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Facets of emotional expressivity: an extended model
Conference Paper · October 2007
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Anja Tausch
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OtherOther
OtherOther-Directedness
Directedness
Ability
Ability
1
GENERAL
GENERAL
EXPRESSIVITY
EXPRESSIVITY
Positive
Positive
Impulse
Impulse
Intensity
Intensity
Negative
Negative
Expressivity
Expressivity
Positive
Positive
Expressivity
Expressivity
Core
Core
Expressivity
Expressivity
Negative
Negative
Impulse
Impulse
Intensity
Intensity
3
Component
2
h²
.34
-.24
Anja Tausch & Heinz Walter Krohne
Extraversion
Global Traits
Neuroticism
.67
.50
Cognitive
Cognitive
Expressivity
Expressivity
Ambivalence
Ambivalence
.49
.49
Vigilance
Anxiety Coping
Cognitive
Avoidance
-.48
-.23
.57
.23
.30
.32
-.20
.47
.57
-.23
.44
.37
.53
-.36 .55
.58 .57
.58
.60
.41 .47
-.31
.60
.52
.31
.46
.76
.73
.35
.63 .44
.77 .65
.54 .38
.45
-.43
.59
-.33
.30
.20
-.20
.21
General
BEQ
General
ECQ
.23
Benign
Control
ECQ
.42
.31
-.45
General
BEQ
.47
.34
.26
.24
-.21
Rehearsal
ECQ
.71
.38
.50
Anger
ECQ
.83
.60
-.70
Negative
AIM
.31
.24
.59
.31
-.27
.30
.30
-.24
GENERAL
GENERAL
EXPRESSIVITY
EXPRESSIVITY
Core
Core
Expressivity
Expressivity
Positive
Positive
Expressivity
Expressivity
Masking
Masking
Impulse
Impulse
Intensity
Intensity
The sum scores of the 14 scales were subjected to
principal-component analysis with subsequent
varimax-rotation. This analysis resulted in three
components (cf. Table 3). In line with the postulated
model of emotional expressivity, these components
could be interpreted as Cognitive Expressivity
(Component 1), Core Expressivity (Component 2) and
Social Expressivity (Component 3).
______________________________________
• Clarity (7 items, = .85)
• Ambivalence 1: Wishing but not being able to express
(7 items, = .88)
• Ambivalence 2: Expressing but later regretting it
(3 items, = .73)
Cognitive Expressivity
• Public Performing Ability (7 items, = .81)
• Public Performing Tendency (5 items, = .78)
• OtherOther-Directedness Ability (5 items, = .68)
• OtherOther-Directedness Tendency (5 items, = .70)
Social Expressivity
• Positive Impulse Intensity (4 items, = .70)
• OtherOther-focused Negative Impulse Intensity
(3 items, = .66)
• SelfSelf-focused Negative Impulse Intensity
(5 items, = .70)
• Positive Expressivity (5 items, = .71)
• Nonverbal Negative Expressivity (5 items, = .73)
• Verbal Negative Expressivity (5 items, = .74)
• Anger Expressivity (4 items, = . 75)
Core Expressivity
Subscales as a Result of Exploratory and Confirmatory
Factor Analyses
_____________________________________________
Table 2
Results: The separate exploratory and
confirmatory factor analyses resulted in the subscales
presented in Table 2.
Method: 112 items representing the ten facets of
the extended model were generated. 52 items
represented Core Expressivity, 37 items represented
Social Expressivity and 23 items tapped Cognitive
Expressivity. The items of each of these facets were
separately subjected to exploratory and confirmatory
factor analyses. In order to validate the resulting
scales, the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ),
the Affect Intensity Measure (AIM), and the Emotion
Control Questionnaire (ECQ) were administered, as
well as the NEO-FFI and the Mainz Coping Inventory
(MCI). 198 participants (85 men, 113 women)
responded to these scales.
Study 2: Measuring Facets of
Emotional Expressivity
Figure 1. A facets model of emotional expressivity by Gross
and John (1998).
Negative
Negative
Expressivity
Expressivity
Expressive
Expressive
Confidence
Confidence
Fourth International Conference on The (Non)Expression of Emotions in Health and Disease, Tilburg, The Netherlands, 22-24 October 2007
Facets of Emotional Expressivity: An Extended Model
Public
Public
Performing
Performing
Ability
Ability
OtherOther
OtherOther-Directedness
Directedness
Tendency
Tendency
Social
Social
Expressivity
Expressivity
Public
Public
Performing
Performing
Tendency
Tendency
Figure 2. An extended facets model of emotional expressivity.
Table 3
Table 4
Positive
AIM
Impulse Intensity
.36
.25
.35
.34
.37
.44
.29
.22
.31
.41
.43
.37
.50
.34
.30
.31
.52
.55
.35
-.44
.45
.59
.45
.35
-.46
-.36
.26
-.23
.24
-.40
.27
.29
Correlations of the Subscales With Subscales of Other Expressivity Scales
Subscales
Core Expressivity
Positive Impulse Intensity
Other-focused Negative Impulse Intensity
Self-focused Negative Impulse Intensity
Positive Expressivity
Nonverbal Negative Expressivity
Verbal Negative Expressivity
Anger Expressivity
Social Expressivity
Public Performing Ability
Public Performing Tendency
Other-Directedness Ability
Other-Directedness Tendency
Cognitive Expressivity
Ambivalence 1
Ambivalence 2
Clarity
Moreover, the scales representing these facets showed expected associations with other instruments of expressivity as well as with global personality traits
and coping variables (see Table 3 and 4). For example, Negative Impulse Intensity and the subscales of Cognitive Expressivity were significantly associated
with Neuroticism and Vigilance, and Positive Expressivity and Public Performing Tendency correlated with Extraversion.
