This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Designation: D854 − 23 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by the Water Displacement Method1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D854; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revis original revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense. the “standard” designation of 75-mm and 75-µm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as non-conformance with this test method. The use of balances balanc es or scales recording recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1. Sco Scope* pe* 1.1 1. 1 Th Thes esee tes testt me meth thod odss co cove verr th thee de deter termin minati ation on of th thee specific gravity of soil solids that pass the 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) or smaller smal ler siev sievee by mean meanss of the wat water er dis displa placeme cement nt met method hod.. When the total sample contains larger particles, it is separated into a coarser and finer portion using a 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) or No. 4 (4.75-mm) or finer sieve. Separation Separation on the No. 4 sieve is the referee method. Test Method C127 shall be used to obtain the specific gravity of the coarser portion. The D854 test methods shall be used to obtain the specific gravity of the finer portion. 1.4 All observed observed and calculated values values shall conform conform to the guidelines for signifi guidelines significant cant digits and rounding established established in Practice D6026 D6026,, unless superseded by this test method. 1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the The total sample specific gravity is computed from the two portions as described in 12.5 12.5.. 1.1.1 These test methods methods do not apply to solids solids which can be altered by these methods, contaminated with a substance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highly organic, such as fibrous matter which floats in water (see Note 1). 1). industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures dur es use used d do not con consid sider er mat materia eriall var variati iation, on, pur purpos posee for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increa inc rease se or red reduce uce significan significantt dig digits its of rep report orted ed dat dataa to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of the these se test methods methods to con consid sider er sig signifi nifican cantt dig digits its use used d in analysis methods for engineering design. NOTE 1—Test Method D5550 may be used to determine the specific gravity of soil solids having solids, which readily dissolve in water or float in water, or where it is impracticable to use water. 1.5 This standar standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the safet sa fetyy co conc ncern erns, s, if an anyy, as asso socia ciated ted wi with th its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Glassw Gla sswar aree und under er vac vacuum uum has the pot potent ential ial for imp implos losion ion.. 1.2 This standard standard provides two methods methods for perfo performing rming the specific gravity test. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority, except when testing the types of soils listed in 1.2.1 1.2.1.. 1.2.1 Method A—Procedure for Moist Specimens, described in 11.1 11.1.. This procedure procedure is the preferred preferred method. Method Method A shall be use used d for or organ ganic ic soi soils; ls; hig highly hly pla plastic stic,, fine fine-gr -grain ained ed soi soils; ls; tropical soils; and soils containing halloysite. 1.2.2 Method B—Pr B—Procedu ocedure re for OvenOven-Dry Dry Specim Specimens, ens, described in 11.2 11.2.. This procedure requires less time and may be used for clean sands. Properr per Prope person sonal al pr protec otective tive equ equipm ipment ent sha shall ll be use used d at all times. See Section 8. 1.6 This inte interna rnatio tional nal sta standa ndard rd was dev develo eloped ped in acc accor or-dance with internationally recognized principles on standardizat iz atio ion n est estab ablis lishe hed d in th thee De Deci cisio sion n on Pr Prin incip ciples les fo forr th thee Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trad Tradee (TBT) Committee. 1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard, except the sieve designations. The sieve designationss are iden tion identifie tified d usi using ng the “alt “altern ernativ ative” e” sys system tem in acco accorrdance with Practic Practicee E11 E11,, such as 3-in. and No. 200, instead of 2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 1 This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils. Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally approved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D854 – 14, which was For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on withdrawn withdr awn in May 2023 and reinstated November November 2023. DOI: 10.15 10.1520/D08 20/D0854-23. 54-23. the ASTM website. 2 *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1 D854 − 23 C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate D653 Termino erminology logy Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) D2488 Practic Practicee for Description and Ident Identificatio ification n of Soils in th thee py pycn cnom omet eter er.. Tes estt wa wate terr is ad adde ded d to im imme mers rsee th thee spec sp ecim imen en.. On Onee of th thre reee tec techn hniq ique uess ar aree us used ed to de deair air th thee specim spe cimen: en: boi boilin ling, g, vac vacuum uuming ing,, or a com combin binatio ation n of bot both. h. Equilib Equ ilibrat rated ed tes testt wate waterr is add added ed to fill the pyc pycnom nometer eter.. The pycnometer, thermometric device, and additional test water are placed into an insulating container to achieve thermal equilibrium. The mass and temperature are recorded after adjusting the water volume. The calibrated mass of the pycnometer with water, mass of the dry specimen, and mass of the specimen and (Visual-Manual D3740 Practicee forProcedures) Practic Minimum Minimu m Requir Requirements ements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing D5550 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycno Pycnometer meter D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data D7928 Test Metho Method d for Particle Particle-Size -Size Distri Distribution bution (Gradation) tio n) of Fin Fine-G e-Grain rained ed Soi Soils ls Usin Using g the Sed Sedime imenta ntation tion (Hydrometer) Analysis E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods E691 Practic Practicee for Conducting an Interl Interlaborat aboratory ory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method E1406 Specification for Laboratory Glass Filter Flasks py pycn cnom omete eter r fil filled led with h specific water wa ter ar are e us used edis fo for r cal calcu culat latio ion n to of specific gravity. Thewit final gravity reported relative water density at 20°C. 5. Signi Significanc ficancee and Use 5.1 The specific gravity gravity of soil solids is used in calculating the phase relationships of soils, such as void ratio and degree of saturation. 