RESEARCH PROCESS AND
WRITING
RESEARCH 2
SY 2024-2025
TIMELINE
Sept 10-11
Sept.16
Sept. 20
Sept. 25-27
October 2
October 7
October 15
October 22
November 4
November 15
Nov. 20-21
Nov. 25-27
Paper
Research Title Defense
submission of Statement of the Problem
submission of research questionnaire
Midterm Exam (pen and paper
submission of Chapter 1
Lecture
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Research Proposal (Chapter 1-3)
Draft Research (Chapter 4-5)
Oral Defense
Redefense/ Submission of Final Research
Class time will be devoted to consultation on submitted
chapters
Steps in Doing a Research
Finalizing the draft
Writing the research paper
Making an outline
Formulating the thesis statement
Gathering data to answer the question
Stating a question that identifies the problem
Doing a preliminary reading to select the specific
topic
Choosing a general subject
Step 1: Choosing a general subject
• Think of any subject that you are interested in.
Answer
the question: “What issue/ matter/topic do I want to write or
talk about?
• These are samples of general subjects:
– natural resources
– marriage
– education
– business
– social media
– government
– diseases
– religion
Step 2: Doing a preliminary reading
• Once you have chosen a general subject, proceed with the
search for a particular or specific topic by reading an
overview of your general subject.
• In doing preliminary reading, you must be able to read
books, journals, news articles, blogs, abstracts, etc.
• Make sure you are taking down notes so you can start
narrowing down your general subject.
Step 2: Narrowing to a specific
aspect
• Make sure your topic is narrow or limited enough for you to
discuss fully, considering the time
allotment given to
you, i.e. the maximum number of pages; and the writing
time allotment.
• Reduce your topic. How?
– General subject: natural resources
• 1st reduction: water resources
• 2nd reduction: conservation of water
resources
• 3rd reduction: conservation of Philippine water
resources
• 4th reduction: conservation of water
resources
in Manila
Step 3 – Stating a question /
problem
•
After you have chosen a specific topic of your general subject,
study the following steps to lead you to come up with a definite
question or problem:
– Brainstorm – jot down all questions that come to your mind
about your chosen topic.
• e.g. TOPIC: Cyber bullying
• What are the effects of cyber bullying in a person’s
confidence?
• Can cyber bullying affect one’s studying? How?
• Which among the effects of cyber bullying has the biggest
impact?
• What kind of cyber bullying is most likely to affect a
person?
• Are bullied people in the social media likely to bully
someone too?
• If you’re bullied, are you going to turn into a
coward?
Step 3 – Stating a question /
problem
• STEPS IN MAKING A DEFINITE QUESTION
– Choose one. Go over your list again and
choose one
that looks promising
• Can cyber bullying affect one’s studying? How?
– Estimate your question. To do this, answer the
following questions:
• Is it neither too narrow nor too broad considering
the deadline of submission?
• Will I be able to find enough sources of
information?
Step 3 – Stating a question /
problem
– Improve your question.
• Is it worded simply and clearly?
• Will it have only one answer or many?
• Is it interesting enough for me to enjoy working on it
to the end?
• Is it worth investigating?
• IF YOU ANSWER YES TO ALL, THEN YOU HAVE
YOUR QUESTION ALREADY
What is the impact of cyberbullying to
studying?
one’s
Writing Activity
• 1. Choose a topic. Break the topic into several
reductions until you come up with a definite
question that will be the subject of your research writing.
• Sample general topics (You may use other topics)
– natural resources
– natural calamities
– education
– business
– social media
– government
– diseases
– Religion
– Covid 19 or other health issues
– mental illness
Writing Activity
2. From your definite question, start writing an
introduction
of the chosen specific topic.
3. Use a bond paper. You may either type and print; or hand
write.
4. Follow the mechanics of writing and use the
following
format:
•
Margins: 1” on all sides
•
Paper size: 8 ½ x 11”
•
Line spacing: double space
5. Write your name on the upper left-hand corner of the paper
Guidelines in formulating the
Statement of the Problem
• There must be a general statement of the problem followed
by specific sub problems written in question form.
• The general statement of the problem must be specific in
terms of the respondents and the time frame of the study
• Example:
This study is being conducted to examine the teaching aptitude of the
madaris teachers in specific public schools in Pasig City during the
school year 2019-2020 in relation to the implementation of the Arabic
Language and Islamic Values Education (ALIVE) program.