Conclusions of Study 2: Analyses of the newly generated items yielded a structure in line with the extended model of emotional expressivity,
i.e., the three proposed components and their respective facets were confirmed (see Table 3). All ten facets could be assessed distinctly and reliably with a
sufficient number of items.
Note. Only correlations with p < .01 (2-tailed) are shown.
Expressivity
Note. Only loadings > .30 and correlations with p < .01 (2-tailed) are shown. h² = Communality.
Ambivalence 1
Ambivalence 2
Clarity
Cognitive Expressivity
Public Performing Ability
Public Performing Tendency
Other-Directedness Ability
Other-Directedness Tendency
Social Expressivity
Positive Impulse Intensity
Other-focused Negative Impulse Intensity
Self-focused Negative Impulse Intensity
Positive Expressivity
Nonverbal Negative Expressivity
Verbal Negative Expressivity
Anger Expressivity
Core Expressivity
Subscales
Rotated Factor Matrix of the Subscales (Three Higher-order Factors) and Correlations With Global Personality Traits
and Variables of Anxiety Coping
Clarity
Clarity
Background: The expression of emotions has been a central topic in emotion research from its very beginning. In contrast, the investigation of individual
differences in expressing emotions is a comparatively new field. Since the 1980s, several researchers constructed self-report instruments that tap a wide variety
of aspects of emotional expressivity. These approaches, however, were developed in relative isolation from one another, making the comparison of findings and
the elaboration of a comprehensive model of emotional expressivity difficult. In order to identify higher order facets of emotional expressivity, Gross and John
(1998) compared data collected with these instruments. These efforts resulted in a hierarchical model (see Figure 1) with General Expressivity as a general factor
on top, and Expressive Confidence, Core Emotional Expressivity, and Masking as subordinate factors. Core Emotional Expressivity was again divided into the
facets of Positive Expressivity, Negative Expressivity, and Impulse Intensity.
Study 1: Analysis of Questionnaires
Method: 300 participants (106 male, 194 female)
responded to German adaptations of the
questionnaires administered by Gross and John
(1998). The data were submitted to exploratory
factor analyses.
Questionnaires
• Affect Intensity Measure; AIM
• Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire; BEQ
• Emotional Expressivity Questionnaire; EEQ
• SelfSelf-Monitoring Scale; SMS
• Affective Communication Test; ACT
Results
Factors of Emotional Expressivity
• (Negative) Expressivity
(12 items; seven items loading on Negative Expressivity, one loading on
Positive Expressivity, and four loading on none of the factors described
by Gross & John, 1998)
• Expressive Confidence
(11 items; seven items loading on Expressive Confidence and four
loading on none of the factors described by Gross & John, 1998)
• Impulse Intensity
(7 items; two items loading on Impulse Intensity and five loading on
none of the factors described by Gross & John, 1998)
• Positive Expressivity (Specific Emotion: Laughter)
(all items loading on the Positive Expressivity factor described by Gross
& John, 1998)
• Masking
(6 items; two items loading on the Masking factor and four loading on
none of the factors described by Gross & John, 1998)
• Calmness
(6 Items; no loadings on the factors described by Gross & John, 1998)
---------
Table 1
.13
.18*
.30*
-.14
.03
5.
1. (Negative) Expressivity
2. Expressive Confidence
.54*
.37*
-.01
-.17*
4.
3. Impulse Intensity
.32*
-.19*
-.22*
3.
4. Positive Expressivity
-.23*
-.12
2.
Intercorrelations of the Six Expressivity Subscales Resulting from
Exploratory Factor Analysis
1.
5. Masking
-.31*
---
6. Calmness
* p < .01 (2-tailed)
Conclusions of Study 1: The results of
Gross and John (1998) could only be replicated in
part. Reasons can be seen in cultural differences, in
the formulation of the items, or in lacking theoretical
foundation of the instruments.
These findings and an analysis of the personality
characteristics supposed to influence the process of
emotion generation and expression led to the
elaboration of an extended model of expressivity.
This model adds to Core Expressivity the two
components of Social Expressivity and Cognitive
Expressivity (cf. Figure 2). Each component is, again,
divided into several facets (Core Expressivity: Positive
and Negative Expressivity, Positive and Negative
Impulse Intensity; Social Expressivity: Public
Performing Ability and Tendency, Other-Directedness
Ability and Tendency; Cognitive Expressivity:
Ambivalence and Clarity). Among these ten facets,
the two facets of Cognitive Expressivity are of specific
relevance to the field of health and disease. Study 2
aimed at testing this model.
tausch@uni-mainz.de
References: Gross, J. J. & John, O. P. (1998). Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170-191.
Anja Tausch and Heinz Walter Krohne, Department of Psychology, University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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