the unpredictable
climate.
290.Conservationists #071451
Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the Australian national threatened species
list. While the koala is clearly in trouble in some parts of the country – in Queensland, for example, high
numbers are afflicted by disease – in other parts such as Victoria and South Australia the problem is not that
koala populations are falling, but that they have grown to the point where they are almost too numerous. For a
species to be classed as vulnerable, its population must have decreased by more than 30 percent over the last
three generations or 10 years. The problem is that when such a stipulation is applied to koalas, the Victorian
boom offsets the Queensland bust, and the species stays off the list. This has repercussions because northern
koalas are different to southern ones. They are smaller, for example, and they contain a genetic variation not
represented in the South. For this reason, a split listing has been devised koalas from New South Wales, the
ACT and Queensland are now officially 'Vulnerable'; those from Victoria and South Australia are not
considered threatened.
291.Ernest Shackleton #071493
Ernest Shackleton was a British explorer of the South Pole who is best remembered for leading his crew to
safety after the failed expedition of the Endurance (1914–16). Shackleton had been a junior officer on Robert
Falcon Scott's discovery expedition (1902–03), and his travels with the Nimrod (1907-09) had taken him closer
to the South Pole than anyone before. After Roald Amundsen reached the Pole in 1911, Shackleton and a
crew of 28 men set out in his ship Endurance in 1914, in the hope of being the first to cross the polar
continent. The ship was frozen in ice, then crushed, and Shackleton and his men set out in lifeboats after
nearly a year and a half on the ice. Shackleton, known as "The Boss," took five men and sailed 800 miles in an
open boat from Elephant Island to the island of South Georgia, then went back and saved the rest of his crew,
all of whom survived. Almost two years after starting out, they reached safety in South America in September
1916. In spite of his heroics, Shackleton had a hard time back in England with finances and alcohol. He
eventually managed to get financing for another voyage to Antarctica in 1921, but he had a fatal heart attack at
South Georgia Island and never made it.
292.Emperor Penguin #071498
The emperor is the giant of the penguin world and the most iconic of the birds of Antarctica. Gold patches on
their ears and on the top of their chest brighten up their black heads. Emperors and their closest relative, the
king penguin, have unique breeding cycles, with very long chick-rearing periods. The emperor penguins breed
the furthest south of any penguin species, forming large colonies on the sea-ice surrounding the Antarctic
continent. They are true Antarctic birds, rarely seen in the subantarctic waters. So that the chicks can fledge in
the late summer season, emperors breed during the cold, dark winter, with temperatures as low at - 50°C and
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winds up to 200 km per hour. They trek 50–120 km (30–75 mls) over the ice to breeding colonies which may
include thousands of individuals. The female lays a single egg in May then passes it over to her mate to
incubate whilst she goes to sea to feed. For nine weeks the male fasts, losing 45% of his body weight. The
male balances the egg on his feet, which are covered in a thick roll of skin and feathers. The egg can be 70°C
warmer than the outside temperature.
293.Questionnaire #071500
The How I Feel About My School questionnaire, designed by experts at the University of Exeter Medical
School, is available to download for free. It uses emoticon-style faces with options of happy, ok or sad. It asks
children to rate how they feel in seven situations including on the way to school, in the classroom and in the
playground. It is designed to help teachers and others to communicate with very young children on complex
emotions. The project was supported by the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Applied
Health Research and Care South West Peninsula ( NIHR PenCLAHRC). Professor Tamsin Ford, Professor of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Exeter Medical School, led the design, involving children
to give feedback on which style of questionnaire they could relate to best. She said: "When we're carrying out
research in schools, it can be really hard to meaningfully assess how very young children are feeling. We
couldn't find anything that could provide what we needed, so we decided to create something."
294.Visual art #071019
It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are composing their
ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to
elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a
piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen
words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e.
fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a
result, texts written by young writers be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process,
resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon
drawing-second approach.
295.Mike’s Research #071039
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for
Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike’s research is
focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the
microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his
research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief
editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental
Microbiology. Mike’s non-scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He
lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut,
and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).
296.National Sustainable Development Strategies #071058
The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for
their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of
sovereignty. The Monterrey Consensus states that ‘Each country has primary responsibility for its own
economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be
over-emphasized. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation called for all governments to begin implementing
national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) by 2005 and the 2005 Summit agreed on a target of 2006
for all developing countries to adopt and start implementation of these strategies to achieve the internationally
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agreed goals. The automatic corollary of that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own
development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of
national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development strategies
should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under the
leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in
this regard, that all countries must recognize the need for developing countries to strike a balance between
their national policy priorities and their international commitments.
297.The Eiffel Tower #071065
The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1889. It was built for the
World's Fair to demonstrate that iron could be as strong as stone while being infinitely lighter. And in fact, the
wrought-iron tower is twice as tall as the masonry Washington Monument and yet it weighs 70,000 tons less! It
is repainted every seven years with 50 tons of dark brown paint.
Called "the father of the skyscraper," the Home Insurance Building, constructed in Chicago in 1885 (and
demolished in 1931), was 138 feet tall and 10 stories. It was the first building to effectively employ a
supporting skeleton of steel beams and columns, allowing it to have many more windows than traditional
masonry structures. But this new construction method made people worry that the building would fall down,
leading the city to halt construction until they could investigate the structure's safety.
In 1929, auto tycoon Walter Chrysler took part in an intense race with the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company
to build the world's tallest skyscraper. Just when it looked like the bank had captured the coveted title,
workers at the Chrysler Building jacked a thin spire hidden inside the building through the top of the roof to win
the contest (subsequently losing the title four months later to the Empire State Building). Chrysler also
decorated his building to mirror his cars, with hubcaps, mudguards, and hood ornaments.
298.EE & AVG [Version 2] #071074
There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in which players physically
interact with images onscreen) as a means to promote physical activity in children. The aim of this review was
to assess active video games as a means of increasing energy expenditure and physical activity behavior in
children. Studies were obtained from computerized searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases.
The last search was conducted in December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy
cost associated with playing active video games, and eight studies focused on the utility of active video games
as an intervention to increase physical activity in children. Compared with traditional non-active video games,
active video games elicited greater energy expenditure, which was similar in intensity to mild to moderate
intensity physical activity. The intervention studies indicate that active video games may have the potential to
increase free-living physical activity and improve body composition in children; however, methodological
limitations prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on larger, methodologically sound
intervention trials to provide definitive answers as to whether this technology is effective in promoting longterm physical activity in children.
299.Trip to Germany #071077
Last year I went to Germany. It was a trip to Germany not for leisure but for exchange. This was the worst trip
that I have been on. We transferred via Amsterdam. We arrived half an hour ahead of the time that plane was
supposed to take off, but the plane was late, so we took another flight which was flying to a wrong destination.
It landed at another airport, hundreds of miles away from where I supposed to be. All we could do was waiting
for the next connecting flight to take us. So, we waited for another hour and a half. Everyone was exhausted.
No wonder we all hope to go home straight away.
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300.Sydney #071098
Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable
for integrating suitable business, office, residential, retail and other development in accessible locations so as
to maximise public transport patronage and encourage walking and cycling. Also this city can reduce the
consumption of land for housing and associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed
mixed business, mixed use and business park areas, there was no employment data available for comparable
areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will affect affordability in Sydney.
301.Rudman #071105
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the
Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation-that ancient Greece enjoys
unrivalled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school-leads to a radical punchline; Mathematics
could be better learnt after we leave school.
302.Charles Darwin #071111
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and energy. He and
his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of
thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the
rainforest, and they had no idea of its value to humankind.
303.Intelligence of animals #071168
Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a
horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that does not require the cooperation of the
animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing
across species is not as simple as generally expected. An elephant will have a larger brain than a human
simply because it is a large beast. Instead, we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an
animal's brain to the size of its body.
Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, followed by great apes,
porpoises and elephants. As a general rule, animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict
vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups
are always smarter and have large EQ's than solitary animals.
304.Chemistry #071180
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the result of
chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s
membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen
in the blood by a protein as it passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.
305.Scientist’s Job #071192
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiments. After these have been done, he got his
results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have a picture of world.
306.Renewable energy #071234
Recently, due to concerns over pollution and the possibility that some sources of fuel might eventually run out
or become uneconomic to obtain, there has been much greater support for renewable sources of power, such
as wind or solar energy.
Renewable energy sources provide 25 percent of the electricity we use. unlike fossil fuels, they tend not to
produce any waste or significantly add to global warming by producing gases.
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307.Plants and animals #071279
From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding and
recording the potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first illustrated catalogue
of medicinal plants, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century through to the late fourteenth
century the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and
herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that
they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing popularity of copperplate engravings, the
traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals became more accurate.
Then, with the emergence of artists such as Albrecht Durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto
Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse Aldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be
depicted in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness
rendered onto paper or vellum.
308.Cultural studies #071284
Cultural studies is a new way of engaging in the study of culture. In the past many academic subjects –
including anthropology, history, literary studies, human geography and sociology – have brought their own
disciplinary concerns to the study of culture. However, in recent decades there has been a renewed interest in
the study of culture that has crossed disciplinary boundaries. The resulting activity, cultural studies, has
emerged as an intriguing and exciting area of intellectual inquiry that has already shed important new light on
the character of human cultures and that promises to continue to do so. While there is little doubt that cultural
studies is coming to be widely recognised as an important and distinctive field of study, it does seem to
encompass a potentially enormous area. This is because the term ‘culture’ has a complex history and range of
usages, which have provided a legitimate focus of inquiry for several academic disciplines.
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READING: FILL IN THE BLANKS - 106题
1.Teenage daughter #081001
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for
homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another
vehicle.
How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time? Easily, according
to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring
the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with
fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development.
These are people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."
2.Plainness #081002
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare,
unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry
us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should striveto be sensibly simple,
and to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will
bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do
not advise abandoning altogether.
3.University Science #081003
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry.
Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of
Chemistry.
The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and
Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recentlyExeter University closed down its chemistry department,
blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor: chemistry degrees are
expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the
government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol,
exacerbates the problem.
4.Sportswomen #081004
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need
to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all,
if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
5.Advertisement #081005
Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to
the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects the value of advertising
to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the
products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make informed assessments when
looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and practices
that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance
schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better- would be infinitely more
problematic than it is. And without advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would
be a far duller place.
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6.Reality #081006
Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another,
this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-today life; it's easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since the
first encountering Camus' Text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.
7.Ikebana #081007
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity
are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana
often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line,
and form.
Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each
arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied
meaning of the arrangement.
8.Kashmiri #081008
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual
influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers
honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the
British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatists and Islamist militancy attacked and
everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed
in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives,
proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
9.Planes #081010
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as many planes, and not just
the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes,
competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid air collisions, and with
commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
10.Stress #081011
Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body
respondsas though you are in danger. It makes hormonesthat speed up your heart, make you breathe faster,
and give you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress response. Some stress is normal and
even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race
or finishan important job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects. It
can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your immune
system, making it harder fight off disease.
11.Ice Storm #081016
An ice storm is a type of weather when icy rainfall comes down into the cold air and the water turned into ice.
Once there was a serious ice storm when more than 16,000 households had a blackout during the ice storm
as the ice storm would smash the cables.
12.Kathryn Mewes #081018
Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the
parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny,
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Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behaviour, as well
as doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and
unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control their whole
lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day
Nanny" because of her pledge to fix behavioural problems in children under the age of 12 within three days,
she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The role of the parenting
consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise,
such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting advice.
13.Kids Distinguish Commercial Ads #081019
From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors
the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is
the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are
not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the
literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987 Robertson and
Rossiter 1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to distinguish between programs and
commercials and are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
14.Genius #081020
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity-doing something truly creative, we're
inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his
masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties,
culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in EFlat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has
hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I
grow old . . . I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman
maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to
be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on
creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an
early age."
15.Sustainable Job Growth #081021
"Sustainable Job Growth" is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a recession. The
problem of 'job quality' is less often addressed and may be seen as hindering job growth. The sentiment 'any
job is better than no job' may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of high
unemployment. However, if the balance between improving the quality of existing jobs and creating new jobs
becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work stress among current and future
workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre Report
on Stress at Work highlights these concerns, and describes the context, determinants and consequences of
work-related stress in Britain.
16.Breton Language #081022
It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth century the new country
was established and known as “Lesser Britain”, but for many centuries its language remained close to the one
of Great Britain’s – very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth century is the milestone
where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.
17.Sea turtle hatch light pollution #081023
The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an increasingly common
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feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is exceptionally high in coastal regions of
tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light
pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or
behaviour depends, in some way, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have
detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge from
nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly
at night (although some early morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and welldirected orientation to the water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon
above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them to
move away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this
disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and
predation.
18.Shark bite #081025
Shark bite numbers grew steadily over the last century as humans reproduced exponentially and spent more
time at the seashore. But the numbers have stabilized over the past five years as overfishing thinned the shark
population near shore and swimmers learned about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said.
19.Study space #081026
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private
rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can build up,
and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a
part of your study habits.
20.White Paper #081029
Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: How
comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has
painted on it with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this
I answer, in one word, from experience: in that, all our knowledge is founded, and from that, it ultimately
derives itself.
21.Australia and New Zealand #081035
Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are
predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural heritage. Although in close
proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world
standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts .
In terms of population characteristics, Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries have
minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of
migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experienced similar declines in
fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of
continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with
an ageing population, and the associated challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing
group within the community
22.The sun and the moon #081038
In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon appeared.
Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the
great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was
thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be
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discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in
different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact
it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the
world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
23.Environmentalists #081041
Although environmentalists have been warning about this situation for decades, many other people are finally
beginning to realise that if we don't act soon it will be too late. The good news is that more and more
businesses and governments are beginning to understand that without a healthy environment the global
economy and everything that depends on it will be seriously endangered. And they are beginning to take
positive action.
24.Exams looming #081043
It's that time again! Exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the years gone
already. You start wondering how you're going to cope with it all. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to
be more motivated and more purposeful. It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and
logically about it. In other words, it can help you stay on top of things. Sit down at your desk and make a start
on writing down all the things you have to do to prepare for the exams.
25.Steven Pinker #081046
Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has called music
"auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental
faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged."
Others have argued that, on the contrary, music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people
human; its absence would have a brutalising effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music
enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive
and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it
if we tried.
26.Higher Education Qualifications #081047
Higher education qualifications provide a substantial advantage in the labour market. Higher education
graduates are less likely to be unemployed and tend to have higher incomes than those without such
qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to increased productivity and innovation and
make Australia more competitive in the global market
27.Colorful Poison Frogs #081051
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the
Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at
Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the
Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the
idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the
Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of
the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over
many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in
the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role
28.Children who skip school #081053
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. fewer
children played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m
unauthorised days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
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But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of
all those on unauthorised absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same period
last year.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their school last term, compared with 0.9%
for the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.
29.Disadvantage in Early Childhood #081054
Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development. Factors such as low
socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation may have lasting impacts on a
child's chance of reaching their full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool education can
help to lessen the effects of these risk factors and can provide children with a better start to school. However,
some of these factors may also be barriers to preschool attendance for groups that would benefit most from
preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's education is the responsibility of man
government and non-government agencies and it occurs in a range of settings. Preschool is aimed at children
around four years of age to prepare them for compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states
and territories, children can start full-time schooling at five years of age, when they enrol in a kindergarten or
preparatory year. In 2001, just over half of five-year olds (57%) were at school with about a third (34%)
attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can commence preschool before they turn
four, participation rates for three-year olds are much lower than four-year olds (24% compared with 56% for
four-year olds in 2001). The preschool participation rate of four-year olds in 2001 (56%) was similar to the rate
in 1991 (58%).
30.Radioactivity #081058
So why is it a concern? It is because radioactivity is invisible and unsensed, and for that reason is perceived as
scary. Nevertheless, we understand quite well the radiation levels to which people can be exposed without
harm, and those levels are orders of magnitude above the typical background levels.
31.Bhutan #081060
Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has preserved much of their
culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the world Internet, television,
and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years
globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain perfectly balanced.
Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a 'GNH.' You may think GNH is just another statistically based
term with no real-life application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness." The process of measuring GNH
began when Bhutan opened to globalization. It measures people's quality of life, and makes sure that "material
and spiritual development happen together." Bhutan has done an amazing Job of finding this balance. Bhutan
has continually been (ranked) as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the
world according to Business Week. In 2007 Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the
same time as maintaining their environment and cultural identity.
Bhutan is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. Over
two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and Buddhism is supported by the government both politically and
economically. The government gives subsidies to Buddhist monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist
programs.
32.Health professionals #081063
People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population, because illness increases
with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited complementary health therapists was highest
between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over contrasted with the rate
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of visits to other health professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this
difference might include lower levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people. Alternatively,
older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people because their health on average is
worse while their incomes are generally lower.
33.Agrarian parties #081064
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural
sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two
factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the representation of
countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major sections of society. Thus a country might
possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were
predominantly related to their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country the
political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
34.The wholeness of thought #081066
The writer-or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must express it in a line
of words; the reader- or listener-must take this line of symbols and from it reconstruct the original wholeness
of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives innumerable cues from the
physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time. The advantage
of group discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by converging on ideas from
different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon line of
printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
35.Life changes #081067
Research has suggested that major stresses in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house, marriage
or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also common
causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part.
36.People’s savings #081068
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend later. Those in
work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed and
elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as people get richer.
37.Milky Way System #081069
Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies. Our
own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group of two
dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand lightyears from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distance from us.
38.Crime prevention #081073
Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have
tried to protect themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time someone
locks the door to their house or their car, they practise a form of prevention. Most parents want their children
to learn to be law abiding and not Spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at east, most
succeed. Only a small minority of young people become recidivist offenders. In a functioning society, crime
prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all- pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly
neglected in mass media and political discourses .When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper
editorialists pontificate about crime and possible remedies, it is comparatively rare for them to mention
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prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other ‘law and order ’responses.
39.Plagiarism #081075
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students work. The
University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work through electronic detection
software called Turnitin. This software compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles
and within previously submitted work(from LSBU and other institutions)and highlights any matches it finds..
40.Psychology #081078
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century. During
this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this emphasis, there have been
many scientific studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies
into how biology (physical factors) influence human experience, how people use their senses (touch, taste,
smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways,
how memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about the world, what
motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigations all
contribute to an understanding of human nature.
41.Climate #081079
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate, because there
is very little rain, The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters are, overall, mild and summers,
generally don't get too hot.
42.The resultant force #081081
The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force the resultant of two
forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined. If two forces pull an object in
opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found by subtracting one force from the other. If the forces
are equal, they balance each other.
43.The logic of scientific method #081083
The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843 and was named the method of
difference. A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses of water which are identical in
every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes colour! According to
Mills method of difference it is safe to assume that the change in the colour of the water is due to the
introduction of a new factor - the independent variable -in this case, the ink.
44.Gun violence #081084
Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence in the next two
years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found there is a substantial cause and effect
relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in
health behaviour and health education, analysed five years of data from adolescents living in 78
neighbourhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.
45.Tokyo’s Skytree #081085
Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40
metres long and immensely detailed. But however massive this form of digital art becomes -and it's a form
subject to rampant inflation--Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital
sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he
recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something in common:
something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that
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photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three
dimensions into two, conveying the real world onto a flat surface. But Japanese traditions employed “a
different spatial logic”,as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”.