5.1.1 The specific gravity gravity of soil solids is used to calculate calculate the density of the soil solids. This is done by multiplying the specificc gravity by the density of water at 20°C. The soil solids specifi density is nearly independent of temperature. 5.2 The ter 5.2 term m so soil il so solid lidss is ty typi pical cally ly ass assum umed ed to me mean an naturally occurring mineral particles or soil like particles that are not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soil solids containing containing extraneous matter, matter, such as cement, lime, lim e, an and d th thee lik like, e, wa wate terr-so solu lubl blee ma matte tterr, su such ch as so sodi dium um chloride, and soils containing matter with a specific gravity less than one, typically require special treatment (see Note 2) 2) or a qualified definition of their specific gravity. NOTE 2—For some soils containing a significant fraction of organic matter, kerosene is a better wetting agent than water and may be used in place of test water for oven-dried specimens. Kerosene is a flammable liquid that must be used with extreme caution. This standard should not be used when using kerosene as the test fluid. 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 For definitions definitions of common technical technical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653 D653.. 5.3 The balances, pycnometer pycnometer sizes, and specimen masses are specified to obtain test results reportable to four significant digits. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 specific gravity of soil solids, Gs, n—the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a soil solids to the mass of the same volume of gas-free pure water at 20 °C. NOTE 3—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is depend dep endent ent on the com compet petenc encee of the per person sonnel nel per perfor formin ming g it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that comp compliance liance with Pract Practice ice D3740 doe doess not in its itself elf assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 3.2.2 equi equilibrate librated d test water water,, n—te test st wa wate terr th that at is in ai airr equilibrium at room temperature and pressure. 3.2.2.1 Discussion—Exposing test water to the atmosphere for several hours allows dissolved air to escape and prevents formation of air bubbles during the test. 3.2.3 reduced sample, n—the minus 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve, No.. 4 (4 No (4.7 .755-mm mm)) si siev eve, e, or fin finer er ma mate teri rial al th that at ha hass be been en separated from the sample and then split to reduce the mass while still having sufficient quantity to meet the minimum dry mass requirements of Table 1. 6. Appar Apparatus atus 6.1 Pycnometer—The pyc pycnom nometer eter (se (seee No Note te 4) sha shall ll be either a stoppered flask, stoppered iodine flask, or volumetric flask with a minimum capacity of 250 mL (see Note 5). 5). The stoppe sto pperr and flask sha shall ll rem remain ain a matc matched hed pair and labeled labeled accordingly. The volume of the pycnometer shall be 2 to 3 times greater than the volume of the soil-water mixture used during the deairing portion of the test. 4. Summ Summary ary of Test Test Method 4.1 A representa representative tive reduced sample sample is prepa prepared red in either a mois mo istt (M (Met etho hod d A) or dr dry y (M (Met etho hod d B) st stat ate. e. Fo Forr mo mois istt preparation, prepar ation, a subsp subspecimen ecimen of the reduced sample is disper dispersed sed and blended into a slurry using one of four options. The dry mass of the test specimen is determined at the end of the test. For dry preparation, the material is oven dried prior to testing and the specimen mass is measured once the material is placed NOTE 4—Heavy duty pycnometers are commonly used to perform this test using the vacuum method. However, there are no products on the market that are certified for vacuum applications. See the Hazards section (Section 8 8)) for more information. NOTE 5—T 5—The he sto stoppe ppered red flas flask k mec mechan hanical ically ly set setss the vol volume ume.. The 2 D854 − 23 stoppered iodine flask has a flared collar that allows the stopper to be placed at an angle during thermal equilibration and prevents water from spilling down the sides of the flask when the stopper is installed. The wetting of the outside of the flask is undesirable because it creates changes in the thermal equilibrium and requires careful drying. Vacuum gages often indicate the vacuum as a positive number with zero being atmospheric pressure. 6.7.4 V Vacuum acuum Gauge—A gauge having a readability of at least 5 kPa and capable of measuring either gauge pressure to –95 kPa or absolute pressure as low as 5 kPa. 6.2 Balance—A balance meeting the requir requirements ements of Guide D4753 for 0.01 g readability and sufficient capacity (see Note 6). One balance shall be used for all of the mass measurements. 6.8 Insulated Container—A styrofoam cooler with cover or container contai ner with equiv equivalent alent insula insulation tion ef effectiv fectiveness. eness. The containe tai nerr sh shal alll ha have ve cap capaci acity ty to ho hold ld be betw twee een n th thre reee an and d si six x pycnometers plus a beaker (or bottle) of test water, and the sensor of the thermometric device. The container is required to maint mai ntain ain a sta stabl blee tem tempe perat ratur uree en envir viron onmen mentt to all allow ow the pycnometers to come to thermal equilibrium. NOTE 6—De 6—Depen pendin ding g on the dry mass of the spe specim cimen, en, the bal balanc ancee should handle between 500 and 1000 g when using a 250 mL pycnometer and between 1000 g and 1500 g when using 500 mL pycnometers. 6.3 Drying Oven—Vented, thermostatically controlled oven, capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C throughou throu ghoutt the dryin drying g chamb chamber er.. These requir requirements ements usual usually ly require the use of a forced-draft oven. 6.9 Insulated Block—A styrofoam styrofoam block or similar material with equivalent insulation effectiveness to that of the insulated container and large enough to support one pycnometer. 6.4 Thermometric Device—A thermometric device capable of measuring the temperature range within which the test is being performed, having a readability of 0.1°C and an accuracy of 0.5°C. 6.4.1 6.4 .1 The the thermo rmometr metric ic dev device ice mus mustt be cap capabl ablee of bei being ng immersed in the specimen and calibration solutions to a depth ranging between 25 mm below the water surface and 25 mm from fr om th thee bo botto ttom m of th thee py pycn cnom omete eterr. A pa part rtial ial im imme mers rsio ion n thermometric device shall have an immersion line at least 25 6.10 Funnel—A nonnon-corro corrosive sive smooth surface surface funnel with a stem that ext extend endss pas pastt the stoppered stoppered seal on the sto stoppe ppered red flasks. The diameter of the stem must be large enough that soil solids will easily pass through. 