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Biology Exam Questions: Food Molecules & Nutrients
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1 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules. Which statement is correct? A Amino acids are basic units of carbohydrates. B Fatty acids are basic units of glycogen. C Glycerol is a basic unit of oils. D Simple sugar is a basic unit of protein. 2 When a substance is added to meat, amino acids are produced. What is this substance? A a hormone B an enzyme C an oil D water 3 The diagram shows part of a protein molecule. X What does X represent? A amino acid B fatty acid C glycerol D sugar PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 Four different foods were tested for their composition. The results are shown in the table. Which food contains protein but not reducing sugar or starch? Benedict’s test iodine test biuret test A blue black purple B blue lue brown purple C brick red black blue D brick red brown blue 5 What are the smaller basic units of starch and glycogen molecules? starch glycogen A amino acids fatty acids and glycerol B amino acids simple sugars C simple sugars fatty acids and glycerol D simple sugars simple sugars 6 The diagram represents a protein molecule. What do the small circles represent? A amino acids B fatty acids C glycerol D simple sugars PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 7 Which row shows the elements and basic units that are used in the construction of large food molecules? food molecules elements basic units A fats carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen glucose B fats carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen glycerol C starch carbon, hydrogen, oxygen glucose D starch carbon, hydrogen, oxygen glycerol 8 Which nutrient produces a purple colour when mixed with biuret solution? A fat B protein C reducing sugar D starch 9 Which simple molecules are the basic units of protein? A amino acids B fatty acids C sugars D vitamins 10 Which food-testing reagent shows a positive result when it turns from blue to purple? A Benedict’s solution B biuret reagent C ethanol D iodine solution PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 11 The diagram shows two food tests carried out on solution X. test 1 test 2 Benedict’s solution biuret solution red colour heat solution X purple colour solution X Which nutrients are present in solution X? A protein and starch B protein and sugar C starch and fat D starch and sugar 12 The data show the concentrations of sugar and starch in an onion. total sugar including reducing sugar / g per 100g 3.7 . starch / g per 100g 0. The onion is tested with Benedict’s solution and iodine solution. Which set of results is correct? Benedict’s solution iodine solution A blue lue blue-black B lue blue brown C brick red blue-black D brick red brown PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 13 The diagram shows two food molecules before and after they have been digested by enzymes. R P Q S before after What identifies the products of fat digestion? A P and R B P and S C Q and R 14 Four foods were tested for each of the following nutrients: fat (using ethanol); protein (using the biuret test); reducing sugar (using Benedict’s solution), Which food contains protein and fat? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com D Q and S 15 The graphs show the quantities of selected vitamins and mineral ions in four foods. vitamin D µg per 100 g iron mg per 100 g calcium mg per 100 g 150 20 10 2 100 10 5 1 50 0 0 0 0 beans egg fish fruit 3 beans egg fish fruit 15 beans egg fish fruit 30 beans egg fish fruit vitamin C mg per 100 g Which food is the richest source of the vitamin or mineral ions essential for the transport of oxygen by the blood? A beans B egg C fish D fruit 16 A human cell contains a length of DNA that carries the code for making which substance? A fat B glycogen C lipase D starch 17 A student set up a test-tube containing starch, water and amylase. How could the student test whether the amylase had digested all the starch? A Add Biuret solution. B Add dilute hydrochloric acid. C Add iodine solution. D Weigh the test-tubes and contents before and after the experiment. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 18 When solution X is tested with iodine solution, a blue-black colour is observed. A different solution, Y, is added to a new sample of solution X and the mixture is shaken and left for 30 minutes at 40 °C. When tested with iodine solution, an orange-brown colour is observed. What are solutions X and Y? X Y A maltose altose amylase B maltose lipase C starch amylase D starch lipase 19 Which row correctly identifies the chemical elements found in proteins? carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen A key B = present C = absent D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 20 Nutrients are made up of smaller basic units. Nutrients can be identified by food tests. Which nutrient is a protein? nutrient smaller basic units food test A amino acids Benedict’s test B amino acids biuret test C sugars Benedict’s test D sugars biuret test 21 Which pair of substances is transported in the phloem? A amino acids and protein B amino acids and sucrose C protein and starch D starch and sucrose 22 Water is a good solvent. What does this mean? A It dissolves well in many other substances. B It flows easily through vessels. C It is permeable to gases. D Many substances dissolve well in it. 23 What does the digestion of starch produce? A fatty acids B glucose C mineral salts D water PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 24 Which solutions are used for testing for protein, reducing sugar and starch? 25 The diagram shows part of a starch molecule. Which diagram shows this molecule after it has been completely digested? A B C D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 26 Four foods were tested for fat (using ethanol), protein (using the biuret test), reducing sugar (using Benedict’s solution), starch (using iodine solution). Which food contains protein and starch? colour of result of food test blue / black ilac purple / llilac orange bric-red / orange milky-white A key B = nutrient present C = nutrient absent D 27 The diagram shows a section through an eye. X Y What are structures X and Y? A organs in an organ system B organs in a tissue C organ systems in an organ D tissues in an organ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 28 Which elements do carbohydrates contain? A carbon, hydrogen and oxygen B carbon, hydrogen and sulphur C carbon, nitrogen and oxygen D carbon, nitrogen and sulphur PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Fig. 6.1 shows the changes in glucose concentration of the blood. high blood glucose concentration set level B A time low blood glucose concentration C Fig. 6.1 (a) Name the process that maintains blood glucose concentration within set limits. ........................................................................................................................................... (b) (i) [1] Name the hormone that would be secreted in response to the increasing blood glucose concentration at A in Fig. 6.1. ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Name an organ that is responsible for the decrease in blood glucose concentration after B in Fig. 6.1. ................................................................................................................................ [1] (iii) Name the compound that is converted to glucose at C in Fig. 6.1. ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [1] (c) Describe the symptoms and treatment of Type 1 diabetes. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [5] [Total: 9] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 Fig. 2.1 shows part of the nitrogen cycle. nitrogen in the air herbivore A dead organic matter ammonium ions bean plant (legume) with root nodules B nitrate ions Fig. 2.1 (a) Name the processes A and B shown in Fig. 2.1. A B [2] (b) Fig. 2.1 shows that legumes have root nodules. Explain why these root nodules are important in the nitrogen cycle. [4] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Proteins and DNA are important nitrogen-containing compounds in cells. Describe the roles of proteins and DNA in cells. proteins [3] DNA [2] (d) Many inorganic fertilisers contain compounds of nitrogen. If crop plants do not absorb the fertilisers they can be lost from the soil and pollute freshwater ecosystems, such as lakes and rivers. Describe how fertilisers may affect freshwater ecosystems. [4] [Total: 15] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Proteins in the blood are involved in protection of the body. Three proteins found in the blood are • • • antibodies thrombin fibrinogen (a) (i) Name the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [1] (ii) Outline how antibodies protect the body. [2] (b) Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction: fibrinogen (i) State when this reaction occurs. [1] (ii) Explain how fibrin protects the body. [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different temperatures on the activity of thrombin. The results are shown in Fig. 4.1. 9 8 7 6 activity of thrombin 5 / arbitrary units 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 temperature / °C Fig. 4.1 (c) (i) Explain why thrombin functions slowly at 5 °C and does not function at all at 70 °C. 5 °C 70 °C [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (ii) Suggest how the activity of thrombin was determined. [1] (iii) State two conditions that would have been kept constant during the investigation. 1 2 [2] [Total: 13] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 (a (i) Explain the term balanced diet. [3] (ii) State three factors that influence a person’s nutritional needs. 1 2 3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3] (b) Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine and transported in the blood. The kidneys filter the blood and reabsorb the glucose. If the blood contains more than 180 mg of glucose per 100 cm3, the kidney cannot reabsorb it all and some is present in the urine. This figure is called the renal threshold. A doctor suspects that a patient has diabetes because a urine test is positive for glucose. The patient takes a glucose tolerance test by drinking a solution of glucose. The doctor records the patient’s blood glucose concentration at 30 minute intervals for five and a half hours. The results are plotted on Fig. 2.1. 300 250 200 blood glucose concentration / mg per 100 cm3 150 100 50 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 glucose drink time / minutes Fig. 2.1 (i) Draw a horizontal line on Fig. 2.1 to show the renal threshold. [1 (ii) State the time period when the kidney will produce urine containing glucose. [1] (iii) Sketch on Fig. 2.1 the blood glucose concentrations that the doctor might expect if he repeated this test on someone who does not have diabetes. [1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) People who do not have diabetes maintain their blood glucose concentration below 180 mg per 100 cm3. Explain how the body does this. [3] [Total: 12] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in expired air? A 0.04% B 4% C 16% D 21% 5 Compared with atmospheric air, air breathed out by a human contains A less water vapour, less carbon dioxide. B less water vapour, more carbon dioxide. C more water vapour, less carbon dioxide. D more water vapour, more carbon dioxide. 6 Where is urea made? 7 A bladder B kidney C liver D urethra A rat has the scientific name Rattus rattus. What do the two parts of this name refer to? 8 A genus and species B kingdom and genus C kingdom and species D variety and genus The diagram shows a bird that lives near rivers. Use the key to identify the bird shown in the diagram. 1 toes joined by a flap of skin ........................... go to 2 toes separate ................................................. A heron 2 beak as long or longer than the head ............ go to 3 beak not as long as the head ........................ B little grebe 3 top of head black ........................................... C avocet top of head white ........................................... D mute swan PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 9 Phototropism demonstrates which two characteristics of living organisms? A growth and nutrition B growth and sensitivity C movement and nutrition D nutrition and sensitivity 10 The table shows the scientific names and the common names of four plants. scientific name common name Althea officinalis marsh mallow Hottonea palustris water violet Viola palustris marsh violet Viola tricolor wild pansy Which word in their names shows that two of the plants share the greatest number of features? A marsh B palustris C Viola D violet 11 The equation shows a chemical reaction that occurs in living organisms. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Which of these characteristics of living organisms is this equation associated with? 12 What is a correct way of naming an organism using the binomial system? A Common buttercup B ranunculus acris C Ranunculus acris D Ranunculus sp. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 13 The diagram shows a leaf. Use the key to identify the plant to which the leaf belongs. leaves leaf in one piece 14 leaf in more than one piece leaf edge smooth leaf edge jagged leaf edge smooth leaf edge jagged Fagus sylvatica Ulmus minor Fraxinus americana Sorbus aucuparia A B C D The diagram shows some leaves and flowers of different plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Which are from monocotyledons? A 1 and 3 B 1 and 5 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C 2 and 4 D 2 and 5 15 The list shows the scientific names for eight animals, using the binomial system. Alderia modesta Arenicola cristata Arenicola marina Austrominius modestus Bittium reticulatum Botrylloides leachii Botryllus schlosseri Clypeostoma reticulatum Which two animals are most closely related? 16 A Alderia modesta and Austrominius modestus B Arenicola cristata and Arenicola marina C Bittium reticulatum and Clypeostoma reticulatum D Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides leachii The diagram shows a flower seen from above. Use the key to find the name of the family to which it belongs. 1 four petals ............................................... go to 2 five petals ............................................... go to 3 2 two stamens ........................................... A Scrophulariaceae six stamens ............................................ B Brassicaceae 3 petals joined............................................ C Caryophyllaceae petals separate ...................................... D Rosaceae PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 17 Some lizards detach their tails when threatened by a predator. Which characteristic is shown? 18 A excretion B growth C reproduction D sensitivity The diagram shows a key for five vertebrates. START HERE has legs has no legs organism T has feathers has no feathers organism U has scales has no scales organism V organism W Which class of vertebrates does organism W belong to? A amphibians B birds C fish D reptiles PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 19 The diagram shows an animal whose scientific name is Rattus rattus. Which genus does it belong to? 20 21 A mammal B rattus C Rattus D vertebrate What are the characteristics of bony fish? maintain constant body temperature external ears present jelly-covered eggs scales A B C D What are the features of the leaves of a plant that is a eudicotyledon (dicotyledon)? broad leaves parallel veins A B C D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 22 Many snakes that belong to the viper family are unusual in that they give birth to live young. This is usually a characteristic of which vertebrate group? A amphibians B birds C bony fish D mammals 23 Use the key to identify which group is amphibians. 1 2 3 4 hair present …………………………… mammals hair absent ……………………………. go to 2 feathers present ………………….…… group A feathers absent ………………….……. go to 3 dry scaly skin……………………….….. group B moist skin ………………….……….….. go to 4 four limbs …………………………….… group C no limbs ………...…………….....…...… group D 24 The diagram illustrates some of the processes carried out by living organisms. oxygen from atmosphere carbon dioxide to atmosphere light energy green plant X waste products Which characteristic of living organisms is represented by arrow X? A excretion B nutrition C respiration D sensitivity PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com chicken waste products 25 What is a correct way of naming a species, according to the binomial system? A Homo sapiens B Homo Sapiens C human being D sapiens 26 The diagram shows four arthropods. Pediculus ×20 Anopheles ×10 Dermacentor ×7 Carcinus ×0.5 How many of these arthropods are insects? A 1 B 2 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C 3 D 4 27 The key can be used to distinguish between four different chemical substances. Use the key to identify which substance could be a protein. 1 contains the element carbon ........................................... go to 2 does not contain carbon .................................................. A 2 contains the element nitrogen ......................................... B does not contain nitrogen ............................................... go to 3 3 gives a positive result with Benedict’s test ...................... C gives a negative result with Benedict’s test .................... D 28 The statements describe four different plants. Which plant must be a monocotyledon? A The flowers are wind-pollinated. B The flowers each have five petals. C The leaves are large with a clear network of veins on them. D The leaves have parallel veins. 29 The diagram shows an animal. Use the key to identify this animal. 1 body covered with scales ...................... go to 2 body covered with hair .......................... go to 3 2 has a rounded bill .................................. A has a pointed bill ................................... B 3 has webbed feet .................................... C does not have webbed feet ................... D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 30 All fish, all birds and all mammals are A animals with internal fertilisation. B carnivores. C vertebrates. D warm-blooded animals. 31 The diagram shows an animal. Use the key to identify the animal. 1 has two wings ...................................................... go to 2 has four wings ..................................................... go to 3 2 has antennae much shorter than legs ................. A has antennae about the same length as legs ...... B 3 has feathery antennae ......................................... C has smooth antennae .......................................... D 32 What is not a characteristic of all living organisms? A excretion B photosynthesis C reproduction D respiration PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 33 Which characteristics do bony fish have? backbone scales hair A B C D 34 The diagram shows an animal whose scientific name is Falco peregrinus. To which species does it belong? A bird B F. peregrinus C Falco D vertebrate PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 35 Use the key to identify the arthropod shown. 