46.Electorate #081087
It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the candidates' track
records and future policy promises. In truth, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look.
Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political
candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate
selected by students as looking the most competent was also the one who'd had real life electoral success,
the implication being
that voters too had been swayed by the candidates' appearance (there’s little evidence that appearance and
competence actually correlate). Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes, especially in war time (in
peacetime, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage). Other research has shown that were more likely to
vote for male and female candidates with deeper voices.
47.Jupiter’s moon Europa #081088
Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa may
be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the ideal place for life to exist as was thought
possibly to be the case. Virtually, all the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo,
which completed its mission to study. Although the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water
ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometre below, researchers studying the most recent
measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen
peroxide and strong acids. However, they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not
come from the ocean below.
48.National Gallery of Canada #081093
An exhibit that brings together for the first-time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste
Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National
Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings
from 45 public and private collections.
49.Japan and China #081094
At times, a board stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted on
one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always
itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and needs.
50.Plants and animals #081097
From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding and
recording the potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first illustrated catalogue
of medicinal plants, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century through to the late fourteenth
century the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and
herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that
they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing popularity of copperplate engravings, the
traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals became more accurate.
Then, with the emergence of artists such as albrecht durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto
Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse Aldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be
depicted in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness
rendered onto paper or vellum.
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51.National Portrait Gallery #081098
The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's core functions, the
long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make them accessible now and in future. The Collection
dates from the 8th century to the present day, and consists of portraits in a variety of media, so the gallery
employs Conservators with expertise in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture
and Photography.
52.What's music? #081100
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question. Even the least musical among us can recognize pieces
of music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples. We know there are different kinds of music
and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds we do not.
53.Folklore #081104
Folklore - A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that
have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the
written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of
legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate
societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or
locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.
54.First-year students #081105
For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from home for an
extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. The individual's usual sources of support are no
longer present to facilitate adjustment to the unfamiliar environment.
55.Linguistic Effect #081108
An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central role of
discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular, the ideas that people hold about how
language works (linguistic ideologies) combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious
effects. In recent years, linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely
analytic tools for tracking those effects.
56.Affordable Childcare #081112
Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly mothers, to be in paid
employment. International studies have found that countries with greater enrolment rates in publicly funded or
provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, although untangling causal relationships is
complex. From the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself
associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty has been shown to be a key independent
determinant of children’s outcomes. From the point of view of the public purse, as mothers enter employment
they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra revenues through income tax and national
insurance.
57.Coastal fish farms #081113
Coastal fish farms seem to do less harm to nearby plants and animals than previously believed, a new study
reveals. And marine ecosystems can recover from this damage surprisingly fast. But the analysis of a single
trout farm in a Faroe Islands fjord over nearly a year also shows that these facilities need to be placed
carefully, and that there’s a limit to how many can operate in a particular area before its biodiversity suffers
lasting harm. In coastal farms, fish live in large cages hanging from pontoons on the surface. Fish feces and
uneaten food sink to the seabed, affecting its ecosystem. Badly-managed farms can also have serious effects
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on the surrounding water column.
58.Coffee #081114
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our
modern life and culture. While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee consumption on
human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science
and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential
benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major health
outcomes considered.
59.Shrimp Farm #081115
However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure
and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These
comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of
habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for
three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
60.Chaucer’s Tales #081117
Chaucer’s Tales quickly spread throughout England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury
Tales reached their instant and continued success because of their accurate and oftentimes vivid portrayal of
human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer’s time. George Macy, founder of The Limited
Editions Club wrote on The Canterbury Tales.
61.Fingerprint #081119
Fingerprints, referred to as “fingermarks” in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the
fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of
sweat and colorless contaminatingmaterials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks are
described as “latent” as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them at a
crime scene can be challenging.
62.Morality of the welfare state #081121
The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don’t
contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible are either
to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them.
63.Can dogs tell our emotions? #081122
Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel confident not only that I can tell what
kind of emotional state my pets are in, but also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed
scientist, I try to take a more rational and pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more likely to
result from my desire for a good relationship with my dogs.
64.Ponzi Scheme #081125
Ponzi is infamous. His original scheme was based on the legitimate arbitrage of international reply coupons for
postage stamps, but he soon began diverting new investors' money to make payments to earlier investors as
interest.
65.Scientists’ work #081128
Scientists make observations, have assumptions, and do experiments. After these have been done, they get
their results. Then there is a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have a picture of the
world.
66.Pupil Charity #081130
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My school in the city of London held a charity competition. In the community, I was voted as the chairman. We
raised £48,000 and I won the first place in the end. During this period, I learnt a lot and realised the importance
of tenacity and how to rouse other pupils' awareness.
67.Exponential growth of the Internet #081132
The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and
dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of democratizing access to
knowledge. For people concerned about African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging
over the technology gap separating Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
68.Shakespeare’s Works #081135
Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly
comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth
century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth,
considered some of the finest examples in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies,
also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
69.Utility #081136
Most housing agencies would pay the utility costs for tenants, generally because individual unit in
developments don’t have individual meters. The family pays its own bills to the utility company, or agencies
deduct an amount from the family’s rent.
70.Teacher's Response #081137
The casual observer does not necessarily recognise the skill in how a teacher, for instance, responds to a
thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very different from the 'standard
response' to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing;
they monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.
71.Define a Robot #081138
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked "I can't define a robot, but I know one
when I see one." If you consider all the different machines people call robots, you can see that it's nearly
impossible to come up with a comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a
robot.
72.Coral Reefs #081139
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite
pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support
the livelihoods of over half a billion people.
What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is
expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased
seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
73.Moths and Light #081142
Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One solution is the old glib explanation that the moths are trying
to use the flame to navigate. This explanation does not tell us, however, why it is that in many species only
males are thus attracted, and in a few, only females. What's more, if moths need to navigate, they must be
from a migrating species. Yet most of the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed, most species do not
migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation.
74.Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist #081143
Elements of both psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories appear in modern approaches to personality.
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Advances in neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between biochemistry and behavior, but there is still
a great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of personality, how can we begin
to categorize risk-takers? If we cannot, we will be unable to compare their genes with those of others.
75.Lithium #081144
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a modest role in industry. Silvery in color, and
softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for automobile grease, and in the
production of glass and ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure form in nature. Lithium
floats on water—or, rather, it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of hydrogen, until it dissolves.
76.Environmental Policy #081145
Thus, the environmental policy does not contribute to profitability in any real sense at all. In practice, it is
companies that are well organized and efficient, or that are already comfortably profitable, that have time to
establish environmental policies. This is confusing the cause with effect. It is not that environmental best
practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for concern for the environment.
77.Physical Activity #081146
Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing.
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and
stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to
obtain health benefits.
78.John Milton #081154
John Milton wrote in a wide range of genres, in several languages, and on an extraordinary range of subjects.
He had a more general education than what is offered at Cambridge these days, and it continued after his
seven years here, equipping him with the tools to write some of the most groundbreaking literature ever seen,
and to engage as a polemicist on many different social, political, and theological questions.
79.Word of Mouth #081155
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective recruitment tool,
particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to previously successful candidates.
Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without any special effort on
the part of their program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and
local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for newer programs. New York uses a
print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send
provocative messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in
NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a
boon to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district’s
alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
80.Portrait Gallery #081157
London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of photographer Sandra
Lousada. The twenty one portraits on display depict key figures in literature, film and fashion from the early
1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at the National Portrait Gallery
highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Private
Places(2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-scenes photographs taken on
film sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
81.Musicals #081158
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One of the most popular forms of theater is musical. Combining drama, dance and music, the musical has
been around for over a century, and in that time has kept pace with changing tastes and social conditions, as
well as advances in theater technology. Many modern musicals are known for their spectacular sets, lighting
and other effects.
82.Rudman #081159
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the
Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman’s final observation – that ancient Greece enjoyed
unrivalled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school – leads to a radical punchline: Mathematics
could be better learned after we leave school.
83.Predictions of weather #081160
All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult thanks to climate change. Though no one is
sure exactly what its effects will be, it seems that extreme weather conditions such as storms and hurricanes
are likely to become more common. Such events have far-reaching effects on distant weather systems,
making general forecasting much harder.
84.Medicare #081161
It is understandable that the government would look outside of Medicare to get the efficiency-related changes
it wants . If Medicare was capable of delivering those changes, it would have already done so. Finding another
organisation that can deliver these services at a reduced cost with increased functionality, especially to the
consumer of these services, makes absolute sense.The objections to making such a move will be about the
potential loss of jobs from Medicare. Given how labour-intensive the current system is, this will be a genuine
concern, but one that is facing all industries dealing with modernisation through improved technology.
85.Roman Army and Britain #081162
The transitions which occurred in Britain around 100BC, and after 43 AD, when the Roman Army invaded
Britain, represent the key points of socio-economic trend in Britain's past. During the first century BC, the
traditional communal form of life shifted rapidly to a world where certain individuals become more important.
During the first century AD, Britain became fully a part of the Roman Empire.
86.Modern human nature #081163
Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and evolutionary psychology have
resulted in new ways of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the mind and consciousness in terms of
brain function? Can we understand modern human behavior as our evolutionary heritage? Is science even the
right place to start if we want to understand human nature? Come along to the Great Debate, hear the
arguments and have your say.
87.Electric eels #081166
Electric eels are born to shock. Thanks to cells called electrocytes which, stacked like batteries, make up 80%
of their bodies, these cunning South American hunters can deliver debilitating blows of up to 600 volts to their
prey. But they’ve harnessed their electricity to pack even bigger punches. Last year, Vanderbilt University
biologist Kenneth Catania revealed electric eels bring their positively charged head and negatively charged tail
closer together to generate a more powerful current.
88.Genetically modified corn #081167
Almost no one regards corn with suspicion. But the same can’t be said for humans’ ingenious ability to
engineer the plants we eat. Genetically modified (GM) crops are viewed with such hostility that they are barely
grown in Europe. However, a new study by an independent group of scientists, who have done the most
comprehensive review of the evidence so far, shows that our aversion to GM food is pointless, unscientific and
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harmful to farmers.
89.Paris #081172
In the preceding hundred years, Paris had been center stage for political and social movements that had
deeply affected all of Europe. The many ways in which tradition had already been challenged and shaken
during those years helped make it easier for those to achieve a break with traditional art.
90.Dance #081173
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases, dance numbers are included as an
excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more effective when it forms an integral
part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes (1936) in which the story about classical
ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enhances, rather than interrupts
the drama.
91.Australian Renewable Energy Agency #081174
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has awarded $2.49 million to cover a portion of the cost of
a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime College at the University of Tasmania, in partnership with
The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85 million 'Tidal Energy in Australia - Assessing Resource
and Feasibility to Australia's Future Energy Mix' project will map the country's tidal energy in unprecedented
detail before assessing its ability to contribute to Australia's energy needs. Lead chief investigator Associate
Professor Irene Penesis from the University of Tasmania said the project would help overcome barriers to
investment in commercial-scale tidal farms in Australia. 'With some of the largest tides in the world, Australia is
ideal for this extremely reliable and low-carbon form of energy,' she said.
92.International Shakespeare Association #081175
Over 800 Shakespeare scholars from almost fifty countries will gather at King’s College London next week as
the university co-hosts the 10th World Shakespeare Congress to explore and honour the Bard’s life and work.
Organised by the International Shakespeare Association (ISA), the World Congress is held every five years and
2016 is the first time it will be co-hosted in two locations that were integral to both the personal and working
life of William Shakespeare. Delegates will arrive in London on Thursday following the start of the Congress on
Sunday in Stratford-upon-Avon. With an overarching theme of ‘Creating and Recreating Shakespeare’, the
Congress will look at the continuing global relevance of Shakespeare’s work through a varied programme of
plenaries, panels, seminars and workshops.
93. South Fremantle Power Station #081177
The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985, home only to urban explorers
and street artists. Opened in 1951, the power station was once a pillar of progress for the expanding energy
demands of Perth. Here it stood proud and strong for 34 years, supplying energy to its surrounding metropolis
until 1985 when it was deemed to no longer be worth the money. The doors were shuttered, and the plant’s
four tall chimney stacks were demolished, leaving the rest of the plant to rot by the sea.
94.Basic organisms #081183
Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about randomly,
amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated strategies to look for food and might travel in a way that
optimises their foraging.
Biophysicists have long tried to explain how creatures of all sizes search for food. However, single-celled
organisms such as bacteria seem to move in no particular direction in their search.
To investigate, Liang Li and Edward Cox at Princeton University studied the movements of amoebas
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(Dictyostelium) in a Petri dish, recording the paths travelled by 12 amoebas, including every turn and
movement straight ahead, for 8 to 10 hours per amoeba.
Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left as right again, and vice versa, they
told a meeting of the American Physical Society meeting in Denver, Colorado, last week. This suggests that
the cells have a rudimentary memory, being able to remember the last direction they had just turned in, says
Robert Austin, a biophysicist at Princeton who was not involved in the study.
95.Hippocrates 希波克拉底 #081184
Hippocrates allowed observation, rationality and his own genuine respect for his patients to guide his practice.
Using the scientific method, he carefully recorded his patient's symptoms and responses to treatments and
used the data gathered to evaluate and prescribe the most successful regimens. His prestige as a great
medical practitioner, educator, and author helped spread these ideals of rational medicine throughout the
ancient world.
96.New ideas #081185
First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, stagnation reigns. Whether you're a designer
dreaming of another world, an engineer working on a new kind of structure, an executive charged with
developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser seeking a breakthrough way to sell your product, a fifthgrade teacher trying to plan a memorable school assembly program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to
sell the same old raffle tickets, your ability to generate good ideas is critical to your success.
97.Chimpanzee communication #081186
Chimpanzee posture, gestures, and facial expressions communicate many messages and emotions between
various individuals. When greeting a dominant individual following an absence or in response to an aggressive
gesture, nervous subordinates may approach with submissive signals —— crouching, presenting the
hindquarters, holding a hand out —— accompanied by pant —— grunts or squeaks. In response, the
dominant individual may make gestures of reassurance, such as touching, kissing, or embracing.
98.Roman people in Paris #081187
The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with either indifference or
derision. But as the months went by and the emigres who remained in the city were less and less hopeful of an
early return home, the mood of the Romans became increasingly antagonistic towards the 'assassins of Paris'.
99.Tomato #081188
The tomato is probably the most widely grown vegetable by the home gardener because of its food value,
many uses, and relative ease of culture. Originating in Central and South America, the tomato was
domesticated in Mexico. There are many related wild species in South America. “Tomati” was the name used
by Native Americans.
100.Orchestra #081009
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side
streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound
of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander
down another alley toward concrete skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or
perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture.
101.Impressionist Painters #081061
Early impressionist painters were considered radical in their time because they broke many of the rules of the
picture-making that had been set by earlier generations. They found many of their subjects in life around them
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rather than in history, which was then the accepted source of subject matter for paintings.
102.Fresh water #081090
Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and
animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay fit & healthy. Of
the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, most of that is stored as ice snow at the
poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being
out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about 4, 300,000 cubic kilometers
of freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals people on the planet.
103.Education and well-being #081106
Education and well-being have often been associated. The idea that education can promote individual wellbeing indirectly, by improving earnings and promoting social mobility, is an old one; so are notions of
education helping to promote the good society by contributing to economic growth and equality of
opportunity.
104.Number and form #081107
Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from
the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and
philosophy, and introducing geniuses from Alcibiades to Gauss, this inspiring book makes the mysteries of
maths accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.
105.Australia’s Dwelling #081134
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing
proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This
article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994–95 to 2003–04. It also
looks at the types of households with spare bedrooms and the size of recently purchased new homes
compared with existing stock.
106.Active learning classrooms #081180
Our active learning classrooms contain an array of circular tables. Each table seats up to nine students with
wireless laptop computers to encourage student engagement. The tables are equipped with microphones and
a lamp to signal when someone needs help or wishes to speak to the entire room.
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Summarize Spoken Text
命中率：90%
优先级：高
2 中 2，或者 1 中 1
备战策略
少量重回，请关注网站的「重回」题目
当前趋势
处于微量重回的波动中
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT - 67题
1.Sound Receptors 声音接收器 #111001
Sound receptors are small devices that are floppy and spiky in the ears. These
receptors can translate vibrational energy that hits your eardrum into a vibration of
the fluid in your ears. Then the physical motion of these receptors will be translated
into electrical signals that go into your ear. MIT students are invited to learn more
about sound receptors, who would find sound receptors remarkable.
简易答案：
Sound receptors are small devices in the ears. These receptors can translate
vibrational energy into the fluid. The energy will hit your eardrum. In the following
step, the physical motion of the receptors will be translated into electrical signals.
Therefore, the speaker invites MIT students to learn more about sound receptors, and
they will find them remarkable.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
声音接收器(sound receptors)是一种耳朵中蓬松又多刺(floppy and spiky)的小装置(small
devices)。
【解释 - 工作原理】
声音接收器的工作原理：
·
首先，它先将来自外耳(coming from your ear)，打在鼓膜上(hitting your
eardrum)的振动能(vibrational energy)转换成为内耳中淋巴液的振动，即液波(a
vibration into the fluid in your ear)。
·
接下来，液波将会被转换成物理运动(physical motion)，而这些物理运动又会被进一
步转换为电信号(electrical signals)。
【引申】
麻省理工学院的学生(MIT students)被邀请学习更多关于声音接收器的知识，他们会发现这些
声音接受器的卓越(remarkable)之处。
2.Tree Rings 年轮 #111003
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
Dendrochronologists study hidden information in tree rings that indicate the climate,
just like a Morse code but with richer content. The width of tree rings indicates the
rain and drought, so scientists cut down trees and count the tree rings inward to
collect information. The study of tree rings can help scientists to reconstruct the
climate.
简易答案：
Dendrochronologists study hidden information in tree rings. This information
indicates the climate. It is just like a Morse code with richer content. The width of tree
rings indicates rain and drought. Therefore, scientists cutdown trees and count the
tree rings inward to collect information. The study of tree rings can help scientists to
reconstruct the climate.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义 - 类比摩尔斯密码】
树木年代学家(dendrochronologists)研究年轮背后隐藏的信息，象征了当时的气候
(climate)，这些信息和摩尔斯密码(Morse code)一样，但是却比摩尔斯密码包含更丰富的信
息(richer content)。
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【解释 - 示例】
年轮的宽与窄(width)象征了当时是雨季(rain)还是旱季(drought)，所以科学家们砍掉树木(cut
down)并且从里往外数年轮的数量来获取信息(collect information)。
【引申 - 重要性】
对于年轮的研究可以帮助科学家们重现(reconstruct)当年的气候。
3.Unfair trade 不公平贸易 #111017
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
Now more people have realized that the global economic and financial crisis also
concerns common ethical values and standards. The speaker fears that the global
economy has become unethical and unfair as the emergence of global capitalism has
brought new risks. Core ethical values and standards are universal although they are
culture-bound. The speaker believes that the global market economy must be socially
acceptable before being accepted in different regions.
简易答案：
Now people think that the global economic and financial crisis is also related to
common ethical values and standards. The speaker thinks that the global economy
has become unethical and unfair. The emergence of global capitalism has brought
new risks. The speaker believes that the core ethical values and standards are
universal although they are culture-bound. He suggests that the global market
economy must be socially accepted in different regions.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象描述】
概述
全球经济&金融危机(global economic and financial crisis) 和道德价值观和标准(ethical
values and standards，简称EVS) 有关。
具体表现
国际经济(global economy)是不道德的(unethical)、不公平的(unfair)。
【原因分析】
全球资本主义的出现(the emergence of global capitalism)
【解决办法】
理论支撑
尽管道德价值标准是因文化而异的(culture-bound)，但总有一些核心价值观(core ethical
values and standards，简称EVS) 是全球通用的(universal).
