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2025 Questions And Answers
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Paiget believed that the basic building blocks of the
way children understand the world are mental
structures called - ANSWER-Schemes
If a researcher was interested in learning how
children's moral development changes between the
ages of three and five, the researcher may follow
them until they are them periodically. This research
strategy is known as - ANSWER-Longitudinal
Four-year-old Johnny is having lunch with his
mother and sister. When his mother pours milk in
the children's glasses, she finds there is not enough
to fill both glasses, so she carefully pour half of the
milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Johnny and
half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny's sister.
Immediately, Johnny complains that his sister got
more milk than he did,and even when his mother
tries to explain that they both got the same amount.
Johnny insists he is right. In this example, Johnny is
demonstrating a lack of development in the area of
___ - ANSWER-Conservation
When an adolescent's newly sophisticated
metacognitive capability causes him/her to
become self-absorbed and believe that the world is
focused on only them, this is called - ANSWERAdolescent egocentrism
Which of the following is a term for prejudice and
discrimination directed at older people? - ANSWERAgeism
What do we call psychologists who study only
observable actions? - ANSWER-Behaviorists
If you want to make a punishment more effective in
deterring a behavior, what should you do? ANSWER-Make the punishment quick, aversive and
predictable.
Suppose you try to remember everything you did
last summer. What type of memory test is this? ANSWER-Free recall
When hearing one word helps you think of another
word, what do we call that tendency? - ANSWERPriming
Which of the following is an example of a semantic
memory? - ANSWER-Remembering the rules for
playing tennis
In which way would a cognitive psychologist be most
likely to try to help a slow-learning
child? - ANSWER-Teach better study skills or
problem-solving strategies
Any scientific study goes through four steps. Which
of these is the correct order of events? - ANSWERHypothesis-methods-results-interpretation
Suppose that when several students raise their hands
in class, the professor calls on one at random. Thus,
the more often you raise your hand, the more your
chance of being called, but you can never be sure
when that will be. Which schedule of reinforcement
is this? - ANSWER-variable ratio
You read a list of words including "artichoke." A few
minutes later, when someone asks you to list some
foods, you include "artichoke." What type of memory
are you displaying? - ANSWER-implicit memory
Suppose someone finds that people who drank
coffee got less sleep than those who didn't. To know
whether this statement came from an experiment or
a correlation, which question should we ask? ANSWER-Were people randomly assigned to two
groups, or did they decide for themselves?
What does "g" mean in Spearman's g factor in
intelligence? - ANSWER-General
The ability of an experienced mechanic to repair a
car is an example of what? - ANSWER-crystallized
intelligence
IQ tests were originally devised for what purpose? ANSWER-To identify children who would or would
not do well in school
If researchers evaluate the questions for a test and
determine rules for administering the test and
interpreting the scores, what does the test become?
- ANSWER-standardized
Which of these is true if a test has low validity? ANSWER-People's scores do not accurately predict
their performance on another task.
If you have long periods of failing to breathe while
asleep, what disorder do you have? - ANSWER-sleep
apnea
Drive-reduction theories of motivation emphasize
which of the following? - ANSWER-Attempts to
satisfy all needs and then become inactive
Which of these is an example of an intrinsic
motivation? - ANSWER-Playing tennis because you
enjoy the exercise
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is the lowest
need? - ANSWER-physiological needs
Which brain area is most important for controlling
hunger and eating? - ANSWER-hypothalamus
Kim knows she needs to go take summer courses,
but worries about leaving her new boyfriend for
three months. She wonders, will "absence make the
heart grow fonder" or is "out of sight, out of mind"
more applicable? This is an example of - ANSWERthe unscientific nature of conventional wisdom
The evolutionary perspective on social behavior
suggests that - ANSWER-we inherit tendencies or
predispositions to behave in certain ways
Paul is researching the prevalence of sexist or
demeaning language aimed at women and its use
across different neighborhoods. To do this, he
spends an hour in different neighborhoods and
covertly follows his research assistant as she walks
down the sidewalk 10 feet ahead of him. When sexist
