TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
SECTION C
1
2
INTERNATIONAL RELATION
89
HISTORY
PAGE 1
SECTION C
VOLUME 2
HISTORY
PAGE 2
VOLUME 2
HISTORY
PAGE 3
VOLUME 2
PROBLEM FACING THE NEW NATION
The leaders of India had accepted the partition of the subcontinent in the expectation that Pakistan
would not be able to survive. This was the challenge for the Quaid to establish the new country and
to hold it together, despite the many problems it faced at the time of partition.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEM
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
ACCESSION OF PRINCELY STATES
DIVISION OF FINANCIAL AND MILLITARY ASSETS
CANAL WATER DISPUTE
REFUGEES AND ACCOMODATION CRISIS
1) GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEM
9 One of the basic problem was that Pakistan was divided into two states, East Pakistan
(Bengal and district of shylet) & West Pakistan (west Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh and NWFP),
which were thousands miles apart and separated by hostile territory.
9 The Princely states like Swat, Chitral, Dir, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit, & Bhawalpur also joined
Pakistan.
9 Karachi was declared as capital of Pakistan so it was very difficult for West Pakistan to
control East Pakistan.
9 The huge distance also led to differences as both units had different culture, language, and
outlook and there was nothing in common except for Islam.
Success and failures:
x
There was no success as Pakistan was not able to solve the problem as East Pakistan later on
became independent in 1971 due to the differences.
2) POLITICAL PROBLEM
9 India inherited government buildings, furnishings, and even officials from the British.
Pakistan had none of these and even lacked office stationery and furnishing
9 India had officials, members of Indian National Congress, with political experience to take
over the government. In Pakistan, the members of constituent assembly lack experience and
skilled officials to run the government because League had no prior experience of being part
of any government before partition.
9 In Pakistan the members of Constituent Assembly were mostly landlords
9 More than half of the population lived in East Pakistan, but the majority of the government
and army leaders came from West Pakistan.
9 Another major problem faced by Pakistan was to choose a capital and to establish a
secretariat.
HISTORY
PAGE 4
VOLUME 2
9 For some years the Quaid had suffered with tuberculosis The problem further worsened
with death of Quaid e Azam in 1948. There was a shortage of properly Qualified and
experienced personnel which made the task of running departments extremely difficult
Pakistan was also lacking leadership after death of Quaid.
Success and failures:
x
x
x
x
x
Karachi was chosen as a new capital of Pakistan.
Quaid e Azam became the Governor General of Pakistan & Liaquat Ali Khan was given the
post of Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Jinnah made special arrangements to bring the officials who opted for Pakistan & he sent
special trains to take the qualified people back.
A constitution assembly was setup to design a new constitution of Pakistan
The leadership crisis were not fulfilled and that is why Pakistan faced frequent change of
government in the following years.
3) ECONOMIC PROBLEM
9 Pakistan was made of states that were mostly underdeveloped, with very little industry.
Karachi was the only modern port with substantial trading and business activity. Around 90%
people lived in the country side and there were 8 major towns with a population of more
than 100,000.
9 In 1947, East Pakistan produced nearly 70% of worlds crop which was a good source of
foreign exchange for Pakistan but the problems created by partition was that Pakistan did
not have a single jute mill. All the jute mills were in India.
9 10% of industrial enterprises, 6.5% of industrial workers, 5% electrical capacity and 10% of
mineral deposits were only provided to Pakistan
9 Pakistan only got 14 out of 390 Indian cotton mills
Success and failures:
x
x
Jinnah sent delegations & asked for the funds from other foreign countries and asked the
government to set up the State Bank of Pakistan on 1stJuly 1948.
In 1948 Jinnah introduced the first industrial policy statement which made it essential to
increase industrialization quick & to attract the local investors.
4) SOCIAL PROBLEM
9 Pakistan consisted of 5 different region namely Sindhi, Baluchis, Pakhtoons, Punjabi &
Bengali.
9 These people had different traditions, cultures, languages and lifestyle.
9 It created a problem for the govt. to create a national integrity among these group of
people.
9 In 1947 some of them, particularly Balochistan and Bengal were not completely sure they
now wanted to transfer allegiance to new Pakistan.
9 There was no uniting factor between each other due to such diversity.
Success and failures:
HISTORY
x
x
x
PAGE 5
VOLUME 2
Quaid e Azam declared urdu as the official language to unite the people.
He laid emphasis to end provincialism and Racism.
He explained to them that they should think of themselves as Pakistani’s and not as
individual race.
5)ACCESSION OF PRINCELY STATES
9 At the time of partition there were about 462 princely states, and Lord Mountbatten had
told them that they would not be granted independence
9 Till 15thAugust 1947 all princely states except Junagadh, Kashmir and Hyderabad, had joined
Pakistan or India.
9 Junagadh was a small state on the coast, 300 miles south of Karachi
9 The Muslim ruler of Junagadh who was Muslim agreed that his small kingdom should join
Pakistan but Mountbatten opposed it.
9 Pakistan called for a referendum to be held but India refused.
9 India sent troops to surround the state, A blockade was imposed and soon Junagadh was
short of food. Then in Nov 1947, Indian troops invaded.
9 Pakistan took the matter to United Nations, but the matter is still unresolved.
9 Hyderabad was the biggest princely state in the subcontinent with a population of more
than 160 million and even though so far from Pakistan, the Nizam of Hyderabad who was
Muslim wished to remain independent, or otherwise, join Pakistan.
9 It was very wealthy with annual revenue exceeding 160 million rupees.
9 Again a referendum of people was proposed but turned down by Indians.
9 Hyderabad sought help from the United nations (UN) against the threats coming from India,
which after Quaid’s death in 1948, invaded and took over the state. The UN took no action.
9 Kashmir consisted of Muslim majority with 4 million inhabitants but ruler was Hindu,
maharaja hari singh.
9 It is believed that he was trying to win independence for his state and so he delayed joining
either India or Pakistan.
9 In sep 1947, Mahraja started a campaign to drive many Muslims out of Kashmir. Over
200,000 fled to Pakistan and finally rose in rebellion.
9 Mahraja was forced to turn to India for help, In return for military help to defeat the rebels,
Hari singh agreed that Kashmir should join India.
9 Pakistan could not accept this so sent troop to help Kashmir. Neither side was strong enough
for a long war so in January 1948, matter was referred to the UNO.
9 A ceasefire was arranged by the UN. It was decided that a referendum would be held to
decide the fate of Kashmir but Indians never allowed that.
HISTORY
PAGE 6
VOLUME 2
6)DIVISION OF FINANCIAL AND MILLITARY ASSETS
9 It was agreed that the financial assets were to be divided on the ratio of 17 to India and 5 to
Pakistan. This reflected the relative size of the and populations of two countries.
9 At the time of partition there was a cash balance of 4 billion rupees, in Reserve Bank of India
and Pakistan’s share was 750 million rupees.