实际行动
国际市场经济在进入任何地区之前，必须要先被当地的社会和文化所接受(socially accepted)
才行。
4.Business Enterprise and Marketing 商业本质与营销 #111027
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
The nature of the business entity is to exchange something you have for something
you desire. The function of marketing is to transfer products from suppliers to
consumers to meet their demands. Meanwhile, the capital gain is crucial, and it is
important to assure capital return because that is how investment and production can
continue.
简易答案：
The nature of the business entity is to exchange something you have for something
you desire. The function of marketing is to transfer products from suppliers to
consumers to meet their demands. Meanwhile, capital gainis crucial, and it is
important to ensure capital return because that is how investment and production
can continue.
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中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义1 - 对外 - 面对消费者】
商业的本质(nature of business entities)就在于“交换”(exchange)。公司通过市场营销的
方式(marketing)来为它们的产品打广告，从而吸引对它们产品有需求(demands)的客户，以
达到商品(products)从供应商(suppliers)到消费者(consumers)的转换(transfer)。
【定义2 - 对内 - 公司运营】
对于公司来说，盈利(capital gain)对于公司维持并发展它们的产业至关重要。这些利润可以帮
助它们维持甚至是提高生产(production)，更多的收益(capital return)还可以作为公司投资
(investment)的资本，从而获取更多资金。
5.Artificial intelligence 人工智能 #111031
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
Humans used to tell a computer what to do and how to do it. When given the
meaning of certain words, computers can operate as programmed and develop
systems and symbols. In other words, computers turn messages into bytes.
Computers function similarly to human brains since they are both symbol processors.
Therefore, computers may have the potential to bring artificial intelligence.
简易答案：
Humans used to tell a computer what to do and how to do it. When a human gives a
computer a message, the computer will develop systems and symbols, as
programmed. In this case, we can say that computers have similar functions to
human brains because they are both symbol processors. Therefore, it is possible that
computers may be able to bring artificial intelligence in the future.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
人们(Human)告诉电脑(computer)要做什么并且如何去做
【解释 - 具体指令】
·
人给电脑下达具体的文字指令(the meaning of certain words)
·
电脑就会按照程序去完成这个指令(operate as programmed )
·
最终产生出来一些系统(systems)和符号(symbols)。
·
换句话说：电脑会把人给出的指令信息转换为字节( messages to bytes)
【总结评价】
·
这个过程跟人脑的功能是相似的(function similarly to human brains)， 因为人脑和电
脑都是一种符号处理器(symbol processors)。
·
所以，电脑是可以实现人工智能的(have the potential to bring artificial
intelligence)。
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6.Kids in Museum 儿童博物馆 #111041
完美答案：
A mother, a journalist with The Guardian newspaper, wrote an article in the
newspaper complaining about her experience of being thrown out of a museum
because of her kids shouting in the museum. Surprisingly, she received over 500
emails about the same experience. So, they set up the Kids in Museums campaign,
advocating family-friendly museums.
简易答案：
A mother was a journalist with The Guardian newspaper. She wrote an article and
complained about her experience. She was thrown out of a museum because her kids
shouted in the museum. Surprisingly, she received 500 emails about the same
experience. So, they set up the Kids in Museum’s campaign to advocate familyfriendly museums.
中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【起因】
一个妈妈(a mother)兼卫报(The Guardian)记者(a journalist)带孩子去博物馆，结果因为孩子
太吵(kids shouting )被赶出博物馆(being thrown out of a museum )。
【经过】
记者在卫报上发表长文斥责(complaining)该行为。记者收到了500多封邮件(500 emails)，都
来自有相同遭遇的家庭，他们都曾因为孩子的吵闹声被赶出博物馆。
【结果】
记者发起了一场“博物馆欢迎孩子”的运动(Kids in Museums campaign)，倡导博物馆接纳
并包容有孩子的家庭访客(advocating family-friendly museums)。
7.Wildlife as food and income 野生动物 #111046
完美答案：
Wildlife has an important role in livelihood, especially in most east and west Africa.
All humans rely on wildlife as the source of food and income. Fish is the primary
source of animal protein for billions of people in poverty. Therefore, the management
of the fish resource is incredibly important to livelihoods and health. Besides, wildlife
tourism can be the top source of income in many countries.
简易答案：
Wildlife has an important role in livelihood in Africa. All humans rely on wildlife as the
source of food and income. Fish is the primary source of animal protein for poor
people. Therefore, the management of fish resources is important to livelihoods and
health. Besides, wildlife tourism is the top source of income in many countries.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
野生动物(wildlife)对于全人类的生活和生命(livelihoods)是至关重要的，尤其是针对于非洲来
说(east and west Africa)。
第 155 页 /共 211 页
【原因】
野生动物的重要性主要来自于两方面。
1) 方面1 - 食物
野生动物是人类的食物来源(source of food)。尤其是对于穷人(people in poverty)来
说，鱼肉(fish)是他们主要摄取动物蛋白质(animal protein)的来源。因此，更好的鱼类
养殖业的管理(the management of fish resources)会让食用鱼的质量更好，让人们能
摄取更好的营养，从而变得更健康(health)。
2) 方面2 – 经济
野生动物为人类带来了更好的经济收入(income)。特别是在非洲和南美洲，野生动物旅
游业项目(wildlife tourism)能够吸引更多的外国人到这些地方去旅游，从而刺激当地的
经济(economy)，为那些地方的人们带来更多的收入。
8.The decline of Bees 蜜蜂数量减少 #111050
完美答案：
One of the various conclusions is that bees are in decline, which is well-documented,
supported only by good strong scientific evidence. The drivers of decline vary
depending on species. Although the effectsof pollinator loss are not catastrophic
now, it could be. However, the positive side is that people are aware of the problem
and are taking action to fix the recognized problems.
简易答案：
This lecture gives information about the decline of bees. This conclusion is welldocumented with strong scientific evidence. The drivers of decline are different
between different species. The effects of pollinator loss are not severe now. But it can
be severe in the future. However, the positive side is that people are aware of the
problem. We are taking action to fix the problems.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
蜜蜂的数量正在减少(bees are in decline)，这是由一系列强有力的科学证据支撑和记录的
(well-documented, supported only by good strong scientific evidence)。
【根源】
从原因上看，蜜蜂数量减少的驱动因素(drivers)会因为蜜蜂种群的不同而不同(vary
depending on species)。
【影响】
考虑到其影响，蜜蜂这类传粉昆虫的减少(pollinator loss)目前不是一个大灾难(not
catastrophic)，但是长期来看肯定会带来很大的影响。
【解决】
但是，乐观的一面是我们已经知晓了这个问题(aware of the problem)，并且正在采取措施解
决这个问题(taking actions to fix the recognized problems)。
9.Human Rights Act in UK 英国人权法案 #111055
完美答案：
The Human Rights Act is far-reaching and controversial in the UK's history of rights,
providing the starting point for a wider application of the law to rights. The 1998 Act
第 156 页 /共 211 页
introduces 15 specific rights and freedoms, which are also called positive and
negative rights. The Human Rights Act does not expand on the provisions made by
the European Convention but follows a baseline or minimum standards for human
rights.
简易答案：
The Human Rights Act is far-reaching and controversial in the UK's history. The Act
provides the starting point for a wider application of the law. The 1998 Act introduces
15 specific rights and freedoms, which are also called positive and negative rights. The
Human Rights Act does not expand on the European Convention but follows a
baseline for human rights.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【概念介绍】
主体：人权法案(The Human Rights Act)
两个形容词：意义深远(far-reaching)，但也颇具争议(controversial)
一个名词：起点(the starting point)
【具体内容】
主体：The 1998 Act (也就是The Human Rights Act人权法案的另一种称呼)
总数：15个
两大方面：
1. 权力(rights) = positive rights（指“有权做某事”）
2. 自由(freedom) = negative rights（指“有权不做某事”）
【对比】
将《英国人权法案》和《欧洲公约》(the European Convention)对比：
并没有对《欧洲公约》进行扩充(expand on)；只是遵循了人权的基准(baseline)/最低标准
(the minimum standards)。
10.Australian housing price 澳洲房价 #111056
完美答案：
Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the
past 15 years when the mortgage rate was halved. Everyone could afford to borrow
money from banks. Secondly, the increasing immigration and the falling size of the
average household led to a higher demand for accommodation with increased
purchasing power. With the additional purchasing power and the stable housing
supply, the housing price has been pushed up.
简易答案：
Australia has experienced economic growth over the past 15 years. At that time, the
mortgage rate was halved, and everyone could afford to borrow money. Therefore,
people had a higher demand for accommodation. The reasons included the
increasing immigration and the falling size of an average household. In conclusion,
with the additional purchasing power and the stable housing supply, the housing
price has been pushed up.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
澳洲房价上涨。
【原因】
第 157 页 /共 211 页
1) 经济原因
澳大利亚在过去15年经历了持续不间断的经济增长(uninterrupted economic
growth), 抵押贷款利率(mortgage rate)减半，每个人都能够从银行贷款。
2) 人口原因
增加的移民(increasing immigration)和平均家庭规模的减小(decreasing size of the
average household), 伴随着增长的购买力( with increased purchasing power), 导
致对住房的需求(demand for accommodation)增加。
由于买家的购买力不断增长，而供给一直没怎么变，所以澳大利亚住房价格已大幅上涨。
11.The internet in the 90s 90年代的互联网 #111057
完美答案：
During the 1990s, thanks to Tim Berners Lee, normal people could get online. There
was extraordinarycreativity during the 90s. People created all sorts of content on the
internet, such as webpages, social experiments, and lessons. They did it without a
profit motive, religious factors, advertising, fears, or motivational schemes. People did
it because they simply enjoyed it and it was a good idea.
简易答案：
Thanks to Tim Berners Lee, normal people could get online. During the 1990s, there
was extraordinary creativity. People created enormous content on the Internet,
including webpages, social experiments and lessons. They did it without profitable
motives, religious factors or advertising. People did it because they simply enjoyed it
and it was a good idea.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
1990年代(the 1990s)，极具创意(creativity)的人们开始在互联网上制作多样的线上内容
(online content)，例如：
· 学习资源(lessons)
· 网站网页(webpages)
【否定原因】
那个时候的网上内容制作者和现在不一样，做这些事情没有任何利益的驱使，例如：
· 不是为了广告收入(no advertisings)
· 不受任何利益驱使(no profitable motive)
· 也不受任何宗教的影响(no religious factors)
【真正原因】
他们做这些事，就只是单纯地因为他们喜欢这件事(simply enjoy)。
12.Sign language 手语 #111058
完美答案：
This lecture talks about abstraction and the origin of symbolic systems. People used
to use sign language for a long time, but it turned out that they could not
communicate while they were doing things. For example, they needed to ask for help
when they strangled rhinoceros. So, they needed to communicate and do something
with their hands at the same time. That's how words and language came.
简易答案：
第 158 页 /共 211 页
This lecture talks about abstraction, and language is a classic symbolic system. People
used to use sign language for a long time. However, they needed to communicate
and do something with their hands at the same time. For example, they needed to
ask for help when they strangled rhinoceros. So, words and languagecame.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【大概念】
抽象概念(abstraction)­——使用电脑——符号语言(symbolic system)
【小概念】
人们说的语言就是一种典型的符号语言。
起源：一开始人类直接不说话，只做手势。
痛点：如果双手都在做事，就无法同时做手势与其他人沟通。
痛点举例：当人们想手擒犀牛的时候，需要远处同伴的帮助，他们无法同时抓住犀牛又做手势
。
回到起源：人类由此发现必须用声音语言沟通，因此出现了文字和语言。
13.National wealth and Adam Smith 国家财富与亚当斯密 #111062
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists previously believed a nation’s
wealth was how much money people can pile up, but Adam Smith in 1776 believed
that a nation’s wealth included not onlyagriculture but also manufacture, and the
nation’s wealth was the ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal
to the nation’s income since national income measures and equals national output.
简易答案：
Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists believed a nation’s wealth was
how much money people can pile up. But in 1776, Adam Smith believed that a
nation’s wealth included not only agriculture but also manufacture. He believed the
nation’s wealth was the ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal
to the nation’s income that measures and equals national output.
（注：故事框架和老师录音基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
国家财富在工业革命之前(industrial revolution)的定义包括：
· 英国的经济学家(British economist)原先认为国家财富(nations’ wealth)等于所有人
民积累起来的钱财(how much money people can pile up)
· 但是亚当斯密(Adam Smith)认为，国家财富不仅仅包含农业(agriculture)也包含工业
(manufacture)，而且国家的财富是产出(output)
总而言之，国家财富相对于国家的收入(is equal to nations’ income)因为国家的收入衡量
并且等于国家的产出。
第 159 页 /共 211 页
14.Climate change predictions 气候变暖预测 #111072
完美答案：
People are questioning how much we should panic about the reality of global climate
change. Although the prediction of the population bomb in 1968 was criticized
because some of the predictions didn’t come about, the world cannot afford to take
the risk that the climate scientists have wrong predictions, because major
precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.
简易答案：
People are questioning how much we should panic about the reality of global climate
change. The prediction of the population bomb in 1968 was criticized because some
of the predictions were wrong. However, the world cannot afford to take the risk
because major precipitation changes are happening all over the world.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
由温室气体导致的全球气候变化(the reality of global climate change)正在让人们逐渐感到
恐慌(panic)。
【表现 - 理论上】
理论上，有一个新的预测把人口爆炸的预测(prediction of population bomb)和气候变化的
预测合并在了一起，这个理论收到了广泛的批判，因为预测里的情况并没有发生。
【表现 - 实质上】
但是事实上，我们承担不起对于气候变化错误预测的结果，因为气候变化的表现之一——降水
量的变化(precipitation changes)，已经在全球范围(on a global scale)开始呈现了。
15.Therapeutic Environment 治愈性环境 #111092
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
A long time ago, people began to study the therapeutic environment. They found
that fresh air and sunlight can have positive impacts on patients' recovery, and
architecture has the same positive impact, too. Viewing hospital yards can help
people rest well and sleep well, and can also help release their stress and pain easily.
90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that the designed hospital environment links to
patients' recovery.
简易答案：
People began to study the therapeutic environment. They found that fresh air,
sunlight and architecture can have positive impacts on patients' recovery. To be more
specific, viewing hospital yards can help people rest well and sleep well. Also, it can
help release stress and pain easily. 90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that the
designed hospital environment is related to patients' recovery.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【引入概念】
第 160 页 /共 211 页
人们开始研究环境治疗法(therapeutic environment)有很长一段时间了。
【解释】
他们发现新鲜空气(fresh air)和阳光(sunlight)对病人的康复(patients’ recovery)有积极的影
响，建筑(architecture)也有同样的积极影响。
【作用】
参观医院的后院可以帮助人们更好地休息(rest)和睡眠(sleep)，也可以帮助他们轻松地释放压
力和减缓疼痛(release their stress and pain )。
【数据支撑】
医院90%的护士同意，设计的医院环境与病人的康复有关。
16.Newspaper Industry 新闻业下滑 #111096
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
The economic models of newspapers are crumbling. The newspaper industry has
been shrinking dramatically in the last half of the 20th century. Some newspaper
publishers’ cash flow was in red or just maintained at the breakeven point due to the
decreasing number of advertising and buyers. Some newspapers are no longer
published daily, and some are online only. The staff in the newspaper industry have
dropped by 30% to 40%.
简易答案：
The newspaper industry has been shrinking dramatically in the last half of the
20th century. Firstly, some newspaper publishers’ cash flow was in red or just
maintained at the breakeven point. This is because of the decreasing number of
advertising and buyers. Secondly, some newspapers are no longer published daily,
and some are online only. Thirdly, the staff in the newspaper industry have dropped
by 30% to 40%.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
根据经济模型(economic model)，在20世纪的后50年(last 50 years of the 20th
century)，美国报纸行业(the newspaper industry in the U.S.)一直在急剧萎缩(shrinking
dramatically)。
【影响】
盈利状况：
由于广告量和购买者的减少(a decrease in advertising and buyers)，大多数报纸出版商
(newspaper publishers)现金流量(cash flow)：
- 有些报社呈赤字(in red)，即亏损
- 有些报社处勉强维持收支平衡 (the breakeven point)
- 有些报社虽然有盈利 (positive cash flow), 但他们已经没有多少读者了 (individual
readers/buyers).
发行状况：
很多报社不再每日发行报纸，而是改为一周三天(three days a week)，有些小报社直接转为
第 161 页 /共 211 页
线上发行(publish online)，而有些报纸则消失了(disappeared)。
就业状况：
在报纸行业工作的员工(staff)下降了30％至40％，甚至更多(even more)。
17.Chimpanzees Tommy 拯救大猩猩 #111100
完美答案：
Nonhuman Rights Project is an organization that fights for legal rights for nonhuman
animals. We chose Tommy as the plaintiff at the New York Court and asked to release
him, who was locked in a cage for research purposes. We proved to the court that
chimpanzees also have cognitive capabilities, but the court didn't approve the appeal
because they think chimpanzees are not human even though they have cognitive
skills.
简易答案：
Nonhuman Rights Project is an organization. It fights for legal rights for nonhuman
animals. They sued at the New York Court and asked to release Tommy. Tommy was
a chimpanzee who was locked for research purposes. They proved that chimpanzees
also have cognitive capabilities. However, the court didn't approve the appeal
because they think chimpanzees are not human even though they have cognitive
skills.
中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【组织介绍】
非人类权力项目(Nonhuman Rights Project)：是一个为非人类动物(nonhuman animals)争
取合法权利(legal rights)的组织(organization)。
【诉讼过程】
原告：Tommy
法庭：纽约法庭(the New York Court)
诉求：要求释放(release)用于研究被关在笼子里的黑猩猩(locked in a cage for research
purposes)
理由：大猩猩也有认知能力(cognitive capacities)
【诉讼结果】
法院没有批准(didn't approve)我们的上诉(appeal)，
因为他们认为即使黑猩猩具有认知能力(cognitive skills)也不是人类(not human)。
18.The Separation of Power 三权分立 #111101
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The lecture talks about the separation of power which is related to the checks and
balances of the country. The Constitution is made up of the legislative branch that
makes the law, the president who is appointed by the Senate to carry out the law, and
the judicial authorities who interpret the law. However, there is a blurry linebetween
the legislative and executive roles in the past 100 years.
简易答案：
第 162 页 /共 211 页
The lecture talks about the separation of power, as well as checks and balances of the
country. The Constitution is made up of three branches: the legislative to make the
law, the president to carry out the law, and the judicial authorities to interpret the law
. However, there is a blurry line between the legislative and executive roles in the past
100 years.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
三权分立(The separation of power)是指宪法(the Constitution)将国家权力分为立法
(legislative)、行政(executive)和司法三种(judicial authority).
【解释】
立法权(legislative)：负责制定法律(make the law )；
总统(president)：由参议(Senate)委任，负责执行法律(carry out the law )；
司法权(judicial authorities)：负责解释法律(interpret the law)。
【现状】
本来三权力分立是为了明确不同的角色(roles)，但是在过去的100年，立法(legislative)和行政
(executive)的界限是模糊的(a blurry line)。
19.Need 需要和需求 #111105
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
There are several ways to use and interpret the word ‘need.’ When you say, 'I need
a holiday,' it is an expression of a strong desire but not a basic need. When you say, '
the plant needs water,' it is an objective statement because it is essential, like sunlight
and water to plants. Also, there is a psychological use of 'need' when someone lacks
something.