6.11 Pycnometer Filling Device—To assist in adding equilibrated bra ted tes testt wat water er to the pyc pycnom nometer eter wit withou houtt dis distur turbin bing g the soil-water mixture use one of the following: mm from the bottom of the sensor tip. Total or full immersion thermometric devices shall not be used. 6.11.1 Pycnometer Filling Tube with Lateral Vents—A device may be fabricated as follows. Plug a 6 mm to 10 mm diam di amete eterr pl plas astic tic tu tube be at on onee en end d an and d cu cutt two small small ve vent ntss (notches) just above the plug. The vents should be perpendicular to the axis of the tube and diametrically opposed. Connect a valve to the other end of the tube and run a line to the valve from a supply of test water. 6.11.2 Small Diame Diameter ter Flexibl Flexiblee Tu Tube— be—A piece of flexible tubing having a diameter of 6 mm to 10 mm and long enough to connect from a container of equilibrated test water to the bottom of the pycnometer. The tubing shall be soft enough to pinch off the flow with finger pressure. 6.5 Oven Drying Containers—To obtain oven dried specimen mass depending on the option: 6.5.1 Method A—Contain Containers ers of suf suffficient size to hold the volume of the pycnometer plus any wash water. 6.5.2 Method B—Container of sufficient size to hold the test specimen. 6.6 Specimen Cooling Device—To prevent water absorption while cooling oven dried specimens use one or both of the following: 6.6.1 Desiccator—A desiccator cabinet or large desiccator jar of suitable size containing desiccant. 6.6.2 Desiccant—Sili Silica ca gel or anh anhydr ydrous ous calc calcium ium sul sulfat fatee with a color indicator placed in the desiccator. Desiccant in use must be ef effective fectively ly dry according to manuf manufacture acturer’s r’s instructions. 6.6.3 Covers for Oven Drying Containers—Tight fitting lids or aluminum foil to cover containers. 6.12 W pipet, et, eye eyedro droppe pperr, or squ squeeze eeze Water ater Dispe Dispenser— nser—A pip bottlee of su bottl sufffici icien entt len lengt gth h fo forr th thee tip to ex exten tend d pa past st th thee calibration mark on the volumetric flask or stoppered seal on the stoppered flasks. 6.13 Spoon—Spoon or similar instrument of sufficient size to transfer material directly into the funnel and prevent loss of material. 6.7 Degassing Apparatus—To remove entrapped air (deairing process), one or more of the following as appropriate to the method: 6.7.1 Hot Plate or Bunsen Burner—Capable of maintaining a temperature adequate to boil water in the pycnometer. The Bunsen Burner shall be equipped with a ceramic shield, baffle plate, sand bath, or other means to distribute the heat. 6.7.2 Water Bath—A shallow water container of sufficient size to hold the pycnometers while heating. 6.7.3 Vacuum System—A vacuum pump or water aspirator, 6.14 Separation Sieve—3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm) or finer sieve conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.. E11 6.15 So Onee of the Soil il Disper Dispersion sion appa apparatus ratus (Method A)—On following devices used to disperse the soil: 6.15.1 Blender—A blender either with mixing blades build into the base or with mixing blades attached to the shaft and baffle rods built into the mixing container. This latter device is described in detail as the Stirring Apparatus and Dispersion capable of producing at least a partial vacuum of 660 mm of mercury (Hg) (see Note 7). 7). Cup in D7928 D7928.. The blades shall be in good condition. 6.15.2 Shake Bottle—A hard plastic bottle with tight fitting cap and several ceramic grinding balls (about 13 mm diameter). NOTE 7—A partial vacuum of 660 mm of mercury is approximately equivalent to an absolute pressure of 100 mm of Hg (13 kPa) at sea level. 3 D854 − 23 6.16 Mor Mortar tar and Rub Rubber ber-Co -Cover vered ed Pes Pestle tle (Me (Metho thod d B)— Apparatus Appar atus suitable for breaking up aggre aggregation gationss of air-dried soil particles without breaking individual particles. standard deviation shall be less than or equal to 0.02 g. If it is greater, attempt additional measurements or use a more stable or precise balance. 6.17 Miscellaneous Equipment—Such as specimen dishes, spatulas, glass plate, and insulated gloves. 10.2 Fil 10.2 Filll the pyc pycnom nomete eterr with equilibr equilibrated ated test wat water er to above or below the calibration mark depending on the type of pycnometer and laboratory preference to add or remove water (see No Note te 9). Th Thee wa wate terr sh shall all be ad adde ded d to th thee py pycn cnom omete eterr following the guidance given in 11.5 11.5.. 7. Reag Reagents ents 7.1 T Test est Water— Distilled, demineralized, deionized, or reverse osmosis pure water is the only permissible permissible test fluid. The use of tap water is not permitted. NOTE 9—It is recommended that water be removed to bring the water level to the calibration mark. The removal method reduces the chances of alterin alt ering g the the therma rmall equ equilib ilibriu rium m by red reduci ucing ng the num number ber of tim times es the insulated insul ated contain container er is opene opened. d. 8. Haza Hazards rds 10.2.1 The wate 10.2.1 waterr mus mustt be equ equilib ilibrat rated ed to stan standar dard d roo room m pressure and temperature conditions to make sure that there are no air bubbles in the water. The water may be deaired using either eith er boi boilin ling, g, vac vacuum uum,, com combin binatio ation n of vac vacuum uum and hea heat, t, a deairing device or stored overnight in an open container. This deai de aire red d wa wate terr sh shall all no nott be us used ed un until til it ha hass te temp mper erat atur uree equilibrated equilib rated to room temperature. temperature. 8.1 Gla Glass ss pyc pycnom nometer eterss und under er vac vacuum uum pos posee an imp implos losion ion hazard.. Annex 1 of Specification hazard Specification E1406 provides a test method to establish that a glass vessel, that is not abraded, bruised, or othe ot herw rwis isee da damag maged ed in su subs bseq eque uent nt se serv rvice ice,, is ex expe pecte cted d to indefinitely withstand a vacuum. This test should be considered in th thee ab abse senc ncee of a ma manu nufa fact ctur urer er sp spec ecifi ifica cati tion on.. In al alll circums circ umstanc tances, es, pro proper per per person sonal al pro protect tective ive equ equipm ipment ent is required to prevent injury from flying glass debris when glass is exposed to differential pressures. 