9 First installment of 200 million rupees were paid but then war broke out over Kashmir and
India refused to pay the rest, stating Pakistan would use it to buy arms to fight against India
9 They demanded that Pakistan should stop fighting in Kashmir & wanted to make Pakistan
bankrupt by stopping the finance
Success and failures:
The remaining amount was later on released after Gandhi’s used a threat of hunger strike and
world pressure.
It was upon Gandhi’s request that the reserve bank of India paid Pakistan 500 million rupees.
A balance of Rupees 50 million is still disputed to this date.
9 The military assets were to be divided with a ratio of 36% and 64% between Pakistan and
India.
9 The armed personnel were given freedom t opt for whichever country they wanted. Muslims
regiment went to Pakistan and Non-Muslims to India
9 Pakistan Army consisted of 150,000 men needed 4,000 officers. There were only 2,500
trained officers. Jinnah was forced to take 500 British Officers temporarily.
9 The equipments that were given to Pakistan were obsolete, damaged or out of order, the
deliveries of vehicles were made late on purpose
9 All 16 ordinance factories were in India and it refused to hand over any.
Success and failures:
x
x
500 british officers were taken to lead and train Pakistani army.
India eventually agreed to pay 60 million rupees and an ordinance factory was established at
Wah cantt.
7)CANAL WATER DISPUTE
9 The canal water dispute was yet another cause for Pakistan anger towards India.
9 Agriculture in Punjab depends on the complex irrigation system, using six rivers including the
Indus and thirty canals, some of which were in India.
9 The head works were given to India while its drained areas became the part of Pakistan.
9 The headwork of bari doab which was flowing from east Punjab to west Punjab was in
Firozpur, In April 1948, India shut off the water flowing into Pakistan from the firozpur
headwork in east Punjab.
9 It was threatening 1.65 million acres of agricultural land.
9 The Indians demanded that Pakistan should pay for water
HISTORY
PAGE 7
VOLUME 2
9 A temporary agreement was reached and it was dragged until 1959 when indus water treaty
was signed
Success and failures:
x The problem dragged on until 1959 when the Indus water treaty was signed
x The treaty allowed for a transitional period of 10-13 years, after which the three eastern
rivers (Ravi, Sutlej, Beas) would be Indian share and three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum,
Chenab) to Pakistan
8) REFUGEES AND ACCOMODATION CRISIS
9 The boundary commission under sir cyril radcilffe that was setup to define borders between
India and Pakistan.
9 When boundary awards was announced in august 1947, Millions of people found
themselves living in the wrong country and became victims of communal attacks.
9 Muslims moved to Pakistan and Hindus to India.
9 Over 10 million people were involved in moving from India to Pakistan or in other direction.
20 million were made homeless and 1million including men, women and children have died
on both sides.
9 The Hindus and Sikhs in Eastern Punjab were particularly fully charged with anti-Muslim
sentiments. In such areas, a large number of Muslims were ruthlessly killed; entire Muslim
villages were destroyed. Women were disrespected and even children were slaughtered.
9 Karachi alone received 2 million refugees in 1947
9 It placed great strain on new government
Success and failures:
x
x
x
Quaide azam declared himself as the “protector General of Minorities” in order to
guarantee safety to minorities residing in Pakistan and taught religious tolerance to people
of Pakistan.
Quaid e azam also established the “rehabilitation Fund” under which the elite pakistani’s
were requested to donate for the rehabilitation of refugees.
In 1950, The liaquat Nehru pact was signed between Liaquat Ali khan and Nehru. Both
government were held responsible to protect the minorities within their borders and VISA
system was introduced.
Past Paper Attempt
Q)‘The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the newly established
government of Pakistan in 1947’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14
marks]
HISTORY
PAGE 8
VOLUME 2
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #1
Q) How successful was Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947 and
1948? Explain your answer. [14] [June16/Q4c]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 9
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 10
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 11
VOLUME 2
Q) Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? (7)
Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased dramatically during 1947,. Muslims fearful of
being killed were forced to leave all their possessions and cross into Pakistan to seek shelter. The
violence was sometimes orchestrated by the local authorities and many Muslims Historians believe
that Hindus and and Sikh had an organized programme for the massacre of Muslims In such areas, a
large number of Muslims were ruthlessly killed and entire Muslim villages were destroyed so they
migrated to Pakistan for seek refuge.
The Boundary Award had made the problems worse between the two. Since Pakistan had become
independent so Muslims were leaving India for their homeland, often with little or no possessions.
The boundary award was unjust, a number of Muslim-majority areas like Gurdaspur and Ferozpur
were given to India where the Muslims were not feeling secure. They were now vulnerable to the
cruelty of Hindus and Pakistan was unable to help them across the border so they migrated.
It was argued that India deliberately made difficulties for the new Pakistani government by forcing
Muslims across the border. Hindus and Sikhs, perhaps fearful of reprisals and a genuine desire to live
in a Hindu nation, also contributed to the refugee problem by crossing from Pakistan to India.
HISTORY
PAGE 12
VOLUME 2
Political movement between 1948-58
Space for Mind map
LIAQUAT ALI KHAN (1948-51)
9 Three days after the death of Quaid, Khwaja nazimuddin became the new governor general
of Pakistan.
9 Nazimuddin stood back and allowed Liaquat Ali khan to run the government.
9 He also played an important role in Pakistan Movement and due to his efforts Quaid-e-Azam
came back from London in 1934 as the life time president of AIML.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION 1949/DRAFT CONSTITUTION 1950 & 52
PRODA
LIAQUAT NEHRU PACT/Minorities Pact
MINORITIES PACT
HYDERABAD AND KASHMIR
RAWALPINDI CONSPIRACY
The Objective Resolution 1949
9 A constituent assembly was setup to frame a new constitution, which had set up a Basic
Principles Committee to decide the principles on which the new constitution should be
based.
9 In march 1949 the constituent assembly passed the recommendation as Objective
resolution. It had 25 members about a third of the assembly.
9 PM liaquat Ali khan had presented it in the assembly on March 7, 1949.
9 They did form the basis for the draft constitution presented to the assembly on September
1950.
HISTORY
PAGE 13
VOLUME 2
Draft Constitution
9 On September1950, Pakistan first draft constitution was presented to the constituent
assembly. A bicameral legislative assembly was proposed, with two houses having equal
power. The president was to be elected jointly by two houses. It was also proposed that
Urdu become the national language of Pakistan. There was immediate opposition to the
proposals.
Q) Why was it so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950? (7)
East Pakistan disagreed with the draft proposals in 1950 because it felt that its people were underrepresented. They were unhappy on being given equal seats as of West Pakistan in the parliment
even though East Pakistan had 10milliom larger population. It also objected to Urdu being the main
language even though Bengali speaking were in majority.
Opposition to the constitutional proposals also came from local and provincial politicians. They
objected to the amount of power given to the federal government and the emergency power given
to the head of state.
Religious groups also objected to the new constitution. They said it wouldn’t put sufficient
emphasis on Islam and they argued that Pakistan should be governed on Islamic principles. Faced
with this growing opposition, Liaquat Ali khan had to withdrew the constitutional proposals.