简易答案：
There are several ways to use and interpret the word 'need.' When you say 'I need a
holiday,' it is an expression of a strong desire but not a basic need. When you say '
the plant needs water,' it is an objective statement because it is essential, like sunlight
and water to plants. Also, there is a psychological use of 'need' when someone lacks
something.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
关于“需要(need)”一词，有不同的使用(use)和理解(interpret)的方式：
1) 表示强烈的愿望(a strong desire)，但不是基本需求(basic need)。例子：我需要放假
。
2) 作客观的陈述(objective statement)，因为某个事物是必不可少的(essential)，例如植
物需要阳光(sunlight)和水(water)。例子：植物需要水。
3) 表示心理的(psychological)需求。当某人缺少(lacks)某物时，在心理上会有“需要”。
20.Globalization & Detraditionalization全球化导致传统文化丧失 #111107
完美答案：
第 163 页 /共 211 页
The world is a global village with instant communications through the
internet. The world is also shrinking due to distance and speed.
Globalization has brought detraditionalization because of the erosion of
traditional culture and conventional ways of doing things, as young
people are rejecting the culture in which they grew up and are keen on
imitating the Hollywood models.
简易答案：
The world is a global village. People can have instant communications
through the internet. The world is also shrinking due to distance and
speed. Globalization has brought detraditionalization. This is because of
the erosion of traditional culture and conventional ways of doing things.
For example, young people are rejecting the culture they grew up in.
They are keen on imitating the Hollywood models.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
我们的世界是一个地球村(a global village )：
· 通过因特网我们可以进行即刻的交流(instant communications through the
internet)；
· 我们的世界也在全球化的进程中缩小(shrinking)，因为我们交流的速度(speed)正在提
升并且人际距离(distance)正在缩短。
【问题】
但是全球化(globalization)同时导致了我们传统文化的丧失(detraditionalization)：
· 年轻人正在盲目地模仿好莱坞的明星们(imitating the Hollywood models)，拒绝他们
在成长过程中接受的传统文化，这就削弱了传统文化(the erosion of traditional
culture)和传统的行为方式(conventional ways of doing things)。
21.What happened to Journalism 网络影响传媒 #111110
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The rise of the Internet has great impacts on journalism in terms of how it’s
produced and how it’s consumed. However, it took steps for people to
enthusiastically feel the change in journalism. The internet has not only improved the
speed of news spreading but also helped people gain information in various ways.
Nowadays, even a small piece of ordinary video can be a new type of journalism.
简易答案：
The rise of the Internet has a great impact on journalism. It influences how
information is produced and consumed. However, it took steps for people to feel the
change in journalism. The internet has improved the speed of news spreading. Also, it
helped people gain information in various ways. Nowadays, even a small piece of
ordinary video can be a new type of journalism.
第 164 页 /共 211 页
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【表现】
网络的普及(The rise of the Internet)对传媒(journalism)的产生(produced)和消费
(consumed)有着巨大的影响，但是人们需要一点时间真切地感受到传媒的变化。
【根源】
网络不仅仅加快了新闻传播的速度(the speed of news spreading )，而且帮助人们通过不同
的途径获取信息(gain information )。
【举例】
现在，就算是一个小小的普通的视频(ordinary video)也可以成为传媒的新新式(new type)。
22.Cultural diversity in Australia 澳大利亚多元文化 #111111
完美答案：
Being a multicultural country, Australia has immigrants from all over the world, which
makes it the home to the world’s oldest continuous cultures. Cultural diversity is a
significant feature of Australian society. Cultural diversity can benefit the productivity,
economic performance and labor force of Australia. According to the statistics, nearly
half of Australians were born overseas or have a foreign-born parent.
简易答案：
Australia has immigrants from all over the world, so Australia is a multicultural
country and is the world’s oldest continuous cultures. Cultural diversity can benefit
the productivity, economic performance and labor force of Australia, which is a
significant feature. According to the statistics, nearly half of Australians were born
overseas, or have a foreign-born parent.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【印子】澳大利亚 = 来自世界各地的移民(immigrants)
【亮相】澳大利亚的多元文化(cultural diversity)
·
·
·
【影响】三个影响：
生产力 (Productivity)
经济表现 (Economic performance)
劳动力 (Labor force)
【数据】
一半的澳大利亚人在海外出生(were born overseas)，或有一个海外出生的父母(a foreignborn parent)。
23.Manager 经理应该自我提升 #111112
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文，主要内容点顺序不确定】
完美答案：
Although managers are busy, they should read more books and go back to university
to improve themselves. The best manager is not someone who knows his
organization better, but someone who is a professor in management and with broad
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perspectives. Experience is not necessary, but management knowledge is much more
important because learning management is a highlighted point for being a manager.
简易答案：
Although managers are busy, they should read more books. They should also go back
to university to improvethemselves. The best manager is not someone who knows his
organization better, but someone who is a professor in management with broad
perspectives. Experience is not necessary, but management knowledgeis much more
important. Learning management is vital for being a manager.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
尽管经理(managers)很忙，但他们还是应该阅读更多书籍(books)，并回到大学(university)提
升自我(improve themselves)：
· 最好的经理应该是一个管理学专家(a professor in management)，并且具有广阔的视
野(broad perspectives)，而不只是一个对自己的组织有更好了解的人
· 经验(Experience)不是必需的，但是管理知识(management knowledge)更为重要
，因为学习管理(learning management)是成为经理的亮点(highlighted point)。
24.Moral Objectivism and Moral Absolutism 道德客观主义与道德绝对主义 #111113
完美答案：
In moral objectivism, there are some universal moral principles that are valid for all
people in all social environments and all situations. In moral absolutism, there is a
firm and absolute boundary between what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, in
moral absolutism, there are non-overridable principles that must be followed and
never be violated. The notion of right and wrong is not subject to different
interpretations or situations.
简易答案：
In moral objectivism, we are looking at some universal moral principles for all people.
These principles are for all social environments and all situations. On the other hand,
in moral absolutism, we are looking at non-overridable principles. These principles
must be followed and never be violated. Nothing is subject to interpretation, and
nothing is dependent on the situation.
中文逻辑梳理：（概念类）
【概念1】道德“客观主义” (moral objectivism)
【定义】普适性的 (universal)
【应用】所有人 (all people)、所有社会环境 (all social environments)、所有情况 (all
situations)
【概念2】道德“绝对主义” (moral absolutism)
【定义】绝对的 (firm and absolute)，不可逾越的 (non-overridable)，必须遵守 (must be
followed)，绝不可违反 (never be violated)
【应用】不会因为任何解读 (interpretation) 或情况 (situation)而有所改变
25.Credit Card Experiment 信用卡实验 #111114
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
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In an experiment on customers’ behaviors, one group of inactive credit card users
received a message offering benefits that they could gain by using the cards, while
the other group received a message implying a penalty if it’s not used. The result
shows that customers are more motivated by a potential loss when not using this
card than the benefit they could gain by using the card.
简易答案：
The lecture talks about an experiment on customers’ behaviors. The samples are
inactive credit card users. One group received a message offering benefits by using
the cards. The other group received a messagewith a penalty if it’s not used. The
result shows that customers are more motivated by a potential loss than potential
benefit.
中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【目的】
在一个研究客户行为的实验中(experiment on customers’ behaviors )。
【过程】
一组停滞使用信用卡的用户(inactive credit card users)收到信息说如果他们使用信用卡就可
以得到福利(a message offering benefits )，另一组收到信息说如果他们不适用信用卡就会得
到罚款(implying a penalty)。
【结果】
表明：相较于潜在的福利，客户更容易被潜在的损失所激发(more motivated by a potential
loss)。
26.The history of software 软件发展史 #111116
完美答案：
The history of the software and IT industry is fairly new, but it has become a major
new discipline in a short time. Thanks to the rapid expansion in computing and the
rapid fall of computing costs and storage costs, IThas moved into all areas of life.
Thus, there has been a stampede, according to Moore’s Law, which will continue to
guide the development in the future.
简易答案：
The history of the software and IT industry is very new. But it has become a major new
discipline in a shorttime. IT has moved into all areas of life. The reasons include the
rapid expansion in computing and the rapid fall of the costs. Thus, there has been a
stampede, which will guide the development of software and IT in the future.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
软件和IT行业并没有很悠久的历史(the history of the software and IT industry )，但是它们
却在短期内成为了最主流的行业(a major new discipline)。
【原因】
这种快速发展的原因是由于两点：
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1) 计算的需求在各个行业迅速的提升(the rapid expansion in computing)
2) 软件和硬件开发的成本在急剧下降(the rapid fall of the costs)
【趋势】
因此，根据摩尔定律(to Moore’s Law)，IT行业的热潮在过去引领者人们，也将在未来继续
引领人们进行更多的软件开发。
*课外知识补充：摩尔定律是由Intel创始人之一Gordon Moore提出来的。其表达的内容简言
之是：每一美元所能买到的电脑性能，将每隔18-24个月翻一倍以上。这一定律揭示了信息技
术进步的速度。
27.Transportation Network in Paris 巴黎交通系统 #111117
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
There are thousands of trips and too many travelers every day in Paris. The
transportation network in Paris provides thousands of public services and links them
together. A good network can help people with long-distance or multi-destination
trips in cities with a high-density population such as Paris. If carefully planned, we can
also apply this network to lower-density cities.
简易答案：
There are thousands of trips and travelers in Paris. The transportation network in Paris
provides public services and links them together. A good network can benefit longdistance or multi-destination trips. Paris is an old city and has a high-density
population. If we have a careful plan, we can apply this network to low-density cities.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
在巴黎(Paris)每天都有成千上万的旅行(trips)和旅客(travelers)。
·
·
【解决方案】
巴黎的交通网络(transportation network)提供成千上万的公共服务(public services)，并将
人们联系(links)在一起。
良好的网络可以帮助人们进行长途(long-distance)或不同目的地的旅行(multi-destination
trips)。
【应用推广】
像巴黎这样的人口高密度(high-density population)程度尚且如此，如果认真规划(carefully
planned)，人口低密度的城市(low-density cities)也可以使用这样的公交网络。
28.Effects of Crops on Climate农作物影响气候 #111119
完美答案：
Crops and the climate can affect each other. If we deforest the land and plant crops, it
will alter the characteristics of the land surface and the way water and heat flow from
the land surface to the atmosphere, which will ultimately change the regional climate.
It is a difficult topic to understand because it requires crop scientists and climate
scientists to work together and to join their models.
简易答案：
Crops and the climate can affect each other. If we deforest the land and plant crops, it
will alterthe characteristics of the land surface. It will also change the way water and
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heat flow from the surface to the atmosphere. This will finally change the regional
climate. It is a difficult topic to understand. It requires crop scientists and climate
scientists to join their models.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
农作物(crops)和气候(climate)是会互相影响(affect)的。
【影响方式】
农作物影响气候的方式主要是：种植的农作物会改变土壤表面的一些特征(characteristics of
land surface)，从而会引起水(water)和热(heat)的变化，而这样的变化漫延(flow)到空气
(atmosphere)中后就会改变大气的湿度和温度，从而改变了气候的。
【引申】
这个话题(topic)是比较难以理解的(difficult to understand)，因为整个过程的复杂性
(complexity)比较大。同时也因为需要农业科学家(scientists)和气候科学家要互相合作(work
together)，要把二者的模型结合在一起(join models)也让这个话题变得更难以研究。
29.Roman city planning 罗马城市规划 #111122
完美答案：
Rome grew in an ad hoc way, meaning it wasn’t planned all at once but grew over
time since the 8th century. However, Romans structured their cities in a very
methodical way based on military strategy and planning. In this way, they built camps
that were laid out in a geometric plan, usually square or rectangular. That’s why
ideal Roman cities are calledmilitary camp design.
简易答案：
Rome grew in an ad hoc way. It wasn’t planned all at once but grew over time.
Romans structured their cities in a very methodical way. It was based on military
strategy and planning. In this way, they built camps in a geometric plan. The shape
was square or rectangular. That’s why ideal Roman cities are called military camp
design.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
罗马(Rome)以特别的方式(an ad hoc way)发展，这意味着它不是一次规划(planned)出来的
，而是自8世纪以来慢慢发展的：
· 罗马人(Romans)基于军事战略和规划(military strategy and planning)，以非常有条
理的方式(very methodical way)构建了自己的城市(heir cities)。通过这种方式，他们
建造的营地(camps)通常呈现出正方形或矩形这样几何图形式的平面布局(a geometric
plan)。
这就是为什么理想的罗马城市(deal Roman cities)被称为军营设计(military camp design)的
原因。
30.Synthetic biology & genetic engineering 合成生物学与基因工程（新增原音频） #111123
完美答案：
This lecture is about the applications of synthetic biology and doing things with
biological systems. Biological engineering is the next level of engineering. Nowadays,
scientists can engineer and design nature. While scientists could only cut and paste
DNA from one organism to another 40 years ago, they can now write and synthesize
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DNA to create new organisms. Besides, scientists are building a cellular factory and
cultivating millions of bacteria based on one bacterium.
简易答案：
This lecture is about the applications of synthetic biology and doing things with
biological systems. Biology engineering is the next level of engineering. Nowadays,
scientists can engineer and design nature. Scientists could only cut and paste DNA
from one organism to another 40 years ago. Nowadays, they can write and synthesize
DNA to create new organisms. Besides, scientists are building a cellular factory and
cultivating millions of bacteria based on one bacterium.
中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
本文主要讲述了工程在生物系统(biological systems)中的应用(applications)。生物工程
(Biological engineering)是更高等级的工程学(the next level of engineering)。
· 【40年前】
科学家只能将一种生物(organism)的DNA剪切并粘贴(cut and paste)到另一生物中
，但现在他们可以编写和合成DNA(write and synthesize DNA)以创建新的生物。
· 【如今】
科学家(scientists)可以改变自然界的基因(engineer)和设计自然界(design nature)。
此外，科学家正在建立一个细胞工厂(cellular factory)，并基于一种细菌(one bacterium)培
养数百万种细菌(cultivating millions of bacteria)。
31.Mars and Earth 火星与地球 #111124
【本音频为近似音频，话题与考题相似，但并非完全一致。近似音频可用于培养自己对于相关
话题的听力能力】
【参考答案与考题内容一致】
完美答案：
Mars is an interesting neighboring planet to Earth with a similar geological surface
and landscape. Although there has not been evidence for the existence of water yet,
the trace of heavy gases has existed on Mars for billions of years. The low gravity on
Mars means there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars. Therefore, Mars
might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.
简易答案：
Mars is a neighboring planet to Earth because Mars has a similar geological surface
and landscape. There is no evidence of water on Mars, but heavy gases have existed
on Mars for billions of years. Gravity on Mars is very low, which means that a thin
layer of the atmosphere might be on Mars. Therefore, Mars might be the most ideal
destination.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
火星(Mars)是地球(Earth)一个很有趣的邻居(neighboring planet)。
【相似点】
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1. 地表特征(geological surface) 地貌(landscape)：比如沙漠(desert)
2. 水文：暂无证明水的存在(the existence of water)
3. 大气：但是重气体(heavy gases)在火星上存在了很多年
4. 重力：极低的重力(low gravity)表明，火星外部可能存在一圈很稀薄的大气(thin layer of
the atmosphere)
【总结】
因此，火星可能是除地球外最适合我们生存的星球(the most ideal destination)。
32.Online research 线上调研 #111126
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The rapid growth of the internet has changed our lives in terms of both quality and
quantity. As for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive, and can
help us access hard-to-reach groups. However, online research has some drawbacks,
as there are no face-to-face communications or body language, and the other side is
not real people, so we don't know who they are.
简易答案：
The rapid growth of the internet has changed our lives in terms of both quality and
quantity. As for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive, and can
help us access hard-to-reach groups. However, online research has some drawbacks.
There are no face-to-face communications or body language. So we don't know who
they are because the other side is not real people.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
互联网的迅速发展(The rapid growth of the internet)和通过互联网收集的数据(the data
collected)从质量和数量上(in terms of both quality and quantity)都改变了我们的生活
(changed our lives)。
【优势(advantages)】：
1) 速度快捷(quick)，
2) 价格低廉(less expensive)，
3) 可以帮助我们接触到(access)难以接触到的群体(hard-to-reach groups)。
【弊端(drawbacks)】：
1) 没有面对面的交流(no face-to-face communications)或肢体语言(body language)，
2) 对方不是真实的人(not real people)，所以我们不知道他们是谁。
33.The History of English 英语语言发展史 #111127
完美答案：
English is not a pure language as it has been influenced by other 350 languages in
history, so English is a variety of many languages. The history of English language is
closely connected to the history of English people, so today we are learning about
the history. However, different periods of people have different views. For example,
during Shakespeare's period, people hated those borrowed words which were not
original English.
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简易答案：
English is not a pure language. It has been influenced by other 350 languages in
history. English is a variety of many languages. Today we will focus on history
because the history of English language is closely connectedto the history of English
people. However, different periods of people have different views. For example,
during Shakespeare's period, people hated those borrowed words which were not
original English.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
英语在其发展史上一直被其他350种语言所影响着，因此英语不是一个单纯或者单一(pure)的
语言。这个理论最明显的证据就是我们会发现英语从其他语言中借鉴了很多词汇
(vocabulary)和词组(phrases)。
【发展历史】
英语(English language)的历史其实就是英国人(English people)的历史，两者紧密相连
(closely connected)。所以今天这堂课我们不仅是要学习英语这门语言，我们会关注它的整个
发展历史(history)。
【发展史的重要性】
学习了发展史之后我们就会发现：不同时期的人们会对语言有不同的见解(views)。比如说
，在莎士比亚时期，人们不喜欢使用那些从其他语言借鉴来的外来词汇(borrowed
words)，因为那不是原版的英文，不是地道的英文。
34.Food crisis 粮食危机 #111128
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
It is projected that people are going to suffer from a serious food crisis for the next 30
years until 2030. We must double the yield of our production to feed a growing
global population. This is an urgent matter, and people should elevate food
production now. Scientists have predicted an increase in food production by 30% to
50% for developing countries in the next three years.
简易答案：
There will be a serious food crisis for the next 30 years until 2030. We must double
the yield of our production to feed a growing global population. This is an urgent
matter, and people should elevate food production now. In developing countries,
scientists have predicted an increase in food production by 30% to 50% in the next
three years.
中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【未来30年】
预计(projected)在接下来的30年，直到2030年，人们将遭受严重的粮食危机(food crisis)。
我们必须将产量(yield of our production)提高一倍，以养活(feed)不断增长的全球人口
(growing global population)。这是当务之急(urgent matter,)，人们现在就需要提高粮食产
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量。
【未来3年】
科学家预测，未来三年发展中国家(developing countries)的粮食产量将增加30％至50％。
35.Demolition of buildings 拆除建筑 #111130
完美答案：
Architecture is more than just the built environment, but also a part of our culture. In
the 20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified.
This is an application of Darwin's theory of natural selection, which means buildings
should adapt to the new world to survive. However, some people criticize the
demolition as it's important to honor the cultural nuances in the built environment.