Guidelines in formulating the
Statement of the Problem
1. How can the madaris teacher’s aptitude be described in terms of:
•
1.1. Educational qualifications;
•
1.2. Teaching experience;
•
1.3. Trainings attended; and
•
1.4. Qualifying exam for Arabic language and Islamic studies?
2. How can the implementation of ALIVE Program be described in terms of:
•
2.1. Its curriculum;
•
2.2. Availability of teaching and learning resources; and
•
2.3. Assessment and evaluation mechanisms?
Guidelines in formulating the
Statement of the Problem
3.
Does
the
madaris
teacher’s
aptitude
significantly
affect
implementation of the ALIVE Program?
4. What implications may be derived from the findings of the study?
the
RESEARCH CONTENT
Chapter 1
•
•
•
•
The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction
Significance of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Chapter 2
Related Literature and Studies
Chapter 3
Methods of Research and Procedures
• Data Collection
• Statistical Treatment of Data
RESEARCH CONTENT
Chapter 4
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendation
How to Write Chapter 1 : The Problem
and Its Setting
• Chapter 1 should contain the following topics
– Introduction may be written with some or all of the
following:
• Background of the topic (This will include defining a
concept, idea, theory, view, belief) 1-2 paragraphs
• Historical background (Has the felt problem been
existing for a long time? Have there been attempts
to solve the felt problem?) 1 paragraph
• Presentation and rationale of the problem (What is
the research all about? What are the felt problem/s
that need solution? Why is it necessary to conduct a
research about the problem?) 1- 2 paragraphs
• Two to three sentences about the desire to have a
deeper and clearer understanding of the topic/
problem.
How to Write Chapter 1: The Problem
and Its Setting
• One or two sentences about the geographical condition of
where the study will be conducted
• A sentence or two that will link the introduction and the
statement of the problem
– Significance of the Study
A paragraph that states who will benefit from the study
– Statement of the Problem
General Statement of the problem and the specific
problems in question form
– Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Paragraphs that state the range of the study and its
limitations
How to Write Chapter 2: Related
Literature and Studies
This chapter contains other studies (researches by other
people) and literature (articles from books, newspapers,
magazines, blogs) that are directly related to your research.
The purpose of writing this chapter is to prove that your
research topic is worthy enough to be pursued.
The studies and literature you will gather are cited for
emphasis.
The studies and literature you will be using must be not older
than 10 years in publication.
This chapter need not be long. It may contain 5 to 7
paragraphs only.
Guidelines in Constructing a
Questionnaire
• Items in the questionnaire must be quantifiable ( may be
counted)
• Be specific about the question
• Use Likert Scale rating
– Likert Scale typically provides 5 possible answers to a
statement or question
– Sample scales are:
Agreement
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Undecided
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
Guidelines in Constructing a
Questionnaire
– Frequency
5 Always
4 Often
3 Sometimes
2 Rarely
1 Never
– Importance
5 Very Important
4 Important
3 Moderately Important
2 Slightly Important
1 Unimportant
Guidelines in Constructing a
Questionnaire
– Quality
5 Excellent
4 Good
3 Fair
2 Poor
1 Very Poor
– Likelihood
5 Definitely
4 Probably
3 Possibly
2 Probably Not
1 Definitely Not
Guidelines in Constructing a
Questionnaire
• Begin your questionnaire with a statement about
confidentiality
• Give clear and specific directions
• Start with demographics (age, grade level, gender, etc.)
How to Write Chapter 3: Methods of
Research and Procedures
• A paragraph about the method of research used; in this
case, give an explanation about Descriptive Research
• A paragraph about the method of collecting data; i.e., in this
case, through the administration of questionnaire. In this
paragraph, explain the procedure done in administering the
questionnaire. Include a statement about the respondents –
who are they; and how many respondents – this is called
Sampling Design
• A paragraph about the statistical treatment of data (In this
case, review your Probability and Statistic lessons)
Other Guidelines
• Reiteration on the Mechanics and Guidelines
– A4
– Times New Roman, 12 pts
– Double spacing
– Margins: L – 2; R- 1; Top - 2; Bottom - 1
• Only the subtitles are Bold
• ALL CAPS not accepted
• Use APA for in-text citation
– Ex. (Jones, 2017)
• For Chapter 2, you must be able to cite a minimum of 5
literature and 2 studies. These references must appear in
the Bibliography
• All accomplished questionnaires will be submitted together
with the Research as Annex
• For, Bibliography, use APA