Muscular System Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 4 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 1 Types of Muscles Skeletal • attached to bones • striated • voluntarily controlled Cardiac • located in the heart • striated • involuntarily controlled Smooth • Located in blood vessels, hollow organs • Non-striated • involuntarily controlled Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2 The Muscular System Functions 1. Movement 2. Maintain posture 3. Respiration 4. Production of body heat 5. Communication 6. Constriction of organs and vessels 7. Contraction of the heart Figure 7.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 3 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types Slow twitch fibers • contract slowly • fatigue slowly • have a considerable amount of myoglobin • use aerobic respiration • are dark in color • used by long distance runners Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types Fast twitch fibers • contract quickly • fatigue quickly • use anaerobic respiration • energy from glycogen • light color • used by sprinters Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5 Muscle Fatigue • Fatigue is a temporary state of reduced work capacity. • Without fatigue, muscle fibers would be worked to the point of structural damage to them and their supportive tissues. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6 Muscle Fatigue Mechanisms of fatigue include: • Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an increased ATP consumption or a decreased ATP production • Oxidative stress, which is characterized by the buildup of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radicals) • Local inflammatory reactions Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7 Muscle Soreness • Following vigorous exercise, people sometimes experience muscle pain, which can last for several days. • The pain is related to the effects of inflammatory chemicals on the muscle fibers. • Exercise schedules that alternate exercise with periods of rest, such as lifting weights every other day, provide time for the repair of muscle tissue. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 Smooth Muscle • Smooth muscle cells are non-striated small, spindle-shaped muscle cells, usually with one nucleus per cell. • The myofilaments sarcomeres. are not organized into • The cells comprise organs controlled involuntarily, except the heart. • Neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and other factors can stimulate smooth muscle. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9 Cardiac Muscle • Cardiac muscle cells are long, striated, and branching, with usually only one nucleus per cell. • Cardiac muscle is striated as a result of the sarcomere arrangement. • Cardiac muscle autorhythmic. contraction is Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10 Cardiac Muscle • Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one another by specialized structures that include desmosomes and gap junctions called intercalated disks. • Cardiac muscle cells function as a single unit in that action potential in one cardiac muscle cell can stimulate action potentials in adjacent cells. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy • A tendon connects skeletal muscle to bone. • Aponeuroses are broad, sheet-like tendons. • A retinaculum is a band of connective tissue that holds down the tendons at each wrist and ankle. • Skeletal muscle attachments have an origin and an insertion, with the origin being the attachment at the least mobile location. • The insertion is the end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy • The part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the belly. • A group of muscles working together are called agonists. • A muscle or group of muscles that oppose muscle actions are termed antagonists. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13 Muscle Attachment Figure 7.14 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 14 Muscle Names Muscles are named according to: 1. Location – a pectoralis muscle is located in the chest. 2. Size – the size could be large or small, short or long. 3. Shape - the shape could be triangular, quadrate, rectangular, or round. 4. Orientation of fascicles – fascicles could run straight (rectus) or at an angle (oblique). Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15 Muscle Names 5. Origin and insertion. The sternocleidomastoid has its origin on the sternum and clavicle and its insertion on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. 6. Number of heads. A biceps muscle has two heads (origins), and a triceps muscle has three heads (origins). 7. Function. Abductors and adductors are the muscles that cause abduction and adduction movements. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 16 Skeletal Muscles Figure 7.15a Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 17 Skeletal Muscles Figure 7.15b Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 18 Muscles of Mastication • Temporalis • Masseter • Pterygoids (two pairs) Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19 Muscles of Facial Expression and Mastication Access the text alternative for slide images. Figure 7.16 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the priorHill written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.by Christine Eckel (b) McGraw Education/Photo and Dissection 20 Tongue and Swallowing Muscles Figure 7.17 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 21 Deep Neck and Back Muscles Figure 7.18 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 22 Thoracic Muscles External intercostals: elevate ribs for inspiration Internal intercostals: depress ribs during forced expiration Diaphragm: moves during quiet breathing Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 23 Muscles of the Thorax Figure 7.19 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 24 Abdominal Wall Muscles Rectus abdominis: • center of abdomen • compresses abdomen External abdominal oblique: • sides of abdomen • compresses abdomen Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 25 Abdominal Wall Muscles Internal abdominal oblique: • compresses abdomen Transverse abdominis: • compresses abdomen Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 26 Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 27 Pelvic Diaphragm Muscles • Levator ani • Ischiocavernosus • Bulbospongiosus • Deep transverse perineal • Superficial transverse perineal Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 28 Pelvic Diaphragm Muscles Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 29 Upper Scapular and Limb Muscles Trapezius: • shoulders and upper back • extends neck and head Pectoralis major: • chest • elevates ribs Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 30 Upper Scapular and Limb Muscles Serratus anterior: • between ribs • elevates ribs Deltoid: • shoulder • abductor or upper limbs Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 31 Muscles of the Shoulder Figure 7.22 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 32 Upper Limb Muscles Triceps brachii: • 3 heads • extends elbow Biceps brachii: • “flexing muscle” • flexes elbow and shoulder Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 33 Upper Limb Muscles Brachialis: • flexes elbow Latissimus dorsi: • lower back • extends shoulder Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 34 Arm Muscles (a) McGraw Hill Education/Photo and Dissection by Christine Eckel Access the text alternative for slide images. Figure 7.23 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 35 Forearm Muscles • Flexor longus • Flexor carpi radialis • Flexor carpi ulnaris • Flexor digitorum profundus • Flexor digitorum superficialis • Pronator • Brachioradialis • Extensor carpi radialis brevis Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 36 Muscles of the Forearm Figure 7.24 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 37 Muscles of Hips and Thighs Iliopsoas: • flexes hip Gluteus maximus: • buttocks • extends hip and abducts thigh Gluteus medius: • Hip • abducts and rotates thigh Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 38 Muscles of the Upper Leg The quadriceps femoris is comprised of 4 thigh muscles: The rectus femoris: • front of thigh • extends knee and flexes hip The vastus lateralis: • extends knee The vastus medialis: • extends knee The vastus intermedius: • extends knee Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 39 Muscles of the Upper Leg Gracilis: • adducts thigh and flexes knee Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus: • Hamstring • back of thigh • flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hip Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 40 Muscles of the Hip and Thigh Figure 7.25 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 42 Muscles of Lower Leg Tibialis anterior: • front of lower leg • inverts foot Gastrocnemius: • calf • flexes foot and leg Soleus: • attaches to ankle • flexes foot Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 43 Lower Leg Muscles Figure 7.26 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw Hill LLC. for slide images. Access text alternative 44 Reference: Vanputte, C.L., Regan, J., Russo, A., (2022). Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology. (13th Edition). McGraw-Hill. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 45
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