The Paris Peace Conference & Treaty of Versailles June 1919 Erick Huma Woodrow Wilson USA The Big Four at David Lloyd-George Great Britain Versailles 1919 Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy What did France want from the treaty? Security Revenge Reparations Clemenceau : “The Tiger” Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future. He was determined that Germany should be made to pay for the damage that had been caused in northern France by the invading German armies. What did Britain Want? In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war. In private he realised that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. David Lloyd-George He was also worried about the “disease from the east”, communism. The Russian government had been overthrown by a communist revolution in 1917. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it. What did America Want? Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his Fourteen Points He believed Germany should be punished but not severely. He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful Wilson wanted to set up an international organisation called The League of Nations which would settle disputes Woodrow Wilson The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The USA became more isolationist. In early 1919, President Wilson traveled to Versailles, France for a peace conference. • He met with European leaders and presented a plan for peace based on his Fourteen Points. • Wilson’s vision of a postwar world was grounded in the idea of “peace without victory.” 1. No secret treaties 2. Free access to the sea in peacetime and wartime 3. Free trade between countries 4. Disarmament 5. Colonies to have a say in their future 6. German troops to leave Russia 7. Independence for Belgium 8. France to regain Alsace-Lorraine 9. Frontier between Austria and Italy to be adjusted 10. Self-determination for the people of eastern Europe 11. Serbia to have access to the sea 12. Self-determination for the people in the Turkish Empire 13. Poland to become an independent state with access to the sea 14. League of Nations to be set up What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? To do with Germany’s armed forces : The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks. Germany was not allowed an airforce The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarised The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships 100,000 De-militarised The Military Clauses Territorial Losses Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies Alsace-Lorraine was given to France Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium North-Schleswig was given to Denmark Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany. The Rhineland was to be de-militarized The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations The War Guilt Clause "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR REPARATIONS Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at £6,600 million Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria TERMS OF THE T.O.V ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Use acronym B.R.A.T to remember terms… B lame: Germany was to assume full blame for starting World War One. Article 231- War guilt clause R eparations: The Treaty imposed all reparations for war damages, along with the wages of Allied soldiers and their families, upon Germany. The total costs came to 6600 Million or 6.6 Billion pounds. A rmy: The Treaty also limited the size of the German Army and Navy. The German military was only permitted to have 100,000 soldiers total, and its Navy was only allowed six battleships. No airforce. The German navy decided to destroy all of the battleships that they were not permitted to have, rather than surrender them to the British. T erritory: The Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of hundreds of square miles of eastern and western territory, as well as many of the country's colonies. The territory and colonies were divided up among the other European nations. North Schleswig was given to Denmark, Eupen and Malmedy were handed over to Belgium, Posen was taken by Poland, and of course, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France. How did Germans React to the Treaty? Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it. The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would. Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War. Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty. There was anger amongst all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers called for revenge for the humiliation of Versailles. However anger was also directed against the government in Germany. Already there was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the back” by politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace. The new democracy in Germany was now closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles. IMPACTS OF THE TOV ON GERMANY The Treaty had economical, political and social impacts on the German society ■ Overall the Germans felt that the Treaty was unfair and unjust ■ Identify the Social, Economic and Political Impacts from the events of 1920-1923 ■ Political impacts ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Led to revolts and revolutions led by Right-wing opponents of president Ebert. 