PRODA (PUBLIC REPRESENTATIVE OFFICER DISQULIFICATION ACT)
What was PRODA?
In 1949, PUBLIC REPRESENTATIVE OFFICERS DISQUALIFICATION ACT (PRODA) was introduced.
Under this law, complaints could be made to Governor General or Provincial Governor against
corrupt government officers. On the basis of the complaint an inquiry could be ordered and if
anyone found guilty was removed from office.This law was designed to remove corruption but
actually it was used by the Ruling elite to appoint their favoured officers and remove those whom
they disapproved off.
LIAQUAT NEHRU PACT
What was Liaquat Nehru Pact? (4)
Large number of religious minorities were left in both the countries. To protect the minorities and to
encourage them to stay at their respective countries, a minorities pact was signed between Liaquat
Ali Khan and Nehru in 1950. It was agreed that both the countries will protect the religious
minorities on their borders. Free passage of refugees across border was restricted and a VISA system
for refugees was introduced.
HISTORY
PAGE 14
VOLUME 2
RAWALPINDI CONSPIRACY
What was Rawalpindi Conspiracy? (4)
In January 1951 Ayub khan became the commander-in-chief of Pakistan army and Sir Douglas Gracey
was replaced. Some army officers felt threatened for continuing presence of British army officers in
Pakistan army and they were not happy with the performance of government. The coup was
planned by Major- General Akbar Khan, a senior commander in Pakistan Army along with 14 other
officers. It was discovered by Ayub Khan, and the conspirators were arrested, tried and prison.
Liaquat Ali khan had survived its first coup, but his success was to be short
lived. He was shot dead by an assassin on 16th October 1951, while addressing a
public meeting in Rawalpindi.
MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD
After the death of Khan Liaquat Ali Khan, Ghulam Muhammad became the third governor general of
Pakistan. He had been the finance minister in the cabinet. He persuaded Khwaja nazimuddin to
become Prime minister
DEVELOPMENTS IN HIS TIME PERIOD
9 In 1950 a Planning commission was setup to manage economic development in Pakistan
which launched a six year plan in 1951 covering agriculture, power, industrial, mining,
transport and communication.
9 It was due to this plan that a jute processing mill was set up at Naryaganj (East Pakistan) and
exploration for oil/gas led to the discovery of vast reserves of natural gas at SUI in
Balochistan.
9 In 1953 a planning board was setup to review the development that has taken place which
produced a draft five year plan in 1956
Why Malik Ghulam faced problems in between 1951-53?
From 1951-53 there was severe drought in Pakistan. This affected food production and in February
1953 severe Food shortages led to rioting in most cities throughout Pakistan. The government was
not well placed to deal with these shortages. In April USA agreed to donate a million tonnes of
wheat to help Pakistan overcome the food crisis.
There was a sudden drop in Pakistan export of Jute and cotton. During the war there has been
increased demand of Pakistan’s Jute and cotton, to supply thousands of soldiers involved in the
fighting. The Korean war fought between North Korea and South korea was coming to an end by
1953 and thereby demand had declined.
The Public protest and riots were further fuelled by the religious parties. Ahrar party was
demanding from the government to declare Ahmedis as non-Muslims and remove all ahmedis from
government post including the present foreign minister Zafarullah khan. It was estimated that the
total of 500 Ahmedis were killed and these riots were known as Lahore riots
On 17th April 1953, the government of Khwaja Nazimuddin was dismissed by GG Ghulam
Muhammad for not controlling the economy and riots which resulted from food shortage. Malik
Ghulam Muhammad appointed Muhammad Ali Bogra as new Prime minister, who was Pakistan
ambassador to US.
HISTORY
PAGE 15
VOLUME 2
Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954–55. [4]
9 Ghulam Muhammad hoped to dominate Bogra to maintain his own power but Bogra was
not a puppet PM as Ghulam Muhammad had hoped. Bogra wanted to curb power of
Governor general.
9 In September 1954 Malik Ghulam Muhammad was out of the country & Bogra persuaded
the assembly to pass a law limiting the power of Governor General which said that all the
ministers & Prime Minister must be a member of Assembly, assembly had to approve
Cabinet and Governor General and to take advice from his ministers.
9 The bill was approved in 15 minutes & the assembly repealed the PRODA.
9 Ghulam Muhammad waited until Bogra was out of the country and declared a state of
emergency and dissolved the constituent assembly and forced Bogra to resign.
9 The dissolution was challenged in Sindh high court by Maulvi Tamizuddin and then in Federal
Court and Governor general won through.
MAJOR ISKANDAR MIRZA
What was one unit policy? (4)
It was proposed by Bogra in 1954 & Iskandar Mirza introduced it in 1955 to unify the four provinces
of West Pakistan into ‘One Unit’. He clamied that administration of a single province was more
efficient and cost effective. Leading provincial politicians were upset at the loss of provincial
identities. People in East Pakistan saw the one unit of West Pakistan as a device to curtail their
majority in the National assembly. Although East Pakistan had more people, the two provinces were
to be given an equal number of seats.
Why was one Unit Policy Introduced? (7)
The decision was taken by Iskandar Mirza, who claimed administration of single province was
more efficient and cost effective. A single province would bring an end to the differences,
prejudices, and rivalries that existed between provinces as now people might show loyalty to the
state rather than the province. Further, two provinces, East and West, would make it easier to
establish a constitution for Pakistan.
Another reason was one unit scheme prevented East Pakistan gaining a majority in assembly.
People in East Pakistan saw the one unit of West Pakistan as a device to curtail their majority in the
National assembly. Although East Pakistan had more people (10 million people more in East Pakistan
than West Pakistan), the two provinces were to be given an equal number of seats.
MODERNIZATION POLICY
9 Iskandar Mirza government program initiated an industrialization and rural development
programme.
9 Karachi airport was completed in 1955 and modernization of railway continued.
9 Pakistan Telecommunication corporation was setup to expand the existing telephone
network in Pakistan.
9 Mirza Publicized government provision in health and education services. However, these
were not always as extensive as the government made out.
HISTORY
PAGE 16
VOLUME 2
Q) Describe the terms of 1956 constitution? (4)
9 Pakistan’s first Constitution was adopted by the Second Constituent Assembly. It was
formally enforced on 23rd March.
9 The constitution was a compromise between the wishes of the two most important parties,
the Muslims League and the United Front, and neither was completely satisfied. However,
the United Front dropped its objective to equal seats in the Assembly and no longer
demanded full provincial autonomy. In return Bengali was accepted as an official language.
9 The constitution declared that the ‘Islamic Republic of Pakistan’ was to be governed. Mirza
became President who could choose the PM. President had to be Muslim and had
emergency powers and could dissolve the national assembly. There was a cabinet and a
national and provincial assembly.
9 The constitution was to last only two years before President Mirza declared martial law and
scrapped the new constitution.