简易答案：
Architecture is not only the built environment, but also a part of our culture. In the
20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified. This
is an application of Darwin's theory of natural selection. It means buildings should
adapt to the new world to survive. However, some people criticize the demolition
because they think it's important to honor the cultural nuances in the built
environment.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【观点】
建筑设计（Architecture）不仅仅关于建筑环境（the built environment），也是构成文化的
一部分（a part of our culture）。
【现象】
20世纪(the 20th century)，许多有缺陷的建筑被拆除（be demolished）或改造（be
modified）。
【解释现象】
遵循达尔文的自然选择理论（Darwin’s theory of natural selection），建筑应该适应
（adapt to）时代的改变，从而得以留存（survive）。
【批判现状】
有人批判拆除旧建筑的行为（criticize the demolition），认为我们应该尊重（honor）建筑
环境的文化差异（cultural nuances）。
36.Water recycling at home 水的循环利用 #111134
完美答案：
We need to recycle water because we don’t generate much new water, as the
process of generating water is difficult. Now there are lots of different technologies
involved in water recycling for industrial use, but there is very little water recycling
technology in the home. This is because in a modern home, people don’t think of
recycling water when they use water at home.
简易答案：
We need to recycle water because we don’t generate much new water. The process
of generating water is difficult. Now there are lots of different technologies. They are
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involved in water recycling for industrial use. However, there is very little water
recycling technology in the home. This is because people don’t think of recycling
water when they use water at home.
中文逻辑梳理（问答类）：
【Q1：为什么要循环利用水资源？】
因为我们很难自己产生新的水资源。因为生产新的淡水资源（new fresh water）的过程并不
简单，而且产出的水量赶不上人类消耗的水量。
【Q2：工业用水有许多循环技术，那么家庭用水呢？】
现在已经有很多工业用水的循环技术，但是家庭用水的循环技术非常少。人们平时在家里用水
不会去想要循环利用这件事。
37.Inequality in Children 儿童成长的不平等 #111136
完美答案：
According to the professor's sociology research, the capacity of well-educated
parents will remain in their prosperous children because these children have
sufficient educational capacity and support since they were born. According to
studies, the life chance of a child has been set by five years old, which is a compelling
and disturbing fact. The professor cannot find obvious ways to address this deep root
of inequality in our society.
简易答案：
According to the professor's sociology research, the capacity of well-educated
parents will remain in their prosperous children. This is because these children have
sufficient educational capacity and support since they were born. According to
studies, the life chance of a child has been set by five years old. This is a compelling
and disturbing fact. The professor cannot find ways to address this deep root of
inequality in our society.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象1】
根据这位教授社会学的研究(the professor’s sociology research )，受过良好教育的父母
(well-educated parents)的能力(capacity)将保留在他们富裕的孩子(prosperous children)身
上
【根源】
因为这些孩子从出生起就有足够的教育能力和支持(sufficient educational capacity and
support )。
【现象2】
研究还表明，一个孩子生命中的机会(the life chance)在五岁的时就会确定下来，这是一个不
容置疑却让人不安的事实。
【遗留问题】
这位教授找不到明确的方法来解决我们社会不平等的这个深层根源(deep root of
inequality) 。
第 174 页 /共 211 页
38.Drop out of school 辍学 #111141
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main
factors are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because some jobs can be
easily acquired by boys. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because
not many jobs prefer girls. Girls will be facing only two options, being unemployed or
doing part-time jobs.
简易答案：
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main
factors are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because boys can acquire
some jobs easily. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because not
many jobs prefer girls. Girls will be facing only two options, being unemployment or
doing part-time jobs.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
低成就者(Low achievers)更容易辍学(drop out of schools )，尤其是男孩(boys)。
【男生】
两个主要的因素(factors)是推力因素(push)和拉动因素(pull)。拉动因素是经济
(economy)，因为有些工作男孩很容易获得。
【女生】
至于女孩(girls)，她们不太可能早退，因为没有多少工作青睐女孩。
女孩们将面临两种选择(two options )，失业(unemployment)或做兼职(part-time jobs)。
39.Internet and Email system互联网与电子邮件 #111144
完美答案：
Internet was invented by people who are good at programming, and people keep
optimizing it for different purposes. So, the internet has been growing organically.
The email system was designed by a group of researchers who know and trust each
other. Initially, the email system didn't consider security because there was no
suspicion among people at that time, and there was no authentication process built
into this system.
简易答案：
Internet was invented by people who are good at programming. People keep
optimizing it for different purposes. So the internet has been growing organically.
The email system was designed by a group of researchers. They know and trusteach
other. Initially, the email system didn't consider security because there was no
suspicion among people, and there was no authentication process built in this
system.
第 175 页 /共 211 页
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
互联网(The internet)是由擅长编程(programming)的人发明的，人们为了不同的目的
(purposes)不断优化(optimizing)它。因此，互联网一直在有机地发展(growing
organically)。
【展开】
电子邮件系统(The email system)是由一批科研人员(a group of researchers)设计的，他们
彼此了解，相互信任。最初，电子邮件系统没有考虑安全问题，因为当时人们之间没有猜疑
(suspicion)，而且系统中没有内置的认证过程(authentication process )。
40.Alternative energy替代性能源 #111145
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The natural resources we consumed are not sustainable, so we need to develop
alternative energy, such as wind power, biological energy, and hydropower. However,
among all of them, solar energy should be placed as the priority because it’s not
only reusable and renewable but also can be easily acquired from the land. However,
these types of energy are hard to store, so new technology is required.
简易答案：
The natural resources are not sustainable, so we need to develop alternative energy,
such as wind power, biological energy, and hydropower. However, solar energy
should be placed at the first priority because it is reusable and renewable. Moreover,
it can be easily acquired from the land. However, these types of energy are hard to
store, so new technology is required.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【替代性能源的必要性和类型】
我们消耗的自然资源(The natural resources)是不可持续的(not sustainable)，因此我们需要
开发替代能源(develop alternative energy)，例如风能(wind power)，生物能(biological
energy)和水力发电(hydropower.)。
【替代性能源的优点】
然而，在这些替代能源中，应该将太阳能(solar energy)放在第一位(the first priority)。因为
太阳能不仅可重复使用(reusable)和可再生(renewable)，而且可以很容易地从土地上获取
(easily acquired from the land)。
【替代性能源的缺点】
但是，这些类型的能量很难存储(hard to store)，因此需要新技术(new technology)来对此进
行改善。
41.Industrial Revolution 工业革命 #111146
完美答案：
During the 1950s and 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of
machines, primarily in the textile and mining industries. Past analyses viewed
industrialization as a situation of winners and losers, which has been rejected
because the Industrial Revolution was the intensification of forms of production that
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was already there, whose rapid rise was tied to traditional forms of production.
简易答案：
During the 1950s and 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of
machines. Previously, people believed that industrialization was a situation of winners
and losers. These had been rejected because the Industrial Revolution is actually the
intensification of forms of production. The rapid rise was tied to traditional forms of
production.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【错误的观点】
在20世纪50年代和60年代，大家觉得工业革命(Industrial Revolution)就是是发明机器
(the creation of machines )，消除流水线生产(assembly line production)的障碍
(blocks )，主要集中是在纺织和采矿行业
过去的分析认为工业化(industrialization)是一种赢家和输家的局面(a situation of
winners and losers)
●
●
【正确的观点】
但这种观点被否决了，因为工业革命实际是将已经存在的生产形式高度集中化(the
intensification of forms of production)，它的迅速崛起(rapid rise)与传统的生产形式
(traditional forms of production)是密不可分的。
42.Organizational study 组织研究 #111147
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The two speakers are talking about organization studies and how they appreciate it.
Organization study is about a whole family of disciplines, such as social science,
psychology, sociology, history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying
organization studies because of its broad range and its breadth. What organization
study has taught him is liberating ideas without disciplinary boundaries.
简易答案：
The two speakers are talking about organization studies and how they appreciate it.
Organization study is about a whole family of disciplines. It includes social science,
psychology, sociology, history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying
organization studies because of its broad range and its breadth. What organization
study has taught him is liberating ideas without disciplinary boundaries.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
两位演讲者谈论了关于组织研究(organization studies )，并且讲授了这个研究的价值
(appreciate)。
【什么是组织研究？】
组织研究是关于一整套的学科综合(a whole family of disciplines)，比如社会科学(social
science)，心理学(psychology)，社会学(sociology)，历史学(history)以及文化研究(cultural
第 177 页 /共 211 页
studies)。
【组织研究的特征是什么？】
演讲者喜欢进行组织研究是因为在这类研究需要对相关学科的研究有足够的宽度(broad
range )和广度(breadth)。
【组织研究的理念是什么？】
组织研究告诉研究者们要解放思想 (liberating ideas )，不要限制于学科间的界限
(disciplinary boundaries)从而只研究某一类学科。
课外知识补充：组织研究是“研究个人如何构建组织结构，过程和做法，以及这些又如何形成
社会关系并创建最终影响人的机构”。组织研究是管理学研究的基础。
43.A good computer engineer 电脑工程师 #111182
完美答案：
Engineers should know how to work with a complicated system, and sometimes, the
inspirations are from their personal life experience. A complicated system cannot see,
so engineering is to help virtualize it by using systems. As complicated systems are
becoming reliable, engineers should deliver reliable outcomes as well. To develop a
reliable system, engineers need to consider the risks, potential, predictability and
accuracy.
简易答案：
Engineers should know how to work with a complicated system. Sometimes, the
inspirations are from their personal life experience. A complicated system cannot see,
so engineering is to help virtualize it by using systems. As complicated systems are
becoming reliable, engineers should deliver reliable outcomes as well. To develop a
reliable system, engineers need to consider the risks, potential, predictability and
accuracy.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【工程师的职责】
工程师应该要知道如何使用一套复杂的系统(how to work with a complicated system)，尤
其是设计和开发一套新的系统。
【想】
创建和使用这些复杂系统的过程往往都需要从个人的生活经历(personal life experience)中找
到灵感(inspirations)。
【做】
工程学(engineering)就是一套复杂系统的眼睛，工程师要通过这些系统的运用来把工作成果
呈现出来(virtualize)。
【检验】
随着这些复杂系统(complicated systems)变得越来越可靠(reliable)，工程师也应该提供出可
靠的结果(reliable outcomes)。
要想开发一套可靠的系统(develop a reliable system)，工程师需要考虑风险(risks)、潜力
(potential)、可预测性(predictability)和准确性(accuracy)。
44.Stock market and modern business 股市与现代企业 #111183
请注意，本题音频并非原音频，而是网络搜索的“近似音频”。目的是为了让大家提前熟悉相
第 178 页 /共 211 页
关话题词汇。
下方答案是根据考生回忆的内容，请以答案为准进行记忆：
完美答案：
This lecture is about the different uses of the stock market before and after. In the 18
th
century, manufacturing companies came into the market. However, modern
companies, including Apple, Google, and Facebook, use stocks differently. Traditional
companies used stocks to raise money, and input money into companies, while
modern companies used stocks to output money.
简易答案：
There are different uses of the stock market before and after. In the 18th century,
manufacturing companies came into the market. However, modern companies,
including Apple, Google, and Facebook, use stocks differently. Traditional companies
used stocks to raise money, and input money into companies. Modern companies
used stocks to output money.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
这节课是关于股票市场(stock market)在之前和之后的不同用途。
18世纪：制造企业(manufacturing companies)进入市场。
现在：然而，包括苹果、谷歌和Facebook在内的现代公司(modern companies)使用股票的
方式却有所不同(differently)。
【对比】
传统公司(traditional companies)利用股票来筹集资金(to raise money)，并将资金投入公司
(input money)，而现代公司则利用股票来输出资金(output money)。
45.A luxury brand 奢侈品 #111184
完美答案：
It's hard to answer what makes a luxury brand and how we distinguish it. The
standard business response is that luxury brands are exclusive and expensive, but
they are not always like that in reality. In Australia, people once had considered two
televisions to be a luxury; and Starbucks is seen as a luxury brand in China. So, the real
answer depends on whom you talk to.
简易答案：
It's hard to answer what makes a luxury brand and how we distinguish it. The
standard business response is that luxury brands are exclusive and expensive.
However, they are not always like that in reality. In Australia, two televisions were
thought to be luxury. In China, Starbucks is seen as a luxury brand. So, the real
answer depends on whom you talk to.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
到底如何定义奢侈品牌(what makes a luxury brand )，以及如何分辨它们(how we
distinguish it)，其实是个很难界定的问题。
【商业定义】
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标准的商业定义(the standard business response )将其定义为“独家的”(exclusive)并且昂
贵的(expensive)。
【现实定义】
然而，现实生活中(in reality)，在某些情况里，很多所谓的奢侈品牌并没有比常规的产出的价
格高多少。
比如，在过去的澳大利亚，可能有两个电视就能被称为是奢侈；而在中国，星巴克也能被称为
奢侈品牌。
【作者心目中的定义】
所以，作者认为，到底如何界定奢侈品牌，就要看对象是谁(depends on whom you talk
to)。
46.The stability of mood 情绪稳定 #111185
注：网站提供音频为“近似音频”，仅供考生提前熟悉相关词汇。真实考题内容请见下方参考
答案：
参考答案：
The stability of mood may vary among different people. Some people easily get
intense, and their moods are like riding a roller coaster, while some others may be
loose all the time. According to the research, the secret of happiness is mild
contentment. We should find a balance between intense and loose emotions.
简易答案：
The stability of mood may vary among different people. Some people easily get
intense, and their moods are like riding a roller coaster. Some others may be loose all
the time. According to the research, the secret of happiness is mild contentment. We
should find a balance between intense and loose emotions.
中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【研究内容】
不同的人情绪的稳定性(the stability of mood)可能不同。
具体的不同：有些人很容易变得紧张(easily get intense)，他们的情绪就像坐过山车(riding a
roller coaster)，而有些人可能一直都很放松(may be loose。
【研究结论】
根据这项研究，幸福的秘诀是温和的包容(the secret of happiness is mild contentment)。
我们应该在紧张和放松的情绪之间找到一个平衡(balance)。
47.Women's Leadership 女性领导力 #111186
【近似音频与真实考题内容接近，但不完全一致，仅供参考。真实考题内容请见参考答案：】
完美答案：
This lecture talks about leadership, especially women's leadership. Leadership can be
seen as a spectrum and can be simply split into two forms: out in front and behind
the scenes. In the past, men were out in front while women were behind the scenes.
However, nowadays women begin to come out in front.
简易答案：
第 180 页 /共 211 页
This lecture talks about leadership, especially women's leadership. Leadership can be
seen as a spectrum. Also, it can be simply split into two forms: out in front and
behind the scenes. In the past, men were out in front while women were behind the
scenes. However, nowadays women begin to come out in front.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【主题引入】
这节课讲的是领导力(leadership)，尤其是女性领导力(women leadership)。
【类比】
领导力可以被看作是一个光谱(spectrum)，可以简单地分为两种形式(two forms):在前台(out
in front)和幕后(behind the scenes)。
【男女变化】
过去(in the past)：男人站在前面(men were out in front)，而女人在后面(women are
behind the scenes)。
现在：妇女开始崭露头角(women begin to come out in front)。
48.MPA 保护鱼群 #111187
参考答案：
2.3 billion people take fish as the single primary source of protein. 90% of fish are
living on a small scale in developing countries. In 23 years, there will be a catastrophic
collapse of fish stock. Therefore, experts established MPA marine campaign networks
to protect the fish stock. However, we are facing a lot of challenges due to the lack of
management resources.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【数字一：2.3 billion】
世界上有2.3 billion的人们以鱼肉作为最主要的蛋白质来源（as the single primary source
of protein）
【数字二：90%】
90% 的鱼类都是 small scale（也许意思是每一种鱼类的数量都不多）；
且生活在发展中国家（developing countries），发展中国家缺乏管理（lack of
management）；
【数字三：23 years】
23年后，鱼类数量会出现灾难性的下降。（In 23 years, there will be a catastrophic
collapse fish stocks. ）
【解决方案：MPA】
所以专家们建立了MPA marine campaign的网络（network）来保护海洋生物。
【遗留问题：缺乏管理】
但是现在这些国家还缺乏管理资源（lack of management resources），致使我们面临着许
多挑战。
备注：
MPA (Marine Protected Areas)，指被划为重点保护对象的海域。文章里有可能提到了
MPA的完整全称，也可能只提到了缩写MPA。
第 181 页 /共 211 页
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area
49.Social difficulties in Children 儿童的社交困难 #111189
注：网站提供音频为“近似音频”，仅供考生提前熟悉相关词汇。真实考题内容请见下方参考
答案：
参考答案：
Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. In an experiment in a high
school, the students were told to be a movie director and to choose their story
structure. The students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills.
The movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the
intervention effect, and they found this can improve their self-regulation and critical
thinking skills.
简易答案：
Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. In an experiment in a high
school, the students were told to be movie directors and to choose their story
structure. The students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills.
The movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the
intervention effect. They found this can improve the self-regulation and critical
thinking skills of students.
中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【实验目的】
因为现在儿童面临着具有特殊风险的社会困难(social difficulties)，所以一所高中将对此进行
实验。
【实验过程】
在这一次实验中，学生们被要求担任电影导演(a movie director)，并选择自己的故事结构。
学生们相互合作(worked with each other)，这涉及到很多不同的技能(involved lots of
different skills）。
【实验结果】
他们最后拍的电影真的很酷。
【实验结论】
研究人员测试了干预效果(the intervention effect)，他们发现这可以提高(improve)学生们的
自我调节能力(self-regulation)和批判性思维技能(critical thinking skills)。
50.English language in poem 诗歌语言 #111190
参考答案：
We often talk about the knowledge about the literature in the poem. The English
language in poems and poetry is difficult to understand, and often gives readers a
feeling of frustration and makes it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because
poems use literary expressions. However, the speaker suggests that we should learn
to simply enjoy it and to know more about literature knowledge.
简易答案：
People often talk about the knowledge of literature in the poem. The English
language in poems and poetry is difficult to understand. It often gives readers a
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feeling of frustration and makes it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because
poems use literary expressions. However, the speaker suggests that we should learn
to simply enjoy it. People need to know more about literature knowledge.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
我们经常去谈论关于诗歌文学(the literature in the poem)的一些知识。
【现象】
诗歌里的英文通常都比较难以理解(difficult to understand)，所以会给读者带来无法读懂诗
歌的挫败感(frustration)，从而很难使得读者去欣赏诗歌。
【根源】
会出现这个现象的原因在于，诗歌中的语言通常会使用文学表达(literary expressions)，这样
的表达不贴近生活。
【解决】
作者就建议读者们应该不要太咬文嚼字，要学会简单地享受它(learn to simply enjoy it)，并
且应该学会去了解更多的文学知识(literature knowledge)，这样才能更好地读懂诗歌。
51.Food waste in USA 美国食物浪费 #111191
注：网站提供音频为“近似音频”，仅供考生提前熟悉相关词汇。真实考题内容请见下方参考
答案：
完美答案：
The United States is considered the biggest food waste country in the world, and
60% of food waste comes from general consumption. There are two main sources of
food waste. The majority of food waste comes from supermarkets, especially in the
use-by section. The other factor is what people purchase and how they eat, so
purchasing all items is not a good idea.