10.3 No mo 10.3 more re th than an si six x py pycn cnom omete eters rs sh shall all be ca calib libra rate ted d concurrently in each insulated container. Put the pycnometer(s) into a covered insulated container along with the thermometric devi de vice ce,, a be beak aker er (o (orr bo bottl ttle) e) of tes testt wa wate terr, st stop oppe per( r(s) s) (i (iff a 9. Test Specimen 9.1 be The test specimen specimenofmay be moi moist st orthat oven-d ove n-dry rythe soil3⁄8and shall representative the soil solids pass -in. (9.5 (9 .5-m -mm) m) or No No.. 4 or fin finer er si siev evee fr from om th thee to tota tall sa samp mple le.. Separation using the No. 4 sieve is the referee method. The test specime spe cimen n sha shall ll mee meett the min minimu imum m dry mas masss req requir uiremen ements ts provided in Table 1 based on the maximum particle size. The recommended ranges provided in Table 1 provide guidelines based on particle size, and pycnometer size (see Note 8). 8). High plasticity soils will expand excessively making it necessary to use small test specimens. stopp stoppered ered pycnometer come pycnometer is being used), and the waterfor dispenser dispenser. Let the pycnometer(s) to thermal equilibrium at least. 3 h. The equilibrium temperature shall be within 4°C of room temperature and between 15°C and 30°C. 10.4 Move the insulated insulated container container near the balance or vice versa. Open the container and remove one pycnometer. Only the rim of the pycnometer shall be touched to prevent the heat from fro m han handli dling ng cha changi nging ng the the therma rmall equ equilib ilibriu rium. m. Plac Placee the pycnometer on the insulated block while making water level adjustments and temperature measurements. 10.4.1 10. 4.1 If usi using ng a vol volume umetri tricc flas flask k as a pyc pycnom nomete eter, r, adjust adjust thee wa th wate terr to th thee ca calib libra ratio tion n ma mark rk,, wi with th th thee bo botto ttom m of th thee meniscus level with the mark. If water must be added, use the thermally therma lly equili equilibrated brated water from the insula insulated ted contai container ner.. If water wat er mus mustt be rem remove oved, d, use a sma small ll suc suctio tion n tub tube, e, squ squeeze eeze NOTE 8—The recommended limits provided in Table 1 are intended to increase precision in the test and account for practical details in handling the materials materials.. The dry mas masss val values ues are lar large ge eno enough ugh to yie yield ld fou fourrsignificant digits in the computed specific gravity. Increasing the dry mass increases the precision of the results. The mixture of soil solids and water for the fine-grained soils needs to be dilute during the deairing process. bottle, or paper towel. Check for and remove any water beads on the pycnometer stem or on the exterior of the flask. Measure and record the mass of pycnometer and water, Mpw,i, to the nearest 0.01 g using the balance. 10.4.2 10.4. 2 If using a stoppered stoppered flask, adjust the water to prevent entrap ent rapmen mentt of any air bub bubble bless bel below ow the sto stoppe pperr dur during ing its placement. Place the stopper in the flask. While inserting the stopper remove excess water using an eyedropper or squeeze 10. Cali Calibrati bration on of Pycn Pycnomet ometer er 10.1 Me 10.1 Meas asur uree an and d re reco cord rd th thee ma mass ss of th thee cle clean an an and d dr dry y pycnometer, M p, to the nearest 0.01 g (typically five significant digits).. If using a stoppered flask, include digits) include the stopp stopper er as part of the pyc pycnom nomete eterr mas mass. s. Rep Repeat eat this det determ erminat ination ion five time times. s. One balance balance sha shall ll be use used d for all the mass mea measur sureme ements nts.. Calculate and record the average and standard deviation. The TABLE 1 Dry Mass Test Specimen Requirements and Recommendations Maximum Particle Size of Reduced Sample 99 % or more passes Alt. Sieve (mm) No. 100 0.150 No. 40 0.425 No. 10 2.00 No. 4 4.75 3 ⁄8 in. 9.50 Minimum 20 40 50 75 165 Test Specimen Dry Mass (g) Recommended Range for Test Specimen For 250 mL Pycnometer For 500 mL Pycnometer Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 30 50 30 75 40 60 40 100 50 75 50 125 75 125 75 200 165 200 165 300 4 D854 − 23 bottle. Dry the rim using a paper towel. Be sure the entire exterior of the flask is dry. Measure and record the mass of pycnometer and water, Mpw,i, to the nearest 0.01 g using the balance. 10.8 10. 8 For each pair of data points, points, compute compute and record record the volume of the pycnometer, V p,i, to the nearest 0.001 mL using the follo following wing equatio equation: n: V p, i 5 10.5 Return the pycnometer pycnometer to the insulated block. block. If using a stopped flask, remove the stopper. Immediately, measure and record the temperature of the water, Ti, to the nearest 0.1 °C using the thermometric device that has been thermally equilibrated bra ted in the ins insula ulated ted con contain tainer er.. Ins Insert ert the the thermo rmometr metric ic ~ M pw , i 2 M p ! (1 ) ρ w,i where: mass of the the pycnometer pycnometer and water water at the the calibracalibraMpw,i = the mass tion temperature, g, device to the appropriate depth of immersion (6.4 (6.4). ). 10.6 Readjus Readjustt the water level in the pycnometer pycnometer to above or below the calibration line (depending on the equipment) using the thermally equilibrated water. Return the pycnometer to the insulated container. Mp = calibration, the av the aver erag ageg, e ma mass ss of th thee dr dry y py pycn cnom omet eter er at ρpw,i = the mass mass density density of water water at the measur measured ed calibratio calibration n temperature, Ti, g/mL, from (Table (Table 2) 2) or Eq 2, and = measur measurement ement numb number er.. i 10.9 The following following equations equations provide an adequate adequate fit to the values tabulated in Table 2 and may be used in place of the tabulated values. 10.7 Repeat the measurement measurement sequence for all pycnometers pycnometers in the container. Cover the container and allow the pycnometers to thermally equilibrate for at least 30 minutes. 10.7.1 10.7. 1 Repeat the procedure procedure starting from 10.4 to obtain at least five independent measurements of the mass of the filled pycnometer and temperature readings. The temperatures do not need to bracket any specific temperature range. ρ w 5 1.00034038 2 ~ 7.77 × 102 6 ! × T 2 ~ 4.95 × 102 6 ! × T 2 (2 ) where: ρw = den density sity of of water at the test test temperat temperature ure in g/mL, g/mL, TABLE 2 Density of Water and Temperature Coefficient ( K) for Various TemperaturesA Temperature (°C) Density (g/mL) Temperature Temperature Coefficient, (°C) K 1.00090 16.0 1.00088 .1 1.00087 .2 1.00085 .3 1.00084 .4 1.00082 .5 1.00080 .6 1.00079 .7 1.00077 .8 1.00076 .9 1.00020 20.0 1.00018 .1 1.00016 .2 1.00014 .3 1.00012 .4 1.00010 .5 1.00008 .6 Density (g/mL) 0.99895 0.99893 0.99891 0.99890 0.99888 0.99886 0.99885 0.99883 0.99881 0.99879 0.99821 0.99819 0.99816 0.99814 0.99812 0.99810 0.99808 Temperature Temperature Coefficient, (°C) K 1.00074 17.0 1.00072 .1 1.00071 .2 1.00069 .3 1.00067 .4 1.00066 .5 1.00064 .6 1.00062 .7 1.00061 .8 1.00059 .9 1.00000 21.0 0.99998 .1 0.99996 .2 0.99994 .3 0.99992 .4 0.99990 .5 0.99987 .6 Density (g/mL) 15.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 19.