Iskander Mirza contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948 and 1958?
Khwaja Nazimuddin
Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
Iskander Mirza became governor general and On 5th October 1955 he introduced “One Unit
Scheme” which integrated all the areas of West Pakistan into a single province. He clamied that
administration of a single province was more efficient and cost effective. People in East Pakistan
saw the one unit of West Pakistan as a device to curtail their majority in the National assembly.
Although East Pakistan had more people, the two provinces were to be given an equal number of
seats. He also introduced the 1956 constitution under which he was declared as a president. The
constitution was to last only two years before President Mirza declared martial law and scrapped the
new constitution During his govt. there was an uncertain political situation and he dismissed many
Prime Ministers. On 7thOctober 1958 Iskander Mirza imposed first Martial Law in Pakistan and he
asked Ayub Khan to take charge as “Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Malik Ghulam Muhammad was the first of a number of major political who had risen from amongst
the civil service to high office. In 1950 a Planning commission was setup to manage economic
development in Pakistan which launched a six year plan in 1951 covering agriculture, power,
industrial, mining, transport and communication. It was due to this plan that a jute processing mill
was set up at Naryaganj (East Pakistan) and exploration for oil/gas led to the discovery of vast
reserves of natural gas at SUI in Balochistan. In 1953 a planning board was setup to review the
development that has taken place which produced a draft five year plan in 1956. However there
were problems (Discuss problems as mentioned earlier)
Liaquat ali khan (Discuss Liaquat Ali khan reforms)
HISTORY
PAGE 17
VOLUME 2
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #2
Q) Events to remember in years?
Identify
1947G.G? _______________________
51
EVENTS
PM?________________________
195155
G.G? _______________________
PM?________________________
PM?________________________
195558
GG/ President? _________________
Q) Describe the constitutional crisis from 1954-55? [4]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 18
PRODA
1)
2)
3)
4)
MINORITIES PACT
1)
2)
3)
4)
1956 constitution
1)
2)
3)
4)
One unit policy
1)
2)
3)
4)
VOLUME 2
HISTORY
PAGE 19
VOLUME 2
AYUB KHAN (1958-69)
Space for Timeline
AYUB KHAN IN POWER
Q) How did Ayub Khan came in power? [4] [Jun 13]
9 On 7th October 1958, Iskander Mirza repealed the constitution of 1956 and proclaimed
martial law in the country with himself as a president.
9 Iskander mirza appointed General Ayub Khan (commander in chief) as Chief Martial Law
Administrator who was already a powerful figure as chief of army staff.
9 On 27th October 1958 Iskander mirza was forced to resign and exiled by Ayub khan to UK.
9 It was to be the first period of martial law in the country and to his supporters this event was
known as ‘Glorious revolution’.
REASONS LEADING TO MARTIAL LAW IN 1958
1) The frequent dismissal of PM – PM in bw 1956-8, leading to administrative problems.
2) Resentment in East Pakistan – They wanted more say in running of the country / Suharwardy
challenging to unite the Bengal and Punjab against him.
3) The case of MGM taken to federal court – Decision was in favour of him/ Situation
demanded it.
HISTORY
PAGE 20
VOLUME 2
Q)Explain why Ayub Khan introduced Martial Law in 1958? [7]
OR
Q) Why did Ayub Khan come to power in 1958? [7]
There were rapid change in the government during reign of Iskandar Mirza. There were a number
of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 such as Chaudry M.Ali, Suharwardy, I.I Chundrigar and
Feroze khan noon. This administrative problems and political instability reached a stage when Ayub
Khan achieved that status that he felt the army should take control until stability had been restored
and questions answered.
Moreover East Pakistan’s politicians wanted more say in the running of the central
government which increased tension. Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading
politicians and was alarmed at a plan by Suharwardy to unite the political leadership of Bengal and
Punjab against him. Therefore Ayub Khan and the military decided to take over.
Another reason was Malik Ghulam case of dissolving first Constituent Assembly was challenged in
the federal court. It ruled in the favour of him and decided that GG had the right to dismiss the
assembly “as the situation demanded it". Thus this decision paved way for Ayub Khan and Iskandar
Mirza to impose martial law considering it legal for safety of national interests.
THE DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT (REFORMS)
Q) Were the constitutional reforms of Ayub khan the most important of his domestic policies
during the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958-69. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
(14)
Constitutional Reforms was one of the important contribution. One of the early step in Ayub
khan constitutional crisis was introduction of Basic Democracies on October 1959. It was 4 tier
structure of government body, which were Village Council, Sub-District Council, District Council &
Divisional Council. Those who were elected on lowest tier of government, the local committees,
were given the title Basic Democrats (BD’s) who were 80,000 in number. In 1959 Ayub Khan gave the
newly elected BDs the chance to vote in a referendum as to whether or not he should remain
president. About 95% of them voted in favor. Ayub Khan who had seized power, was then able to
claim that he had the backing of the people of Pakistan. The new constitution was announced on 1
march 1962, It set up a presidential form of government , adult franchise, remove ban on political
parties and a powerful legislature. Constitution of 1962 gave immense power to the president and
an indirect system of elections by the Basic Democrats. Ayub brought martial law to an end soon
afterwards. It appeared that Pakistan was moving nearer to democratic system, but failure was that
in actual it increased the powers of the ruling elite. 1962 constitution upset the people of East
Pakistan because they had known that the power was in the hands of military and civil officials from
West Pakistan. The results of 1965 elections and Ayub khan victory was no surprise because only
BDs, who after all owed their influence to his system were able to vote. However there were other
reforms as well in his domestic policies
HISTORY
PAGE 21
VOLUME 2
Social reform was one of the other reforms. There was an attempt to improve housing for
thousands of people who had been displaced by partition and were living in dreadful slums. A
massive new housing development at korangi provided new homes for refugees in Karachi which
was lead by minister of rehabilitation, General Azam Khan. Laws were passed that the factory
owners had to provide accommodation for their workers at a reasonable rent. He tried to control
high birth rate through population control program called “Family Planning Program”. Also he took
action to prevent people from hoarding goods and selling them at black market at higher prices.
Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrest were made. As a result this action bought down
the prices of many goods. The government fixed the price of essential foods such as milk, ghee,
vegetables to stop traders making too much profit at the expense of people and it helped families to
manage their weekly budget. The position of women was also improved by reforms for marriage and
divorce. Marriages and divorce had to be registered and approved by the court. Further marriage
also had to be approved by the court. It prescribed a marriageable age for females (16) and
males(18). Thereby these reforms helped to uplift the social position for people of Pakistan. The
Drawback was that the family planning programmes were greatly criticized by Ulemas declaring it as
unislamic. The government used different medium such as radio, cinema, newspaper to persuade
Pakistani to limit the size of their families but the programme was not successful. Also, It did not
specify that the accommodation provided by factory owner had to be of reasonable quality.