1920 they attempted a Kapp Pustch which was however defeated by Berlin workers This paralysed essential services eg power and transport adding to the chaos and bitterness of the Germans towards the treaty Assassinations and attempted assassinations followed 1922 Walther Rathenau was murdered by extremists Nov 1923 Hitler led a rebellion in Munich The TOV was indeed a lead to the rise of Adolf Hitler Economic impact- Invasion of the Ruhr ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1921 – Germany paid the 1st reparation instalment of 50 million pounds 1922- nothing was paid. French and Belgium soldiers invaded the Ruhr region and took what was owed to them in form of raw material and goods- illegal action Germ government ordered a passive resistance of workers and the French reacted by killing 100 workers and expelling 100,000 other protesters from the region Germans remained without essential goods to trade and no money to buy stuff, leading to hyperinflation. They blamed all this to the high reparation Hyperinflation ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Government solved the problem by printing more money making the currency virtually worthless Prices of goods would rise between joining the queue and reaching the front Wages begun to be paid daily instead of weekly Big business and the government gained, they paid off their local debts Pensioners, those with bank savings lost it all. The Nazi THE OTHER PEACE TREATIES All German allies were to disarm, lose land and pay reparations. ■ The four other treaties were negotiated by officers and diplomats working with the foreign office of the Big three – Allied powers ■ Austria- Hungary collapsed in 1918 and these treaties made Eastern Europe a “patchwork” of new states- Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Poland ■ TREATY OF ST. GERMAIN- 1919 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Treaty dealt with Austria. Separated Austria with Hungary and confirmed that Austria was no longer a leading power. Austrian territory were divided. Bohemia & Moravia to Czechoslovakia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia & Serbia to Yugoslavia. Austria lost Galicia to Poland and some land to Italy Army restricted to 30,000 men Anschluss with Germany was Forbade NB- Italy was unhappy- argued that she deserved more land NB- Millions in Europe got self determination & self rule NB – Austria suffered economic problems with lost much land to Czechoslovakia TREATY OF NEUILLY, 1919 Treaty dealt with Bulgaria. ■ It was a less harsh in comparison to others. ■ Lost land to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia, and access to Mediterranean sea ■ Limited army to 20,000 men ■ Paid 100Million reparation ■ NB- Bulgaria played a small part in WW1. ■ TREATY OF TRIANON, 1920 Treaty dealt with Hungary ■ Concentrated with transfer of territory. ■ Transylvania – from Hungary to Romania; Rutheniafrom Hungary to Czechoslovakia; Croatia- from Hungary to Yugoslavia; other areas went to Romania ■ 3 million Hungarians went to other states ■ Industries suffered a loss of population and raw materials ■ Reparation payment was set up ■ TREATY OF SERVES, 1920 Treaty dealt with Turkey. ■ Most land went to Greece- Eastern Thrace and Smyrna ■ Turkish empire broken up- most went to France and Britain as mandates ■ Turkish strait placed under the LON ■ French, British and Italian troops occupied Turkey ■ NB. Treaty failed and was revised to Treaty of ST. Lausanne (1923) which returned Smyrna to Turkey. Motives of Britain and France were challenged. Arabs got nothing, Palestine remained controversial. ■ TREATY OF RIGA, 1921 Peace of Riga ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Between Poland, Ukraine and Russia World War I removed former imperial borders across Europe. In 1918, after the Russian RevolutionIn 1918, after the Russian Revolution had renounced tsarist claims to Poland in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the war had ended with Germany's surrender, Poland re-established its independence after a century of being divided by three empires. The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity for Poland to regain parts of the tsarist territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga was signed on 18 March 1921, among Poland18 March 1921, among Poland, Soviet Russia (and on behalf of Soviet Belarus and Soviet Ukraine Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War. The Soviet-Polish borders established by the treaty remained in force until World War II. They were later redrawn during the Yalta Conferencewere later redrawn during the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. TERMS ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ The Treaty consisted of 26 articles. Poland was to receive monetary compensation (30 million rubleswas to receive monetary compensation (30 million rubles in gold) for its economic input into the Russian Empirewas to receive monetary compensation (30 million rubles in gold) for its economic input into the Russian Empire during the Partitions of Poland. Under Article 14 Poland was also to receive railway materials (locomotives, rolling stock, etc.) with a value of 29 million gold roubles. Russia was to surrender works of art and other Polish national treasures acquired from Polish territories after 1772 (such as the Jagiellonian tapestries Russia was to surrender works of art and other Polish national treasures acquired from Polish territories after 1772 (such as the Jagiellonian tapestries and the Załuski Library). Both sides renounced claims to war compensation. Article 3 . Russia and the Ukraine abandon all rights and claims to the territories situated to the west of the frontier laid down by Article 2 of the present Treaty. Poland, on the other hand, abandons in favour of the Ukraine and of White Ruthenia all rights and claims to the territory situated to the east of this frontier. Article 4 . Each of the Contracting Parties mutually undertakes to respect in every way the political sovereignty of the other Party, to abstain from interference in its internal affairs, and particularly to refrain from all agitation, propaganda or interference of any kind, and not to encourage any such movement. Article 6 created citizenship options for persons on either side of the new border. Article 7 CLASS PRESENTATION 9 + 3 bonus points=12 How well are the aims understood ■ Reflection on key intentions of the Big three ■ Content application (What, how,why, so) through outcomes ■ Awareness of historical developments ■ Comparison ■ Group presentations. ■ "Did the peace treaties satisfy the victors at the Paris peace conference, 1919 ?". Make a 3 slide PPT. Each presentation will score 12 marks. ■ Group 1- France ( Flo, Malick, Manu, Jonathan and Kamau) Group 2- USA ( Kika, Mysha, Keith and Liam) Group 3- Britain ( Emmanuel, Baraka, Gitau and Joseph) For Team bonus points : Impacts on Germany ( Was Germany satisfied) Group Bonus - Kika (Political), Flo (Economic), Manu (Social )
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