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 0.99910 0.99909 0.99907 0.99906 0.99904 0.99902 0.99901 0.99899 0.99898 0.99896 0.99841 0.99839 0.99837 0.99835 0.99833 0.99831 0.99829 .7 .8 .9 23.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 27.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 0.99827 0.99825 0.99823 0.99754 0.99752 0.99749 0.99747 0.99745 0.99742 0.99740 0.99737 0.99735 0.99732 0.99652 0.99649 0.99646 0.99643 0.99641 0.99638 0.99635 1.00006 1.00004 1.00002 0.99933 0.99931 0.99929 0.99926 0.99924 0.99921 0.99919 0.99917 0.99914 0.99912 0.99831 0.99828 0.99825 0.99822 0.99820 0.99817 0.99814 .7 .8 .9 24.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 28.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 0.99806 0.99804 0.99802 0.99730 0.99727 0.99725 0.99723 0.99720 0.99717 0.99715 0.99712 0.99710 0.99707 0.99624 0.99621 0.99618 0.99615 0.99612 0.99609 0.99607 0.99985 0.99983 0.99981 0.99909 0.99907 0.99904 0.99902 0.99899 0.99897 0.99894 0.99892 0.99889 0.99887 0.99803 0.99800 0.99797 0.99794 0.99791 0.99788 0.99785 .7 .8 .9 25.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 29.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 0.99784 0.99782 0.99780 0.99705 0.99702 0.99700 0.99697 0.99694 0.99692 0.99689 0.99687 0.99684 0.99681 0.99595 0.99592 0.99589 0.99586 0.99583 0.99580 0.99577 0.99963 0.99961 0.99959 0.99884 0.99881 0.99879 0.99876 0.99874 0.99871 0.99868 0.99866 0.99863 0.99860 0.99774 0.99771 0.99768 0.99765 0.99762 0.99759 0.99756 .7 .8 .9 0.99632 0.99629 0.99627 0.99811 0.99808 0.99806 .7 .8 .9 0.99604 0.99601 0.99598 0.99783 0.99780 0.99777 .7 .8 .9 0.99574 0.99571 0.99568 0.99753 0.99750 0.99747 A 0.99878 0.99876 0.99874 0.99872 0.99871 0.99869 0.99867 0.99865 0.99863 0.99862 0.99799 0.99797 0.99795 0.99793 0.99791 0.99789 0.99786 Temperature Temperature Coefficient, (°C) K 1.00057 18.0 1.00055 .1 1.00054 .2 1.00052 .3 1.00050 .4 1.00048 .5 1.00047 .6 1.00045 .7 1.00043 .8 1.00041 .9 0.99979 22.0 0.99977 .1 0.99974 .2 0.99972 .3 0.99970 .4 0.99968 .5 0.99966 .6 Reference—CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Editor-in-Chief, 74th Edition, 1993–1994. 5 Density (g/mL) 0.99860 0.99858 0.99856 0.99854 0.99852 0.99850 0.99848 0.99847 0.99845 0.99843 0.99777 0.99775 0.99773 0.99770 0.99768 0.99766 0.99764 Temperature Coefficient, K 1.00039 1.00037 1.00035 1.00034 1.00032 1.00030 1.00028 1.00026 1.00024 1.00022 0.99957 0.99954 0.99952 0.99950 0.99947 0.99945 0.99943 .7 .8 .9 26.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 30.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 0.99761 0.99759 0.99756 0.99679 0.99676 0.99673 0.99671 0.99668 0.99665 0.99663 0.99660 0.99657 0.99654 0.99565 0.99562 0.99559 0.99556 0.99553 0.99550 0.99547 0.99940 0.99938 0.99936 0.99858 0.99855 0.99852 0.99850 0.99847 0.99844 0.99842 0.99839 0.99836 0.99833 0.99744 0.99741 0.99738 0.99735 0.99732 0.99729 0.99726 .7 .8 .9 0.99544 0.99541 0.99538 0.99723 0.99720 0.99716 D854 − 23 K5 ρw ρ 20 C 11.1.2.3 Option 3—Use an ultrasonic bath in combination with a glass beaker or the pycnometer. This may require 30 minutes with several manual mixing cycles with a spatula. 11.1.2.4 Option 4—Use simple soaking in a beaker or the pycnometer. Add sufficient water to completely submerge the soil but less than about ½ the flask volume. Degrade the clumps into a slurry using a combination of soaking time (typically overnight) and mixing with a spatula. 11.1.3 11 .1.3 When the soil is dispersed outside the pycnometer, pycnometer, (3 ) ° where: ρ20°C T K = den density sity of water water at at 20°C, 20°C, = test tem temper peratu ature re in °C, and = temperature temperature coef coeffi ficient. cient. 10.10 Calcula Calculate te the average, average, V p, and the standa standard rd deviation, SD(Vp), of the volume determinations. The standard deviation shall be less than or equal to 0.05 mL (rounded to two decimal places). If the standard deviation is greater than 0.05 mL, the calibra cali bration tion procedur proceduree has too muc much h var variab iabilit ility y and will not yield accurate specific gravity determinations. Evaluate areas of possible refinement (adjusting the volume to the calibration mark, mar k, ach achiev ieving ing tem temper peratu ature re equ equili ilibr brium ium,, mea measu surin ring g tempera temp eratur ture, e, dea deairi iring ng meth method od or cha changi nging ng to the sto stoppe ppered red flasks) and revise the procedure until the standard deviation is less than or equal to 0.05 mL. transfer the slurry into the pycnometer. Place the funnel into the pycnometer and pour the slurry into the pycnometer. Rinse any soil particles remaining in the container or on the funnel into the pycnometer using a wash/spray squirt bottle. Use as little water as possible. 11.1.4 11 .1.4 Proce Proceed ed as descr described ibed in 11.3 11.3.. 11.2 Method B—Procedure for Oven-Dried Specimens: 11.2.1 11 .2.1 Obt Obtain ain a rep repres resent entativ ativee tes testt spe specime cimen n fro from m the reduced sample within the dry mass range specified in Table 1. 1. Dry the test specime specimen n to a constant mass using the drying oven according to D2216 D2216.. Break up any clods of soil using a mortar and pestle. If the soil will not easily disperse after oven drying or has changed composition, composition, use Test Test Method A. Refer to 1.2.1 for soils that require use of Test Method A. 11.2.2 11 .2.2 Measu Measure re the tare mass of the empty pycnometer pycnometer,, M pe to the nearest 0.01 g using the balance. The pycnometer does not need to be dry or include the stopper. 11.2.3 Place the funnel into the pycnometer. pycnometer. The stem of the funnel shall extend past the seal of a stopper flask. Spoon the soill sol soi solids ids dir direct ectly ly int into o the fun funnel nel.. Bru Brush sh any soil par particl ticles es remaining on the funnel into the pycnometer. 11.2.4 11 .2.4 Measu Measure re and record the mass of the pycnometer pycnometer with the dry soil, Mps to the nearest 0.01 g using the balance. 10.11 10.1 1 Th Thee dr dry y ma mass ss an and d vo volu lume me sh shall all be ve veri rifie fied d us usin ing g equilibrated test water annually, or if visual inspection indicates damage or excessive wear, by making a single determination of each. If the dry mass is not within 0.04 g of the original average or the volume is not within 0.10 mL of the origin ori ginal al ave averag rage, e, the then n the pyc pycnom nometer eter sha shall ll be ful fully ly reca recalilibrated or taken out of service. Pycnometers shall be inspected routinely for cleanliness, damage, or internal wear. Specimens containing coarse grained materials can cause rapid wear of the pycnometer because the grains scratch the glass and require more frequent verification of the dry mass. 11. Procedur Proceduree 11.1 Method A—Procedure for Moist Specimens: 11.1.1 11 .1.1 Obtain the test specimen. specimen. 11.1.1.1 11 .1.1.1 Estimate the water content of the reduce reduced d sample and use this water content to calculate the range of wet masses for the specific gravity test specimen in accordance with the recommended limits provided in Table 1. 1. 