Ayub Khan brought out the reforms in the field of Agriculture. Landlords were not allowed to have
more than 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of un-irrigated land, excess land was given to poor
farmers and the landlords were given compensation for it. The division of holdings below an
economic level (12.5 Acres) was forbidden. Big land lords were forced to find tenants for parts of
their land and this raised the productivity as the tenants and smaller farms were often more efficient
than the larger poorly run farms. Three major dams were built to help irrigation, Ayub officially
opened the Warsak dam in 1961.Loans were also given to the farmers to build well to reduce the
need of canal irrigation. Due to these measures the productivity of the land increased and
agricultural output rose by using modern methods of farming, tube wells, more tractors, more
chemical fertilizers, use of HYV’s and insecticides. By 1965, 31000 tubewells were also installed. The
drastic increase in agriculture output was termed as “Green Revolution”. On the negative side, all
the perks of green revolution could only be experienced by big landowners because only they could
afford it. The re-distribution of land was also a failure because the landlords were too influential and
powerful and could easily manipulate the revenue officials.
Ayub khan’s advisors pressed for more Industrial (or economic) development. Oil Refinery was set
up in Karachi, Attock Oil Refinery was setup in Potwar Plateau in 1962 & Mineral Development
Corporation was established for minerals exploration. Formation of trade blocks such as RCD
(Regional cooperation for development) in 1964, in which the three countries Pakistan, Iran and
Turkey develop ties in trade, commerce and industry. The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme in 1959
and tax incentives stimulated new industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. National Investment Trust
(NIT), Prize bond schemes and defence saving certificates were also established to raise public
finance. As a result of these policies, National growth rate rose more than 7% and the economy grew
three times faster than India. However the drawback was that the new wealth was concentrated in
the hands of a few and general population did not benefit. Pakistan 66% of industrial assets and
80% of banking and insurance sector was owned by just 22 families so a small, elite group of wealthy
Pakistani had almost complete control of Pakistani wealth. Another drawback was that these
developments were regionalized and only took place in West Pakistan as almost all families were
from West Pakistan.
HISTORY
PAGE 22
VOLUME 2
Ayub Khan introduced certain reforms in the field of Education. He started an extensive literary
program, which involved the building of schools and colleges in several towns which was meant to
raise the literacy level and trained manpower in Pakistan. He made technical education mandatory.
Two years degree programme was extended to three years. Civil defence training was made
mandatory in the schools and colleges. New curriculum was designed in order to support Ayub
government efforts to literate Pakistan. Primary education was free and compulsory till class eight.
However failure of reform were they were not properly planned, textbook were not published and
teachers were not trained as per the new curriculum. Another failure was that in Pakistan majority
of the population could not afford to send their children to school and afford a loss of income by
making them quit work.
Q) Why were the years 1958-69 called the ‘Decade of progress’ ? [7]
One of the reason was the record increase in agriculture output due to agricultural reforms. Write
agricultural reforms briefly
Another reason was the economic growth through Industrial developments. Write Industrial
reforms briefly
Moreover working for the social uplift for people of Pakistan through his social reforms. Write
social reforms briefly
Q) What were the Basic Democracies? [4] (Nov 11)
One of the early step in Ayub khan constitutional crisis was introduction of Basic Democracies on
October 1959. It was 4 tier structure of government body, which were Village Council, Sub-District
Council, District Council & Divisional Council. Those who were elected on lowest tier of government,
the local committees, were given the title Basic Democrats (BD’s) who were 80,000 in number. In
1959 Ayub Khan gave the newly elected BDs the chance to vote in a referendum as to whether or
not he should remain president. About 95% of them voted in favor and on feb 1960 he was declared
as a president.
HISTORY
PAGE 23
VOLUME 2
SHIFTING OF CAPITAL TO ISLAMABAD
Since partition the capital had been Karachi. Ayub’s government decided to build a new
capital. In 1959 the site of Islamabad was chosen to replace Karachi as new capital of
Pakistan. In 1967 Islamabad was officially made the capital.
(Q) Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital of Pakistan? (7)
Government officials would be moved well away from the commercial districts of Karachi that might
have some unwanted influences on them. It was also seen as an appropriate movement of the
power base from the industrially and commercially developed south to the underdeveloped Punjab
region in the north. Furthermore Ayub Khan wanted to be closer to the army’s command
headquarters in the north which he saw as vital in times of martial law.
Another reason was Islamabad was having suitable climate and well planned city. Karachi had a very
warm and humid climate and, as a port, it wasn’t felt that it represented the needs of a capital city.
The existing buildings were not adequate in number or up to the standards required by a capital. The
layout and structure of the existing port city did not allow it to take on the functions of a modern
capital.
Karachi was located at one end of the country, making it vulnerable for foreign countries to attack
from Arabian sea With its position on the coast, it was considered vulnerable to attacks from the
Arabian Sea. The vast influx of refugees intensified the existing problems and created new ones.
DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN
9 In 1965 Pakistan went to war with India over Kashmir. Ayub’s government had provoked
India into war, but neither side was able to win a decisive victory. Ayub told the people that
Pakistan had won the war, but the peace treaty as Tashkent contained no reference to how
the Kashmir issue should be settled.
9 Ayub sacked the foreign minister, Zulfiqar ali Bhutto, who he blamed for the failings in the
war.
9 By 1968 many people were discontented with the government. It seemed to be
undemocratic as there were numerous accusations of intimidation and vote rigging in the
elections.
9 The economy was improving, yet only a few were benefiting from it. Agricuulture production
was rising, but so were food prices.
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
In oct 1968, there were students protest all over West Pakistan.
On a visit to Peshawar Ayub was the target of a failed assassination attempt.
When Ayub carried out Widespread arrest, including Bhutto, there were more protest which
spread to east Pakistan.
HISTORY
PAGE 24
VOLUME 2
Q) Why was Ayub Khan forced to resign in 1969? (7)
1) Economic reason
2) East Pakistan resentment
3) Opposition by political parties of west
4) Celebration of decade of development
5) 1965 war with India
6) Role Of Z.Ali Bhutto
The celebration of decade of development for one year was one of the reason. People were angry
that millions of rupees were spent on these celebrations at time when they were experiencing
economic difficulties. Taxes were increased, prices went up and there were many shortages. There
was a lot of criticism over the cost of building the new capital city. When the planning commission
revealed that only few families controlled most of nation’s wealth, it added to people anger.
Strong opposition from political parties was one of the other reason. In 1965 elections Ayub was
opposed by Fatima Jinnah and she was supported by large number of Pakistani’s and her rallied
were attended by huge crowds, But ayub was accused of using state machinery in making Fatimah
Jinnah lose against him. Further Bhutto became a strong political opponent following the conflict
with Ayub over Tashkent Declaration. In 1967 Bhutto organized a new mass political party, the
Pakistan People’s Party which organized protest that were soon turned into serious disturbance
therby Bhutto was under arrest.