or demeaning language is used, Paul fastidiously
records it in his notebook. What technique is Paul
using to come to his conclusions? - ANSWERNaturalistic observation
Jackie took longer to reply to these aspects of her___
gave away that she was lying - ANSWER-Linguistic
style
According to Kelley's theory, behaviors that arise
because of an individual's traits, motives, or
intentions are caused, while those behaviors that
arise because of some aspect of the social or
physical environment are caused - ANSWERInternally, externally
Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside
flight of steps, and she thinks to herself, "What a
clumsy person!" Five minutes later, though, Mary
trips on the same flight of steps, and says to an
onlooker, "It's very icy today!" This is an illustration
of the - ANSWER-Actor observer effect
In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his
studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes
others to agree with, while being willing to
underplay other potentially important aspects of
himself. David is practicing a(n)_______ approach in
presenting himself to others. - ANSWER-Self
verification
When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself
to his classmates, he spoke about being a member
of the football team and how this helped to make his
experiences different from those of other students in
the class. Jeremy was primarily making _______
comparisons. - ANSWER-intergroup
An attractive blond is concerned that she might say
something foolish in her college algebra class,
thereby confirming the storootype of the dumb
blond. As a result Zoe rarely
volunteers to solve problems on the board during
class. This behavior can best be explained by ANSWER-Stereotype threat
Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to
help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are
women's work, which makes their father smile. Her
brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario
is an example of prejudice as a result of - ANSWERsocial learning
Of the following famous sayings, the one that MOST
accurately describes the similarity-attraction
relationship is - ANSWER-birds of a feather flock
together
Joanna has very little confidence in herself and her
abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people
and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which
attachment style does Joanna have? - ANSWERFearful-avoidant attachment style
Jenna saw in the paper that a department store was
having a "One-Day Closeout of Winter Dresses" sale.
If she goes to that sale and buys something, she will
be a victim of the - ANSWER-deadline technique
Juan, the head of human resources at a large
company, has been instructed to make sure that
about 2 percent of all newly hired managers are
women in order to reduce the risk of a
discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents ANSWER-tokenism
Bridgette has very little confidence in herself and her
abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people
and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which
attachment style does Joanna have? - ANSWERFearful- avoidant attachment style
Which of the following is the correct sequence of
events before, during and after chemicals (e.g..,
neurotransmitters) are released into the synapse? ANSWER-synthesis, transport, release, reuptake
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter
is a(n)_ a drug that mimics or increases the effect is
a(n) - ANSWER-Antagonist, agonist
Catecholamines include - ANSWER-epinephrine,
norepinephrine, dopamine.
LaShawna meets another girl at a party who is not
from LaShawna's ethnic group, and whom LaShawna
judges, based on her stereotype of that group, is
probably shallow and a gossip. The best description
of LaShawna's judgment is that she is engaged in ANSWER-social cognitive process
What is the difference between a hallucination and a
delusion? - ANSWER-A hallucination is a false
perception. A delusion is a false belief
In bipolar disorder, what conditions alternate with
each other? - ANSWER-depression and mania
Mapping out the relationship between shared bone
structures across different species suggests there is
a(n) explanation - ANSWER-Evolutionary
The insulating material which covers many
vertebrate axons is called the - ANSWER-myelin
sheath
Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the
following? - ANSWER-chromosomes
Which of these disorders is commonly treated by
exposure therapy? - ANSWER-phobia
Which disorder is characterized by self-imposed
rituals? - ANSWER-obsessive compulsive disorder
What is the main criterion for deciding whether
someone is an alcoholic? - ANSWER-Does alcohol
cause serious problems in the person's daily life?
Physiologically, what do most addictive drugs have
in common? - ANSWER-They increase the release of
dopamine.
Physiologically, what do most addictive drugs have
in common? - ANSWER-They increase the release of
dopamine.
Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms
of schizophrenia? - ANSWER-Alternation between
personalities
Which of these is a "positive" symptom of
schizophrenia? - ANSWER-hallucinations
What is meant by "negative" symptoms of
schizophrenia? - ANSWER-Symptoms that are
described by the absence of some behavior
You would be more likely to help someone who
appears to be hurt if you were by yourself rather
than if you were surrounded by strangers. Which of
the following is the probable - ANSWER-Diffusion of
responsibility
What is pluralistic ignorance? - ANSWER-Assuming
that everyone else knows more than you do
A committee asks for ideas for a fundraiser. You
might not try very hard if you think many other
people are submitting ideas too. Which of the
following applies to your behavior? - ANSWER-Social
loafing
Why might someone adopt a self-handicapping
strategy? - ANSWER-To provide an excuse for failure
In Freud's theory, what is the "ego"? - ANSWER-The
rational part of personality that makes decisions
What is defined as "a maladaptive, inflexible way of
dealing with the environment and other people"? ANSWER-Personality disorder
Superstitions and phobias are based on what type of
learning? - ANSWER-avoidance learning
What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs attempt to
explain? - ANSWER-Why certain motivations take
priority over other ones
What does insulin do - ANSWER-It helps the
intestines digest sugars and other carbohydrates.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems make up which of the following? - ANSWERautonomic nervous system
Activity of what system prepares someone for "fight
or flight" activities? - ANSWER-Sympathetic nervous
system
Which of these is true about a test that has low
validity - ANSWER-People's scores do not accurately
predict their performance on another task
If you have traveled six time zones east and you are
trying to get to sleep at the appropriate time, which
pill might help? - ANSWER-melatonin
The body's major postural muscles are most relaxed
during which stage of sleep? - ANSWER-REM sleep
If you have long periods of failing to breathe while
asleep, what disorder do you have? - ANSWER-sleep
apnea
What question should you ask to decide whether
you have narcolepsy? - ANSWER-Do you have
sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day?
Which of the following is an example of "drivereduction" motivation? - ANSWER-Eating because of
hunger sensations
If you eat, drink, or sweat in preparation for future
needs rather than current needs, what type of
motivation are you displaying? - ANSWER-allostasis
The term family constellation refers to - ANSWERone's position within the family birth order
Rafael is a perfectionist who goes to extremes to
prove that he needs no one's help in any way. His
quest for total self-sufficiency has resulted in
social isolation. According to Homey, what is his
primary mode of relating to others? - ANSWERMoving away
Janice has a very strong need for the affection and
approval of others, and she tends to choose
dominant partners. What is her primary mode of
relating to others? - ANSWER-moving toward
What type of parenting predicts the highest levels of
competence and lowest levels of problem behavior
in Caucasian children? - ANSWER-authoritative
One difference between Skinner's behavior
modification and Freudian psychoanalysis is that ANSWER-psychoanalysis is concerned with internal
changes; behavior modification is concerned with
external changes.
behavior modification uses a single approach with all
clients; psychoanalysis uses different, customtailored techniques. - ANSWER-psychoanalysis is
concerned with internal changes; behavior
modification is concerned with external changes.
According to Bandura, intentionality, forethought,
self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness are
components of - ANSWER-human agency
Of the following philosophical assumptions, which
one concerns a person's ability to control his own
behavior and understand the motives behind it? ANSWER-freedom vs determinism
Bandura believes that most human, behavior is
learned through the process of - ANSWERobservational learning
Unlike intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation ANSWER-is bestowed by others
What is the acronym for the Big Five (Personality
Traits)? - ANSWER-OCEAN openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and
neuroticism
In Maslow's hierarchy, which needs are tended to
immediately after physiological needs have been
met? - ANSWER-safety needs
The first IQ test was developed by whom? ANSWER-Binet and Simon
Dollard and Miller view the structure of personality
as consisting of - ANSWER-habits
Juan is a patient in psychoanalysis. During free
association, Juan's psychoanalyst encourages Juan to
- ANSWER-verbalize whatever comes to mind
The dream we remember in the morning is known as
the dream ____ , whereas its underlying meaning is
referred to as the dream ____ - ANSWER-Manifest;
latent
What is one characteristic that all defense
mechanisms have in common? - ANSWER-They keep
threatening impulses from becoming conscious.