11.1.1.2 11 .1.1.2 Obtain a test specimen within this wet mass range from the reduced sample. Do not adjust the test specimen to obtain an exact predetermined mass. 11.1 1.1.2 .2 Dis Disper perse se the spe specime cimen n int into o a uni unifor form m slu slurry rry using one of the followin following g opt option ions. s. In all case casess put about about 1⁄3 the pycnometer capacity of test water (90 mL for the 250 mL flask and 170 mL for the 500 mL flask) into the dispersion container. Chop the soil into small pieces and add the wet soil to the test waterr. The amount wate amount of wat water er and mixing time nec necess essary ary to create crea te the slurry slurry dep depend endss on the plasticit plasticity y of the soi soil. l. The following follow ing times are reason reasonable able appro approximatio ximations. ns. 11.1.2.1 Option 1—Use a ble blende nderr. Thi Thiss may take sev severa erall minutes of blending and require intermittent manual mixing with a small spatula to degrade clumps and confirm that mixing is co comp mple lete. te. Th Thee mi mini nimu mum m vo volu lume me of sl slur urry ry th that at ca can n be prepared with the blender will typically require using a 500 mL pycnometer. 11.1.2.2 Option 2—Use a plastic shake bottle with several ceramic balls. This may require several minutes of rigorous shaking and require the use of a spatula to dislodge clumps and confirm that mixing is complete. 11.3 Pr necessary ary,, Preparin eparing g the Soil Slurry Slurry— —Add water, if necess 1 until the water level is about ⁄2 of the depth of the main body of the pycnometer. Agitate the soil-water mixture to form a slurry. Rinse any soil adhering to the inside of the pycnometer into the slurry. 11.3.1 11 .3.1 If the mixture remains a viscous paste rather than a smooth slurry, increase amount of water and if necessary use a pycnometer havingthe a larger volume or prepare a new test specimen having less soil. 11.4 Dea Deairin iring g the Soi Soill Slu Slurry rry— —En Entr trap appe ped d air in th thee so soil il slurry can be removed using either heat (boiling), vacuum, or combining heat and vacuum. (Warning— (Warning—Applying Applying a vacuum to the gla glass ss pyc pycnom nometer eter creates creates an imp implos losion ion haz hazard ard.. The pycnom pyc nometer eter shall be ins inspec pected ted for dam damage age prior to use and personal protective equipment worn at all times.) 11.4.1 11 .4.1 The duration duration of deairing shall be at least 30 minutes for fine-grained soils and 10 minutes for clean sands starting after the soil-water mixture first comes to a full boil. 11.4.2 O Opti ption on A—Wh When en us usin ing g th thee he heatat-on only ly me meth thod od (boiling), use only enough heat to keep the slurry at a gentle boil. Agitate the slurry as necessary to prevent any soil from sticking to or drying onto the glass above the slurry surface. 11.4.3 Option B—When using the vacuum-only method, the pycnometer shall be continually agitated under vacuum. Continually agitated means the slurry is in constant motion. The 6 D854 − 23 vacuum shall be below an absolute pressure of 100 mm of Hg during the deairing process. This will cause bubbling due to air removal (degassing) at the beginning of the deairing process but will not cause the water to boil. Record the vacuum gage pressure on the data sheet. 11.4.4 Option C—When using a combination of heat and vacuum, the pycnometers can be placed in a water bath while applyi app lying ng the vac vacuum uum.. The water level in the bath sha shall ll be sligh sli ghtly tly be belo low w th thee wa water ter le leve vell in th thee py pycn cnom omete eterr, if th thee stopper is properly seated, dry the rim using a paper towel. Be sure the entire exterior of the flask is dry. pycnometer glass becomes too hot, the soil will typically stick to or dry onto the glass. During this process, the slurry shall be agitated as necessary to maintai maintain n boiling and preven preventt soil from drying onto the pycnometer. 11.4 1.4.5 .5 If the slu slurry rry dri dries es com complet pletely ely dur during ing the dea deairi iring ng process the test shall be restarted with a new specimen. mometric device and method used during calibration in 10.5 10.5.. 11.11 Mas Determ ermine ine the mass of the test Masss of Dr Dryy So Soil— il—Det specimen using one of the following procedures (see Note 10). 10). 11.11.1 Method A—Measure and record the mass of a tare or pan, Mt, to the nearest 0.01 g using the balance. Transfer the soil slurry to the tare or pan. It is imperative to transfer all the soil. soi l. Water can be add added ed to flus flush h the pyc pycnom nometer eter.. Dry the specimen to a constant mass in the drying oven and cool it in a desiccator. A desiccator is not required if the tare can be sealed so that the soil cannot absorb moisture during cooling. Measure Measu re and recor record d the dry mass of soil solids plus tare, M ts to the nearest 0.01 g using the balance. 11.11.2 Method B—The dry mass of the test specimen is measured at the start of the test. 11.9 Imm 11.9 Immedia ediately tely pla place ce the pyc pycnom nometer eter on an ins insulat ulated ed bloc bl ock k on th thee ba bala lanc nce. e. Me Meas asur uree an and d re reco cord rd th thee ma mass ss of pycnometer, soil, and water, M ρws,t, to the nearest 0.01 g. 11.10 Py Pycn cnom omet eter er Tem empe pera ratu turre Dete De term rmin inat atio ion— n— Immediately Immed iately measure and record the temper temperature, ature, Tt, of the slurry/soil-water mixture to the nearest 0.1°C using the ther- 11.5 Filling the Pycnometer with Water—Fill the pycnometer with equilibrated test water by introducing the water with either the pycnometer filling tube or the small-diameter flexible tubing. If the pycnometer filling tube is used, fill the tube with water, and close the valve. Place the tube such that the drainage hole ho less ar aree ju just st at th thee su surf rfac acee of th thee sl slur urry ry.. Op Open en th thee va valv lvee slightly to allow the water to flow over the top of the slurry. If using the small-diameter flexible tubing, fill the tubing with water, pinch off the flow and lower the end to just below the slurry surface. Slightly reduce finger pressure to allow water to flow flo w ov over er th thee to top p of th thee sl slur urry ry.. As th thee cl clea earr wa wate terr la laye yerr develops, raise the tube and increase the flow rate. If the added water becomes cloudy, do not add water above the calibration mark or into the stopper seal area. Add the remaining remaining water the next day. 11.5.1 11 .5.1 If using the stoppered stoppered iodine flask, fill the flask, such that the base of the stopper will be submerged in water. Then rest the stopper at an angle on the flared neck to prevent air entrapment under the stopper. If using a volumetric or stoppered flask, fill the flask to above or below the calibration mark depending on preference. NOTE 10—Determination of the dry mass at the end of the test has been shown to provide more consistent, repeatable results than determining the dry mass prior to testing. This is most probably due to the loss of soil solids during material processing and the de-airing phase of testing. 