Moreover there was dissatisfaction in East Pakistan. They considered martial law as the rule of
Punjabi Dominated army. In the armed forces Bengali share was only 10 percent and in central govt.
services Bengalis share was only 15 percent. Moreover they were not satisfied with the economic
policies of Ayub’s government thereby they organize themselves under the leadership of Sheikh
Mujeeb ur Rehman and presented their demands for full autonomy under Six Points.
On 25th March 1969 Ayub Khan resigned but instead of calling for new
elections he handed over the power to army chief Yahya Khan.
HISTORY
PAGE 25
VOLUME 2
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #3
Q) Were the economic reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic
policies in the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your answer [14]
[June 2019/Q5c]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 26
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 27
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 28
VOLUME 2
Q) Q) Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958. [7] [June 2018/Q5b]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 29
VOLUME 2
YAHYA KHAN (1969-71)
Space for Mind map
9 On 25th March 1969, Yahya Khan imposed second Martial Law and he declared himself as
the President of Pakistan.
9 After assuming power he announced that the 1962 constitution was abrogated.
9 He announced that
1. Basic Democracy had not been a success
2. There would be a properly elected government.
3. One-unit scheme was abolished and there would be a return of provincial government.
Yahya Khan introduced Legal Framework Order (LFO) in March 1970 that laid down the political
principles governing the 1970 general elections. LFO dissolved the one unit scheme of West
Pakistan. Elections will take place on the principle ‘One man one vote’
¾ From January 1970 Political activity resumed. A national assembly would be set up for with
300 seats
¾ In west Pakistan Main Party was Pakistan People’s Party led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto with a
moto “Food, Shelter and clothing ”
¾ In East Pakistan Awami League was strong party lead by Shaikh Mujeeb ur Rehman. He
issued six points aimed at separation of East Pakistan.
¾ The elections were to be held in October 1970, but they were postponed due to “cyclone
Bhola”
¾ The elections were held in Dec 1970, The results caused the crisis, that was to split Pakistan
into two separate countries.
HISTORY
PAGE 30
VOLUME 2
CREATION OF BANGLADESH
Space for Mind map
Q) ‘Political factors were more important than any other factor in the creation of Bangladesh in
1971.’ Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]
Political factor was also one of the important factor. East Pakistani always complained that GG and
PM were nearly always from West Pakistan. The general election of 1970 saw the Awami League
win a majority in East Pakistan. The League wanted a federal form of government, which would
leave East Pakistan to control everything except defence and foreign policy. It wanted a separate
currency and fiscal policy with its own taxation. It wanted to negotiate its own trade agreements
with other countries and have its own armed forces. In effect, it wanted separation from Pakistan
which was becoming more evident due to the perceived differences between the two. Political
parties who emerged in both parts believed in regionalism rather than national sovereignty.
However, the demands of the Six Points of the Awami League were rejected by Ayub Khan, and its
leader Mujib-ur-Rehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent and separation began to
look inevitable. The intervention of Indian troops in East Pakistan resulted in a swift conclusion to
the fight for independence.
Economical injustices were very common between east and West Pakistan. More than twice as
much foreign aid and capital investment went to West Pakistan as compare to East Pakistan.
Between 1949-1960 the per capita income increased in West Pakistan from 330 rupees to 373
rupees, In East Pakistan it declined from 305 rupees to 288. West Pakistani were 15% wealthier than
East Pakistani, By 1970 the gap had grown to 40%. The 22 families which controlled Pakistan 66% of
Industrial & 80% of Banking sector belonged to West Pakistan. A weaker industrial base and a
climate ravaged by regular floods led to even more depression in the East and this caused further
discontent. Also, the eastern province saw little return for the wealth created by the growing of jute
in the area. Again, most benefits went to the West.
HISTORY
PAGE 31
VOLUME 2
Geographical position also added to the factor for creation of Bangladesh. A thousand miles of
foreign territory separated East and West Pakistan. As the Central Government was in West
Pakistan, if could not effectively managed the area, which was too far off, so a closed contact
between the people of East Pakistan and West Pakistan couldn’t be developed, that’s why East
Pakistan became weak from defence point of view. Due to poor infrastructure it was difficult to
govern over both parts of the country
The cultural and linguistic differences between the two wings were significant. Bengalis valued their
own language and resented Urdu as being the official language, they protested that Urdu was the
mother tongue of 6% of whole Pakistan, whereas Bengali was spoken by 56% of its people. The West
Pakistani’s considered their culture, language, art and traditions more superior than the East
Pakistan and treated them with an insulting attitude. Also, alleged indifference by the government
to the 1970 cyclone disaster, it was not the first time they felt let down in times of calamity.
THE CYCLONE
The elections were to be held in October 1970, but they were postponed due to “cyclone Bhola” The elections were held in Dec 1970.
Q) What Was Cyclone Bhola ? (4)
9 Cyclone Bhola hit East Pakistan on 12 November 1970.
9 It wiped out villages, destroyed crops and killed nearly one million people .
9 The Pakistani Government led by General Yahya Khan was criticized for its delayed handling
of the relief operations following the storm.
9 India was one of the first countries to offer help and East Pakistanis were angered to hear
government have refused to allow India to fly in aid, instead It had to transport much more
slowly by road.
9 Fewer still remembered that it eventually contributed to Pakistan’s breakup.
SIX POINTS OF MUJIB UR REHMAN
1. A directly elected parliament.
2. Federal Government would control defence and foreign relations leaving all other subject
under provinces.
3. The provinces to Tax their people and send a share to the federal government.
4. Separate Currency and fiscal policies for East Pakistan- stop money flowing
5. Right for each province to enter into External Trade Agreement with other countries.
6. Provinces would have their own troops.
HISTORY
PAGE 32
VOLUME 2
GENERAL ELECTIONS 1970 & RESULTS
9 The elections were to be held in October 1970, but they were postponed due to “cyclone
Bhola” - The elections were held in Dec 1970.
9 In west Pakistan Main Party was Pakistan People’s Party led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto with a
moto “Food, Shelter and clothing ”
9 In East Pakistan Awami League was strong party lead by Shaikh Mujeeb ur Rehman. He
issued six points aimed at separation of East Pakistan
9 The result of the elections showed that Bhutto got 81 out of 138 seats and go the majority in
West Pakistan while there were 162 seats in East Pakistan, Mujeeb won 160 seats.
VICTORY CAUSED THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS
Q) Why did the victory of the Awami league caused a constitutional crisis? (7)
President Yahya Khan was not willing to allow the Awami League to take over the National Assembly
by forming a government. The Awami League had won a landslide victory in East Pakistan and the
National Assembly and was in a position to form a government on its own. The future Prime Minister
and the entire cabinet could be formed from the Awami League. Even though Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and
the Pakistan People’s Party had won an overwhelming victory in West Pakistan, it was likely it would
have no role in the future government unless Awami league invited to share power.
The second problem was that the Awami League had won the election on the programme limiting
the power of central government over the provinces. The call for the provinces to have control of
their foreign exchange earned from trade would greatly reduced the funds available to the central
government in the West Pakistan. Consequently Yahya Khan and the west Pakistani politicians were
not prepared to allow the six points to be put into action. Mujib believe that they were negotiable,
but they had little chance to explain this, before steps were taken against him.
