First of all, thank you for purchasing the Anabolic Cooking e-book. I hope you will enjoy all the info you will find in it. You know, every time I create a product, I commit myself and make a promise to my customers to give you the very best information available in order to help you to gain muscle, lose body fat and achieve your overall fitness goals. In exchange to this commitment, I would like you to make another one to me: don’t copy, resell or steal this book without official permission. You know just like me that e-books are easily copied, shared and passed around .But you should know people like myself or other e-book writers make our living this way. I worked very hard on this book and I am charging a very fair price for it, a fair price that you’ve also paid to get this book. Therefore, if you know someone who’d like a copy, please send him my way. This book is copyright, with all rights reserved. That means that all violations of this copyright (illegal copy, illegal distribution, illegal derivative works) are subject to legal action. In other words, don’t get it messy for all of us by doing something illegal... My partners and affiliates actively search and more than often find all violations to my copyright. Thanks for keeping your promises so I can continue doing my work and helping you with your fitness ambitions. Thank You, Dave Ruel, CFT. NWS, Author of Anabolic Cooking PS: The information in the report is for educational purposes only. It is not medical advice and is not intended to replace the advice or attention of health-care professionals. Consult your physician before beginning or making any changes in your diet or exercise program. Specific medical advice should be obtained from a licensed health-care practitioner. Dave Ruel and his associates will not assume any liability, nor be held responsible for any injury, illness or personal loss due to the utilization of any information contained herein. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 2 I. Know What’s In Your Food ……………………………………..………… Page 4 - 9 II. The Fundamentals Of Muscle Building Nutrition ……………….… Page 10 - 13 III. Grocery Shopping And Meal Preparation ………………..………… Page 14 - 15 IV. In The Kitchen ………………………………………………………….…… Page 16 V. Cheats And Eating Out ……………………………………….…………… Page 17 VI. Post-Workout Nutrition ………………………………………..………… Page 18 VII. Anabolic Cooking Glossary ……………………………………………… Page 19 Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 3 Know What’s In Your Food This section contains knowledge that is extremely important if you want to be successful at body building. What you put in your stomach is directly responsible for the gains you’ll make in the gym. Without proper nutrition, you deprive your body of the necessary tools it needs to build strong, healthy muscle. If you feed your body too much, you risk turning into the Goodyear Blimp. We’re going to have a comprehensive look at the 3 Macro- nutrients that are essential to bodybuilding and why they’re so important to your success. Those 3 Macro-nutrients are of course: Protein Carbohydrates Fats Protein Protein is used by your body to repair damaged muscle, bone, skin, teeth and hair, among other things. Think of it as the mortar between the bricks, if you will. Without it, the entire structure of your body begins to break down. There are two groups of protein. One is called complete proteins and one is called incomplete proteins. Protein is made up of smaller molecules called amino acids, and there are 22 amino acids in all. There is a small group of eight amino acids that can only be obtained through your food, while the other 14 amino acids can be manufactured by your body. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 4 Know What’s In Your Food The eight amino acids that can only be obtained from the food you eat are called essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are called tryptophan, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. These amino acids also help your body create hormones that help regulate things like blood pressure and blood sugar levels, which are directly responsible for your metabolic rate and muscular growth. In short, protein is extremely important to a bodybuilder, especially the complete proteins that are found in foods such as fish, poultry, eggs, red meat and cheese Here’s a short list of foods that provide a complete protein source. These foods are routinely used by professional bodybuilders to build muscle and maintain their bodies: Eggs are one of the best complete protein sources on the planet. Just one large egg contains 6 grams of complete protein. Fish is an excellent source of complete protein. The type of fish does matter. While all fish is relatively good for you, haddock, salmon, sardines and tuna are better than catfish. For example, 6 ounces of salmon can deliver a whopping 34 grams of protein to your body. That’s definitely nothing to sneeze at! Poultry, such as chicken, turkey, etc… Red Meat. My personal favourite source of protein is Buffalo meat, because it’s incredibly lean. Dairy products, such as milk are another source of complete protein, as well as a host of other vitamins and minerals, such as calcium. Just one glass of skim milk contains about 8 grams of protein. Fat-free cottage cheese is very high in protein. Just one half cup of cottage cheese contains upwards of 14 grams of high quality protein. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 5 Know What’s In Your Food Fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds all contain protein, but are generally lacking or low in one or more of the amino acids necessary for your body to rebuild new muscle. However, you can combine these foods with the foods listed above (and indeed you should) and make a great tasting meal that will meet all of your body’s protein requirements. Carbohydrates This essential nutrient has taken a real bashing from diets such as the Atkins and South Beach diets. But like the famous fictional boxer, Rocky, it keeps getting up and trudging forward to victory. Carbs come in a variety of forms. Some are good for you, and some are bad. Carbs are needed by your body to fuel your muscles for physical activity. If you were to think of your body as a car, carbs would be the gas, fats would be the oil and protein the engine or mechanic that keeps the car running smoothly. Basically, carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules, which your body breaks down into fuel, especially when you’re working hard. Sugars, starches and fibres are all basic forms of the carbohydrate. Sounds pretty simple, right? Well, here is where it gets a bit trickier, although I’m going to try and make this as simple as possible. There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. We could also mention Fibrous Carbs that you can find in foods like green veggies, lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, sprouts, spinach, cauliflower, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini, etc… Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 6 Know What’s In Your Food Simple carbohydrates are made up of chains of molecules that don’t branch off. Complex carbohydrates on the other hand, branch wildly at times. For a long time, people believed that complex carbohydrates were far better for you than simple carbohydrates, but that isn’t always the case. You see, your body takes both complex and simple carbohydrates, and tries to break them down into useable sugar energy to fuel your muscles and or- Simple Carbohydrates can be found in foods like : gans. It’s not the type of carbohydrate that really matters, but how fast your body can break it down, and how much it will spike your blood glucose levels. Fruits Table Sugar Honey Chocolate Instead of using the simple method of dividing complex carbs from simple ones, scientists have come up with something called the Glycemic Index (GI for short), which attempts to classify foods by how quickly and how high foods boost blood sugar levels. Complex Carbohydrates can be found in foods like : The important thing to remember is that your body needs carbs, even if some of the fad diets tell you otherwise. Without carbohydrates, your body will begin to break down your muscle tissue to fuel your body, which will sabotage your efforts. In some ways, your body is a beggar and a thief. If it fails to beg Brown Rice Oatmeal Potatoes Yams Whole Wheat Products what it needs from you, it will steal it from your muscles. Glycemic Index Food Chart (Examples) Low GI Foods Medium GI Foods High GI Foods (Less than 55) (Between 55 and 70) (More than 70) Multi-gain Bread Oatmeal Brown Rice White Potatoes Dextrose Table Sugar Whole Wheat Pasta Sweet Potatoes Whole Wheat Wrap Whole Wheat Pita Instant Rice White Bread Quinoa Bananas Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Water Melon Page 7 Know What’s In Your Food Fats I know, you probably saw the word ‘’fats’’and became mortally frightened. Fat is not generally thought of as a nice word, especially if one is trying to drop some extra pounds. However, your body needs fat to function properly, just as it needs protein. Any bodybuilder who neglects their intake of fat will not go very far in the business. If you want to see maximum muscle gains, you have to include the good fats in your diet plan. The trick is picking out the good fats from the bad. Certain fats help your body absorb nutrients. They also help in an assortment of other ways, but since this report is about bodybuilding, we’re not going to go into all of it. The important thing is that good fats are needed by your body to remain healthy and to function at optimal levels in order to promote a permanent muscular growth. First we’ll have a look at the good fats, and then the bad. If you’re reading the ingredients on something you’re planning on buying at the grocery store, make sure that the foods you’re buying have the good fats as opposed to the bad. Monounsaturated Fat Monounsaturated fats are found mostly in nuts, such as avocados, pistachios, almonds, walnuts, peanuts and cashews. This type of fat can also be found in olive oil. Frying your food is generally not a good idea, but if you must, you should use extra virgin olive oil, since it’s high in monounsaturated fats, unlike most oils, such as hydrogenated vegetable oil etc… Monounsaturated fats help lower bad cholesterol and raise good cholesterol, which is a very good thing. It’s also been proven to help fight weight gain, and may even help reduce body fat levels. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 8 Know What’s In Your Food Polyunsaturated Fat Like monounsaturated fat, this good fat helps fight bad cholesterol. You can find polyunsaturated fats in foods like salmon, fish oil, sunflower oil, seeds and soy. Polyunsaturated fats contain Omga-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids, which have largely been processed out of our food. There are studies that have shown we don’t consume nearly enough Omega-3 in our diets, and since it’s part of the complete protein family, our bodies can’t produce it on its own. Therefore, it is very important to incorporate a good Polyunsaturated Fat source in your diet. Saturated Fat Saturated fats are the first fat on our ‘bad’ list. It’s not the worst fat on the planet, but in large doses, saturated fat will raise your cholesterol level in your bloodstream. You can find saturated fats in foods such as dairy, eggs, red meat and some seafood. While saturated fat can’t be put on our ‘good fat’ list, if consumed in reasonable doses it won’t cause lasting harm. In some ways, saturated fat can’t be avoided, since you’ll notice from the list above that most of the foods mentioned were staples in most bodybuilders’ diets. However, you can certainly limit your intake. I am a big red meat fan, I admit it. Therefore, for my red meat, I eat Buffalo (Bison) meat. Buffalo meat is a lot leaner than beef which allows you to eat red meat more often Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 9 The Fundamentals Of Muscle Building Nutrition Building a chiselled, rock hard physique takes willpower and hard work. There are a few bodybuilding principles that are essential if you want to look and feel great. I’ve put together a small list of bodybuilding principles, all of them important and non-negotiable if you want to be successful. Skipping or neglecting any one of these basic principles will lead you to failure, which you certainly want to avoid. I want you to be successful. I want you to be able to look in the mirror with satisfaction, and know that you’re looking better with every day that goes by. This is the main reason why I’ve put this list together for your convenience. Eat 6 Meals a Day I explained earlier why it’s so important to feed your body properly. Again, (and I can’t stress this enough) 80% of your progress in bodybuilding will be directly related to your eating habits. If you want to be successful, you must learn to eat 6 meals per day, without fail in order to keep your metabolism stoked, as well as giving your body the nutrients and vitamins it needs to build new muscle. Eat Every 2 to 3 Hours See a theme happening here? In order to eat 6 meals a day, you have to space those meals out evenly throughout your day, which means eating every 2 to 3 hours, without exception. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 10 The Fundamentals Of Muscle Building Nutrition Making excuses not to eat will not get you the perfect body! Believe me, I’ve heard all of the excuses, and none of them fly with me. You may have a busy life, children to watch, a sick friend, long hours at the office or a car that’s on the craps, but if you truly want a healthier, stronger body, you’ll find a way to eat throughout the day. Besides, by eating 6 meals throughout the day, you’ll be better able to cope with the stresses of life. After all, a well fed body and mind is better able to cope with stress than a malnourished one. Divide Your Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats Strategically Take a look at my Anabolic Cooking Personalized Meal Plans that you get as a bonus with this book, it will tell you how to divide your nutrients through the day for optimum results. It’s one of the most important steps when it comes to building muscle or losing body fat. It’s not just what you eat, but when you eat it that’s important. If you’re targeting calories or protein intake, it’s not good enough to eat all of the day’s requirements in just one sitting. You need to keep your body stocked in the raw materials it needs to change your body. This ultimately means having to time your meals, as well as timing how many macro-nutrients you consume at each and every meal. Eat Enough Food! Protein You should be consuming between 1 and 1.5 grams of protein per pound of bodyweight each day evenly spaced out over 6 meals. You may be wondering about the range of 1 to 1.5 grams of protein per pound of bodyweight per day and which end of the range you should aim for. Well this is the way I look at it, if you are the type of person who is really serious about your training and you want to make progress as fast as possible then stick to the upper end of the range and eat 1.5 grams of protein per pound of bodyweight daily. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 11 The Fundamentals Of Muscle Building Nutrition On the other hand, if you are just working out to “keep in shape” and are not overly concerned about gaining as much muscle as fast as possible can then you can stick to the lower end and just eat 1 gram of protein per pound of bodyweight daily. Example: a 200 lb. man should eat between 200-300 grams of protein per day. Eating approx. 40-50 grams of protein per meal. Carbohydrates Your carbohydrate intake will vary depending on your training goals. If your goal is to get bigger and gain muscular size then you’ll need to eat upwards of 3 grams of carbohydrates per pound of bodyweight per day and maybe more depending on your individual metabolism. If your goal is to lose bodyfat and get leaner then you’ll need to eat around 1 –1.5 grams of carbohydrates per pound of bodyweight daily. Example: a 200 lb. man should eat between 200-300 grams of carbs per day. Fat Generally around ½ a gram of fat per pound of bodyweight daily is a good number to shoot for. It would be a good idea to also supplement your diet with fish oil capsules. Simply take a couple capsules with each meal. Studies have shown that taking 10 grams of fish oil per day can increase your metabolic rate by as much as 400 calories per day! Example: a 200 lb. man should eat about 100 grams of fat per day. \ Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 12 The Fundamentals Of Muscle Building Nutrition Drink Water Your body is made up of mostly water, and you need water just like you need air to survive. Many people make the mistake of not drinking enough water, and then wonder why they don’t see the results they were looking for. Not only does your body need water to stay hydrated, but it needs it to flush the toxins from your system, which is a very important aspect of bodybuilding, and health in general. Avoid Junk Food I shouldn’t really have to mention this point, but it’s better to be safe than sorry, my mother always used to say. Junk food isn’t good for you. If you haven’t met your caloric needs throughout the day, consuming junk food in an attempt to make up for it is not a good move. In fact, it’s metaphorically committing bodybuilder suicide. And, I also wanted to mention that if you try to convince yourself that certain junk foods, such as cookies, popcorn or potato chips aren’t that bad for you, think again. All three of those things are full of Trans fats and processed garbage. None of them have any nutritional value, and your body will respond by packing on some more fat, as opposed to lean muscle. I can’t emphasize enough the importance of making good decision when it comes to your diet. Junk food, while admittedly tasty, is definitely not on the list of good decisions! Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 13 Grocery Shopping & Meal Preparation Grocery Shopping If you’re stuck wondering what foods to buy when you make your trip to the grocery store, I have a neat little rule that is easy to follow. It’s called the perimeter rule. Basically, about 80% of your groceries should be bought around the outer perimeter of the grocery store. Most grocery stores are set up the same way--you have your meats, produce, dairy, frozen foods and vegetables around the outside of the store, and the junk (along with a few necessities) are set up in the aisles, usually located in the center of the store. If you find yourself buying the bulk of your foods from the center aisles, it’s a pretty safe bet you’re not getting the lean protein sources that your body requires to build muscle. You will, however, buy lots of overprocessed foods that are jam packed with fat! Very few of us are rich. We work hard for our money, and that’s why I always look at flyers for deals on food. If you’re working on building muscle, you have to eat, but that doesn’t mean you have to be broke all of the time doing it. Be smart with your money, buy in bulk to save cash and always look for the best deals! Buy Fresh Products When you’re doing your grocery shopping, try to buy only fresh produce; canned or frozen foods are more convenient at times, but fresh fruits and vegetables are better for you than the canned variety. Canned foods also contain preservatives, such as sodium, which you can definitely do without. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 14 Grocery Shopping & Meal Preparation For instance, have a look at the label on a can of soup. The calories listed is probably somewhere in the range of 100-200, and almost everything else looks good. But if you look closely, you’ll find that the sodium content is in the 600 range! Now if you were to make your own soup, which could easily be frozen for later use, you wouldn’t have that sodium content to deal with. Whole wheat bread and pastas are far better for you than their white flour brethren. Fresh cuts of beef, fish and poultry are preferable to their frozen, breaded counter-parts, and as a whole, you want to buy unprocessed foods that still contain the vitamins and nutrients that your body desperately needs if you want to build muscle. Meal Preparation When it comes to bodybuilding, organization is very important. It’s tough making six meals a day. Sometimes the desire to stop at the closest burger joint and scarf down a quick burger is almost unbearable, especially on days where you feel a bit lazy. But if you organize properly, you can save yourself a lot of the anguish. The best way to stick to your diet is to plan your meal preparations. Cook large quantities and make microwavable meals that are very convenient. That way, when you’re feeling a tad lazy, all you have to do is open your freezer, reheat and eat! Once you’ve cooked the food, you should definitely pack it by portion size and weight. I use Tupperware to store much of my food. The important thing to keep in mind is that your food should be vacuum sealed in order to lock in the freshness, as well as avoid freezer burn, which can make any meal unappetizing. I prepare all my meals on Sundays, and it takes me about 3 to 4 hours to have everything ready for the week. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 15 In The Kitchen In order to prepare and eat healthy nutritious meals you need to have the necessary kitchen supplies. These are the basic tools that you’ll need to prepare your meals: A good set of Pots Non-stick Frying Pans Measuring Cups and Spoons A Cutting Board A Food Scale A good set of Kitchen Knives A Blender A Kitchen Grill (such as the George Fore- man grill) Spatulas Shaker bottles for protein drinks A well stocked Spice Rack Bowls Baking Pans and Sheets Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 16 Cheats & Eating Out In a perfect world, you wouldn’t cheat at all. However, I know that we’re all human, and you will probably cheat from time to time. If you do cheat, try to minimize the damage. For instance, if you’re craving for some chocolate cake, don’t take a huge piece. Instead, have a small piece, which will hopefully alleviate your sweet tooth, but won’t compromise your diet too badly. The 90% rule can be used as a measuring stick, which I adhere to myself. In essence, if you eat cleanly 90% of the time, you’re doing well. There are 7 days in a week, 6 meals per day, which equals 42 meals in an entire week. By following the 90% rule, that means you could cheat on 4 meals per week, and still achieve good results. However, the less cheating you do, the better your results will be. Most restaurants now offer healthy alternatives. Again, be aware of the choices out there, and do your best to make the right choice for you. The fresh foods you make from home will almost always be better than what you get at a restaurant. Therefore, it makes sense that you should eat from home most of the time. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 17 Post Workout Nutrition Always Have Protein and Simple Carbohydrates within 30 minutes fallowing your workout. It’s very important, because you have stressed out your body. Once you do that, it needs food to repair itself, which is the basis behind resistance training. If you have no fuel for repairs, your body breaks down the materials it needs from readily available fuel sources, such as your muscles. Also, insulin plays an important factor in weight gain. You need to moderate your levels of insulin, which weight training does, but your body needs protein to repair muscle and tissue damage, while your body uses its fat reserves (as opposed to its muscle reserves) for fuel. I recommend: 50/50 Ratio of Protein (powder for quick availability by the muscles) & Simple Carbohydrates (I recommend Dextrose for quick availability) 10g Glutamine 10g Creatine For some Awesome Protein Shake Recipes, Check Out my Top 10 Post Workout Shake Recipes in the “Anabolicious PWO Shakes” Bonus you received with this book Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 18 Post Anabolic Cooking Glossary In this chapter, I will teach you how to read a recipe, all the types of anabolic cooking methods, cutting methods, and common anabolic cooking words & terminology. All you need to know to get started cooking right away! Bake To cook food in an oven, thereby surrounding it with dry heat. Baking Sheet A flat, rigid sheet of metal on which cookies, breads, biscuits, etc. are baked. It usually has one or more turned-up sides