1 body divided into segments .................................... go to 2 body not divided into segments .............................. go to 3 2 body has one pair of legs per segment .................. A body has two pairs of legs per segment ................. B 3 one pair of antennae .............................................. C two pairs of antennae ............................................. D 36 Which characteristics of living things are demonstrated by this sequence? A growth and reproduction B growth and sensitivity C nutrition and reproduction D nutrition and sensitivity PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 37 The diagram shows the body plan of an invertebrate animal. front To which group does the animal belong? A annelid B crustacean C insect D nematode 38 The diagram shows an animal. Use the key to identify the animal. 1 front limbs with five fingers ....................... go to 2 front limbs with four fingers ...................... go to 3 2 skin with spots .......................................... A skin without spots ..................................... B 3 tail with fins ............................................... C tail without fins .......................................... D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com rear 39 Which characteristic do all living organisms show? A breathing B excretion C photosynthesis D tropism 40 Why does the energy needed by a human increase during the first ten years of life? A Coordination and responses improve. B Energy is needed for gamete formation. C The body is growing. D The diet is more balanced. 41 Which feature is characteristic of both annelids and arthropods? A compound eyes B jointed limbs C segmented bodies D wings 42 The diagram shows an animal. Use the key to identify the animal. 1 wings present ........................................ go to 2 wings absent ......................................... go to 3 2 one pair of wings visible ........................ A two pairs of wings visible ....................... B 3 three pairs of legs .................................. C four pairs of legs .................................... D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 43 Growth is a characteristic feature of living organisms. Which process provides the energy for growth? A excretion B movement C respiration D sensitivity 44 The table shows the number of animals collected in a sample from some woodland and the groups to which they belong. How many arthropods were collected? A 33 B PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 97 C 120 D 160 45 Which process provides the raw materials needed for tissue repair? A excretion B growth C nutrition D respiration 46 The diagram shows an arthropod. How many pairs of jointed legs does this arthropod have? A 2 B 20 C 21 47 Which group does not contain animals that are arthropods? A annelids B arachnids C crustaceans D insects PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com D 40 48 Keys are used in biological identification. Which statement may appear in a key and alone could identify one of the plants in the diagrams? A The plant has a single deep root with small branches. B The plant has many similar roots, arising from a single point. C The plant has one flower on the stem. D The plant has pointed leaves. 49 The diagram shows how a plant, called a Venus fly-trap, reacts to a fly landing on it. fly trapped a fly lands on a leaf the fly is digested by juices produced by the leaf Which characteristics of living things are shown by the plant in the diagram? A excretion and growth B growth and sensitivity C nutrition and reproduction D nutrition and sensitivity PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 50 The diagram shows the external features of an animal. To which class does it belong? A amphibians B fish C mammals D reptiles PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Fig. 2.1 is an electron micrograph showing the bacteria, Vibrio cholerae. Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Bacteria are prokaryotes. State two distinguishing features of all prokaryotes. 1 ............................................................................................................................. 2 ............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) The bacteria shown in Fig. 2.1 each have a flagellum. Suggest the function of the flagellum in bacteria. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [1] (b) V. cholerae is the pathogen that causes cholera. Vaccination is used to control the spread of cholera during an outbreak. Explain how vaccination can control the spread of diseases. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) Many years ago scientists discovered that V. cholerae secretes a toxin. Fig. 2.2 shows the results of an experiment to measure the flow of chloride ions out of human cells with and without the toxin. 14 12 10 key with toxin without toxin 8 flow of chloride ions / arbitrary units 6 4 2 0 0 50 100 150 time / s Fig. 2.2 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 200 250 300 (i) Calculate the difference in flow of chloride ions between the cells with the toxin and the cells without the toxin at 50 seconds. Show your working and state the units in your answer. ................................................. [2] (ii) Use the data in Fig. 2.2 to describe the effect of the toxin on the flow of chloride ions out of the cells. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [3] (iii) Chloride ions cannot move out of cells by simple diffusion. Suggest and describe how chloride ions could move out of cells. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3] (d) The loss of chloride ions from cells causes diarrhoea and dehydration in patients with cholera. (i) State which organ in the alimentary canal is affected by the cholera toxin. ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Describe the treatment for cholera. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [2] [Total: 18] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows five species of mollusc. A C B D E Fig. 1.1 Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to E) in the correct box beside the key. Key 1 (a) body is completely or partly covered in a shell go to 2 body is not completely covered or partly covered in a shell Limax flavus shell is attached to rocks by thin threads Mytilus edulis shell is not attached to rocks by thin threads go to 3 shell is a spire that comes to a point Buccinum undatum shell is not a spire that comes to a point go to 4 4 (a) animal has tentacles Nautilus pompilius (b) animal has 2 tentacles Planorbis planorbis (b) 2 (a) (b) 3 (a) (b) [3] (b) State two features that are shown by all molluscs. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 ................................................................................................................................................ [2] [Total: 5] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Fig. 1.1 shows seven different species of amphibian. A B C D E F not drawn to scale G Fig. 1.1 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (a) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct box beside the key. One has been done for you. Key 1 (a) long, narrow body, with or without legs go to 2 body not long and narrow, back legs are larger than the front legs go to 5 body without legs Gymnopis multiplicata body with legs which are all of the same size go to 3 raised crest along the back of the body Triturus cristatus no crest along the back of the body go to 4 4 (a) gills present Necturus maculosus (b) no gills present Ambystoma tigrinum 5 (a) skin is smooth go to 6 skin is not smooth Oreophrynella quelchii digits end in swellings Polypedates leucomystax digits do not end in round swellings Rana temporaria (b) 2 (a) (b) 3 (a) (b) (b) 6 (a) (b) B [3] (b) Many amphibian species throughout the world are endangered. Suggest three reasons why many amphibian species are endangered. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 3 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 6] 4 Fig. 1.1 shows seven lizards that are at risk of becoming extinct. C A B E D F G PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (a) (i) Name the vertebrate group that contains lizards. .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct box beside the key. One has been done for you. key 1 2 3 4 5 6 (a) feet with three toes go to 2 (b) feet with five toes go to 3 (a) has a collar or crest on head go to 4 (b) has no collar or crest on head Chalcides minutus (a) spikes along back go to 5 (b) no spikes along back go to 6 (a) ridges extend along back and tail Brookesia perarmata (b) no ridges along back or tail Calumma parsonii (a) blunt, rounded head Amblyrhynchus cristatus (b) elongated head Cyclura lewisi (a) large raised scales on skin Abronia graminea (b) scales on skin are not large or raised Varanus komodoensis D [3] (b) The effect of humans on the environment has caused the populations of the lizard species in Fig. 1.1 to decrease. Explain why conserving lizards is important. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Zookeepers report that isolated female Komodo dragons, Varanus komodoensis, have produced offspring asexually. This is very unusual in vertebrates. (i) State two disadvantages of asexual reproduction. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (ii) State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (d) Sexual reproduction requires meiosis to occur. (i) Define the term meiosis. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (ii) Explain the significance of meiosis to the survival of endangered species of lizards. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] [Total: 16] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 5 Myriapods are a group of arthropods that are commonly found in soil habitats in many parts of the world. Many myriapods are very small and not easy to identify. Fig. 6.1 shows four species of myriapod, not drawn to the same scale. Polydesmus denticulatus Cylindroiulus punctatus Scutigera coleoptrata Scolopocryptops sexspinosus Fig. 6.1 (a) State three features of all myriapods that are visible in Fig. 6.1. 1 ............................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ............................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 3 ............................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Describe three features of myriapods that could be used to make a dichotomous key to distinguish between the four species in Fig. 6.1. 1 ............................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ............................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 3 ............................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3] (c) Mitochondria are cell structures that contain a small quantity of DNA. Scientists are sequencing the DNA of one particular gene in mitochondria to help identify different species of many animals including myriapods. The sequences that they find are called ‘barcodes’. (i) State the part of the cell that contains most of the DNA. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest how DNA barcoding might be useful in the conservation of animals, such as myriapods. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) State the function of DNA in cells. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) A student found the following information about the feeding relationships between some organisms in a soil habitat. Dead organic matter, such as leaves, provides food for bacteria and soil fungi. Earthworms eat dead leaves. Many millipedes feed on dead plant matter and also on soil fungi. Nematodes feed on bacteria and are eaten by springtails. Centipedes are predators that feed on earthworms, millipedes and springtails. (i) Draw a food web to show the feeding relationships described above. [4] (ii) Describe the roles of the soil organisms in the carbon cycle. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 17] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Which diet will cause the liver to produce the most urea? A high carbohydrate, low fat B high fat, high fibre C high fat, low protein D high protein, low carbohydrate 2 What is an example of excretion in mammals? A the release of hormones from glands B the release of saliva into the mouth C the removal of undigested food through the anus D the removal of urea by the kidneys 3 Where is urea formed? A kidneys B liver C muscles D small intestine 4 Which substance is lost from the body of a healthy person by the kidneys, but not by the lungs? A carbon dioxide B glucose C urea D water PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 5 The diagram shows some organs in which urea is found. P Q R Which organ makes urea, and which organ removes it from the blood? 6 What is a function of the kidneys of a healthy person? A break down toxins B eliminate all salts C reabsorb all glucose D retain all water 7 Where are hormones removed from the blood and broken down in the human body? A gall bladder B kidneys C liver D stomach PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 8 Where is urea produced in the human body and from which chemicals is it produced? produced chemical A intestine proteins B kidneys amino acids C kidneys fatty acids D liver amino acids 9 The table shows the composition of a liquid found in the human body. In a healthy person, which structure contains this liquid? B C D A PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 10 Which function does not occur in the kidneys? A breakdown of alcohol B removal of excess salts from the blood C removal of excess water from the blood D removal of urea from the blood 11 Which two substances are both reabsorbed in the kidneys? A glucose and salts B glucose and starch C glycogen and salts D glycogen and starch 12 What is the function of the kidney? A making glucose and reabsorbing urea B making urea and removing salts C removing glucose and reabsorbing salts D removing urea and reabsorbing glucose 13 How is urea removed from the body? A as insoluble waste B by being destroyed in the liver C in expired air D in solution 14 How does blood change as it passes through a kidney? A It gains glucose. B It gains salts. C It loses protein. D It loses urea. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 15 The table shows the percentage composition of some chemicals found in blood entering the kidney of a healthy person. What is the percentage composition of the same chemicals in the urine of a healthy person? 16 Which organs remove excretory products from the blood? A bladder and liver B bladder and lungs C kidneys and bladder D lungs and kidneys PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 17 The diagram shows the human urinary system. X What is the part labelled X? A renal artery B renal vein C ureter D urethra 18 A person has a high-protein diet. What describes the level of urea in the blood leaving the liver and in the urine leaving the kidneys? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 19 Which food type, when eaten in excess, will cause a rise in the urea content of urine? A carbohydrate B fat C mineral salts D protein 20 A healthy person eats a very high-protein diet. What effect will this have on their urine? A It will contain amino acids. B It will contain glucose. C It will contain more urea. D It will contain more water. 21 The graph shows the rates of sweat production and urine production at different environmental temperatures. sweat 150 100 rate of production / cm3 per hour 50 urine 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 environmental temperature / °C Which statement is correct? A As the temperature increases, the rate of sweat production decreases. B At 22 °C the rates of sweat and urine production are the same. C Urine and sweat production are directly proportional to environmental temperature. D When the urine production decreases, the sweat production decreases. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 22 The diagram shows the human urinary system. renal vein renal artery ureter bladder Which row shows substances that are present in each of these structures in a healthy person? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 23 Which set of conditions would make the percentage of water in urine decrease the most? 24 The diagram shows the human urinary system. X Which substance is not found in the liquid at X in a healthy person? A glucose B salt C toxins D urea PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 25 In which order does urea pass through structures in the body? A kidney → ureter → liver → urethra B kidney → urethra → liver → ureter C liver → kidney → ureter → urethra D liver → urethra → kidney → ureter 26 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs? 27 Which substance is lost from the body by the kidneys, lungs and skin? A carbon dioxide B excess ions C urea D water 28 Which organ produces urea? A bladder B kidney C liver D pancreas PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 29 Blood passes through the kidney and some substances leave the blood as filtered liquid. From this liquid certain substances are reabsorbed back into the blood. The table shows the percentage of four substances in the blood plasma, the filtered liquid and urine. Which substances are reabsorbed from the filtered liquid? A glucose and water B protein and glucose C urea and protein D water and urea 30 The diagram shows a kidney and its blood vessels. artery vein ureter In a healthy person, which structures transport glucose? A artery only B artery and ureter C artery and vein D ureter and vein PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 31 The diagram shows the human excretory system and its main associated blood vessels. Which labelled structure contains urine? A B C D 32 The table shows the amount of water and salt lost from the kidneys and skin on a hot day and on a cold day. Food and drink intake are the same on both days. water lost from kidneys / dm3 water lost from skin / dm3 salt lost from kidney / g salt lost from skin / g cold day 1.8 0.0 20.2 0.0 hot day 0.4 2.3 14.4 5.8 What do these results show? A Less water is lost from the kidneys on a cold day than on a hot day. B More salt is lost from the kidneys on a hot day than on a cold day. C The total amount of salt lost each day is the same. D Water is not lost from the kidneys on hot days. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 33 Blood is filtered in the kidneys. After this filtration, some substances are reabsorbed into the blood and other substances pass out of the body in the urine. Which line shows the correct movement of substances in a healthy person? substances reabsorbed into the blood substances passed out of the body in the urine A glucose, some salts, urea glucose, some salts, some water B glucose, some salts, some water some salts, some water, urea C some salts, some water, urea glucose, some water, urea D some salts, some water, urea glucose, some salts, some water 34 Four urine samples were collected on different days from a person whose exercise and water intake was the same each day. Which sample was collected on a cold day? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 35 The table shows an analysis of urine and of blood after filtration in the kidney. Which substance is completely reabsorbed by the kidney? A glucose B salts C urea D water 36 What describes the excretion of urea? removal of undigested food removal of metabolic wastes removal of substances in excess removal of toxic products A key B true C not true D 37 The average percentage of water in human urine is 96 %. This percentage changes when conditions change. Which set of conditions will make the percentage of water in the urine decrease most? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 The lungs and the kidneys are excretory organs of the human body. (a) (i) Define the term excretion. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (ii) State an excretory product that is passed out through the lungs. .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) Outline the role of the liver in excretion. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Fig. 4.1 is a vertical section of the kidney. K L P O N M Fig. 4.1 Table 4.1 shows the functions of parts of the kidney. Complete the table by: • • naming the part of the kidney that carries out each function using letters from Fig. 4.1 to identify the part of the kidney named. One row has been completed for you. Table 4.1 function name of part letter from Fig. 4.1 medulla L blood is filtered concentration of urine is determined urine flows to the bladder blood is carried into the kidney blood flows out of the kidney [4] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) People with kidney disease are often treated in renal dialysis clinics. Their blood passes through tubes lined with a special membrane for about three hours. (i) State two waste substances that are removed from the blood by dialysis. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (ii) Kidney patients may be given a kidney transplant. State one advantage and one disadvantage of kidney transplants compared with dialysis. advantage .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... disadvantage ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 15] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section of a kidney. E F G Fig. 5.1 (a) Name the structures labelled, E, F and G as shown in Fig. 5.1. E ..................................................................................... F ...................................................................................... G ..................................................................................... [3] (b) Explain the function of the renal capsule in the kidney. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Glucose is reabsorbed, back into the blood, by active transport. Define active transport. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[2] (d) Give one example, other than glucose, of a substance that is reabsorbed into the blood from the renal tubule. ...............................................................................................................................................[1] (e) Dialysis is a treatment for kidney disease. Fig. 5.2 shows a dialysis machine. dialysis machine blood pump arm used dialysis fluid fresh dialysis fluid Fig. 5.2 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (i) The composition of the dialysis fluid changes as it passes through the dialysis machine. Complete Table 5.1 using the words ‘low’, ‘high’, ‘same’ or ‘none’ to show how the concentration of each substance changes in the dialysis fluid. The last one has been done for you. Table 5.1 concentration of substance in: substance blood before dialysis glucose normal salts high urea high toxins high used dialysis fluid fresh dialysis fluid high low [3] (ii) Explain how a dialysis machine filters blood. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[4] (f) Kidney transplants are the most common organ transplants. Describe the advantages of a kidney transplant compared with dialysis. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com ...............................................................................................................................................[3] (g) Before a kidney is transplanted, it is important to match the tissue type of the donor with the tissue type of the recipient. State why this is necessary. ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[1] [Total: 20] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 (a) Define the term excretion. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[3] Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a kidney tubule and its blood supply. blood 1 2 blood 3 4 Fig. 2.1 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) The concentrations of solutes in the fluids at regions 1, 2, 3 and 4 were determined. The results are shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 concentration / g dm–3 substance region 1 region 2 region 3 region 4 glucose 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.0 protein 82.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 salts 8.0 8.0 9.6 16.5 urea 0.2 0.2 0.2 20.0 State the substance or substances in Table 2.1 which: (i) has molecules which are too large to be filtered; .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) has molecules which are small enough to be filtered but is completely reabsorbed from the fluid in the kidney tubule; .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) increases in concentration as fluid moves along the kidney tubule. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ....................................................................................................................................[1] (c) State three structures through which the fluid from region 4 passes as it leaves the body. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 3 ............................................................................................................................................[3] (d) One role of the kidney is to maintain the concentration of the blood plasma. Name the process of maintaining constant conditions within the body. ...............................................................................................................................................[1] [Total: 10] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 5 The table shows the approximate composition of air breathed out by a mammal. Where does the nitrogen in the air breathed out come from? A It is a product of proteins broken down in the mammal. B It is a product of respiration. C It is exchanged for oxygen which is taken into the blood. D It is in the air that was breathed in. 6 What helps oxygen to be absorbed rapidly into the blood in the lungs? A Air breathed in has less oxygen than air breathed out. B Alveoli have thick walls and a large surface area. C Alveoli have thin walls and a large surface area. D The concentration of oxygen in the blood is higher than in the alveoli. 7 The diagram shows the composition of four samples of air (O2 = oxygen, CO2 = carbon dioxide, N2 = nitrogen). K L M N O2 CO2 N2 O2 CO2 N2 O2 CO2 N2 O2 CO2 N2 100 80 composition 60 /% 40 20 0 Which sample is inspired air and which sample is expired air? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 8 The diagram shows some of the structures in a human lung. Where is the carbon dioxide concentration highest? from pulmonary artery C B to pulmonary vein D A 9 The table shows the composition of four samples of air. Which sample is inspired air and which sample is expired air? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 10 A girl holds her breath for 30 seconds, breathes out, and then breathes in. Compared with the air she breathes out, the air she breathes in contains less A carbon dioxide and water vapour. B nitrogen and water vapour. C oxygen and carbon dioxide. D oxygen and nitrogen. 11 What makes alveoli suitable as a gas exchange surface? large total surface area well-supplied with blood vessels A B C D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 12 The graph shows changes in the volume of air in the lungs of a person at rest, over a period of 30 seconds. 2 volume of air in lungs / dm3 1 0 0 30 time / s Which graph shows changes in the volume of air in the lungs of the same person immediately after they have done five minutes of vigorous exercise? A B 2 volume of air in lungs / dm3 2 volume of air in lungs / dm3 1 0 1 0 0 time / s 30 0 C 30 D 2 volume of air in lungs / dm3 time / s 2 volume of air in lungs / dm3 1 0 1 0 0 time / s PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 30 0 time / s 30 13 A sample of expired air is collected in a gas jar. Another gas jar contains normal atmospheric air. A lighted candle is placed inside each gas jar as shown. The time taken for each flame to go out is measured. As the candles burn they use up the oxygen available in the jar. lid air sample candle gas jar X gas jar Y The table shows the results of this experiment. What is an explanation of the difference between the results in jars X and Y? A Jar X contains atmospheric air which has more carbon dioxide. B Jar X contains expired air which has more carbon dioxide. C Jar Y contains atmospheric air which has less oxygen. D Jar Y contains expired air which has less oxygen. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 14 The diagram shows a section through an alveolus and a capillary. Y X Why does carbon dioxide move from X to Y? A Air has a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than blood. B Carbon dioxide moves more freely in air than in blood. C Carbon dioxide must replace oxygen. D Diffusion of carbon dioxide can only be out of the blood. 15 The diagram shows some structures in the human neck and thorax. Q The lining of tube Q has cilia. What is an important function of the cilia? A to help in the exchange of gases B to increase the internal surface area of tube Q C to moisten the air entering and leaving the lungs D to move mucus towards the throat PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 16 The diagram shows some ciliated cells from the trachea. X What is the function of the parts labelled X? A detecting stimuli B exchanging gases C moving mucus D trapping bacteria 17 What are the functions of the diaphragm and the cilia in the human gas exchange system? diaphragm cilia A contracts to cause breathing in carry mucus to the throat B contracts to cause breathing out trap bacteria from the air C relaxes to cause breathing in filter dust from the air D relaxes to cause breathing out produce mucus 18 The table shows the percentage composition of three gases in atmospheric air. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 19 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs? 20 The graph shows the rate and depth of a person’s breathing before exercise. 2.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 1.0 0 8 4 time / s Which graph shows the rate and depth of breathing of the same person immediately after a period of exercise? A B 2.5 2.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 1.0 1.0 0 4 time / s 8 0 C 4 time / s 8 D 2.5 2.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 1.0 1.0 0 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 time / s 8 0 4 time / s 8 21 The diagram shows changes in air pressure inside the lungs during a complete cycle of breathing. Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. Which position on the graph marks the point at which the ribs are beginning to be raised? B 102 C pressure in lungs 101 / kPa A D 100 time 22 Which substance is lost from the body by the kidneys, lungs and skin? A carbon dioxide B excess ions C urea D water 23 What are the properties of an efficient gas exchange system, assuming it has a good blood supply? A large surface and thick walls B large surface and thin walls C small surface and thick walls D small surface and thin walls 24 The diagram shows someone blowing up a balloon. What percentage of the gas in the balloon is carbon dioxide? A 0.04 % B 0.4 % PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C 4.0 % D 40 % 25 What increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen into red blood cells in the lungs? A Air leaving the lungs is saturated with water vapour. B Air leaving the lungs still contains 16 % oxygen. C Blood arriving in the lungs is saturated with oxygen. D Blood is taken away from the lungs as it circulates. 26 From the graph, when did the person begin a period of vigorous exercise after resting? C breathing rate / breaths per minute D B A time / minutes PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 27 In an experiment, three glass bell jars were set up as shown in the diagram. air from lungs bell jar green plant P left in sunlight for 8 hours Q left open to the air for 8 hours R air breathed out by a student for 5 minutes At the end of the experiment, which bell jar has the most oxygen and which has the least? 28 The diagram represents the exchange of gases during breathing and during respiration in the body. oxygen in blood oxygen X carbon dioxide What is represented by X and by Y? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Y carbon dioxide in blood 29 Gas exchange in annelid worms occurs through the whole of the skin surface. What are the most likely characteristics of the skin surface? 30 Which route is taken by air passing into the lungs of a human? A alveolus → trachea → bronchus B bronchus → trachea → alveolus C trachea → alveolus → bronchus D trachea → bronchus → alveolus 31 What are features of gaseous exchange surfaces in animals? A thick-walled, dry, large area B thick-walled, moist, small area C thin-walled, dry, small area D thin-walled, moist, large area 32 Which features are present in gaseous exchange surfaces? large surface area moist thick walls A key B = present C = not present D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the human gas exchange system. The functions of the parts of the gas exchange system are given in Table 1.1. A M B K C J D H E G F Fig. 1.1 Complete Table 1.1. One row has been done for you. Table 1.1 function structure that makes sounds letter on Fig. 1.1 name A larynx bone that provides protection for the lungs airway that allows passage of air only into the right lung airway that allows passage of air into both lungs contracts to increase volume of thorax muscle that contracts to lower the ribcage site of gas exchange [6] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) The gas exchange system contains cartilage. Describe the function of cartilage in the gas exchange system. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Soon after starting physical activity the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases. (i) Name the process inside cells that produces carbon dioxide. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) State the effect on breathing of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (iii) Explain how this effect on breathing is coordinated. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [3] [Total: 13] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 Fig. 4.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system. K L Fig. 4.1 (a) (i) Name structure K. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Ciliated cells and goblet cells line structure L. Explain the function of these cells in structure L. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli. (i) Describe how oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the blood. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) During inspiration, air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs. Describe the mechanism of inspiration. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [4] (iii) Name one gas that is found in a higher concentration in expired air than in inspired air. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Tobacco smoke affects the gas exchange system. Name two components of tobacco smoke and describe their effect on the gas exchange system. component 1 ............................................................................................................................. effect ......................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... component 2 ............................................................................................................................. effect ......................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 16] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 The pressure in the lungs of a student before and during the start of a volleyball match was recorded. The results are shown in Fig. 2.1. lung pressure / arbitrary units Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the breathing rate before the start of the match. Express your answer to the nearest whole number. Show your working. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com ..................................breaths per minute [2] (ii) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to describe how the pattern of breathing during the match is different from the pattern of breathing before the match starts. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (b) Describe the process of inhalation. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[4] (c) Carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the lungs. (i) Explain why this process is termed excretion. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) Name the part of the blood in which most carbon dioxide is transported. .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) Describe the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on blood pH. .......................................................................................................................................[1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli by diffusion. Explain why the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide increases during exercise. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[2] [Total: 14] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 Fig. 6.1 shows the movement of the ribs and the diaphragm during breathing in. external intercostal muscles vertebrae sternum diaphragm Fig. 6.1 (a) State what happens to the following structures during breathing in. diaphragm .................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ribcage ....................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... external intercostal muscles ...................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Explain the effect of strenuous physical activity on the pH of the blood. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[3] [Total: 6] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 2 Active transport is the movement of A molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. B particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration. C urine by relaxation of a sphincter muscle in the bladder. D water through a partially permeable membrane from a more dilute to a more concentrated solution. The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate the movement of molecules. inverted thistle funnel red ink solution beaker of water permeable membrane attached to funnel After one hour, the water in the beaker turned red. What is the most likely reason for this colour change? 3 A Molecules of red ink move through the membrane by diffusion. B Molecules of red ink move through the membrane by osmosis. C Molecules of water move through the membrane by diffusion. D Molecules of water move through the membrane by osmosis. Why does oxygen diffuse into the blood from an alveolus in the lungs? A The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is greater than the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. B The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is greater than in the blood. C The oxygen concentration in the blood is greater than in the alveolus. D The oxygen concentration in the blood is greater than the carbon dioxide concentration in the alveolus. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 The diagram shows water and sugar molecules on either side of a partially permeable membrane. partially permeable membrane key X Y sugar molecule water molecule What happens during osmosis? 5 A More sugar molecules pass through the membrane from X to Y than from Y to X. B More sugar molecules pass through the membrane from Y to X than from X to Y. C More water molecules pass through the membrane from X to Y than from Y to X. D More water molecules pass through the membrane from Y to X than from X to Y. A jar of air was placed upside down on top of a jar containing a brown gas as shown. air air and brown gas brown gas at start Which process has taken place? A diffusion both upwards and downwards B diffusion downwards only C diffusion upwards only D diffusion and osmosis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com after one hour 6 7 Which statement describes how young plants are supported? A the pressure of water inside the cells pressing outwards on the cell membranes B the pressure of water inside the cells pressing outwards on the cell walls C the pressure of water passing from the roots through the phloem D the pressure of water passing from the roots through the xylem The diagram shows a test-tube containing clear jelly. A drop of blue ink is injected into the middle of the jelly. clear jelly drop of blue ink The blue colour of the ink spreads throughout the jelly. By which process does the blue ink spread through the jelly? 8 A active transport B catalysis C diffusion D osmosis Which diagram shows the changes in appearance of a plant cell when it remains in a concentrated sugar solution for thirty minutes? A B PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C D 9 The diagram shows a fish in a pond. Why does oxygen diffuse from the air into the water before reaching the fish? A Oxygen is more concentrated in the air than in the water. B Oxygen is more concentrated in the water than in the air. C Oxygen is needed by the fish for aerobic respiration. D Oxygen is needed by the fish for anaerobic respiration. 10 Which structure provides the best surface for diffusion? A atrium B bronchioles C ileum D trachea PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 11 The diagram shows a plant cell. What is the appearance of this cell after it has been placed in pure water for 30 minutes? A B C D 12 A student cuts out four pieces of carrot root of equal size. The pieces are treated as shown in the diagram, and then left for two hours. After two hours, which piece of carrot will be the smallest? A B water sugar solution boiled carrot PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C sugar solution boiled carrot D water fresh carrot fresh carrot 13 The diagrams show how a cell appears under the microscope at the start of an experiment and after it has been placed in a dilute solution of salts for 5 minutes. start of the experiment after placing in a dilute solution of salts Which statement explains what happens? A Dissolved salts enter the cell by diffusion. B Dissolved salts leave the cell by diffusion. C Water enters the cell by osmosis. D Water leaves the cell by osmosis. 14 The diagram represents the molecules in two solutions either side of a fully permeable membrane. Key solute molecules water molecules fully permeable membrane In which directions are the net movements of the molecules? solute molecules water molecules A left to right left to right B left to right right to left C right to left left to right D right to left right to left PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 15 How do carbon dioxide and oxygen move in and out of a mesophyll cell? A active transport B diffusion C respiration D transpiration 16 During osmosis, which molecules move and through which type of membrane? molecules moving type of membrane A oxygen partially permeable B oxygen permeable C water partially permeable D water permeable 17 Which process in humans does not use energy released from respiration? A cell division B diffusion of oxygen C muscle contraction D protein synthesis 18 Which statements are correct for both diffusion and osmosis? involves movement of water only requires energy from the cell molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration A B C D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 19 The diagram shows a plant shoot and the same shoot six hours later. plant shoot same shoot six hours later Which change in environmental conditions could cause this change in the shoot? A a decrease in available water B a decrease in light intensity C a decrease in wind speed D an increase in humidity 20 The diagram shows an experiment set up to investigate osmosis in living cells. water (X) potato glass dish concentrated sugar solution (Y) What happens to the volumes of water (X) and sugar solution (Y) after 12 hours? volume of water (X) volume of sugar solution (Y) A decreases ecreases increases B increases ncreases increases C increases remains the same D remains the same decreases PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 21 The diagram shows apparatus which can be used to demonstrate osmosis. 1 2 glass tube liquid level very concentrated sucrose solution water concentrated sucrose solution partially permeable membrane After one hour, what would happen to the liquid levels in the glass tubes? 22 By which process does oxygen pass out of a leaf? A diffusion B osmosis C translocation D transpiration PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 23 Which characteristics are correct for both osmosis and diffusion? 24 How does oxygen move from the alveoli into the blood? A by diffusion B by evaporation C by osmosis D by transpiration 25 Which process occurs by osmosis? A plant roots absorbing mineral ions from the soil B plant roots absorbing water from the soil C the small intestine absorbing fatty acids into the blood D the small intestine absorbing glucose into the blood 26 Red blood cells were placed in a dilute solution. Movement of water across the cell membrane caused a change in their appearance. What explains this movement? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 27 The diagram shows a cell. Which type of cell does the diagram show? A an animal cell in a concentrated solution of salts B an animal cell in pure water C a plant cell in a concentrated solution of salts D a plant cell in pure water 28 Two identical cylinders, 40 mm long, are cut from a potato. One (W) is placed in water and the other (X) is placed in a concentrated sugar solution. What are the lengths of the cylinders after two hours? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 29 The diagram shows the movement of a concentrated sugar solution up a glass tube. The glass tube is connected firmly to a hollowed-out carrot. at the start after 2 hours glass tube carrot watertight seal concentrated sugar solution dilute sugar solution at the start after two hours Why does the sugar solution in the glass tube rise? A Sugar molecules move across the carrot tissue into the glass tube. B Sugar molecules move across the carrot tissue into the beaker. C Water molecules move across the carrot tissue into the glass tube. D Water molecules move across the carrot tissue into the beaker. 30 A plant absorbs water and oxygen into its roots. How are these substances absorbed? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 31 Which diagram shows the appearance of a plant cell several minutes after it has been placed in a concentrated solution of sugar? A B C D 32 The diagrams show an experiment when set up and the same experiment two hours later. when set up two hours later partially permeable membrane concentrated sugar solution coloured with dye pure water What explains the movement of water and dye? movement of water movement of dye A diffusion osmosis B osmosis diffusion C osmosis translocation D translocation diffusion PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com dye has moved into this side 33 The diagram represents two liquids, separated by a membrane through which osmosis can occur. membrane left eft r key molecule of water molecule of dissolved sustance What movement of molecules will occur? A Molecules of dissolved substance move from left to right. B Molecules of dissolved substance move from right to left. C Overall, water molecules move from left to right. D Overall, water molecules move from right to left. 34 The scent from a bunch of flowers spreads throughout a room. How does the scent spread? A by conduction B by diffusion C by osmosis D by transpiration PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 35 The diagram shows an experiment kept at room temperature. test-tube tubing containing starch, protease, protein and simple sugars distilled water membrane permeable to small molecules only What is present in the water surrounding the membrane after 45 minutes? A amino acids and simple sugars B protein and amino acids C protein and simple sugars D starch and simple sugars 36 Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water molecules A down their concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane. B down their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane. C up their concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane. D up their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane. 37 The diagram shows part of a section through a leaf. Which arrow shows the direction of movement of water by osmosis in a leaf? D A leaf cells B C PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 38 Which structures must be present in a cell for osmosis to take place? A cell (sap) vacuole and cell wall B cell wall and cell membrane C chloroplast and cytoplasm D cytoplasm and cell membrane 39 A frog’s skin is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide. When a frog is swimming in pond water, in which directions will oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse? 40 from the frog’s skin into the water from the water into the frog’s skin A carbon dioxide oxygen B carbon dioxide and oxygen – C oxygen xygen carbon dioxide D – carbon dioxide and oxygen The diagram shows a fetus attached by the placenta to the uterus wall of the mother. fetus placenta uterus wall By which process do all substances pass between the fetus and the mother in the placenta? A diffusion B nutrition C osmosis D respiration PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 41 What happens in osmosis? A movement of solute molecules against their concentration gradient B movement of solute molecules down their concentration gradient C movement of water molecules against their concentration gradient D movement of water molecules down their concentration gradient 42 Boiling potatoes destroys their cell membranes. A peeled, boiled potato strip is placed in a concentrated solution of salts. concentrated solution of salts boiled potato strip What takes place? osmosis solute diffusion A key: B = takes place C = does not take place D 43 A red blood cell is placed in a concentrated sugar solution. What happens and why? A The cell bursts as sugar molecules diffuse into it. B The cell bursts because the concentrated sugar solution enters it. C The cell shrinks because sugar molecules leave it. D The cell shrinks because water leaves it. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 44 The diagram shows two solutions that are separated by a partially permeable membrane. partially permeable membrane dilute solution of sucrose concentrated solution of sucrose X Y In which direction will most water molecules move in relation to their concentration gradient? 45 A from X to Y against their concentration gradient B from X to Y down their concentration gradient C from Y to X against their concentration gradient D from Y to X down their concentration gradient On a dry, sunny day, how does water vapour move through the stomata of a leaf? A into the leaf by diffusion B into the leaf by osmosis C out of the leaf by diffusion D out of the leaf by osmosis 46 The diagram shows an experiment using a potato. concentrated sugar solution fresh potato water Which shows the result of the experiment after 24 hours? A PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com B C D 47 The dots represent molecules of a gas in four tubes at the beginning of an experiment. In which tube will more molecules move from X to Y than in the opposite direction? X Y A B C D 48 An experiment on diffusion was set up as shown in the diagram. mixture of protein solution and protease partially permeable membrane water at 37 °C What was found in the water after 15 minutes? A amino acids B fatty acids C glucose D glycerol PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 49 A student investigated osmosis in potatoes. He set up the apparatus shown. potato cylinder P potato cylinder Q scales distilled water very concentrated sugar solution At the beginning the potato cylinders were exactly balanced. He immersed the cylinders into the liquids for 4 hours, after which the cylinders were lifted out of the liquids. Cylinder P was now heavier than cylinder Q. Which statement explains what happened? A Water moved into both cylinders. B Water moved out of both cylinders. C Water moved into the cylinder in the distilled water and out of the cylinder in the sugar solution. D Water moved out of the cylinder in the distilled water and into the cylinder in the sugar solution. 50 An experiment is set up as shown. membrane permeable to iodine molecules mixture of starch and water iodine solution What is the colour of the starch and water mixture after 30 minutes? A blue-black B orange C white D yellow-brown PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Some students investigated osmosis in raw potato sticks. (a) Define the term osmosis. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (b) The students measured the mass of four of the potato sticks using an electronic balance. Fig. 4.1 shows an electronic balance. Fig. 4.1 The students left each potato stick in one of four different liquids for 5 hours: • distilled water • 0.1 mol per dm sodium chloride solution • 0.5 mol per dm sodium chloride solution • 1.0 mol per dm sodium chloride solution. 3 3 3 After 5 hours they measured the mass again and calculated the change in mass. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3] (i) Predict which of the liquids would cause the largest decrease in mass of a potato stick. ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) The students dried the potato sticks with paper towels before putting them on the electronic balance. Suggest why. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (c) After the experiment the students noticed that the potato stick with the lowest mass was soft and floppy. Explain why the potato stick had become soft and floppy. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) The students followed the same experimental procedure with boiled potato sticks and found no overall change in mass in any of the solutions. Suggest why the mass of the boiled potato sticks remained the same. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 10] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 A student investigated the diffusion of substances through Visking tubing, an artificial membrane which has some of the properties of cell membranes. The student made a bag of Visking tubing as shown in Fig. 4.1. top of syringe elastic band Visking bag test-tube bag filled with starch solution and placed into a test-tube of water starch solution water knot Fig. 4.1 The student added some iodine solution to the water in the test-tube. After 30 minutes at room temperature, the contents of the Visking bag were stained blue-black, but the water outside remained a yellow colour. (a) (i) Explain these results. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [4] (ii) State three factors that influence the movement of molecules through membranes. 1 ............................................................................................................................. 2 ............................................................................................................................. 3 ............................................................................................................................. [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Fig. 4.2 is an electron micrograph of a red blood cell within a capillary. muscle cell magnification ×6500 Fig. 4.2 (i) Molecules of carbon dioxide that are produced in muscle cells are transported to the blood. Describe the pathway taken by these molecules of carbon dioxide. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [3] (ii) Explain how capillaries are adapted for their functions. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3] (c) Mammals have a transport system for carbon dioxide. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from their surroundings to use in photosynthesis. Explain how a molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere reaches the site of photosynthesis in a leaf. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 17] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Some plants can be grown in water using the technique of hydroponics. The roots are in water and supplied with the ions that they need at the concentrations that support maximum growth. Some ions can be absorbed both by diffusion and by active transport. (a) (i) State two features of diffusion that do not apply to active transport. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Explain how roots are adapted to absorb ions. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] A group of students investigated the effect of soaking small onion bulbs in different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. They peeled off the outer papery leaves of the onion bulbs and divided the onions into 6 batches, each with 10 onions. The onions were surface dried with paper towels and weighed. The mean mass of the onions in each batch was calculated. The onions were then left in sodium chloride solutions for three hours. After three hours the students surface dried the onions and weighed them again. Their results are given in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 concentration of sodium chloride solution / g dm–3 mean mass of onions / g percentage change in mass before soaking after soaking for 3 hours 0 147 173 +17.7 25 153 165 +7.8 50 176 172 –2.3 100 154 149 –3.2 150 149 142 –4.7 200 183 175 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass of the onions that were in the most concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Show your working. Write your answer in Table 2.1. [2] (ii) Explain why the students calculated the percentage change in mass of the onions. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (c) The students plotted a graph of the results as shown in Fig. 2.1. percentage change in mass 20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 150 200 –5 –10 concentration of sodium chloride solution / g dm–3 Fig. 2.1 (i) Complete the graph using your answer to (b)(i). [1] (ii) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to estimate the concentration of the sodium chloride solution that has the same water potential as the onions. .......................................................................................................................................