12. Calc Calculat ulation ion 12.1 Calcula Calculate te the mass of the oven-dried oven-dried soil solids using one of the following equations. 12.1.1 12.1. 1 For Method A: M s 5 M ts 2 M t 12.1.2 12.1. 2 For Method Method B: M s 5 M ps 2 M pe 11.6 If heat has bee been n use used, d, allow the specimen specimen to coo cooll to approximately room temperature. (5 ) where: s M Mts Mt Mpe Mps 11.7 Thermal Equilibrium—Put the pycnometer(s) into the covered cov ered ins insulat ulated ed con contain tainer er alon along g with the ther thermom mometri etricc device, a beaker (or bottle) of equilibrated test water, stopper(s) (if a stoppered pycnometer is being used), and water dispenser. Keep these items in the closed container overnight to achieve thermal equilibrium. = mass soil so lids, g,ds, g, g, = dry masssmas mas of stare taof re the andsoi and drly solid dry soi soil l s, soli solids, g, = ma mass ss of ta tare re,, g, = mass of of empty pycno pycnometer meter,, g, and and = mas masss of pycnome pycnometer ter and dry dry soil solids solids,, g. 12.2 Calcula Calculate te the mass of of the pycnometer pycnometer and and water at at the test temperature as follows: 11.8 Pycnometer Mass Determination—If the insulated container tain er is not position positioned ed nea nearr a bala balance nce,, mov movee the insulated insulated container near the balance or vice versa. Open the container and an d re remo move ve on onee py pycn cnom omete eterr. On Only ly to touc uch h th thee ri rim m of th thee pycn py cnom omet eter er be beca caus usee th thee he heat at fr from om ha hand ndss ca can n ch chan ange ge th thee thermal ther mal equ equilib ilibriu rium. m. Plac Placee the pyc pycnom nometer eter on the ins insula ulated ted block during each step of the measurement procedure. 11.8 1.8.1 .1 If using a vol volume umetric tric flask, flask, adju adjust st the water to the M pw , t 5 M p 1 ~ V p · ρ w , t ! (6 ) where: Mpw,t = mas masss of the pycnome pycnometer ter and water water at the test temtemperature (Tt), g, = the averag averagee calibrate calibrated d mass mass of of the the dry dry pycnom pycnometer eter,, g, Mp Vp = the averag averagee calibrat calibrated ed volume volume of the the pycnome pycnometer ter,, mL, and ρw,t calibration mark following the procedure in 10.4.1 10.4.1.. 11.8.2 11 .8.2 If a stopp stoppered ered flask is used, slowly lower the stopper to close off the flask while removing excess water displaced by the sto stoppe pperr with an eye eyedro droppe pperr or squ squeeze eeze bottle. bottle. Onc Oncee the (4 ) = the density densit y of o2f or water water the test temper temperature ature (Tt), g/mL from Table Eq E q at 2. the 12.3 12. 3 Calc Calcula ulate te the spe specifi cificc gra gravity vity of test spe specim cimen en soi soill solids at the test temperature as follows: 7 D854 − 23 Gt 5 ρs 5 ρ w,t Ms 13.4 Classifi Classification cation of the soil being tested (group (group name and symbol in accordance with Practice D2487 or D2488 D2488)). (7 ) ~ M pw , t 2 ~ M pws , t 2 M S !! 13.5 Openi Opening ng size of the separa separation tion sieve where: 3 ρs ρw,t Ms Mρws,t 3 = the den density sity of the soi soill sol solids ids Mg/ Mg/m m or g/cm , = th thee densi density ty of wate waterr at the test test temper temperatu ature re (Tt), 3 from Table 2 or Eq 2, g/mL or g/cm , = the mass of the the oven oven dry soi soill solid solidss (g), (g), and and = the mass mass of pycnom pycnometer eter,, water, water, and soil soil solids solids at the the test temperature, (Tt), g. 13.6 Percen Percentt of soil particles passing the separation separation sieve. 13.7 13 .7 If an any y so soil il or ma mater teria iall wa wass ex excl clud uded ed fr from om th thee tes testt specimen, describe the excluded material. 13.8 Metho Method d (A or B) used to process the material. 13.9 Optio Option n and time used to disperse the slurry. slurry. 12.4 Calculat Calculatee the specific gravity of soil solids solids at 20°C as follows: G 20 C 5 K · G t 13.10 Option Option,, time, and vacuu vacuum m used to deair the slurry. slurry. 13.11 Reco 13.1 Record rd as a min minimu imum m the following following test spe specim cimen en data: 13.11.1 13.1 1.1 All mass measurements measurements (to the nearest 0.01 g). 13.1 13. 11.2 All tem temper peratu ature re mea measur sureme ements nts (to the nea neares restt 0.1°C). (8 ) ° where: temperaturee coeff coefficient given given in Table 2 or Eq 3. K = the temperatur 12.5 Calculat Calculatee an averag averagee specific gravity of samples containing a coarser portion for which Test Method C127 was used to det determ ermine ine the spe specifi cificc gra gravity vity of the plu pluss fra fractio ction. n. Test Method C127 requires the test be performed at 23 6 2°C and does not require the specific gravity data to be corrected to 20°C. Use 12.4 to correct this measurement to 20°C. Use the following equation to calculate the average specific gravity: 13.12 Specifi Specificc gravity at 20 °C (G, G s, G 20 °C) to the nearest 0.001. 13.13 Averag veragee specific gravity gravity at 20 °C ( Gavg or G avg@20 °C) to the nearest 0.001, if applicable. (See 12.5 12.5..) 14. Pre Precisi cision on and Bias 14.1 Precision—Criteria for judging the acceptability of test 1 G avg@ 20 C 5 ° R 100· G 1 @ 20 C ° where: R P G1@20°C G2@20°C 1 results obtained by these test methods on a range of soil types using Method A as per revision D854–00 (except the soil was air dried) dried) is gi give ven n in T Tab able less 3 an and d 4. The These se esti estimate matess of preci pr ecisi sion on ar aree ba base sed d on th thee re resu sults lts of th thee in inte terl rlab abor orato atory ry program conducted by the ASTM Reference Soils and Testing Program.3 In this program, some laboratories performed three (9 ) P 100· G 2 @ 20 C ° = the per percen centt of so soil il reta retain ined ed on on the the sepa separa ratio tion n sieve, = the percen percentt of soil passin passing g the separa separation tion sieve, = the apparent apparent specific specific gravity gravity of soils soils retained retained on thee se th sepa para ratio tion n si siev evee as de deter termi mine ned d by Tes estt Method C127 C127,, corrected to 20°C, and = th thee sp speci ecific fic gr grav avity ity of so soil il so solid lidss pa pass ssin ing g th thee sepa se para ratio tion n sie sieve ve as de deter termi mine ned d by th thes esee tes testt methods (Eq (Eq 8). 3 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D18-1009. Contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. TABLE 3 Summary of Test Results from Triplicate Test Laboratories (Specific Gravity) (1) 13. Report: Test Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13.1 The methodol 13.1 methodology ogy used to spe specify cify how data are recorded cor ded on the tes testt dat dataa she sheet(s et(s)/f )/form orm(s) (s),, as giv given en bel below ow,, is covered in 1.4 and in Practice D6026 D6026.. Soil Type (3) (4) (5) Acceptable Triplicate Test Labs Average ValueA Standard DeviationB Range of Two ResultsC Single-Operator Results (Within- Laboratory Repeatability): 14 2.717 0.009 0.03 13 2.670 0.006 0.02 14 2.725 0.006 0.02 14 2.658 0.006 0.02 Multilaboratory Results (Between- Laboratory Reproducibility): CH 14 2.717 0.028 0.08 CL 13 2.670 0.022 0.06 ML 14 2.725 0.022 0.06 SP 14 2.658 0.008 0.02 CH CL ML SP 13.2 Record as a minimu minimum m the follow following ing general informainformation (data): 13.2.1 13.2. 