When a patient in psychoanalysis re experiences
emotions and conflicts from his or her past but
focuses these feelings on the therapist, he or she is
said to be experiencing - ANSWER-transference
George is an accountant who wears a suit and tie to
work every day. He hates doing so but feels that it
makes him seem more acceptable in the eyes of
those with whom he works. What archetype is
George expressing when he wears the suit? ANSWER-The persona
According to Adler, life is motivated by the need to ANSWER-move up from a position of inferiority
Each individual seeks to cope with the environment
and develop superiority in a unique way. This
describes Adler's concept of - ANSWER-style of life
Which of the following reflects a secure attachment
style - ANSWER-Someone who finds it easy to get
close to others and is comfortable depending on
them
16-year-old Sally primps in front of every mirror she
comes across and believes that she is the focus of
everyone's attention—even fictitious observers. Sally
is demonstrating __________. - ANSWER-imaginary
audience
According to Erikson, the period of postadolescent
into the early 30s that focuses on developing close
relationships with others is called - ANSWERIntimacy vs Isolation Stage
What is the term for the perception of oneself as
male or female? - ANSWER-gender identity
development is the field of study that examines
patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior
that occurs from conception through death. ANSWER-Lifespan
What is the term for the reflex in which the neonate
tends to turn its head toward things that touch its
cheek? - ANSWER-rooting
______ is the realization that people and objects exist
even when they cannot be seen. - ANSWER-object
permanence
Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the
way children understand the world are mental
structures called - ANSWER-schemes
The ego integrity versus despair stage of
psychosocial development is characterized by a
process of - ANSWER-looking back over one's life,
evaluating it, and coming to terms with it
When an adolescent's newly sophisticated
metacognitive capability causes him/her to become
self-absorbed and believe that the world is focused
on only them, this is called - ANSWER-adolescent
egocentrism
According to Kübler-Ross, what's the final step of the
five-step process of dying? - ANSWER-Acceptance
Which term refers to parents' feelings of
unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression
resulting from their children's departure from home?
- ANSWER-empty nest syndrome
You need a list of words including "artichoke." A few
minutes later, when someone ask you to list some
foods, you include artichoke. What type of memory
are you displaying ? - ANSWER-Implicit memory
The arrangement of receptors in the retina explains
which of the following about hawks and Owls? ANSWER-They can see objects below them better
than objects above
What is the difference in function between the
dendrites and the axon of a neuron? - ANSWERDendrites receive messages and the axon sends
messages
What is the term for an environmental agent that
produces birth defects? - ANSWER-teratogen
Piaget believed that children from - ANSWER-2-7
are preoperational
A diagnosis of death based on the cessation of all
signs of brain activity, as measured by electrical brain
waves, is called - ANSWER-brain death
The ego integrity versus despair stage of
psychosocial development is characterized by a
process of - ANSWER-looking back over one's life,
evaluating it, and coming to terms with it
What do we call the psychologists who study only
observable actions? - ANSWER-Behaviorists
According to Thorndike, what is reinforcement? ANSWER-The process of increasing the probability
of a response
Why do so few statements apply to the behavior of
all people, all the time? - ANSWER-Behavior varies
depending on a huge variety of influences.
Someone who believes that all behaviors have a
cause follows which philosophy - ANSWERDeterminism
In what way does the experimental method have an
advantage over correlation - ANSWER-An
experiment is more likely to determine cause-andeffect relationships.
What is meant by a cross-sectional design? ANSWER-A study of people differing in age, at one
point in time
Some researchers want to compare 60-year-olds to
80-year-olds, but they were finding similar groups of
people. Which design would be best for minimizing ANSWER-Longitudinal
The American Psychiatric Association has published
a manual that is the most widely classification
system of psychological disorders. What is this
manual called? - ANSWER-Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
According to Kraepelin, mental disorders can be
seen in terms of symptom clusters that their own
cause, course, and outcome, which are considered
_____ in origin - ANSWER-Biological
A clinician has collected data about a client based on
observations, interview material, and
psychological test results. As a first step in the
treatment process, the clinician will evaluate this
information and formulate a(n) - ANSWERpsychodiagnosis
A psychologist gives the same test to a client twice.
The tests are separated by six days. If the test results
are quite dissimilar, we could say that the test has
weak ____ - ANSWER-test-retest reliability
To better understand bulimia among college
students, a researcher lives in a female freshman
dorm for the fall semester to observe and interview
students about their stresses, attitudes, and eating
behaviors. This is an example of what type of study?
- ANSWER-field
Anxiety symptoms turn into an anxiety disorder
when they - ANSWER-interfere with everyday
functioning
What does the autonomic nervous system do? ANSWER-It controls the heart, stomach, and other
organs.
Which lobe of the cortex processes touch, pain, and
awareness of body location? - ANSWER-parietal
Damage Or impairment of the prefrontal cortex
often leads to which of these? - ANSWER-impulsive
decisions
Which of the following did Ivan Pavlov study? ANSWER-classical conditioning
People hear a tone, followed by a puff of air to the
eyes. Soon, they blink their eyes when they hear the
tone. What are the conditioned stimulus and
conditioned response? - ANSWER-The tone is the
conditioned stimulus and blinking is the conditioned
response.
A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as
soon as she hears it cry. After a few days,
the baby's cry causes her milk to flow. What is the
conditioned response? - ANSWER-The flow of milk