[2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Using the term water potential, explain why the onions: gained mass when soaked in dilute solutions of sodium chloride ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... lost mass when soaked in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 15] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 The pressure in the lungs of a student before and during the start of a volleyball match was recorded. The results are shown in Fig. 2.1. lung pressure / arbitrary units Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the breathing rate before the start of the match. Express your answer to the nearest whole number. Show your working. ..................................breaths per minute [2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (ii) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to describe how the pattern of breathing during the match is different from the pattern of breathing before the match starts. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (b) Describe the process of inhalation. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[4] (c) Carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the lungs. (i) Explain why this process is termed excretion. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) Name the part of the blood in which most carbon dioxide is transported. .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) Describe the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on blood pH. .......................................................................................................................................[1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli by diffusion. Explain why the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide increases during exercise. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[2] [Total: 14] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 2 3 Which row matches the cell membrane and cell wall of a palisade cell to their functions? cell membrane cell wall A active transport active transport B active transport support C support upport active transport D support upport support In a plant, what is formed by a group of xylem vessels? A a cell B a tissue C an organ D an organ system What are the functions of xylem vessels? absorption conduction photosynthesis support A B C D 4 A gene for insulin is taken from a human cell and placed in a bacterium. The bacterium can then make human insulin. What is this process called? A artificial selection B genetic engineering C heterozygous inheritance D natural selection PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 5 6 In a plant, what is formed by a group of xylem vessels? A a cell B a tissue C an organ D an organ system The diagram shows a palisade mesophyll cell. Which structure is not found in an animal cell? A B C D 7 8 Which statement is correct for phloem but not for xylem? A It carries mineral ions. B It carries starch. C It carries sucrose. D It is no longer living. What is the correct order of increasing size of the following structures, from smallest to largest? A chromosome → liver → white blood cell B chromosome → white blood cell → liver C liver → chromosome → white blood cell D white blood cell → liver → chromosome PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 9 The shaded area of the diagram represents structures found in both plant and animal cells. Which cell structure is from the shaded area? A cell membrane B cell wall C chloroplast D large vacuole 10 A palisade cell and a nerve cell are observed under a light microscope. Only the palisade cell has a A cell membrane. B cytoplasm. C nucleus. D vacuole. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 11 The diagram shows a palisade mesophyll cell from a green leaf. W X Y Z In which labelled part does photosynthesis occur and where is starch stored? 12 Which row describes a root hair cell? allows water to pass into the plant increases the surface area of the root loses water by transpiration A B C D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 13 Three cell structures are listed. 1 cell wall 2 cytoplasm 3 nucleus Which structures are found in palisade cells and in liver cells? A 14 1 and 2 B 1 only C D 3 only The diagram shows two plant cells, P and Q. cell P How does cell P differ from cell Q? 15 2 and 3 A It has no cell wall. B It has no chloroplasts. C It has no nucleus. D It has no vacuole. The diagram shows different types of cells. Which structure do all these cells have? A cell membrane B cell wall C chloroplast D nucleus PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com cell Q 16 The diagram shows a male gamete. Which term describes the level of organisation of this gamete? 17 18 A cell B organ C organism D tissue Which description of xylem is correct? A a cell used for absorption B a tissue used for support C an organ system used for conduction D an organ used for transport The diagram shows a student’s drawing of two guard cells. Which label line is not correct? A chloroplast B cell membrane C vacuole D cell wall 19 How does a liver cell differ from a palisade cell? A A liver cell has a membrane. B A liver cell has a vacuole. C A liver cell has no cell wall. D A liver cell has no cytoplasm. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 20 The diagram shows structures taken from two different organisms. P Q R (cells not drawn to scale) Which structures have the main function of transport? A 21 22 P and R B P and S C Q and R D Q and S At which level of organisation is a root? A organ B organ system C organism D tissue The diagram shows a liver cell. Which features are present in this cell and also in most plant cells? A cell membrane and cytoplasm B cell membrane and sap vacuole C cell wall and cytoplasm D cell wall and sap vacuole PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com S 23 24 25 Which structure is present in a root hair cell but not in a liver cell? A cell wall B chloroplast C glycogen granule D nucleus Which description of the heart is correct? A The heart is an organ, containing several systems, which forms part of the circulatory tissue. B The heart is an organ, containing several tissues, which forms part of the circulatory system. C The heart is a system, containing several organs, which forms part of the circulatory tissue. D The heart is a system, containing several tissues, which forms part of the circulatory organ. The diagram shows four cells. 1 2 Which two cells contain cellulose and a vacuole? A 1a an B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4 26 The diagram shows two guard cells from a leaf. Which labelled part would also be found in liver cells? A B C D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 27 The diagram shows part of a leaf in cross-section. X Y Structures X and Y are both part of the same A cell. B organ. C tissue. D vessel. 28 The diagram shows a plant cell. Which features show that it is a plant cell? A It has a cell wall and a vacuole. B It has a nucleus and cytoplasm. C It has a nucleus but no chloroplasts. D It has chloroplasts but no vacuole. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 29 In a section through a plant, a student found a group of long, microscopic structures. The structures lacked end walls, cytoplasm and nuclei. Which identification and reason best matches the student’s observations? identification reason A root hair cells they do not contain a nucleus when mature B root hair cells they do not contain cytoplasm to absorb water C xylem vessels they can support the plant better without cytoplasm D xylem vessels they need to be hollow to carry water efficiently 30 The diagram shows a specialised cell cut in half. What does this diagram indicate about the structure of this cell? A The cell has a cell wall. B The cell is concave on each side. C The cell is long and thin. D The cell is red and carries oxygen. 31 Which diagram shows chloroplasts in their correct position in a plant cell? A PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com B C 32 Which is not an organ? A blood B heart C tooth D vein 33 What results from the destruction of cilia in the trachea due to smoking? A Cilia cannot filter bacteria. B Cilia cannot trap dust. C Mucus cannot be manufactured. D Mucus cannot be carried towards the throat. 34 The cell shown in the diagram has been magnified 3000 times. The diagram is 21 mm wide. What is the actual diameter of the cell? A 21 mm B 21 mm 3000 C 21 x 3000 mm D 3000 mm 21 35 Xylem is an example of A a cell. B a tissue. C an organ. D an organ system. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 36 Plant cells are often green but animal cells are not usually green. Which structure in plant cells makes them green? A cell wall B chloroplast C cytoplasm D vacuole 37 The diagram shows the structure of a palisade cell. 3 2 4 1 5 Which features are also found in a liver cell? A B 1 an a C 2 and 5 3 and 4 D 38 What are the levels of organisation of the retina and of the eye? retina eye A cell organ B cell organ system C tissue organ D tissue organ system 39 Which cell helps to move dust particles out of an organism? A ciliated cell B guard cell C muscle cell D red blood cell PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 and 5 40 The diagram shows some cells. cilia cytoplasm nucleus Where are these cells found? A alimentary canal B blood C bronchial wall D plant roots 41 Which features are possessed by all plant cells? 42 For which process is a root hair cell adapted? A absorption of mineral ions B support of stem C translocation of sucrose D transport of oxygen PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 43 What can be found in both root hair cells and xylem vessels? 44 The diagram shows a liver cell. In which way does this cell differ from a typical animal cell? A It has a cell membrane. B It has no vacuole. C It has no cell wall. D It has two nuclei. 45 Which row shows the main tissue and organ involved in the process? process tissue organ A excretion in humans nerve brain B nutrition in humans platelets veins C photosynthesis in plants mesophyll leaf D translocation in plants epidermis stem 46 Which structure is not an organ? A artery B flower C spinal cord D xylem PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 47 Which features do animal cells share with plant cells? 48 Which pair of statements about a plant cell is correct? outer surface of the cell position of sap vacuole A cell membrane outside the cytoplasm B cell membrane surrounded by the cytoplasm C cell wall outside the cytoplasm D cell wall surrounded by the cytoplasm 49 The diagram shows a cell. Which structure is not present? A cell membrane B cell wall C cytoplasm D nucleus PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 50 The diagram shows a section through a root. P Q R What are the levels of organisation of the labelled structures? cell ell or tissue A P R B P Q C Q P D R P PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 A biologist made a slide of some epidermal cells from a scale leaf of an onion bulb. Fig. 4.1 is a drawing that the biologist made of one of the cells. D A B C Fig. 4.1 (a) Table 4.1 shows the functions of the structures within a plant cell. Complete the table by: naming the part of the cell that carries out each function using the letters from Fig. 4.1 to identify the part of the cell named. Table 4.1 function letter from Fig. 4.1 name resists the turgor pressure of the cell controls the activities of the cell site of the chemical reactions of the cell including synthesis of proteins [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) The biologist added a few drops of concentrated salt solution to the cells on the slide and took a photograph of the cells, as shown in Fig. 4.2. Fig. 4.2 (i) With reference to Fig. 4.2, describe the effect on the plant cells of adding a concentrated salt solution. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (ii) Use the term water potential to explain the effect you have described. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 9] 2 Fig. 3.1 shows images of red blood cells from a human, A, and a bird, B. nucleus A B Fig. 3.1 (a) State the function of red blood cells. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [1] (b) There is a nucleus present in each of the red blood cells of the bird, as shown in Fig. 3.1. (i) State the function of a nucleus. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus. State an advantage of this. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Red blood cells from humans were placed into three test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a salt solution of a different concentration. A sample was taken from each test-tube and viewed using a microscope. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2. salt concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 Fig. 3.2 (c) (i) Describe the appearance of the red blood cells in the 0.15 mol dm−3 salt solution and the red blood cells in the 0.20 mol dm−3 salt solution. 0.15 mol dm−3 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 0.20 mol dm−3 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) The red blood cells in the 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution burst. Explain why the red blood cells burst. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Suggest why a plant cell in 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution would not burst. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Some people in accidents lose a lot of blood. Doctors give patients fluid to replace lost blood. (i) Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to predict and explain the concentration of fluid replacement given to patients who have lost blood. prediction ........................................................................................................................... explanation ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Describe the process of blood clotting. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 14] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Leaves are made of tissues. (a) Define the term tissue. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[1] Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a transverse section of a leaf, showing the upper and lower surfaces. leaf hair on upper surface B stomata A leaf hair on lower surface Fig. 4.1 (b) Name: (i) tissue A .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) the process by which gases travel through the stomata. .......................................................................................................................................[1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Describe how root hair cells differ from the cells labelled B in Fig. 4.1. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[2] (d) Outline how water that has entered a root hair cell reaches the stomata. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[4] (e) Leaf hairs, shown in Fig. 4.1, help to increase the humidity near the leaf surface. (i) Compare the leaf hairs on the upper leaf surface with the leaf hairs on the lower leaf surface. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) Explain the importance of increasing humidity near the leaf surface. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 12] 4 Fig. 1.1 shows a common emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica. Fig. 1.1 (a) Two distinguishing features of birds are beaks and wings. State one other feature shown only by birds that is visible in Fig. 1.1. ...............................................................................................................................................[1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Birds show variation in the sizes and shapes of their beaks. A beak is composed of an upper mandible and a lower mandible. Fig. 1.2 shows the heads of seven different species of bird. A width of head B upper mandible lower mandible C D E F G PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct box beside the key. One has been done for you. key 1 2 3 4 5 6 (a) beak is shorter than the width of the head go to 2 (b) beak is longer than the width of the head go to 4 (a) upper mandible is same length as the lower mandible Spinus tristis (b) upper mandible is longer than the lower mandible go to 3 (a) lower mandible is about half the length of the upper mandible Ara ararauna (b) lower mandible is more than half the length of the upper mandible Aquila chrysaetos (a) both mandibles widen at the end of the beak Platalea regia (b) both mandibles are a similar width along their whole length go to 5 (a) beak is straight Trochilus polytmus (b) beak is curved go to 6 (a) beak curves upwards Recurvirostra americana (b) beak curves downwards Phoenicopterus minor A [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Fig. 1.3 shows the events that occur during sexual reproduction in birds. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of the cells of the common emerald dove. adult male (80) adult female (80) process A process A sperm (40) egg (40) cell B (80) embryo (80) hatching young bird (80) Fig. 1.3 (i) Name process A and cell B. A ........................................................................................................................................ B ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (ii) State why cell B is described as a diploid cell. .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) The embryo of the bird develops from cell B. State what is meant by the term development. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (iv) Sexual reproduction usually leads to variation. Explain why variation is an advantage for a species such as the common emerald dove. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] [Total: 10] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 In a photosynthesis experiment, a plant is left in bright sunlight for several hours. A leaf is then removed from the plant and tested for starch, using iodine solution. The diagram shows the leaf from the plant that was used in the experiment. white area green area Which diagram shows the result of the experiment? A B C D key iodine solution turns blue / black iodine solution stays brown 2 Which substance, needed for protein synthesis, is carried into a leaf from the stem? A carbon dioxide B nitrate C oxygen D starch 3 Which two substances are the products of photosynthesis? A carbon dioxide and glucose B carbon dioxide and water C oxygen and carbon dioxide D oxygen and glucose PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 Four test-tubes are set up as shown in the diagram and left in full sunlight. After several hours, which test-tube contains the most dissolved oxygen? A B pond weed water C D pond weed water water water snail snail 5 Plants manufacture their own supplies of carbohydrate. What are the raw materials and the waste product of this process? raw materials waste product A carbon dioxide and chlorophyll oxygen B carbon dioxide and water oxygen C oxygen and chlorophyll carbon dioxide D oxygen and water carbon dioxide 6 A plant with variegated leaves has the starch removed from its leaves by placing it in a dark cupboard for 48 hours. Black paper is then fixed on one leaf as shown and the plant is exposed to light. After 24 hours, which part of the leaf contains starch? green region white region A D B C black paper on both sides of leaf PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 7 A plant with striped leaves similar to the one below was kept in bright light for six hours. white stripe green stripe A leaf was taken from the plant and the chlorophyll removed. It was then tested for starch using iodine solution. Which diagram shows the result of the test? A yellow-brown B white blue-black D C blue-black blue-black yellow-brown green green 8 Apparatus was set up as shown. to pump air sodium hydroxide solution limewater flask X plant black paper limewater flask Y Sodium hydroxide removes carbon dioxide from the air. Limewater goes cloudy if carbon dioxide is bubbled through it. What happens to the limewater in flasks X and Y when the pump is switched on? flask X flask Y A goes cloudy goes cloudy B goes cloudy stays clear C stays clear goes cloudy D stays clear PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com stays clear 9 The diagram shows a cross-section of part of a leaf. upper epidermis layer X lower epidermis midrib Which type of cell is found in layer X? A B C D 10 An experiment was done using the apparatus shown in the diagram. The carbon dioxide content of the water in each tube was measured at the start and again three hours later. In which tube would there be a decrease in carbon dioxide content? A water water plant B black polythene to keep out light water snail PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C light ight D light 11 What is formed first in a leaf as a result of photosynthesis? A chlorophyll B glucose C starch D water 12 From which part of a leaf does most water evaporate during transpiration? A the cuticle B the guard cells C the spongy mesophyll cells D the xylem vessels 13 Which substances are transported in the phloem? A amino acids and starch B amino acids and sucrose C protein and starch D starch and sucrose 14 Which product of photosynthesis moves out of a green leaf through its stomata? A carbon dioxide B glucose C oxygen D water 15 What is carried by the xylem? A chlorophyll B mineral ions C starch D sugars 16 Which two substances are needed for photosynthesis? A carbon dioxide and glucose B carbon dioxide and water C oxygen and glucose D oxygen and water PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 17 Which process does not release water? A excretion B photosynthesis C respiration D transpiration 18 The bar chart shows the average number of chloroplasts in each of three different types of leaf cell. average number of chloroplasts in each cell 1 2 3 type of cell What are the three types of cell? 3 1 2 A guard cell palisade mesophyll cell spongy mesophyll cell B palisade mesophyll cell spongy mesophyll cell guard cell C spongy mesophyll cell guard cell palisade mesophyll cell D spongy mesophyll cell palisade mesophyll cell guard cell PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 19 The diagram shows a palisade cell. In which region is starch stored? A B C D 20 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen production during photosynthesis. gas bright light measuring cylinder beaker glass funnel water aquatic plant The investigation was repeated several times and the average amount of gas collected was calculated. Which two factors must be kept constant during this investigation? A the amount of water in the beaker and the height of the measuring cylinder B the size of aquatic plant and the amount of gas in the measuring cylinder C the size of aquatic plant and the duration of exposure to light D the size of the beaker and the funnel PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 21 Which form of energy is stored within glucose molecules made during photosynthesis? A chemical B heat C light D mechanical 22 The diagram shows a cell with groups of bacteria around its edge. cell cytoplasm spiral-shaped chloroplast bacteria The bacteria move to areas of high oxygen concentration. Which process in the cell causes the bacteria to form these groups? A digestion B photosynthesis C reproduction D respiration 23 The diagram shows cells from the epidermis of a leaf. P Q R S Which parts are partially permeable? A P and Q B PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Q and R C R and S D P and S 24 The roots of plants take up nitrates from the soil. What are the nitrates used to make? A fat B glucose C protein D starch 25 Which process does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? A decomposition of animals B photosynthesis of plants C respiration of animals D respiration of plants 26 What does photosynthesis form in a leaf first? A cellulose B protein C starch D sugar 27 The diagram shows a section through a leaf. Which cell type absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day? A B C D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 28 Which element is found in a molecule of chlorophyll? A calcium B iron C lead D magnesium 29 Which substances do root hairs take from the soil? A water and carbon dioxide B water and mineral ions C carbon dioxide and oxygen and mineral ions D carbon dioxide and oxygen and water 30 Which cell type contains the most chloroplasts? A palisade mesophyll B phloem C spongy mesophyll D xylem PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 31 Cobalt chloride paper is blue when dry but turns pink when wet. Some blue cobalt chloride paper was fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf on a plant X and a leaf on plant Y. The diagram shows the results of the experiment. 12 10 8 time taken for cobalt chloride paper to turn pink / minutes 6 4 2 0 upper lower surface surface upper lower surface surface plant X plant Y Through which leaf surface was water lost most quickly? A plant X, upper surface B plant X, lower surface C plant Y, upper surface D plant Y, lower surface 32 What does a plant make with the nitrates it absorbs? A carbohydrates B fats C mineral salts D proteins PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (a) State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis. light ............................................................... chlorophyll ............................................................... [2] A student investigated the effect of different wavelengths of light on the rate of photosynthesis of the water plant, Cabomba. The student used the apparatus shown in Fig. 6.1. OFF tap 1 2 3 4 5 1 0.0 graduated tube syringe gas 0.5 1.0 1% sodium hydrogencarbonate solution funnel Cabomba bench lamp coloured filter Fig. 6.1 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) The student collected the gas produced by the plant for five minutes. The results are shown in Table 6.1. Table 6.1 colour of filter wavelength of light / nm volume of gas 3 collected / cm violet 400 0.80 blue 475 0.80 green 550 0.20 yellow 600 0.40 red 675 0.90 Describe the effect of wavelength of light on the rate of photosynthesis as shown in the student’s results in Table 6.1. You will gain credit if you use data from the table. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) State how the student would calculate the rates of photosynthesis from the results in Table 6.1. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [1] (d) State why the student: (i) kept the lamp at the same distance during the investigation, ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) used sodium hydrogencarbonate solution. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (e) State three uses in a plant of the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis. 1......................................................................................................................................... 2......................................................................................................................................... 3......................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 11] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 Fig. 2.1 is a flow chart that shows the events that occur as light travels through the eye. light reflected by an object light enters the eye and passes through the cornea light passes through the lens light enters tissue X light is absorbed by rod cells impulse is generated impulse is transmitted to the brain Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) State the name of the tissue X. ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) State the name of the nerve that transmits impulses from the eye to the brain. ................................................................................................................................ [1] (iii) State what happens to rays of light as they enter the cornea and the lens. ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [1] (iv) Describe the role of rod cells. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [2] (b) A plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, was placed on its side in the dark. Fig. 2.2 is a series of drawings made of the plant, over seven days, as it responded to a change in its surroundings. Fig. 2.2 (i) State the stimulus to which the plant responded. ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Name the growth response shown by the plant. ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [2] (iii) Explain the advantage to plants of the growth response shown in Fig. 2.2. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [2] (iv) Auxins control the growth responses of seedlings. Explain how auxins control the growth response of A. thaliana, shown in Fig. 2.2. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [4] [Total: 14] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 A student carried out an investigation to find the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis of an aquatic plant. The apparatus that the student used is shown in Fig. 2.1. The student was advised to use a light meter positioned at the same distance from the lamp as the pond plant. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the cut end of the stem. dilute sodium hydrogencarbonate solution thermometer movable lamp stop watch water-bath pond plant ruler 0 cm 15 Fig. 2.1 (a) Explain why the student included the following in the apparatus. (i) The beaker of water and the thermometer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (ii) The light meter and the ruler. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) The results obtained by the student are shown in Fig. 2.2. 25 Y 20 rate of photosynthesis 15 / number of bubbles 10 per minute X 5 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 carbon dioxide concentration / % Fig. 2.2 (i) Describe the student’s results. You will gain credit if you use data from Fig. 2.2 in your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (ii) State the factor that is limiting the rate of photosynthesis in region X of the graph. .......................................................................................................................................[1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (iii) Suggest and explain the reasons for the shape of the graph in region Y. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[4] (c) Counting bubbles may not be the best way to measure the rate of photosynthesis. The volume of the bubbles is not always exactly the same. Suggest and explain one alternative way of measuring the gas given off to solve this problem. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Fig. 2.3 shows the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere as determined at Mauna Loa in Hawaii between 1959 and 2013. 400 range of values 380 concentration of carbon 360 dioxide in the atmosphere / parts per 340 million mean value 320 300 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 year Fig. 2.3 (i) Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide has increased between 1959 and 2013. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (ii) Global warming is largely due to this increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Explain how increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations contribute to global warming. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[4] [Total: 21] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast? lactic acid carbon dioxide A B C D 2 What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in plants? A carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen B glucose + carbon dioxide → water + oxygen C glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water D glucose + water → carbon dioxide + oxygen 3 The diagram shows the positions of four farms and the concentrations of nitrate at different points in a river. Which farm is likely to have been using too much fertiliser on its land? farm C direction of flow farm A farm D farm B direction of flow 60 nitrate concentration / ppm 40 20 0 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 During aerobic respiration glucose is broken down. What is released in this process? 5 Which processes depend on the action of enzymes? A 1 digestion 2 osmosis 3 respiration 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 1 only 6 Which description of anaerobic respiration in yeast is correct? 7 What is produced by yeast during anaerobic respiration? A carbon dioxide and water B ethanol and carbon dioxide C ethanol and water D lactic acid PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com D 2 and 3 8 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate gas exchange in a leaf. black cover ink drop substance to absorb carbon dioxide leaf In which direction does the ink drop move and for what reason? 9 direction reason A to the left photosynthesis B to the left respiration C to the right photosynthesis D to the right respiration Which process releases the most energy from one molecule of glucose? A aerobic respiration B anaerobic respiration in muscle C anaerobic respiration in yeast D photosynthesis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 10 The diagram shows apparatus used to investigate anaerobic respiration in yeast. glass tube coloured liquid air from which oxygen has been removed yeast in a glucose solution What happens to the coloured liquid? A moves rapidly to the left B moves slowly to the left C moves to the right D stays still 11 The list shows four metabolic processes. 1 carbon dioxide + water o glucose + oxygen 2 glucose o alcohol + carbon dioxide 3 glucose o lactic acid 4 glucose + oxygen o carbon dioxide + water Which of these processes occur in muscles? A 1 and 2 B PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 and 3 C 3 and 4 D 4 and 1 12 The graph shows the results of an experiment to investigate the rate of respiration of an organism at different temperatures. rate of respiration 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 temperature / °C What explains the difference between the rate of respiration at 50 °C and that at 30 °C? A enzymes working faster at 50 °C B enzymes working more slowly at 50 °C C less oxygen available at 50 °C D more oxygen available at 50 °C 13 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the respiration of yeast. balloon gas evolved yeast, sugar and new compound yeast in sugar solution at the beginning after 24 hours Which gas is evolved and which new compound is present after 24 hours? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 14 In which conditions do the leaves of a green plant respire? 15 Why does anaerobic respiration in muscles release less energy than aerobic respiration? A Energy is lost in carbon dioxide. B Energy is lost in oxygen. C Energy remains trapped in ethanol. D Energy remains trapped in lactic acid. 16 Which word equation represents anaerobic respiration in human muscle? A glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol (alcohol) B glucose → carbon dioxide + lactic acid C glucose → ethanol (alcohol) D glucose → lactic acid 17 What are the products of anaerobic respiration in muscles? A ethanol and carbon dioxide B ethanol only C lactic acid and carbon dioxide D lactic acid only PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 18 Four metabolic reactions are shown. 1 carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen 2 glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide 3 glucose → lactic acid 4 glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Which reactions take place in human cells to release energy? A 1 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4 19 The graph shows the energy released by two animals through respiration as the external temperature changes. Which conclusion can be drawn from the graph? A Animals 1 and 2 release the least energy at 23 °C. B Animal 2 always respires faster than animal 1. C As the temperature rises, respiration always increases. D The rate of respiration is the same for both animals at 23 °C. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 20 Four word equations are shown. P carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen Q glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water R glucose → lactic acid S glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide What are the equations for anaerobic respiration in humans and anaerobic respiration in yeast? 21 What contains the greatest concentration of lactic acid? A a bottle of alcoholic drink B a loaf of freshly baked bread C muscle cells during vigorous exercise D yeast cells kept in glucose at 70 °C for 30 minutes 22 Which process uses the greatest amount of energy? A gaseous diffusion B protein synthesis C respiration D starch digestion PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 23 Which chemical could be used to show that cells are respiring aerobically? A Benedict’s solution B dilute sulfuric acid C ethanol D limewater 24 When does respiration take place in animals and plants? animals plants A all the time all the time B all the time night time only C day time only day time only D day time only night time only 25 An athlete takes part in a race. The graph shows her breathing rate before, during and after the race. At which point does her body contain the greatest amount of lactic acid? C breathing rate B D A time start of race end of race 26 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in a muscle? lactic acid carbon dioxide A key B = produced C = not produced D PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 27 Four test-tubes were set up as shown in the diagram and left in full sunlight. After several hours, which test-tube would contain the most dissolved carbon dioxide? A water snail B pond weed C pond weed water water snail 28 Which process depends on energy from respiration? A diffusion B osmosis C peristalsis D photosynthesis 29 Which process, inside cells, releases energy useful to the human body? A digestion B excretion C mitosis D respiration 30 How are aerobic and anaerobic respiration similar? A Both involve breaking down glucose. B Both need a low concentration of oxygen. C In muscles, both produce carbon dioxide. D In yeast, both produce alcohol. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com D water 31 What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast? A glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water B glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide C glucose → alcohol + water D glucose → lactic acid + water 32 An experiment is set up to investigate the uptake of oxygen by germinating seeds. water bath at 25 °C soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide germinating seeds dead seeds rinsed in antiseptic X coloured water What happens to the levels at X and Y? 33 Which process does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? A decomposition of animals B photosynthesis of plants C respiration of animals D respiration of plants PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com coloured water 34 Which statement about respiration is not correct? A All living cells respire. B Heat is always produced. C Plants respire in the light and in the dark. D Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. 