1 Ident Identification ification of the material material being tested, such as the project pro ject ide identifi ntificati cation, on, bor boring ing num number ber,, sam sample ple num number ber,, and depth. 13.2.2 13.2. 2 Test number, number, if any any,, testing dates and the initials of the person(s) who performed the test. A The number of significant digits and decimal places presented are representative of the input data. In accordance with Practice D6026 D6026,, the standard deviation and acceptable range of results cannot have more decimal places than the input data. B Standa Sta ndard rd dev deviat iation ion is cal calcul culate ated d in acc accord ordanc ance e wit with h Pra Practi ctice ce E691 and is ref referr erred ed to as the 1s 1s limit. C Acceptable range of two results is referred to as the d2s d2 s limit. It is calculated as 1.960œ2· 1 s , as defined by Practice E177 E177.. The difference between two properly conducted conduc ted tests should not exceed this limit. The number of signifi significant cant digits/ decimal places presented is equal to that prescribed by these test methods or Practice D6026 D6026.. In addition, the value presented can have the same number of decimal places as the standard deviation, even if that result has more significant digits than the standard deviation. 13.3 The following following apparatus identification identification used during the test: 13.3.1 13.3. 1 Pycno Pycnometer meter type and identification identification numbe numberr. 13.3.2 Calibra 13.3.2 Calibration tion date, mass, and volume for pycn pycnometer ometer.. 13.3.3 13.3. 3 Therm Thermometric ometric device identi identification fication number. number. 13.3.4 13.3. 4 Balance identification identification numb number er.. 13.3.5 13.3. 5 Oven identification identification numbe numberr. (2) Number of 8 D854 − 23 TABLE 4 Summa Summary ry of Single Test Result from Each Laboratory Laboratory (Specific Gravity)A (1) (2) (3) (4) Soil Type Number of Test Laboratories Average Value Standard Deviation on different days should not differ by more than the multilaboratory d2s limits shown in Table 3, 3, Column 5. 14.1.2 14.1. 2 In the ASTM Reference Soils and Testing Testing Program, many of the laboratories performed only a single test. This is common practice in the design and construction industry. The data in Table 4 are based upon the first test result from the triplicate test laboratories and the single test results from the other oth er labo laborat ratori ories. es. Resu Results lts of two pro proper perly ly con conduc ducted ted test testss performed by two different laboratories with different operators (5) Acceptable Range of Two Results Multilaboratory Results (Single-Test Performed by Each Laboratory): CH 18 2.715 0.027 0.08 CL 18 2.673 0.018 0.05 ML 18 2.726 0.022 0.06 SP 18 2.660 0.007 0.02 A using different equipment and on different days should not vary by more than the d2 s limits shown in Table 4, 4, Column 5. The results in Tables 3 and 4 are dissimilar because the data sets are different. 14.1.3 Table 3 presents a rigorous interpretation of triplicate test data in accordance with Practice E691 from prequalified laboratories. Table 4 is derived from test data that represents common practice. 14.1.4 Soil Type—Based on the multilaboratory test results, the soil used in the program is described below in accordance with Practic Practicee D2487 D2487.. In addition, the local name of the soil is given. See footnotes in Table 3. 3. replicate tests per soil type (triplicate test laboratory), while other laboratories performed a single test per soil type (single test laboratory). A description of the soils tested is given in 14.1.4.. The precision estimates may vary with soil type and 14.1.4 method used (Method A or B). Judgement is required when applying these estimates to another soil or method. 14.1.1 14.1. 1 The data data in Table 3 are based on three replicate tests performed by each triplicate test laboratory on each soil type. The sin single gle ope operat rator or and mul multila tilabor borato atory ry sta standa ndard rd dev deviati iation on shown in Table 3, 3, Column 4 were obtained in accordance with Practice E691 E691,, whi which ch reco recomme mmends nds eac each h test testing ing labo laborato ratory ry perform a minimum of three replicate tests. Results of two properly conducted tests performed by the same operator on thee sa th same me mat mater erial ial,, us usin ing g th thee sa same me eq equi uipm pmen ent, t, an and d in th thee shortest practical period of time should not differ by more than the single-operator d2s limits shown in Table 3, 3, Column 5. For definition of d2s see Footnote C in Table 3. 3. Results of two properly prope rly condu conducted cted tests perfo performed rmed by dif different ferent operators and CH—Fat clay, CH, 99 % fines, LL=60, PI=39, grayish brown, soil had been air dried and pulverized. Local name—Vicksburg Buckshot Clay CL—Lean clay, CL, 89 % fines, LL=33, PI=13, gray, soil had been air dried and pulverized. Local name—Annapolis Clay ML—Silt, ML, 99 % fines, LL=27, PI=4, light brown, soil had been air dried and pulverized. Local name—Vicksburg Silt SP —Poorly graded sand; SP, 20 % coarse sand, 48 % medium sand, 30 % fine sand, 2 % fines, yellowish yellowish brown. Local name—Frederick name—Frederick sand 14.2 Bias—There is no acceptable reference value for this test method, therefore, bias cannot be determined. SUMMARY OF CHANGES In accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard since the last edition that may impact the use of this standard. (November 1, 2023) revisions. ns. (1) Reinstated with revisio ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible respon sible technical technical committee, which you may attend attend.. If you feel that your comments have not receiv received ed a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address addr ess or at 610610-832832-9585 9585 (pho (phone), ne), 610610-832832-9555 9555 (fax (fax), ), or serv service@ ice@astm astm.org .org (e-mail); (e-mail); or thro through ugh the ASTM webs website ite (www.astm. (www .astm.org). org). Permission Permission rights to photocopy the standa standard rd may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Clearance Center Center,, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/ 9
0
advertisement
Download
advertisement
Add this document to collection(s)
You can add this document to your study collection(s)
Sign in Available only to authorized usersAdd this document to saved
You can add this document to your saved list
Sign in Available only to authorized users