for ease in handling. Shiny, heavy-gauge aluminum baking sheets are good heat conductors and will produce evenly baked and browned goods. Dark sheets absorb heat and should be used only for items on which a dark, crisp exterior is desired. Butterfly In cooking, to split a food (such as shrimp) down the center, cutting almost but not completely through. The two halves are then opened flat to resemble a butterfly shape. Chop Using quick, heavy blows of a knife or cleaver to cut food into bite-size (or smaller) pieces. A food processor may also be used to "chop" food. Chopped food is more coarsely cut than minced food Coat In cooking, this term refers to covering food with an outer "coating." Crush To reduce a food to its finest form, such as crumbs, paste or powder. Crushing is often accomplished with a mortar and pestle or with a rolling pin Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 19 Post Anabolic Cooking Glossary Cube To cut food (such as meat or cheese) into 1/2-inch cubes. Cubes of food are larger than diced or mirepoix Dice To cut food into tiny (about 1/8- to 1/4-inch) cubes Fillet A boneless piece of meat or fish. Filet is the French spelling. It also means to cut the bones from a piece of meat or fish, thereby creating a meat or fish fillet. Grate To reduce a large piece of food to small particles or thin shreds by rubbing it against a coarse, serrated surface, usually on a kitchen utensil called a grater. Grill To prepare food on a grill over hot coals or other heat source. The term barbecue is often used synonymously with grill. Marinate To soak a food such as meat, fish or vegetables in a seasoned liquid mixture called a marinade. The purpose of marinating is for the food to absorb the flavors of the marinade or, as in the case of a tough cut of meat, to tenderize. Because most marinades contain acid ingredients, the marinating should be done in a glass, ceramic or stainless-steel container — never in aluminum. Foods should be covered and refrigerated while they're marinating. When fruits are similarly soaked, the term used is macerate. Mince To cut food into very small pieces. Minced food is in smaller pieces than chopped food. Puree; purée To grind or mash food until it's completely smooth. This can be accomplished by one of several methods including using a food processor or blender or by forcing the food through a sieve. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 20 Post Anabolic Cooking Glossary Saucepan A round cooking utensil with a relatively long handle and (usually) a tight-fitting cover. The sides can be straight or flared and deep (the standard shape) or as shallow as 3 inches. Depending on the style, the versatile saucepan has a multitude of uses including making soups and sauces, boiling vegetables and other foods, braising and even sautéing (in the low-sided models). Saucepans come in sizes ranging from 1 pint to 4 quarts. They are made from various materials including aluminum, anodized aluminum, ceramic, copper, enameled (cast iron or steel), glass and stainless steel. Choose saucepans that are well balanced, with handles that allow the pan to be easily lifted. Sauté; sautéed To cook food quickly in a small amount of oil in a skillet or sauté pan over direct heat. Shred To cut food into narrow strips, either by hand or by using a grater or a food processor fitted with a shredding disk. Cooked meat can be separated into shreds by pulling it apart with two forks. Sliver A long, thin piece of food such as almonds, meat or cheese, or a thin wedge of pie. Slivered almonds are almonds that have been sliced very thinly into little sticks. They differ from sliced almonds, which are almonds sliced across their diameter giving you much bigger pieces. Simmer To cook food gently in liquid at a temperature (about 185°F) low enough that tiny bubbles just begin to break the surface. Sirloin This cut of beef lies between the very tender short loin and the much tougher round. As would be expected, the meat cuts from the portion near the short loin are more tender than those closer to the round. Sirloin is usually cut into steaks or roasts. Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 21 Post Anabolic Cooking Glossary Skillet or Frying pan This long-handled, usually round pan has low, gently sloping sides so steam doesn't collect within the pan. It's used for frying foods over high heat, so it should be thick enough not to warp and should be able to conduct heat evenly. Frying pans come in various sizes, usually 8, 10 and 12 inches in diameter. Tenderloin Of the major wholesale cuts of beef or pork this is the most tender. It lies in the middle of the back between the sirloin and the rib, and the muscles in this section do little that could toughen them. The two main muscles in the short loin are the tenderloin and the top loin Copyright 2009 © Dave Ruel / Anabolic Cooking Page 21
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