简易答案：
The United States is considered the biggest food waste country in the world. It is
suggested that 60% of food waste comes from general consumption. There are two
main sources of food waste. The majority of food waste comes from supermarkets,
especially in the use-by section. The other factor is what people purchase and how
they eat. Therefore, purchasing all items is not a good idea.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
美国(The United States)被认为是世界上最大的食物浪费国(the biggest food waste
country)，60%的食物浪费来自普通消费(general consumption)。
【根源】
食物浪费的主要来源有两个(two main sources)：
1) 大部分的食物浪费来自超市(supermarkets)，尤其是已过期食物的区域(the use-by
section)；
2) 与人们购买的东西(what people purchase)和他们的饮食方式(how they eat)有关，所
以购买所有的东西并不是一个好主意(purchasing all items is not a good idea)。
52.How bumblebees pick flowers 蜜蜂与花 #111192
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完美答案：
Bumblebees pick some flowers over others based on their colors. Flower’s color
means nectar of better quality. However, new findings show that bees also use color
to get clues about a flower’s temperature. British research suggests some bees like
to choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, because they can’t fly if they are too
cold. Therefore, some plants adapt to be warmer so that they can get pollinated by
bees.
简易答案：
Bumblebees pick some flowers over others based on their colors. Flower’s color
means nectar of better quality. However, new findings show that bees also use color
to get clues about a flower’s temperature. Some bees like to choose warmer flowers
over cooler ones. Bees can’t fly if they are too cold. Therefore, some plants adapt to
be warmer so that they can get pollinated by bees.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
大黄蜂(bumblebees)会选择某种特定的花朵(flowers)。
研究人员发现，花朵的颜色(colors)可能是个信号。
【原因】
· 花的颜色代表着花蜜的质量(nectar of better quality)
· 新的研究还发现，花的颜色代表着花的温度(temperature)
【结论】
一个英国的研究表明：蜜蜂喜欢暖色系的花朵(warmer flowers)，而不是冷色系的花朵
(cooler ones)。
所以，很多植物为了能够被授粉(get pollinated)，就慢慢地演变适应(adapt)，变成了暖色系
的花朵。
53.Sleep and brain 睡眠有助于大脑 #111193
完美答案：
The lecture talks about the benefits of getting enough sleep, and consequences of
not getting enough sleep. Firstly, the speaker explained the function of sleep.
Secondly, the speaker said people need to sleep both before and after learning. This
is because sleeping after learning can help you remember, and sleeping before
learning can help your brain focus better, and absorb more new information.
简易答案：
Getting enough sleep has lots of benefits. Not getting enough sleep has some
consequences. Firstly, the speaker explained the function of sleep. Secondly, the
speaker said people need to sleep both before and after learning. This is because
sleeping after learning can help you remember. Sleeping before learning can help
your brain focus better. It can also absorb more new information.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【讲座主题】
这个讲座讲的是充足睡眠(getting enough sleep)的好处(benefits)，以及睡眠不足(not
第 184 页 /共 211 页
getting enough sleep)的后果(consequences)。
【讲座内容 – 睡眠的功能】
说话人解释了睡眠的功能(function)。
他表明：说话者说人们在学习前后(before and after learning)都需要睡觉，这是因为
· 在学习后(after)睡觉：可以帮助你记忆(remember)，
· 在学习前(before)睡觉：可以帮助你的大脑更好地集中注意力(focus)，吸收(absorb)更
多的新信息。
54.Paper Rejection 论文遭拒 #111194
完美答案：
The speaker is giving advice on paper rejection and publishing for young scientists.
According to the speaker, the chance of getting a paper published is becoming
smaller and smaller. However, rejections will lead to a better result and will be good
for the career path. In the end, the speaker talked about how to attract and engage
young researchers.
简易答案：
The speaker is giving advice for young scientists about paper rejection and publishing
. According to the speaker, the chance is getting smaller and smaller to publish your
paper. However, rejections will lead to a better result. Also, it will be good for the
career path. In the end, the speaker told us how to attract and engage young
researchers.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【讲座主题】
演讲者正在为年轻的研究人员(young scientists)提供退稿(paper rejection)和出版方面的建
议。
【论文现状】
根据演讲者的说法，论文发表的机会越来越小(smaller and smaller)。
然而，论文被退稿发表反而会带来更好的结果(lead to a better result)，这对职业道路
(career path)也有好处。
最后，演讲者还谈到了如何吸引和让更多年轻的研究人员参与进来(attract and engage)。
55.Bees' genes and Darwin 蜜蜂基因与达尔文 #111195
注：网站提供音频为“近似音频”，仅供考生提前熟悉相关词汇。真实考题内容请见下方参考
答案：
完美答案：
This lecture mainly talks about the genes of bees and their evolution. In order to
protect the next generation in the hive, the worker bees attack intruders and then
die. Worker bees sacrifice their lives to protect the next generation. Darwin realized
that by improving the reproductivity of the queen bees, the bees' genes could be
saved.
简易答案：
This lecture mainly talks about the genes of bees and their evolution. The worker bees
attack intruders, but they will die for it. In other words, worker bees sacrifice their lives
to protect the next generation. Darwin realized that bees' genes can be saved if the
reproductivity of the queen bee is improved.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【主题】
第 185 页 /共 211 页
这节课主要讲的是蜜蜂的基因(genes of bees)及其进化(evolution)。
演变方式：为了保护蜂巢里的下一代，工蜂(worker bees)会攻击入侵者，然后死去。工蜂牺
牲自己的生命(sacrifice their lives)来保护下一代(to protect the next generation)。
【应用】
达尔文(Darwin)意识到，通过提高蜂后的繁殖能力(improving the reproductivity of the
queen bees)，蜜蜂的基因(genes)可以得到保存(saved)。
56.Machines increase unemployment 机器增加失业率 #111196
注：网站提供音频为“近似音频”，仅供考生提前熟悉相关词汇。真实考题内容请见下方参考
答案：
完美答案：
The development of machines is a sign of the development of the country. Machines
are getting more advanced with examples of face recognition or language processing
techniques. Now our life is highly dependent on machines from which people also
make a profit. However, the use of machines will increase the unemployment rate,
which means that we need to create more jobs, or we would have nowhere else to
go.
简易答案：
The development of machines is a sign of the development of the country. Machines
are getting better such as face recognition or language processing techniques. Now
our life is dependent on machines and people make money from them. However, the
use of machines will increase the unemployment rate. Therefore, we need to create
more jobs for people. Otherwise, we will have nowhere else to go.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
机器的发展(development of machines)是国家发展的标志(sign)。人脸识别(face
recognition)或语言处理(language processing)技术等机器正在变得越来越好。
【影响】
正面影响：现在我们的生活依赖于机器，人们从中赚钱(make money)。
负面影响：然而，机器的使用会增加失业率(increase the unemployment rate)。
【解决】
我们需要为人们创造更多的就业机会(create more jobs)，否则我们将无处可去。
57.Fish activities 鱼类活动 #111198
【本音频是近似音频，并非真实考题，仅供听力练习。真实考题内容请见参考答案】
参考答案：
This lecture is mainly talking about fish activities and the past environment. According
to the lecture, it is stated that before we understand fish activities, we should consider
the past environment. The speaker examined some of the noticeable changes over an
interesting period of time, including exposed radiation, claimed instruments. Based
on different regions and colonies, the speaker explored dynamic skills, which is
unachievable.
简易答案：
This lecture is mainly talking about fish activities and the past environment. According
to the lecture, it is stated that before we understand fish activities, we should consider
第 186 页 /共 211 页
the past environment. The speaker examined some of the noticeable changes over an
interesting period. The changes include exposed radiation and claimed instruments.
Based on different regions and colonies, the speaker explored dynamic skills which
are unachievable.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
在我们了解鱼类活动(fish activities)之前，我们应该考虑过去的环境(past environment)。
【讲座大纲】
第一部分：演讲者展现了在一段有趣的时间段里鱼类生活环境中出现的一些明显的变化
(noticeable changes)，包括暴露在辐射环境下(being exposed to radiation)，声称的仪器
(claimed instruments, 根据学生回忆撰写，但是语义不通，考试注意识别)。
第二部分：基于不同的地区和殖民地的环境条件，演讲者探索了一些可能无法实现
(unachievable)的动态技能(dynamic skills)。
58.Symmetry in mathematics 数学中的对称性 #111199
2023年7月2日根据更新后的原音频，重新改写答案：
The historical objects in museums can have lots of mathematical significance. The
stones discovered in Scotland 5000 years ago are the first examples of humans
exploring the concept of symmetry. The speaker spends his life trying to understand
what symmetry is in nature. But we don’t know what these stones are for. Maybe
they were starting to be mathematicians and mathematicians made mathematical
objects for the joy and the beauty.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【主旨】历史与数学也是好朋友。
博物馆 (museums) 里的历史物件 (historical objects)也和数学息息相关 (have
mathematical significance)。
【典型案例】石头 & 对称性
在苏格兰 (Scotland) 发现了一些石头，很有可能象征着人类历史上第一次 (first examples)
尝试理解 (explore) 数学里的“对称性”概念 (the concept of symmetry)。
【深度探究】这些石头的目的
我们还不知道这个石头是用来做什么的 (what they are for)。
作者猜想，搞不好那个年代已经有数学家了 (mathematicians)，这些石头是他们制造出来的
小玩意儿 (mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty)。
59.Hook 议论文开篇 #111206
完美答案：
An essay can identify what you have read and learned. To attract your readers, it's
important to polish the introduction. Try to add an essay hook to build an emotional
connection with your reader from the start. A hook is a catchy sentence or paragraph
that is a perfect method to start a persuasive essay. An excellent hook often includes
an interesting quote, a strange fact or a statistic.
简易答案：An essay can identify what you have read and learned. To attract your
readers, it's important to polish the introduction. Try to add an essay hook to build an
emotional connection with your reader. A hook is a catchy sentence or paragraph.
第 187 页 /共 211 页
This is a perfect method to start a persuasive essay. An excellent hook often includes
an interesting quote, a strange fact or a statistic.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【论文的好处】
写论文可以明确你读过的或学过的内容。
【论文开篇】
好的开篇可以吸引你的读者。
论文开篇的hook可以在文章一开始，就建立起你和读者之间的情感联系。
【hook的定义】
1. 抓眼球
2. 通常是开篇第一句，或第一段
3. 常用于议论文
4. 可以包含：有趣的引言，新奇的事例，或数据。
60.Multiculturalism & Cultural Diversity 多元文化主义 & 文化多样性 #111254
Multiculturalism is the idea that we should respect and even celebrate different
cultures in a society. Multiculturalism is just one of the ways of approaching cultural
diversity. To multiculturalists, we should accept other cultures and respect their
differences. Besides, cultural differences are regarded as a positive thing. This idea is
different from the melting pot idea where everyone is expected to be the same.
61.Bees waggle dance (女声版) #111260
本文回忆尚不完整，有待更多补充。
当前答案是根据考生回忆所写：
Bees do a waggle dance as their communication system. When bees find a good food
source, they will do a waggle dance to tell other bees. The lecture has mentioned a
behavior study regarding bees’ dancing behaviors. According to the lecture, bees
can use their dance and the sounds to describe different flowers and the environment
.
考生回忆确认出现的单词是：
different flowers, good food source, waggle dance, communication system, behavior
study, absorbing，environment, sounds, good food source
62.The Turing Test 图灵测试 #111263
参考答案：
British computer scientist Alan Turing posed a simpler question for artificial
intelligence: can a computer talk like a human? This led to the famous Turing Test,
introduced in his 1950 paper. A human judge had conversations with unseen players,
and a computer must replace a human without changing the results. Turing predicted
machines with 100 megabytes of memory would pass the test by 2000, but he may
have jumped the gun.
中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【实验介绍】
实验人：英国计算机科学家艾伦·图灵（Alan Turing）
实验主题：人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）
第 188 页 /共 211 页
实验目的：计算机能像人类一样交流吗？
实验名称：图灵测试（Turing Test）
提出时间：1950年的论文
【实验过程】
一位人类裁判（human judge）与看不见的玩家（unseen players）进行对话，计算机必须
在不改变结果的情况下（without changing the results）替换（replace）其中一个人。
【实验后续】
图灵预言：到2000年，拥有100兆字节（megabytes）内存（memory）的机器将能通过这
项测试
作者点评：他可能过于乐观了（jump the gun）
63.Clean Water 纯净水源 #111086
完美答案：
This lecture is about water, including the laws about drinking water, water quality, the
rights to clean water, the key threats, and what to do about it both legally and
personally. Water is a critical component of our environment and our body. There is a
largely neglected area of environmental law, given the rapid increase of the chemical
threats to water quality and the source of the chemicals.
简易答案：
This lecture gives information about water, including the laws about drinking water,
water quality, the rights to clean water, the key threats, and what to do about it both
legally and personally. Water is an important part of our environment and our body.
There is a largely neglected area of the environmental law with the increase of the
chemical threats to water quality and the source of the chemicals.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【总述】
这节课是关于水的，包括关于饮用水(drinking water)的法律，水质(water quality )，净化水
资源的权利(the rights to clean water )，主要威胁(the key threats )，以及如何从法律和个
人角度解决问题(what to do about it both legally and personally )。
【定义】
水是我们环境(environment)和身体(body)的重要组成部分(critical component )。
【趋势】
化学品来源的化学威胁(chemical threats)迅速增加，水质会受到影响
【问题】
水仍然环境法中有一个很大程度上被忽视的领域(largely neglected area of environmental
law )。
64.Obese Women 女性体脂实验 #111049
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
Thirty-one obese women volunteered in a Canadian experiment to test their body fat
changes. They followed strict daily diet requirements and did exercise as instructed
every day. After six months, some of them lost weight, while others stayed the same,
第 189 页 /共 211 页
and some even gained weight. There are two explanations: some of them may have
been cheating on the diet, or they did less exercise consciously or unconsciously for
psychological reasons.
（注：故事框架和老师录音基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）
简易答案：
Thirty-one obese women volunteered in a Canadian experiment. They wanted to test
on body fat changes. They followed strict daily diet requirements and did the exercise
every day. After six months, some of them lost weight, while others stayed the same,
and some even gained weight. There are two explanations: maybe some of them have
eaten more, or they did less exercise due to psychological reasons.
中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
31位肥胖女性(thirty-one obese women)自愿参加了一个加拿大实验(a Canadian
experiment)。
【目的】
测试每位女性的体脂改变(body fat changes)。
【方法】
管住嘴：每位实验者都被要求，要按照严格的食谱要求(followed strict daily diet
requirements)来进食；
迈开腿：每位实验者都需要按照规定来进行锻炼(did the exercise as instructed)。
【结果】
6个月(six months)后，三种情况都有：
1) 有的人减重了(lost weight)
2) 有的人不变(stayed the same)
3) 甚至有的人还增重(gained weight)了
【两种解释(two explanations)】
没管住嘴：有些人没忍住偷吃了(cheated on the diet)；
没迈开腿：有些人有意识(consciously)地偷懒了，而有些人可能因为身体机能不够，而导致无
意识地(unconsciously)没有达到锻炼的要求(did less exercise)。
65.Babies just want to be smiled at 婴儿喜欢笑容 #111093
完美答案：
By studying the interactions between babies and their mothers, researchers
determined that babies’ smiles are strategic but not spontaneous. Specifically,
babies smile in hopes others will smile at them, and they time it in a manner of
sophisticated timing. In the study, researchers have found that mothers want
interactions, while babies just want to be smiled at.
简易答案：
Researchers studied the interactions between babies and their mothers. They found
that babies’ smiles are strategic but not spontaneous. Specifically, babies smile at
sophisticated timing because they hope others will smile at them. In the study,
researchers have found that mothers want interactions, while babies just want to be
smiled at.
第 190 页 /共 211 页
中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【目的】
通过研究婴儿和母亲之间的互动(interactions between babies and their mothers )，
【成果】
研究人员确定婴儿的微笑(smiles)是有策略的(strategic )，而不是自发的(spontaneous) 。
具体来说，婴儿微笑是希望别人也会对他们微笑，并且会在一个十分精密的时间点
(sophisticated timing )。
【结论】
在这项研究中，研究人员发现，母亲想要互动(interactions)，而婴儿只想让妈妈对自己笑(be
smiled at)。
66.Automated Driving Systems 自动驾驶系统 #111097
【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
Automation technology in vehicles is a hot topic because it is safe and more fuelefficient. According to the American Traffic Safety Regulation, there are different
levels of automation. Level four is completely under the control of the vehicle, so
people don't need to do anything. Level three is conditional automation, so drivers
must intervene under some circumstances. The speaker thinks level three would be
more acceptable for most of the public.
简易答案：
An automated vehicle is a hot topic because it is safe and more fuel-efficient
. According to the American Traffic Safety Regulation, there are different levels of
automation. Level four is completely under the control of the vehicle, so people don't
need to do anything. Level three is conditional automation, so drivers must intervene.
For most of the public, level three cars are more acceptable.
中文逻辑梳理：
【两大优点】自动驾驶系统 (Automation technology in vehicles) 的两个优点：
1. 更安全 (safe)
2. 节省燃料 (fuel-efficient)
【四级】完全自动驾驶，人不用管
【三级】有条件的自动驾驶，遇到特殊路况时需要人为干预
【民众接受程度】三级更好。
67.Experiment on Climate Change 气候变化的实验 #111203
完美答案：
People first noticed climate change in an experiment on environment and climate in
the 1930s, but the observation of climate change is difficult in different areas.
Researchers predict that temperatures will increase, but they are not certain about
what rising temperatures will bring to the earth. To help deal with global warming,
organizations advocate cutting greenhouse gas emissions and consumers can save
energy around the house.
简易答案：
There was an experiment on environment and climate in the 1930s, and people first
noticed climate change. However, the observation of climate change is difficult in
different areas. Researchers predict that temperatures will increase, but they are not
certain about the influences. To deal with global warming, organizations can cut
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greenhouse gas emissions, and consumers can save energy around the house.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【背景】
1930年代，人们通过一个气候环境的实验，第一次发现了“气候变化”现象。但是，检测不
同地区的气候是很难的。
【问题】
专家预测，未来全球气温会攀升。
【解决】
企业：减少二氧化碳排放。
个人：在家里要尽量节约能源。
第 192 页 /共 211 页
SST 残缺新题（有待补充）
以下题目暂且没有完整的回忆，仅收集到部分考生回忆的关键词。
International law 国际法
演讲者特征：old male 老年男声，快，糊。
关键词：
painful lesson, set of rules，30 years，100 years，no peace，implication function， power，international
law, dominant power, historical perspective, united states, Australia, 1648, between states, 结尾是
military force
——————————————
City 城市
关键词：
city，place people major the first city，有一个数字 product standard economy，the greatest creation of
the first city in the human history，how the lecturer appreciate the city
——————————————
Major cities in the future 大城市的未来
关键词：
globalization：Mexico，Moscow，Chicago，全球化意味着什么，这些城市如何在未来生存，Therefore in
the future...homes and cities ...wide range of people including world banks, governmetns and
politicians.
————————————————
Questions and answers 问题与答案（主旨不明）
关键词：
question, answer, relatives, available, introduction, more expensive, in China, many people，中间反复
穿插 question 和 answer 两个词
————————————————
Global Economic Changes 全球经济变化
关键词：
A male lecturer emotionally shares his view on global economic changes with others.
The whole environment is unfair.
Since he started in this field he has not known where justice is.
Key words: changes in recent years, fairness, unjust, economy changes in global ..., the United States,
the European Union, unethical, trade, agenda, development.
Highlight Incorrect Words
命中率：20%
优先级：低
备战策略
通过网站刷题练习耳朵敏感度和鼠标跟词的速度
当前趋势
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
HIGHLIGHT INCORRECT WORDS - 14题
1.Diabetes and Blood Pressure #121001
No that was, and that’s an important aspect, as you alluded to earlier we’ve previously done work which has
proven that in some situations, even people whose blood pressure is not high, can benefit from blood pressure
lowering therapy. So in this study the main reason that we included the patients was because of diabetes, we
didn’t care what their blood pressure was, whether it was high or low. And our objective was to see whether or
not lowering average or below average blood pressure in diabetics was beneficial and the result suggested
that irrespective of whether your blood pressure was high or low, if you had diabetes you benefited.