35 Yeast, warm water and substance Z were put into a test-tube. The apparatus was then set up as shown. After a while, the lime water began to go cloudy. yeast, warm water and substance Z What is substance Z? A alcohol B carbon dioxide C glucose D oxygen PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com lime water 36 The table shows some of the features of respiration. Which row is correct for anaerobic respiration? 37 Four words are shown below. alcohol anaerobic sugar yeast These words can be used in the spaces P, Q, R and S to complete the sentence below. ‘In brewing and bread making, respiration takes place. The micro-organism called ……P…… uses ……Q.….. as a source of food. The product of this ……R…… respiration is ……S…… .’ Which combination of words correctly completes the sentences? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 38 The diagram shows two experiments on the gaseous exchange in small aerobic crustaceans. Soda-lime absorbs carbon dioxide. P Q coloured liquid marker coloured liquid marker small aerobic crustaceans wire gauze glass beads instead of soda-lime soda-lime Which way does the liquid marker move? 39 Which substances are formed during anaerobic respiration in animals and yeast? animals yeast A alcohol alcohol and lactic acid B alcohol and carbon dioxide alcohol C lactic acid alcohol and carbon dioxide D lactic acid and water lactic acid PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 40 An athlete runs a race. The graph shows how the concentration of lactic acid in his leg muscles changes. 8 lactic acid concentration (arbitary units) 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time from start of race / min For how long did the athlete run? A 2 minutes B 4 minutes C 6 minutes D 10 minutes 41 An athlete produces lactic acid in the leg muscles while running a race. After the race he is seen to breathe faster and deeper. How does this help to remove the lactic acid? A More carbon dioxide is used up. B More energy is needed. C More lactic acid is breathed out. D More oxygen is breathed in. 42 The flow diagram shows what happens to food in humans. Which stage shows human respiration? large complex food molecules A smaller food molecules in the gut B smaller food molecules in the blood and body cells C large molecules in body cells PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com D smaller molecules and energy in body cells 43 What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles? alcohol carbon dioxide lactic acid A B C D 44 Which chemical contains energy that is released in aerobic respiration? A carbon dioxide B glucose C oxygen D water PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 45 In an experiment to investigate anaerobic respiration, two bottles are set up in a warm room, as shown in the diagram. P Q balloon balloon sugar, yeast and water yeast and water What would happen to each balloon after one day? P Q P A P PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com B Q C Q P Q D 1 Which substances are dissolved in human blood plasma? A carbon dioxide, haemoglobin and glucose B carbon dioxide, oxygen and haemoglobin C glucose, hormones and urea D oxygen, urea and starch 2 Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscle wall? A left atrium B left ventricle C right atrium D right ventricle 3 The diagram shows the human heart and some of the blood vessels connected to it. W Before blood in W reaches Z it must A gain glucose. B give up heat to the skin. C pass through capillaries. D travel to the head. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Z 4 Which blood vessel has a high carbon dioxide concentration, a low oxygen concentration and a high blood pressure? A aorta B pulmonary artery C pulmonary vein D vena cava 5 The diagram shows a section through the heart. Which part pumps blood to the aorta? A B D C 6 The diagram shows a section through a blood vessel in the leg. P Q Which type of blood vessel is shown, and in which direction does the blood flow? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 7 Which statement is correct for most veins in the human body? A They carry blood at high pressure. B They have a pulse. C They have valves. D They take blood away from the heart. 8 The diagram shows a vertical section through a human heart. X Y What are X and Y? X Y A left atrium right ventricle B left ventricle right atrium C right atrium left ventricle D right ventricle left atrium PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 9 The diagrams show some components of the blood of a mammal. Which component causes the blood to start clotting? A B C D 10 The diagrams show four different stages in one heart beat. P Q key direction in which blood is moving R S What is the correct order for the stages after stage P? A Q→R→S B R→Q→S C R→S→Q D S→R→Q PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 11 Where does haemoglobin become oxyhaemoglobin? A heart B kidneys C liver D lungs 12 What is the correct sequence for blood being pumped from the heart to the lungs? A left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery B left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary vein C right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery D right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein 13 Which structures in plants and in humans normally carry amino acids? 14 Why is the circulatory system of mammals described as a double circulation? 15 A Blood flows firstly through arteries and then through veins. B Blood flows through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body. C In the heart, blood flows firstly through atria and then through ventricles. D The atria and the ventricles contract alternately. Which substance is transported by haemoglobin? A nitrogen B oxygen C urea D water PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 16 The diagram shows human blood as seen through a light microscope. A person’s blood is unable to clot. Which component of the blood is not functioning properly? B C D A 17 In which list do all three blood vessels carry oxygenated blood? A aorta, pulmonary artery, renal artery B aorta, pulmonary vein, renal artery C vena cava, pulmonary artery, renal vein D vena cava, pulmonary vein, renal vein 18 In a person with a low platelet level, which process is slower than normal? A antibody formation B blood clotting C oxygen carriage D phagocytosis 19 Which blood vessel contains valves? A arteriole B capillary C renal artery D renal vein PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 20 When blood is flowing through a vena cava, which main blood vessel will it flow through next? A hepatic portal vein B hepatic vein C pulmonary artery D pulmonary vein 21 How does insulin move from the pancreas, where it is produced, to the cell where it acts? A along nerves B in the blood C through the digestive system D through the pancreatic duct 22 Which heart valves are open and which are closed when blood passes out of the right ventricle towards the lungs? A bicuspid (mitral) valve closed, tricuspid valve open B bicuspid (mitral) valve open, semi-lunar valve closed C tricuspid valve closed, semi-lunar valve open D tricuspid valve open, bicuspid (mitral) valve open PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 23 The diagram shows the circulatory system of a mammal. capillary network in lungs X right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle Y capillary network in body organs What describes the blood in vessels X and Y? 24 The diagram shows a double circulatory system. 2 capillaries of the lungs 3 capillaries of the rest of the body heart 1 4 Which vessels carry oxygenated blood? A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4 25 The photograph shows two blood cells, X and Y. Y X What are the functions of cells X and Y? cell X cell Y A carries out phagocytosis carries oxygen B carries oxygen produces antibodies C carries oxygen carries carbon dioxide D produces antibodies carries oxygen 26 The diagram shows the human heart. P Q S R In which order does blood pass through the chambers during a complete circuit of the body after it returns from the lungs? A Q→R→S→P B Q→R→P→S C P→S→Q→R D P→S→R→Q PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 27 What shows the sequence of organs through which urea passes as it travels from where it is produced to where it is removed from the blood? A kidneys → heart → lungs → heart → liver B kidneys → heart → liver → lungs → heart C liver → heart → lungs → heart → kidneys D liver → lungs → heart → kidneys → heart 28 The graph shows the effect of several minutes of vigorous (hard) exercise on heart rate. Which letter on the graph is at a time when the person is doing this exercise? B C heart rate D A 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 time / min 29 Which blood vessel, if it becomes blocked, could lead directly to a heart attack? A coronary artery B pulmonary artery C pulmonary vein D vena cava PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 30 Which diagram shows the human double circulatory system? A heart B heart C D heart heart PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 31 The diagram shows the heart as seen from the front. Q P Which section shows the heart cut through line P-Q? A P Q B P Q C P Q D P Q 32 What is the characteristic feature of a double circulation? A In each circuit, blood passes from the gut to the liver before going back to the heart. B In each circuit, blood passes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart before going to other parts of the body. C In each circuit, blood passes through atria and ventricles before going to other parts of the body. D In each circuit, blood passes through the arteries and the capillaries before returning to the heart in veins. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 33 Which group contains substances that are all carried in the blood? A amino acids, carbon dioxide and cellulose B glucose, glycogen and lactic acid C oestrogen, oxygen and starch D salts, testosterone and urea 34 How often must a blood cell in the renal artery pass through the heart before it again reaches the renal artery? A once B twice C three times D four times 35 The photograph shows human blood cells as seen under a microscope at high power. Q P S R Which are red cells? A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D S and P 36 What describes the aortic (semi-lunar) and bicuspid (mitral) heart valves when the left ventricle is relaxing? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 37 The diagram shows the blood circulatory system of a human. lungs upper body liver gut kidneys lower body How many times does the blood pass through the heart on its way from the kidneys to the aorta? A one B two C four D more than four PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 38 The diagram shows the human heart. W X Z Y Which two chambers contract at the same time? A W and X B W and Z C D X and Z X and Y 39 The diagram shows a double circulatory system. 2 capillaries of the lungs 3 capillaries of the rest of the body heart 1 4 Which two vessels carry blood at the highest pressure? A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4 40 The diagram shows an external view of the human heart. right atrium left atrium X right ventricle left ventricle What is the name of the blood vessel labelled X? A coronary artery B hepatic artery C pulmonary artery D renal artery 41 The diagram shows blood as seen under a microscope. S R P Q Which identifies parts P, Q, R and S of the blood? plasma platelet white blood cell red blood cell A P Q R S B Q P S R C R S Q P D S R P Q PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 42 The plan shows the blood system of a mammal. head and fore-limbs key oxygenated blood deoxygenated blood X lower body and hind limbs What does the part labelled X represent? A heart B kidneys C liver D lungs PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 43 The diagram shows part of the human circulatory system. Which part carries oxygenated blood at low pressure? lungs B A C D rest of body 44 What is a function of the human blood system? A carrying eggs from the ovary to the uterus B carrying glucose from the gut to the liver C carrying partly digested food from the mouth to the stomach D carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 45 The diagram shows the circulation of blood in the body, through the heart, lungs and other organs. lungs X heart other organs What is the name of X? A left atrium (auricle) B right atrium (auricle) C left ventricle D right ventricle PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the human heart and the main blood vessels. The functions of the parts of the heart and some of the blood vessels are given in Table 1.1. A K B J C D H E G F Fig. 1.1 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Complete Table 1.1. One row has been done for you. Table 1.1 function letter on Fig. 1.1 name A aorta structure that separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood structure that prevents backflow of blood from ventricle to atrium blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood structure that prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary artery to right ventricle chamber of the heart that contains oxygenated blood chamber of the heart that contains deoxygenated blood [6] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) A group of students used a heart monitor to record the pulse rate of an athlete during a 5000 metre race. The recordings started just before the race began and ended just after it had finished, as shown in Fig. 1.2. start of race end of race 180 160 140 120 pulse rate / beats per minute 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 10 12 14 16 18 time / min Fig. 1.2 (i) Use data from Fig. 1.2 to describe the effect of exercise on the pulse rate of the athlete. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3] (ii) Explain the change in pulse rate between 2 minutes and 3 minutes after the recordings started. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [4] [Total: 13] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 All mammals have a double circulatory system. Fig. 1.1 shows part of the human double circulatory system. right lung left lung P J B O K C A D muscular wall of heart N right kidney left kidney L M Fig. 1.1 (a) Name the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the human heart. ........................................................................................................................................... (b) (i) [1] Describe what is meant by the term double circulation. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) State one advantage of a double circulation. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [1] (c) Table 1.1 describes some of the structures of the human circulatory system shown in Fig.1.1. Complete the table. One row has been done for you. Table 1.1 description name of structure letter on Fig. 1.1 vena cava N heart chamber with the thickest muscular wall blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the heart blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidneys blood vessel with the largest lumen [4] (d) Describe how blood is transported from the vena cava to the lungs. You may use the letters on Fig. 1.1 in your description. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [4] (e) (i) Doctors recommend that a healthy diet can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Give one other lifestyle improvement patients can make that can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Sometimes surgery is required to treat coronary heart disease. Describe one named example of surgery that can treat coronary heart disease. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [2] [Total: 14] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Mammals have a double circulation system. (a) Explain what is meant by a double circulation system. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[1] (b) Table 5.1 shows some of the main organs in a mammal and the vessels that deliver blood and take it away. Complete the table. Table 5.1 organ blood vessel delivers blood heart lungs takes blood away 1 ..................................................... 1 aorta 2 ............................................. vein 2 .......................................... artery pulmonary artery ........................................................ 1 hepatic artery liver hepatic vein 2 ..................................................... kidney ............................................. artery ................................................ vein [5] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Table 5.2 shows the blood pressure in the different blood vessels that supply and drain a muscle in the leg. Table 5.2 blood vessel aorta 13 femoral artery 12 distributing / muscular artery 9 arteriole in muscle 6 capillary in muscle 4–1.3 venule in muscle 1.1 femoral vein (i) mean blood pressure / kPa < 1.0 The table shows that the mean blood pressure decreases from 13 kPa in the aorta to 6 kPa in the arterioles. Explain why blood pressure must decrease in the arterioles before entering the capillaries. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (ii) Explain how blood returns to the heart in the femoral vein against the pull of gravity. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Fig. 5.1 shows a section across part of an artery. Fig. 5.1 With reference to Fig. 5.1, explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[3] [Total: 14] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 Table 4.1 shows the composition of blood plasma. Table 4.1 component concentration in the plasma adrenaline / ng dm–3 10 – 100 fibrinogen / g dm–3 1.7 – 4.0 glucose / mg dm–3 700 – 1000 hydrogencarbonate ions / g dm–3 1.1 – 1.4 insulin / μg dm–3 0.33 – 0.40 lactic acid / mg dm–3 50 – 200 sodium ions / g dm–3 3.1 – 3.4 urea / mg dm–3 70 – 200 (a) From Table 4.1, name: (i) an excretory product ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) a plasma protein. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) (i) State what could cause the lactic acid concentration in the blood to increase to 200 mg dm–3. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) State the function of fibrinogen. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) State two effects that a concentration of adrenaline of 100 ng dm–3 might have on the body. ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Table 4.1 shows that the glucose concentration varies between 700 and 1000 mg dm–3. Describe the role of the liver in regulating the concentration of glucose in the body. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Lymphocytes and phagocytes are white blood cells. A woman had some blood tests taken before and during a bacterial infection. Table 4.2 shows the number of white blood cells in the two blood samples. Table 4.2 white blood cells (i) mean number of cells per mm3 of blood before infection during infection lymphocytes 1300 3500 phagocytes 2000 7500 Calculate the percentage increase in lymphocytes that occurred during the bacterial infection. Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number. answer ...............................................% [2] (ii) Describe the role of phagocytes in defence against disease. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Describe the roles of white blood cells in tissue rejection. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] [Total: 17] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Which graph shows most clearly what will happen to the rate of transpiration as humidity increases? A B rate of transpiration rate of transpiration humidity humidity C D rate of transpiration rate of transpiration humidity humidity 2 The diagram shows a potted plant and the same plant 24 hours later. 24 hours What causes the change in the appearance of the plant? A Water loss is greater than water uptake. B Water moves from the leaves to the stem. C Water uptake is equal to water loss. D Water uptake is greater than water loss. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 By which process is water lost from a leaf? A active transport B diffusion C osmosis D photosynthesis 4 The lower end of a plant stem is placed in water coloured with red dye. After three hours, the stem is cut as shown in the diagram. Which labelled region is stained red? B A C D 5 What is transported in the phloem and what is the direction of transport? A starch, up and down B starch, up only C sucrose, down and up D sucrose, down only 6 In which order does water pass through the cells of a plant, as the water travels from the roots to a leaf? A mesophyll cells → root hair → root cortex → xylem B root cortex → root hair → xylem → mesophyll cells C root hair → mesophyll cells → root cortex → xylem D root hair → root cortex → xylem → mesophyll cells PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 7 The diagram shows a plant shoot and the same shoot six hours later. plant shoot same shoot six hours later Which change in environmental conditions could cause this change in the shoot? A a decrease in available water B a decrease in light intensity C a decrease in wind speed D an increase in humidity 8 A celery stalk is placed in a beaker of blue dye. Once the dye reaches the leaves, the stalk is taken out and cut in half. celery stalk cut blue dye Which diagram shows the appearance of the cut end of the stalk? A PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com B C D blue dye blue dye blue dye 9 The diagram shows a cross-section through a plant root. Q Q shows the part that is stained red when the root is placed in water containing a red dye. What is found at Q? A guard cells B palisade cells C phloem D xylem 10 Which processes produce a continuous space for the flow of water in xylem vessels? 11 Some liquid is collected from the xylem in the stem of a plant. What is present in the liquid? A cellulose B inorganic ions C starch D sugar 12 What is a function of phloem? A translocation B transpiration C storage of food D support PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 13 The diagram shows part of the trunk of a small tree with a ring of bark removed. Removing the ring of bark takes away phloem but leaves the xylem intact. upper branch ring of bark removed here lower branch What effect will removing the bark have on the two branches? 14 The table shows some characteristics of four different plants. The plants are growing in the same environmental conditions. Which plant will have the highest rate of transpiration? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com xylem phloem 15 A decrease in which factor normally causes transpiration rate to increase? A humidity B light intensity C stomatal opening D temperature 16 What is the path of water through a plant? A cortex cells → xylem → stomata → roots B root hair → xylem → mesophyll cells → stomata C roots → cortex cells → stomata → phloem D roots → root hair → stomata → xylem 17 In which order does water pass through these tissues in a plant? A mesophyll → xylem → root cortex B root cortex → mesophyll → xylem C root cortex → xylem → mesophyll D xylem → mesophyll → root cortex 18 The diagram shows two shoots at the start of an experiment on transpiration. shoot X shoot Y spring balance 30 g 30 g oil water PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com What are the likely readings on the spring balances after three days? shoot X shoot Y A 30 g 30 g B 30 g 25 g C 25 g 30 g D 25 g 25 g 19 Which statements about plant transpiration are correct? plants transpire most when plants transpire least when A air is dry temperature is high B light intensity is high air is humid C light intensity is low temperature is low D temperature is cold light intensity is high 20 The table shows the rate of water flow through a tree over a 12 hour period. What conclusion can be drawn from the table? A Between 7:00 and 17:00 hours the rate of flow continuously increases. B The greatest increase in rate of flow in a two-hour period is between 11:00 and 13:00 hours. C Water does not flow up through a tree at night. D Water flow is affected by humidity. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 21 Which words correctly complete the following sentence? ‘Transpiration is the ……1…… of water at the surface of the ……2…… cells followed by the ……3…… of water vapour from the plant ……4…… .’ 22 What could increase the rate of water uptake by a shoot? A covering the shoot with a black plastic bag B covering the shoot with a clear plastic bag C removing the leaves from the shoot D shining a bright light onto the shoot 23 The diagram shows how water is lost from a leaf. water vapour By which process is the water lost? A osmosis B photosynthesis C translocation D transpiration PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 24 The diagram shows a cross-section through a plant stem. Q Q shows the part that is stained red when the stem is placed in water containing a red dye. What is found at Q? A guard cells B palisade cells C phloem D xylem 25 The graph shows how the rate of transpiration is affected by X. rate of transpiration X What is X? A humidity B light intensity C soil moisture D temperature PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 26 In what form does a plant absorb and lose water? 27 In which order does water pass through these structures in a plant? A mesophyll → root hair → xylem B mesophyll → xylem → root hair C root hair → mesophyll → xylem D root hair → xylem → mesophyll 28 Which two substances are transported in the phloem? A amino acids and protein B amino acids and sucrose C protein and starch D starch and sucrose 29 What is a description of transpiration? A exchange of gases between the leaf and the atmosphere B loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of a plant C movement of water from the roots to the leaves D movement of water through the cells of the leaf PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 30 The diagram shows the stem of a plant. A strip of the outer tissue including the phloem has been removed. xylem phloem How is transport in the plant affected? A Amino acids and sucrose cannot pass to the roots. B Dissolved salts cannot pass to the leaves. C Water cannot pass to the leaves. D Water cannot pass to the roots. 31 The diagram shows a plant. W X Y Z What is the pathway taken by most of the water absorbed by this plant? A X→Y→Z B W→Y→Z C Z→Y→X D Z→Y→W PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 32 The diagrams show stages in the passage of water through a plant. The circles are the starting points for arrows to show the direction in which the water moves. Which circle must have an arrow pointing downwards only? A B C D 33 Translocation occurs in phloem tubes. Aphids feed on the contents of phloem tubes. What type of food would be lacking in their diet? A amino acid B fat C sucrose D water PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 34 Which two functions does xylem perform? absorption conduction contraction support A key B = performs C = does not perform D 35 The diagram shows cells from a storage organ of a flowering plant after they have been stained with iodine solution. X Structures X stain black. What does this show that structures X contain? A chlorophyll B fat C starch D sugar 36 What shows the correct translocation of carbohydrate in a potato plant that is growing in bright sunlight? PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 37 Which conditions of humidity, light intensity and temperature make transpiration slowest? 38 The diagram shows how the appearance of a potted plant changes over a period of four days. Which environmental conditions are most likely to cause this change? 39 The table shows four substances and the parts of the plant to which they are transported. substance part of plant 1 amino acids flower buds 2 carbon dioxide leaf cells 3 sucrose root cells 4 water stomata Which are examples of translocation? A 1 an a B 1 and 3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4 1 Rhabdostyla is a single-celled organism that has no cell wall and no chlorophyll. (a) Gases are exchanged across the cell membrane of Rhabdostyla. Name: the gas produced by Rhabdostyla .................................................................................... the process that produces the gas ................................................................................... the method of removal of the gas ..................................................................................... [3] Rhabdostyla lives in freshwater habitats, such as ponds, lakes and rivers. Freshwater has a very low concentration of solutes. Rhabdostyla has a contractile vacuole that fills with water and empties at intervals as shown in Fig. 4.1. The contractile vacuole removes excess water. contractile vacuole contractile vacuole expels excess water not drawn to scale Fig. 4.1 (b) Explain, using the term water potential, why Rhabdostyla needs to remove excess water. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3] In an investigation, individual Rhabdostyla were placed into different concentrations of sea water. The rate of water excreted by the contractile vacuole of each organism was determined. The results are shown in Fig. 4.2. 20 18 16 14 rate of water excreted / µm3 s–1 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 4 12 concentration of sea water / % Fig. 4.2 (c) Explain the results shown in Fig. 4.2. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3] (d) Single-celled organisms with cell walls do not have contractile vacuoles. Suggest why. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 12] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 Water moves into plants from the soil and exits through the leaves. (a) Explain how water moves from the soil into the root. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[4] Water reaches the leaves from the roots through the xylem. Fig. 4.1 shows images of stomata on the lower surfaces of leaves of two varieties of olive plant, A and B. Both are shown at the same magnification. A B Fig. 4.1 (b) (i) Describe the function of stomata. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (ii) Compare the density of stomata between the two varieties of olive plant, A and B, shown in Fig. 4.1. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (iii) Under identical environmental conditions the rate of water uptake in plant A is higher than plant B. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (c) The density of stomata is an example of a leaf adaptation to the environmental conditions. State two other adaptations of leaves for survival in a dry environment. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (d) Water lost from the leaves enters the atmosphere. Describe how water is recycled from the atmosphere back to the roots. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[2] [Total: 15] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Ecologists study plants and animals in their natural environment. Some ecologists inserted probes into the water-conducting tissue in trees, as shown in Fig. 4.1. The ecologists measured the time taken for water to move up from probe 1 to probe 2. tree probe 2 probe 1 data logger Fig. 4.1 (a) (i) Name the water-conducting tissue into which the two probes were inserted. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe how the structure of this water-conducting tissue is adapted to its function. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Explain the mechanism of water movement from the roots up the tree to the leaves. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Fig. 4.2 shows the rate of water conduction up three different trees in a forest over 24 hours. 2.5 tree A 2.0 1.5 rate of water conduction / dm3 per hour 1.0 tree B 0.5 tree C 0 0 4 8 12 time / h 16 20 24 Fig. 4.2 (i) Describe the rate of water conduction in tree A, during this 24 hour period. You will gain credit for using the data in Fig. 4.2 to support your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (ii) Suggest how the ecologists used the data in Fig. 4.2 to calculate the total volume of water used by a tree in 24 hours. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) In Fig. 4.2, tree A is a tall tree, tree B is a medium-height tree and tree C is a short tree. Suggest reasons for the different rates of water conduction in the three trees. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) Loggers often cut down the tall trees in a forest. Describe the effects on the forest ecosystem of cutting down trees. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] [Total: 18] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Fig. 4.1 shows a cross section of part of a stem of buttercup, Ranunculus. Fig. 4.2 is an outline drawing of one vascular bundle from the stem of Ranunculus. Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 (a) Draw and label the position of the xylem and the phloem in the outline of the vascular bundle in Fig. 4.2. [2] (b) Name the carbohydrate that is transported in the phloem. [1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (c) Substances transported in the phloem are carried upwards in the stem at some times of the year and downwards at other times. Explain why substances are transported in the phloem upwards at one time of the year and downwards at another. [4] (d) Define the term transpiration. [3] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (e) The rattan palm is a plant that climbs on rainforest trees to heights of about 40 metres. Explain how water is moved to the tops of tall plants, such as the rattan palm. [4] [Total: 14] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 This question is about transport in plants. (a) Two pea plants, D and E, were supplied with substances containing the radioactive isotopes, carbon-14 (14C) or phosphorus-32 (32P), as shown in Fig. 4.1. A leaf of plant D was exposed to radioactive carbon dioxide. Plant E was placed into a solution containing radioactive phosphate ions. growing point flower fruit seed clear plastic bag with added radioactive carbon dioxide nutrient solution plant D nutrient solution with added radioactive phosphate ions plant E Fig. 4.1 After several hours the plants were analysed for the presence of the radioactive isotopes. Sucrose containing 14C was found throughout plant D. Compounds containing 32P were found throughout plant E. Complete Table 4.1 to show: • • the tissue in which each substance is transported; one possible sink for each substance. Table 4.1 pea plant substance transported transport tissue D sucrose ucrose ph ions sink [4] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) State one substance, other than sucrose, that is produced in leaves and translocated to other parts of the plant. [1] (c) Outline how sucrose is produced from carbon dioxide in pea plants. [3] (d) State two uses of sucrose within a pea plant. 1 2 [2] (e) Explain how ions, such as phosphate ions, are absorbed by plant roots. [3] [Total: 13] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 (a Define the term growth. [2] Some students investigated the responses of tomato seedlings to receiving light from one side (unidirectional light). The students germinated tomato seeds in the dark and then placed the seedlings in test-tubes with water. The seedlings were treated in four different ways, E to H, as shown in Fig. 2.1. The responses of the seedlings are shown in Fig. 2.2. F E G H cover that light cannot get through light Fig. 2.1 E F G H light Fig. 2.2 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Name the response shown by the tomato seedling, F, which has bent 90º towards the light. [2] (c) Using the results shown in Fig. 2.2, suggest what conclusions may be made about how the tomato seedlings detected the stimulus of unidirectional light. You may refer to the seedlings by the letters E to H. [3] (d) Explain the advantage of the response shown by seedlings to unidirectional light. [2] (e) Responses to light are coordinated by plant growth substances known as auxins. Explain the role of auxins in coordinating the response. [2] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (f) Research workers in India tested the hypothesis that pigments in tomato seedlings detect blue light. They used a variety of tomato seedling that does not have the ability to make a certain pigment. These seedlings and a control group of seedlings were grown in the dark and then exposed to unidirectional blue light for 360 minutes. The scientists measured the degree of bending of the seedlings at intervals during the 360 minutes. Their results are shown in Fig. 2.3. 80 control group 70 60 50 degree of bending 40 30 20 10 no pigment 0 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 time / min Fig. 2.3 (i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 2.3. [4] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (ii) Suggest an explanation for the differences between the responses of the two groups of seedlings. [2] [Total: 17] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 Many growers of crops in glasshouses use carbon dioxide enrichment to improve yields. (a) Explain the advantages of carbon dioxide enrichment of glasshouses. [2] Fig. 3.1 shows the carbon dioxide concentrations inside three glasshouses, D, E and F, on a hot day with bright sunlight. • Glasshouses D and E received carbon dioxide enrichment and were ventilated by opening the windows. • Glasshouse F did not receive any extra carbon dioxide and the windows were closed. The carbon dioxide concentrations in the glasshouses and in the atmosphere were measured. The concentration in the atmosphere was 0.039 %. D CO2 E F concentration of CO2 = 0.070 % concentration of CO2 = 0.020 % CO2 concentration of CO2 = 0.041 % Fig. 3.1 The rate of uptake of carbon dioxide by the crop plants was measured in grams of carbon dioxide absorbed per square metre of glasshouse per hour. These results are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 glasshouse rate of uptake of carbon dioxide by crop plants / g per m2 per hour D 2.5 E 5.7 F 1.0 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (b) Suggest why it may not be cost effective to maintain a high concentration of carbon dioxide in glasshouse E compared to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. [2] (c) (i) Concentrations of carbon dioxide in all three glasshouses in Fig. 3.1 increased at night. State why this happened. [1] (ii) Explain why it is important to ventilate glasshouses by opening the windows. [4] [Total: 9] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
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