2.Future of a Photon #121002
Oh, it’s very spooky. First of all, probability by itself is spooky. Give me… let me show you how probability
enters the system. You walk past a store window and you see an image of yourself in the store window, you
straighten the part, not so bad you know, for a man of my age. The guy in the store window who’s fooling
around with mannequins he sees you and you see yourself. What does that mean? A stream of photons from
sunlight leaves your face, heads for the store window – let’s consider one of them. It has a choice: it can go
right through, so that the guy behind the window can see you, or it can be reflected from the store window.
Some fractions of them are reflected, and some of them go through. What determines that? What determines
the future of that photon? And countless such examples teach us that it’s random, that it’s a throw of the dice,
and that’s where Einstein made his famous statement “God plays dice with the universe.” That every instant of
that single object, that quantum object we have probability, we do not have certainty.
3.Obligation of the Bank #121003
Well there… there… there’s a positive obligation on the bank to ensure that the people who are signing a loan
guarantee, know what they’re doing. Loan guarantees are er kind of unique in that… in that someone is giving
security or a guarantee and placing themselves at risk for someone else, and they receive nothing material in
return. So you’ve got to ask yourself why is this person doing this, do they know what they’re doing? They’re
risking a lot, and not really getting anything back for it. So the imperative is that the bank must ensure that
these people know what they’re doing, and that they fully understand the implications of what they’re doing,
and they know that their properties may be sold if another person doesn’t meet their obligations.
4.Ending Poverty #121004
For some people, this proposition may seem far fetched, but ending poverty is both morally necessary and
actually feasible. All of us must play a role in making it happen. All human beings want, and have a right to live
in dignity, to determine our own destinies, and to be respected by other, by other people. Despite the
universality of these rights, our capacities to fulfill them vary enormously, and no dividing line is more profound
in influencing the quality of our lives than the gulf between poverty and prosperity.
5.Practicality of Employment #121005
Now, a professor is also a member of a profession, presumably one comparing people who see their discipline
as a vocation in its full sense of vocation from vocare to call is a call. Despite some modern uses which reduce
it to the practicalities of employment practice and not theory, the product of training, not education or vocation
is less than this. A calling is active as well as passive. It implies a sensation of purpose. There is a duty to be
vocal.
6.Divide the Ward #121013
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The idea is that we divide the ward - the patients if you like - and the nurses into three different teams, which
we call primary nursing teams. And in those teams we then have the primary nurse which is myself, associate
nurses which generally tend to be D grade nurses, and health care assistant, and you're all in one team
together. The idea is that you would hopefully work as a team in co-ordinating the care for the patients who
come in under your care as in the red team. In our teams we have eight patients each. The idea would be that I
would normally prescribe the care or plan the care, for those patients. In reality, it doesn't always work like that
and besides which the associate nurses that are in the teams have those skills anyway from their training.
7.Australia's greenhouse gases #121032
It's basically all the same thing. A complicated plan to cut back Australia's greenhouse gases. And we are, per
capita the biggest carbon polluters on the planet. But it's not carbon trading that will make the first big cuts in
our emissions. The first big cuts will come from the Government's renewable energy target. Melbourne based
analysts Carbon Market Economics says the Government's 20% target will not only cut pollution, it'll help the
economy as well.
8.BioBonanza #121033
BioBonanza is a one day open house festival. All of the researchers in the Department of Biology are going to
be showcasing their research so students can come see the research, interact with the researchers. And we
want people to be able to interact and have fun at this event. As soon as you walk in the doors, you'll see all
sorts of activities, displays of how a human heart works. We'll have sections of spinal cord and brain. You'll
get to be able to see butterflies and all sorts of insects. You'll be able to try to catch some local insects and
we'll have activities like walking through local plant gardens and seeing how photosynthesis works.
9.Definitions of happiness #121034
There have been various definitions of happiness throughout history and the history of philosophy, the ones
which interest me are approaches to happiness that follow the Enlightenment, particularly in the work of
Jeremy Bentham, for whom happiness was really a combination of physical feelings, pleasures as different
combinations and aggregations of pleasure and pain occur over time. They generate these psychological
experiences that Bentham called happiness. But underlying them for Bentham were physical triggers and
dimensions.
10.Cumulative culture #121035
They may be our cousins, but orangutans and other primates are nowhere near humans in terms of
technological achievement, social organization or culture. As humans, capacity for building off of one another,
an integral part of our so called cumulative culture that has allowed us to build up so much in so little time. But
how do we develop such advanced methods of learning in the first place? Kevin Leyland of the University of St
Andrews spoke with me about his team's quest to pinpoint the social and cognitive processes that underlie
humans ability to acquire and transmit knowledge.
11.Human life support systems #121036
Dramatic changes in human life support systems took place in the modern world over the last 500 years.
Human populations during this time period reached unprecedented sizes and growth rates. Global migrations
introduced exotic plants, animals, diseases, technologies and cultural beliefs throughout the world. The
Industrial Revolution and its aftermath transformed ecosystems on an unparalleled scale and intensity. Urban
places exploded in number and size during the period and large scale social systems emerged that were tied
together by networks of economic exchange, production and communication.
12.Short written assessment #121037
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We're going to have a short written assessment which will happen every fortnight. You will all be broken up
into small groups, so feel free to ask any questions as I go along. And we'll also ask you to participate. So if
you'd all like to open your books to page one.
13.Experimental scientist #121038
What we are going to find out today is how it's a bit more complicated than that, which it always is. I think it's
really wonderful. I mean, not being an experimental scientist myself, I have a kind of envy at the way in which
science can continue to surprise us by this. People working away in labs, moving on our understanding in
ways. Hugo is a cognitive scientist at the French National Center for Scientific Research. Hugo Mercier.
14.Sotheby #121039
The world has changed. The economics of the world have changed, and the art market has come in behind
that.
Absolutely. And it is part of the reason why Christie's left Australia and no longer has an office here. And
Sotheby. it's basically a branch or a franchise, for want of a better word of Sotheby's International. So neither
auction house has a really permanent international presence in Australia because they are focusing their
attentions on the places they can make money, which is the Middle East, India and Asia.
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LISTENING: FILL IN THE BLANKS - 31题
1.William Shakespeare #141001
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal
history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and
church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of
information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
2.Integrated Ticketing #141002
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we introduced a paper ticket that allowed
you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so bus, train and ferry and the second
stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to
store value so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.
3.Contract Patterns Generator (CPG) #141003
In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central contract
patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that
produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the
CPG to switch between different modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
4.Ocean Currents #141004
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in ocean currents could
radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning circulation, bring warm water and warm
temperatures north from the equator to Europe.
Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that this ocean
circulation could be disrupted.
5.Financial Markets #141005
Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of equities and fears
about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time, trading in the US and European credit markets
were exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings
in the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.
6.Online Dating #141006
Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on a popular online
dating platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability using PageRank, one of
the algorithms behind search technology. Essentially, if you receive a dozen messages from desirable users,
you must be more desirable than someone who receives the same number of messages from average users.
Then they asked: How far "out of their league" do online daters tend to go when pursuing a partner? "I think
people are optimistic realists."
In other words, they found that both men and women tended to pursue mates just 25 percent more desirable
than themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but they're also taking into account their own relative position
within this overall desirability hierarchy."
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And the study did have a few more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the take-home messages
from this study is that women could probably afford to be more aspirational in their mate pursuit."
7.Quantum Mechanics #141008
So, what is quantum mechanics? Even though it was discovered by physicists, it's not a physical theory in the
same sense as electromagnetism or general relativity. In the usual "hierarchy of sciences" -- with biology at
the top, then chemistry, then physics, then maths -- quantum mechanics sits at a level between maths and
physics that I don't know a good name for. Basically, quantum mechanics is the operating system that other
physical theories run on as application software (with the exception of general relativity, which hasn't yet been
successfully ported to this particular OS).
8.Brad and Lisa #141014
Brad: As I was saying, Professor Mitchell...
Lisa: Oh, please call me Lisa.
Brad: Yes, well Lisa, well l'm still trying to get my head around the choice of electives for the optional part of
the third year program. I was thinking of taking personal taxation law, and company tax, together with the
extra five-credit-point course on goods and services and VAT type taxes, but I'm a bit concerned that I'm
going to pigeon-hole myself too early in the course.
Lisa: Yeah, hmmm.
Brad: As you know there are going to be interviews for summer clerkships coming up and I really don’t want to
come across as too focused on certain areas that a lot of firms don't even do, you know, have a practice in.
Lisa: Well, don't forget, um. only about 25% of the course at this stage is elective-based and you'll still have
that core of subjects - crim, legal institutions, evidence, property law, general commercial and fed-con law, all
of which would be of interest to a lot of firms. So if I were you, which I’m not, I’d really just go with what my
interests are, and enjoy the chance to undertake some work in an area that I'm motivated to pursue. Don't you
think? There's an awful lot of time in this profession where you'll be undertaking long, stressful hours on
projects that don't really interest you as much.
9.Difference in Policy #141020
One seminal difference in policy remains; the coalition has not matched what is Labor's most important
innovation promise. That is to bring together responsibilities for innovation, industry, science and research
under one single federal minister. Innovation responsibilities currently lie within the powerful Department of
Education and Science, and while there is a separate industry department, it has little influence within Cabinet.
This has hampered policy development and given Australia's innovation policies a distinct science and
research bias. It is the scientists rather than the engineers who call the tune-in innovation policy in Canberra,
so it's no surprise our policies are all about boosting government-funded research and later commercializing
their results.
10.Biological Theme #141021
We've decided to adopt, just as a loose theme for the course, a biological theme so that you can see the
connections between chemistry and biology and the things you might consider doing in the future. We want
you to think about the molecules that are relevant to your body, the processes that occur in your body, the
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chemistry that's going on and how energy plays a role. And we divided the course into four sections and after
each section there will be a mid-term. The first one, or an exam. The first one is about matter.
11.Growth of the Modern State #141027
The growth of the modern state brought with it the development of mass political parties and the emergence
of professional politicians. A man whose occupation is the struggle for political power may go about it in two
ways. First, a person who relies on their political activities to supply their main source of income is said to Live
off politics, while a person who engages in full-time political activities, but who doesn't receive an income from
it, is said to live for politics. Now, a political system in which recruitment to positions of power is filled by those
who live for politics is necessarily drawn from a property-owning elite, who are not usually entrepreneurs.
However, this is not to imply that such politicians will necessarily pursue policies which are wholly biased
towards the interests of the class they originate from.
12.Beautiful Buildings #141044
Along the way we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won and another was runnerup in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first time an Australian building has received
that international honour. We rely on older concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by
the bush. All residents have private verandhas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also creates some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural and soft materials to
build beautiful landscape gardens.
13.Nanotechnology #141046
What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the Royal Society and the
Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer, identified two topics. Nano-science is the study of
phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where
properties differ significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer
scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of
nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.
14.Cars in America #141049
There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country with just over 300 million people.
And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas powered. This poses a huge challenge given the limited
supplies of oil and the growing urgency of the global warming crisis.
But there is good news, according to our guests today. And that is we have the know-how and the technology
to build sleek, fast automobiles that don't use gasoline. These vehicles of tomorrow are powered by hydrogen
, electricity, bio-fuels, and digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from putting them
on the roads? Our guests today will help answer that.
15.Locomotion #141052
We are trying to understand the locomotion of one of our closest living relatives, which is the orangutan, and
also the locomotion of all of the apes and the common ancestor of humans and the other apes. And in that
area, we have had a big problem traditionally, and that we know a lot about how they move around the forest.
I've been out to the forest and spent a year recording the different types of locomotion they use, but we have
no idea about the energetic cost of how they move around the forest and the solutions that they find to
problems of moving around the canopy. And what we're doing here is using the park or athletes as an analogy
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for a large bodied ape moving around a complex environment and getting them to move around in the course
that we've made that they've never seen before. And we're going to record their energetic expenditure while
they're doing it.
16.Productivity in Industrial Revolution #141053
I'm going to argue that the tremendous increases in productivity that we associate with the industrial
revolution originate not so much from changes in science or technology or new inventions, where England was
far from unique as from changes in attitudes, attitudes towards morality, towards what constituted the good.
Attitudes towards property, which became in England individuals long before it did on the continent. Attitudes
toward the proper role of government. And together, these attitudes constitute much of what the Luddites
were protesting against.
17.Lead-in time #141054
Lead-in time is the amount of time that elapses between a business placing an order with a supplier for more
stock or raw materials and the delivery of the goods to the business. Businesses want the lead-in time to be as
short as possible, so that they can meet their customer orders and minimize the time between paying for the
stock and receiving the revenue from the customer. However, this may not happen due to a number of factors
, such as delays in the supplier receiving the order, or the breakdown of the suppliers’ lorries delivering the
stock to the business.
18.Malaria #141055
Also, malaria is something that is a very complex disease with this complex life cycle. That means that if you're
going to eliminate it, you have to be able to target cute parasites and humans. You have to be able to target
parasites in the mosquitoes, that mosquito population. And so that requires a lot of resources. It requires really
good planning and a health system across all these different levels. And so I think the political capital that you
need for that, the educational infrastructure you need for that, the economic resources you need for that are
quite a challenge.
19.Life on Mars #141059
The thing that makes it difficult is because even if life had evolved on Mars, the chances of being preserved
are very small. If we use Earth as a reference and our planet is teeming with life, yet it rarely preserves
evidence of life of the fossil record. And the focus now is on exploring for habitable environments. If you're
looking for water, a source of energy, either solar energy or thermal energy or chemical energy, and then
organic carbon, assuming life as we know it on Earth based on carbon. So those are sort of the three things
that we're looking for in the course of our mission.
20.Green chemistry #141060
Green chemistry is a is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to be practiced
with minimal damage to the environment or in an environmentally compatible way. And it's meant to cover
both chemical processes and chemical products. The center, if you would, set up about seven or eight years
ago, and the idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered fundamental research work, industrial
collaboration, but also educational developments. So we work with schools and on public understanding
projects as well, and also networking. So we network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
21.Dr Google vs ChatGPT #141061
Doctors have been concerned for a long time about people googling their symptoms. There's this term “Dr.
Google,” which is really frustrating to a lot of physicians, because people come in and think that they know
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what they have without having the actual expertise or context, just by having looked up, “I have a headache.
What does it mean?”
GPT software is much better at actually being accurate in determining what patients have and asking
sometimes follow-up questions that will help it further hone in on the correct diagnosis.
Companies are starting to study this. And preliminary research suggests the AIs are surprisingly accurate.
Studies have shown that they work better than online symptom checkers—which are websites that let you
input your symptoms and spit out a diagnosis. They’re also better than some untrained humans.
22.Marie Curie #141062
My hero is Marie Curie. She was a Polish physicist and chemist working in France, and she did conduct
pioneering research on radioactivity. She was also the first woman who won a Nobel prize. Marie Curie is my
hero because she showed a lot of determination in following her career path and her passions. She also
showed a lot of patience in working for years to receive results from her experiments. And Marie Curie, she
designed and built the first mobile X-Ray machines. She worked on the front lines of the first World War along
with her daughter saving soldiers.
23.Entrepreneurs #141063
Why do we need more entrepreneurs right now? The entrepreneurs who create and run our businesses, who
play by the rules are in fact critical to our success as a nation. We need them especially today. Business not
government, will end this recession. Government must help by creating fair rules, sound monetary policy, and
by protecting our fellow citizens in periods when they are jobless. We have to make way for the new
entrepreneurialfirms that will push us to frontiers of innovation.
24.Early Chocolate #141064
The earlier chocolate was quite unpalatable. They used to add things to it to make it more palatable, so for the
early chocolate, they didn't know how to extract all the cocoa fat from it, so it was, or could be quite greasy
and if you made it as a drink you'd have this sort of scum on the top. So they used to try and add things to it,
like starch and things, to make it a more palatable product. So there were a lot of scandals around the kind of
things they were adding to chocolate in the nineteenth century. So by the sort of 1870s, 1880s, there are
people like Cadbury's saying, 'Our chocolate is absolutely pure'. We have this new process, the Van Houten
process which now extracts all this horrible fat that we can use to make eating chocolate. Now we have a pure
product.
25.At Table #141065
When at table, he was totally absorbed in the business of the moment; his looks seemed riveted to his plate;
nor would he, unless when in very high company, say one word, or even pay the least attention to what was
said by others, till he had satisfied his appetite, which was so fierce, and indulged with such intenseness, that
while in the act of eating, the veins of his forehead swelled, and generally a strong perspiration was visible. To
those whose sensations were delicate, this could not but be disgusting; and it was doubtless not very suitable
to the character of a philosopher, who should be distinguished by self-command. But it must be owned, that
Johnson, though he could be rigidly ABSTEMIOUS, was not a TEMPERATE man either in eating or drinking.
He could refrain, but he could not use moderately. He told me, that he had fasted two days without
inconvenience, and that he had never been hungry.
26.Burials #141007
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So between 4,000 and 3,000 BC the Mesopotamian Samarian cultures do not practice any kind of burial. And
then, about 3,000, in the early Dynastic Period, these burials start to reappear, and they reappear with a
certain amount of conspicuous consumption, and this is the context for the royal burials at Ur. OK, so, the
royal cemetery erm, consists of quite a number of pits, so these are little people, um, these are the, er,
excavation workers who are coming down into the pits. So you get some sense of how really deep and how
really difficult it was to construct these chambers.
27.Sceptical Environmentalist #141009
Some years ago, Bjorn Lomborg, a young Danish statistician, published a book called The Sceptical
Environmentalist. It became a bestseller and generated a lot of heat. Lomborg was attacked, abused and
accused of all manner of things; not because he denied the fact of global warming - in fact he affirmed it - but
because, on his analysis, the devil and, he says, a lot of deviousness was contained in the details presented
concerning the size of the problem and what were the most responsible steps to take in response to global
warming.
28.Private Equity #141010
I think that's not going to be such uh, a viable option for Cerberus, but, uh, that may be the way that they're
gonna approach it. Private equity of course is supposed to have the advantage of taking, uh, management out
of the spotlight of, uh, quarterly profits, uh, and industry analysts, and, and, uh, prying shareholder eyes, and
that, hypothetically, gives them a chance to take, uh, slower, more patient routes to doing something to turn a
company around. I would, uh, I would hope, and I have some, I guess optimism, that some of the Cerberus
team will have some creativity and imagination.
29.South Australia #141043
Now that the story's been scratched, it is only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of the
dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from water academics and people
like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this
year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the
vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the state
may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?
30.Carbon-rich soils #141047
Rebuilding carbon-rich agricultural soils is the only real productive permanent solution to taking excess carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. She's frustrated that scientists and politicians don't see the same opportunities
she sees. This year Australia will emit just over 600 million tonnes of carbon. We can sequester 685 million
tonnes of carbon by increasing soil carbon by half a per cent on only two per cent of the farms. If we increased
it on all of the farms, we could sequester the whole world's emissions of carbon.
31.Dogs and Hygiene Hypothesis #141051
Dogs aren't just man's best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are less likely to develop
asthma. Now a new study may show how—if results from mice apply to us. The work was presented at a
meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. The study tests what’s called the hygiene hypothesis. The
idea is that extreme cleanliness may actually promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust from
homes that had a dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then infected the mice with a common
childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus—or RSV.
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WRITE FROM DICTATION - 187题
1.The celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy. #131001
这一著名的理论至今仍是巨大争议的根源。
2.I thought a good architectural structure should be useful, durable and beautiful.#131002
我以为一个好的建筑结构应该是有用的，耐用的，美观的。
3.Educational level is found to be related to social and economic background.#131005
教育水平与社会和经济背景有关。
4.We can all meet at my office after the lecture. #131006
讲座结束后我们可以在我的办公室见面。
5.All dissertations must be accompanied by a submission form.#131011
所有论文必须附上提交表格。
6.All industries are a system of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.#131012
所有行业都是一个输入、处理、输出和反馈的系统。
7.All of the assignments must be submitted in person to the faculty office.#131013
所有作业必须亲自提交到学院办公室/教职员工办公室。
8.All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester. #131016
所有学生每学期需参加十次实验。
9.Leaving valuable possessions unattended in public place is risky.#131017
把贵重物品放在公共场所无人看管是很危险的。
10.Our view is that educational reforms have been inadequately implemented.#131020
我们的看法是，教育改革执行得不够充分。
11.Americans have typically defined the process of plant growth in quantitative terms.#131023
美国人通常用定量术语来定义植物生长的过程。
12.The assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadlines.#131028
作业须于截止日期前送交系办公室。
13.He landed a job in a very prestigious law firm.#131068
他在一家非常著名的律师事务所找到了一份工作。
14.Important details from the argument are missing in the summary. #131077
摘要中缺少了论证中的重要细节。
15.Listening is the key skill needed to succeed in this course.#131092
听力是学好这门课的关键能力。
16.Many birds migrate to warmer areas for the winter. #131093
许多鸟冬季迁徙到较暖和的地区。
17.Medical researchers have focused on causes of diseases and treatments.#131096
医学研究人员一直致力于研究疾病的病因和治疗方法。
18.Most university teaching still takes place in lectures and seminars.#131101
大多数大学教学仍然以讲座和研讨会的形式进行。
19.Nurses can specialize in clinical work or management. #131107
护士可以专攻临床工作或管理。
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20.Organization plays an important role in academic literature.#131110
组织在学术文献中起着重要的作用。
21.Organizational failure is considered from various perspectives in academic literature. #131111
在学术文献中，人们从不同的角度来思考组织层面的失败。
22.Packaging is very important to attract the attention of a buyer. #131116
包装对于吸引购买者的注意是非常重要的。
23.Peer group pressure has a significant effect on young people.#131118
同辈群体压力对年轻人有很大的影响。
24.Plants are the living things that can grow on land or in water. #131119
植物是能在陆地或水中生长的生物。
25.Please check the information on the website for the opening times.#131120
请查看网站上的开放时间。
26.Please note that the submission deadlines are only negotiable in exceptional circumstances. #131122
请注意，截止日期只有在特殊情况下才可以协商。
27.Politics is not usually a safe topic of conversation.#131126
政治通常不是一个安全的聊天话题。
28.Public perception about biotechnology is crucial for developing scientific consensus.#131129
公众对生物技术的看法对于形成科学共识至关重要。
29.Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.#131130
收音机是全世界流行的一种娱乐方式。
30.The supposed benefits of space exploration are frequently questioned.#131142
太空探索的所谓好处经常受到质疑。
31.The speaker began by giving an outline of her presentation.#131145
演讲者先给出了她今天讲座的大纲。
32.She has made a significant contribution to the field of chemistry.#131146
她在化学领域做出了重大贡献。
33.Many departments have their own special book collections.#131149
许多部门都有自己的特殊藏书
34.Some economists argue that the entire financial system is fatally flawed.#131150
一些经济学家认为，整个金融体系存在致命的缺陷。
35.Some people regarded this as eyewash, whereas some people asked for the status of their complaints and
actions taken.#131152
有些人认为这是无稽之谈，而有些人则询问他们投诉情况和采取的行动。
36.Some students find that true or false questions are harder than short answers. #131153
一些学生发现正误问题比简答题难。
37.A bar chart provides a useful means of data comparison. #131173
柱状图提供了一种很有用的数据比较方法。
38.The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm. #131183
商业政策研讨会包括了一份在当地公司的实习（工作）。
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39.The rising inflation rate indicates a decrease in demand for consumer products.#131196
通货膨胀率的上升表明对消费品的需求下降。
40.The earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases.#131198
地球大气层主要由氧气和氮气组成。
41.The garden behind the university is open to the public in summer.#131209
大学后面的花园在夏天对公众开放。
42.The history of the university is a long and interesting one.#131211
这所大学的历史悠久而有趣。
43.The island is located at the south end of the bay.#131213
这个岛位于海湾的南端。
44.The key difference between courses is the kind of assessment.#131214
课程之间的主要区别在于评估方式的不同。
45.The most popular courses still have a few places left.#131222
最受欢迎的课程仍有一些空缺席位。
46.The qualification will be assessed by using a criterion-referenced approach. #131230
资格将通过使用参考标准进行评估。
47.The results of the study underscored the importance of early detection.#131235
研究的结果强调了早期发现的重要性。
48.The school’s summer programs help students to accelerate their studies. #131239
学校的暑期课程帮助学生加速他们的学习。
49.The summer course is canceled due to insufficient enrollment.#131245
由于报名人数不足，夏季课程取消了。
50.The new technician dropped the microscope in the biology lab.#131249
那个新来的技术员在生物实验室里把显微镜摔了。
51.The visiting speaker used to be a lecturer in this department.#131259
来访的演讲人曾是这个系的讲师。
52.There are some doubts about whether these events actually occurred.#131262
人们对这些事件是否真的发生过有些怀疑。
53.There is clearly a need for further research in this field.#131265
这一领域显然有进一步研究的必要。
54.Traveling by boat on the river is not possible in winter.#131285
冬天坐船旅行是不可能的。
55.Tribes vied with each other to build monolithic statues.#131287
部落为了建造巨型雕像而互相竞争。
56.Water filters on campus will discourage the unnecessary use of plastic bottles.#131293
校园里的滤水器可以减少不必要地使用塑料瓶。
57.We can work together to achieve high educational standard.#131295
我们可以共同努力实现高教育标准。
58.We have not yet achieved equality in our society. #131297
我们的社会还没有实现平等。
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59.We were able to contact a number of research subjects.#131301
我们联系到了一些研究对象。
60.Parents’ talk to children tends to be simplified.#131303
父母对孩子的谈话往往被简化。
61.Years of training are needed to become a medical specialist. #131308
成为医学专家需要多年的训练。
62.Upload your assignments to the website by Tuesday. #131309
周二之前把作业上传到网站上。
63.You will acquire many skills during the academic studies. #131316
在学习期间你会学到很多技能。
64.Speak to your tutor if you require further assistance.#131330
如果你需要进一步的帮助，请和你的导师谈谈。
65.Manufacture can now employ more people than agriculture and fishing combined.#131333
制造业现在雇佣的人比农业和渔业加起来还要多
66.Education and training provide important skills for the labor force. #131334
教育培训为劳动力提供了重要的技能。
67.Farming methods across the world have greatly developed recently. #131335
最近世界各地的耕作方法都有了很大的发展。
68.Find out how to get resources before your research.#131336
在你研究之前了解获得资料的方法。
69.Global connections thrived in academic communities, thanks to social media.#131339
多亏了社交媒体，学术界的全球联系蓬勃发展。
70.Several candidates would be qualified as the greatest scientists of all time.#131346
有几位候选人有资格成为有史以来最伟大的科学家。
71.The Industrial Revolution in Europe was driven by steam technology.#131348
欧洲的工业革命是由蒸汽技术推动的。
72.The theater study course encourages students to exercise creativity. #131350
戏剧学习课程鼓励学生锻炼创造力。
73.There are opportunities to receive grants in most artistic fields. #131351
大多数艺术领域都有获得资助的机会。
74.There have been many changes recently in the mathematics department.#131352
最近数学系发生了很多变化。
75.There is a welcome party for all new students each term.#131353
每学期都有一个欢迎新生的晚会。
76.This course considerably emphasizes critical thinking skills.#131357
这门课程相当看重批判性思维能力。
77.Every student has both the right and the ability to succeed.#131366
每个学生都有成功的权利和能力。
78.New credit cards will soon use fingerprint technology.#131375
新型信用卡将很快使用指纹技术。
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79.Collaboration between departments is a feature of successful companies.#131380
部门间的协作是成功公司的一个特点。
80.Geography is generally divided into two main branches, human and physical.#131384
地理学通常分为两个主要的分支：人文地理和自然地理。
81.In this language course, we focus on both fluency and accuracy.#131386
在这门语言课程中，我们注重流利度和准确度。
82.Making mistakes is fine as long as you learn from them. #131388
只要你能从错误中吸取教训，犯错误没什么大不了的。
83.One of the election promises is to decrease income taxes.#131390
选举的承诺之一是减少所得税。
84.This course provides the opportunity to get valuable industry experience.#131393
本课程提供了可以获得宝贵行业经验的机会。
85.Some people are motivated by competition, while others prefer to collaborate.#131396
有些人的动力是竞争，而另一些人更喜欢合作。
86.Students intending to go to the conference must register now.#131397
打算去参加会议的学生现在必须登记。
87.The ability to work with fellow students cannot be stressed enough.#131401
与同学一起工作的能力是再怎么强调也不为过的。
88.The elective course introduces engineering students to construction practices and concepts.#131409
选修课程向工程学生介绍了建筑实操和建筑概念。
89.The department has a higher-than-normal proportion of postgraduate students.#131411
这个学院的研究生比例高于正常水平。
90.The economy is now showing the first sign of recovery. #131412
经济现在出现了复苏的初步迹象。
91.The plight of local wildlife has been ignored by developers.#131415
当地野生动物的困境一直被开发商忽视。
92.The site is designed to be highly interactive.#131418
这个网站被设计成高度交互式的。
93.You should submit your term papers to the general office.#131434
你应该把你的学期论文交到办公室。
94.Key business partners are often intertwined in expense accounts.#131438
主要业务伙伴经常在费用账目上纠缠不清。
95.Speed is defined as how quickly an object or a person moves.#131443
速度的定义是物体或人移动的速度。
96.Animal and plant cells have a number of structures in common. #131444
动物和植物的细胞有许多共同的结构。
97.Being bilingual does not necessarily mean having the ability to analyze the languages.#131450
会说两种语言并不一定意味着有分析语言的能力。
98.We no longer respond to any post reference requests.#131454
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我们不再回应任何后续的参考请求。
99.You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday.#131456
作业必须在星期五中午前提交。
100.Sugar is a compound including carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.#131458
糖是一种包括碳、氧和氢原子的化合物。
101.The shipwreck of this year ruined some artifacts which were interested by historians.#131463
今年的海难毁坏了一些历史学家感兴趣的文物。
102. A series of lectures showcasing economic research have been recorded.#131468
一系列展示经济研究的讲座被录了下来。
103.The printers automatically print on both sides of each page.#131471
打印机自动打印每页的两面。
104.Many vocational courses at institutions are funded by private enterprises. #131476
一些机构的职业课程是由私营企业资助的。
105.Distance learning allows you to develop a career around your commitments.#131483
远程学习使您能够在兼顾你现有责任的同时发展职业。
106.Growing population has posed a challenge to many governments.#131484
不断增长的人口对许多政府构成了挑战。
107.The opening hours of the library are reduced during summer.#131498
图书馆在夏季的开放时间减少了。
108.It takes a long time to walk to university. #131506
步行到大学要花很长时间。
109.Photography can be very useful to geographical research.#131508
摄影对地理研究很有用。
110.The transformation of media has changed the way information is both used and studied.#131512
媒体的变革改变了信息的使用和研究方式。
111.The area has a variety of underwater habitats and species.#131526
该地区有各种各样的水下栖息地和物种。
112.Our study program equips students with essential skills for university.#131532
我们的学习计划使学生具备上大学所需的基本技能。
113.Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media.#131534
世界各地的学术图书馆都在逐步地使用社交媒体。
114.Many food crops require large amounts of water and fertilizer.#131535
许多粮食作物需要大量的水和肥料。
115.New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we live.#131540
制造业的新发展不断地改变着我们的生活方式。
116.Classical mechanics is sometimes considered as a branch of applied mathematics.#131542
经典力学有时候被认为是应用数学的一个分支。
117.This advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic theory.#131545
这门高阶课程要求具备基本的经济学理论知识。
118.New materials and techniques are changing the style of modern architecture.#131547
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新材料和新技术正在改变现代建筑的风格。
119.There will be a chemistry test in the class next week.#131553
下周，班里将进行化学测试。
120.An effective business manager is always open to new ideas.#131580
一个有能力的业务经理总是会接受新想法。
121.The department works closely with business communities.#131581
该部门与商界紧密合作。
122.There is an accounting assignment for finance students. #131584
金融专业的学生有一个会计作业。
123.We should never underestimate the power of creative design.#131588
我们永远不能低估创意设计的力量。
124.Linguistics is the scientific study and analysis of language.#131589
语言学是针对语言的科学研究和科学分析。
125.The orchestra will be led by a visiting conductor.#131594
管弦乐队将由来访的指挥家来指挥。
126.There is a separate reading list for each course. #131598
每门课程都有一个单独的阅读书目。
127.Undergraduate students can select what interests them the most in the science program. #131599
本科生可以选择他们最感兴趣的理科项目。
128.Marine environments have been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.#131603
海洋环境已经被污染和不可持续的发展破坏了。
129.Designers need to keep up with the social trends.#131604
设计师需要跟上社会潮流。
130.A visit to the designed museum is of great value.#131609
参观精心设计的博物馆是非常有价值的。
131.Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate programs.#131619
本科生可以在认证课程中追求自己的爱好。
132.Trees benefit the city by soaking up the rainwater that runs off the roads.#131622
树木通过吸收从道路上流下的雨水的方式来助益城市。
133.New media journalism is an exciting area of study.#131633
新媒体新闻是一个令人兴奋的研究领域。
134.Rising sea temperatures are a sign of climate change. #131688
海水温度上升是气候变化的征兆。
135.The key witnesses to the event have conflicting recollections.#131695
该事件的主要目击者的回忆相互矛盾。
136.Summer school programs allow some students to accelerate their studies. #131743
暑期课程允许一些学生加快他们的学习进度。
137.You will study two core and three optional modules.#131787
你将学习两个核心的和三个选修的课程。
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138.Peer review is an essential part of scientific methods. #131788
同行评议是科研方法的重要组成部分。
139.Advanced technology created growth in the economy. #131791
先进科技创造了经济增长。
140.The study of anthropology can help us learn about society today.#131793
人类学的研究可以帮助我们了解当今社会。
141.The study center in the library has all the latest technologies.#131827
图书馆的学习中心拥有所有最新的技术。
142.This course places considerable emphasis on critical thinking skills.#131834
本课程相当重视批判性思维技能。
143.A typical part of the course involves the study of society.#131844
这门课程的一个典型部分包括了社会研究。
144.The aim of the course is to encourage students to develop their creativity.#131860
这门课程的目的是鼓励学生发展他们的创造力。
145.When launching a product, researching and marketing are very crucial.#131862
当推出一个产品时，研究和营销是非常重要的。
146.Scientists have founded all parts of society today.#131866
科学家们建立了当今社会的各个部分。
147.Physics is the key subject to understanding the world and the universe.#131879
物理学是理解世界和宇宙的关键学科。
148.This new camera can identify your eyes and focus on them.#131896
这个新相机可以识别你的眼睛并对其进行聚焦。
149.There is a pharmacy on campus near the bookstore.#131898
校园里书店附近有个药房。
150.The lecture today will cover all the main reasons for global warming.#131904
今天的讲座将涵盖全球变暖的所有主要原因。
151.The director of the gallery was grateful for the anonymous donation.#131921
美术馆馆长对匿名捐赠表示感谢。
152.Studies showed there is a positive correlation between the two variables.#131922
研究表明，这两个变量之间存在正相关关系。
153.You should have awareness of how the business operates globally.#131923
你应该了解公司是如何在全球范围内运作的。
154.The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester.#131929
舞蹈系每学期都有精心设计的表演。
155.An architect is required to have problem-solving skills and an eye for design.#131930
建筑师需要有解决问题的能力和设计的眼光。
156.The article considers the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas.#131934
本文展现了农村青少年的休闲习惯。
157.Read the first section before the next meeting.#131936
在下次会议之前阅读第一节。
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158.We learned through observations and the analysis of human behaviors.#131946
我们通过观察和分析人类行为来学习。
159.In his lifetime, he composed a large number of works. #131953
他一生创作了大量的作品。
160.In computer science degree, there is a new module in artificial intelligence. #131959
在计算机科学专业，出现了人工智能的新模块。
161.In addition to class requirements, students must pass all the qualifying examinations.#131982
除了课堂要求之外，学生还必须通过所有资格考试。
162.Our aim is to reduce the risks that people take.#131984
我们的目标是降低人们承担的风险。
163.One student representative will be selected from each class.#131990
每个班将选出一名学生代表。
164.All answers must be thoroughly researched and supported by relevant theories. #131992
所有答案必须经过充分的研究，并有相关的理论支持。
165.Any gain on sales of property must be allocated promptly.#1311015
出售财产所获得的任何收益都必须及时分配。
166.Efforts are being made to reduce harmful emissions.#1311017
人们正在努力减少有害排放。
167.Visual aid can be really helpful when you are revising. #1311025
当你复习的时候，视觉辅助真的很有帮助。
168.We encourage students to complete their applications before the deadline . #1311027
我们鼓励学生在截止日期前完成申请。
169.Before you choose your university courses, you should consider your future career.#1311044
在你选择大学课程之前，你应该考虑一下你未来的职业。
170.She began by giving an outline of the previous lecture.#1311054
她首先针对上一讲的内容进行了概述。
171.You must answer security questions when you reset your password.#1311063
当你重设密码时，你必须回答安全问题。
172.Astronomers use light years to measure distance in space.#1311064
天文学家用“光年”来测量太空中的距离。
173.Currently the growth of the economy is unpredictable.#1311065
目前的经济增长是不可预测的。
174.The course includes a combination of pure and applied mathematics.#1311068
这门课程包括纯数学和应用数学的结合。
175.The museum is closed on the third Monday of every month.#1311081
博物馆每个月的第三个星期一闭馆。
176.Social psychology is concerned with the understanding of human behaviors.#1311089
社会心理学关注的是对人类行为的理解。
177.A series of the observations were carried out in the classroom.#1311097
在教室里进行了一系列的观察。
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178.The department is doing some crucial work on climate change. #1311099
该部门正在做一些关于气候变化的重要工作。
179.Physical strength can be improved through regular training.#1311104
通过定期训练可以增强体力。
180.Plants are able to continue growing throughout their lives.#1311107
植物终其一生都能持续生长。
181.The seminar provides an opportunity to exchange ideas with other students.#131349
研讨会提供了一个与其他学生交换意见的机会。
182.Time and distance are used to calculate speed. #131479
时间和距离被用来计算速度。
183.The momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity.#131755
动量被定义为质量和速度的结合。
184.Climate change is not a pure reason for this scientific research.#131867
这项科学研究并不单纯是因为气候变化。
185.Mathematics can be applied to various disciplines.#131931
数学可以应用于各种学科。
186.Digital scans of archive materials are provided for a small fee.#1311049
存档材料的数字扫描件只需要少量费用即可提供。
187.The author expressed an idea that modern readers inevitably cannot accept.#1311112
作者表达了一种现代读者不可避免地无法接受的观点。
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