WHY DID MUJEEB ISSUE SIX POINTS?
Economical injustice
Political injustice
HISTORY
PAGE 33
VOLUME 2
Civil War and 1971 War
In Jan 1971, He had referred Mujib as next president of Pakistan, he hoped that Mujib would share
power with west.
In Feb 1971, Bhutto announced that PPP would not take up their seats in the National assembly,
unless Mujib talked with other parties and reached an agreement about power sharing.
1st March 1971, Yahya forced to postpone the opening of the assembly, without setting up a new
date.
3rd March 1971, The people of east Pakistan said they are betrayed by Yahya Khan and started a civil
disobedience campaign. Yayha appointed general Tikka khan as chief martial law administrator.
15th March 1971, Yahya and Bhutto met Mujib ur rehman in Dhaka. No agreement could be reached
25th March 1971, General Tikka Khan brought reinforcements in East Pakistan.
26th March 1971, Operation searchlight began, an attempt to wipe out all opposition to Yahya’s
government.
31st March 1971, India declared it supports for the people of Bengal against West Pakistan. The
Indian army began to help and train a rebel Bengal army which called itself Mukhti Bahini.
April 1971, The army had gained control of most of the towns and were successful in driving off East
Pakistani rebels.
21st November, Mukhti Bahini launched an attack on jessore and captured the town. Knowing that
Indians were supporting the rebel forces, Yahya declared a state of emergency and told his people to
be ready for war.
December, Pakistan air force attacked India.
4th December, India attacked East Pakistan from ground, air, sea simultaneously.
6th December, India officially recognized the Bangladeshi Government. Within two weeks the Indian
Army forces had surrounded Dhaka. Pakistani army tried to divert the Indian army from East
Pakistan by launching attacks in Kashmir and Punjab, but they were not very successful.
16th December, New state for Bangladesh was declared.
1971 War
9 The conflict between East and West Pakistan was an ideal opportunity for India to gain
advantage over her enemy.
9 From the start India had actively supported members of Mukhti Bahini with weapons and
training.
9 Million of refugees fleeing into India after the floods and then escape the
bloodshed,provided the excuse India needed to intervene.
9 On 31st March 1971, Indian Parliament passed a resolution to support the people of
Bengal.This detoriated the relations between two countries.
9 Most World opinion,shocked by the mass departure of refugees, sided with India.
9 India also signed a "Treaty of Friendship & Co-operation" with U.S.S.R in August.
9 This meant that in case of war with Pakistan USSR was willing to help India whereas
Pakistan's allies USA and China did not promised any help and advised Pakistan to find a
diplomatic solution.
9 In October 1971, military activity over the Eastern Border of India and Pakistan increased.
9 On 21st November ,The Mukti Bahini backed by the Indian Army launched an attack on
Jessore , a town in East Pakistan.
9 On 29th November, Provincial Government of Bangladesh was announced.
9 On 3rd December 1971, Pakistan Air Force launched attacks on Indian Airbases and Military
installments in Northern India ,giving India the excuse it needed to attack East Pakistan.
9 India retaliated by launching simultaneous air ,Sea and ground attack on East Pakistan.
9 On 6th December, Indian Government officially recognizes the Provincial Government of
Bangladesh.
HISTORY
PAGE 34
VOLUME 2
9 Within thirteen days India had captured East Pakistan till Dhaka.
9 Further bloodshed was only avoided by Pakistan singing an unconditional surrender on 16th
December. A dark day, indeed,in Pakistan's history.
90,000 Pakistani Soldiers were taken as prisoners of war by India.
What was Operation Searchlight? [4]
It was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to put down the Bengali
nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971. It was Ordered by the central government in
West Pakistan which was seen as the sequel to "Operation Blitz" which had been launched in
November 1970. The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on March 26, and
then eliminating all opposition, political or military within one month. Bengali resistance was not
expected by the Pakistani army and led to many atrocities taking place that caused some 10 million
refugees to flee to India. These atrocities enraged the Bengalis, who declared independence from
Pakistan, and led to the creation of Bangladesh.
Who was Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman? [4]
He Believed in Self government of East Pakistan and helped to found Awami League in 1949 and led
it in 1960s. He drafted Six Point Plan in 1966 which demanded separation in effect. The results of
1970 elections meant that Awami League was not just the largest party in East Pakistan but as a
whole in Pakistan. They were not allowed to take power and a Military crackdown started to
eliminate the opposition who were mainly Awami league supporters. As a consequence of India
entering into War and helping the Mukhti Bahini led to the creation of Bangladesh in which sheikh
Mujib ur rehman became the first PM. He was murdered in 1975 in a military takeover.
HISTORY
PAGE 35
VOLUME 2
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #3
Q) Were political concerns more important than economic ones in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971? Explain your answer. [14]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 36
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 37
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 38
VOLUME 2
ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO (1971-77)
Space for Mind map
After the resignation of Yahya Khan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto assumed power as PPP had the majority
seats from West Pakistan in the 1970’s election.
After assuming power as the President, Bhutto carried out the following steps to consodilate his
powers.
CONTROLLING THE ARMY: He brought the army under control so that it may not be
threat to his rule.
9 He removed the most important army leaders (29 in Bhutto’s first four months in power),
Amongst them were the head of Air marshal Rahim Khan and the commander in chief of the
army, General Gul hassan.
9 General Tikka Khan was placed in a charge of army in a new post name ‘chief of Army staff’.
9 Bhutto formed the federal security force (FSF) in 1972, created as civil task force of the
federal government.
BRINGING BACK PRISONERS OF WAR UNDER SIGNING OF SIMLA
AGREEMENT.
9 In July 1972 Bhutto signed Simla Agreement with Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
9 According to the terms of the agreement, India agreed to release 90000 Prisoners of war
captured by India in 1971 war in return Pakistan agreed not to discuss the Kashmir Issue in
any of the international forum.
9 As a result Bhutto became hero in the eyes of Public. Internationally his image was
portrayed as peace loving leader and he also reduced the dependence on Army by making
the chances of war with India unlikely.
HISTORY
PAGE 39
VOLUME 2
ESTABLISHING A NEW CONSTITUTION.
Describe the terms of the 1973 Constitution. [4] [NOV 13]
9 A new constitution was formed by the constituent assembly and it was enforced on 14
August 1973.
9 According to this constitution there would be two houses the upper house known as Senate
(members would be equally taken from all provinces) & lower house known as National
Assembly (members elected for 5 years and total 300 in number).
9 Pakistan was an Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
9 The majority Party would elect the Prime minister from the national assembly and he would
appoint the cabinet.
9 Pakistan was an Islamic Republic with Prime Minister & President both should be the
Muslim.
9 Each province to have its own elected assembly headed by chief minister.
9 In april 1974 an amendment was passed to limit Press and Publication freedom & ban any
political party
As a leader of the PPP, Bhutto became the PM and Chaudry Fazal Elahi was elected as a president.
Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971? (7)
He was able to establish power as his program of reforms was appealing. In General elections of
1970 the main party contesting in West Pakistan was PPP, led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto under mandate
“Food, shelter and clothing”. His promise to provide the poorest of the poor the basic rights of life is
what propelled people to adore him and thus due to this he got majority seats in west Pakistan and
as a result an overall majority in the national assembly.
The army had been defeated by India and was at a low position and in state of decline. Yahya
Khan the administrator and president was disgraced, Pakistani’s criticized the army and Yahya khan
as they can’t accept the defeat from Indians which resulted in creation of Bangladesh. They were
blamed and criticized as it is a disgraceful moment for a country to lose one of its part. People were
now dissatisfied from the army and Bhutto took the opportunity to seek the power.
He was also able to establish power by taking control of the army as chief martial law
administrator and appointing his own leaders. He removed the most important army leaders (29 in
Bhutto’s first four months in power),Amongst them were the head of Air marshal Rahim Khan and
the commander in chief of the army, General Gul hassan. General Tikka Khan was placed in a charge
of army in a new post name ‘chief of Army staff’. He also formed the federal security force (FSF) in
1972, created as civil task force of the federal government further established his power base. By
doing so, He brought the army under control so that it may not be threat to his rule.
SIMLA AGREEMENT
What was Simla agreement? (4)
In July 1972 Bhutto signed Simla Agreement with Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
According to the terms of the agreement, India agreed to release 90000 Prisoners of war captured
by India in 1971 war in return Pakistan agreed not to discuss the Kashmir Issue in any of the
international forum such as UN. As a result Bhutto became hero in the eyes of Public, Internationally
his image was portrayed as peace loving leader and he also reduced the dependence on Army by
making the chances of war with India unlikely.
HISTORY
PAGE 40
VOLUME 2
9 In 1972, PPP and NAP/JUI signed an agreement by coalition as the governors could not be
appointed by national assembly without the agreement of provincial assemblies.
9 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto tried to dominate all powers in his hands and used undemocratic and
unconstitutional tactics to rule the country.
9 In Feb 1973 governors of Baluchistan and NWFP was removed and and Baloch provincial
government was dismissed.
9 As the result, NWFP government resigned and the armed resistance was started in
Baluchistan against the central government.
9 Central government instead of taking political action started military action which was
continued through the reign of Bhutto.
DOMESTIC REFORMS
One of the major role was to work in formation of new constitution. A new constitution drawn up
in 1973 by the constituent assembly established a lower house (national assembly) & a upper house
(Senate) which offered the opportunity for professionals, academics and specialists to work
together. It also safeguarded the interests of minority provinces as senate members would be
elected in equal numbers from all 4 provinces. He produced the 1973 Constitution in an attempt to
return to a form of parliamentary democracy, and this is important since it is the basis upon which
Pakistan has been governed to the end of the 20th Century, apart from when it was suspended due
to martial law. One of the main weaknesses of the new constitution was that the focal point of
political power lay with the party leadership and Bhutto in particular. When things went wrong, the
blame was clearly laid at his feet.
He also wanted to bring a change in Industrial Reforms. He wanted to promote economic growth
and bring inflation down from its unacceptably level of 25% and a major part in its economic policy
was the introduction of ‘NATIONALIZATION policy’. About 70 major industries were taken over by
the Federal Ministry of Production. The main purpose was to control industrial growth, attract
investment, and control prices. It also aimed at raising the workers living and working standards,
including the provision of cheap housing and also trade unions for workers were set up. Pakistan
steel mill with technical aid from USSR was set up at Karachi in 1973. These reforms had a success
that inflation fell to 6% in the beginning and Pakistan achieved economic growth at the time of
global recession. However the drawbacks were federal ministry of Production lacked educated
workforce to handle these industries and capable factory owners were replaced by civil servants
with little understanding of commerce. These nationalized industries were a victim of bureaucracy
and decisions were slow due to political interference. It was only benefiting to the elites as 80% large
scale sector was in hands of 20 families.
He also worked in the field of agricultural reforms which was to introduce new ceiling on
ownership and security of tenure. Bhutto cut the ceiling to 250 acres (irrigated) or 500 acres
(unirrigated) so landowners could maintain their income on smaller, more productive areas. The
surplus land could be sold to small farmers to make better profits. Bhutto also wanted to give
tenants security of tenure of the land they farmed. There was much security for the tenants that
they had the first right to purchase the land farmed by them it means that the landlords could not
sell land to a third party who might then evict the tenants. Such measures encouraged tenants to
HISTORY
PAGE 41
VOLUME 2
make improvements in their land as they will not be evicted. However the failures of these reforms
were that landlords had already anticipated that these reforms were coming so they transferred the
ownership of the land to their relatives or to their trusted tenants and leased back on long terms.
There was mass eviction of tenants from farms to prevent them receiving security of tenure. The
tenants could not overcome the influence and power of the landlords as they did not have the legal
and financial resources to fight a battle against the landlords if they were evicted.
The government was concerned about education. The national literacy rate was 25% which was
dreadfully low and less than half the children were going to school. Bhutto tried to raise the literacy
rate and the educational standards. To achieve these targets the government took many steps such
as all private schools and colleges were nationalized, more educational institutes were built and free
primary education was introduced. School curriculum was revitalized according to Pakistan’s need.
However the reforms were not very successful as only 13% of budget was allocated for education
which was insufficient so implementation was difficult. The building of new schools and the
recruitment of new teachers could not be achieved quickly and was also very expensive. Although
primary education was free, but many parents were reluctant to send their children to school as
they were a source of income for their family.
He also tried to improve the infant mortality and age expectancy rates by introducing Rural Health
Centres (RHC’s) and Basic Health Units (BHU’s). The plan was to set up 1 RHC for every 60,000
people living in rural areas and 1 BHU for every 20,000 people living in urban areas. The sale of
medicines under brand name was banned, which was a common practice in west, allowing drug
companies to sell new medicines under a patented name and stop other companies to manufacture
the drug under its medical name. This measure reduced the cost of medicines and they were made
available without prescription. Bhutto also made it compulsory to give admissions in medical
colleges on basis of merit. It was also made compulsory for fresh graduates from medical colleges to
work for the government for one year in any area where government placed them, so there was
availability of doctors in rural areas. However the drawbacks were due to abolishment of patents,
there was a fall in the sale of chemists and many foreign companies closed their operations in
Pakistan due to less profit. There was always a shortage doctors and nurses and fresh graduates
wanted to work abroad rather than working in Pakistan.
Administrative reforms were also the part of Bhutto’s domestic policies. Bhutto thought that the
Civil Services of Pakistan was corrupt, inefficient and without regulations so he reorganized the Civil
Services in to a smaller number of levels and unified pay scales. It removed the old distinctions
among types of civil servants. He also reformed entry requirements so that the people could join at
any level to recruit high quality staff. He gave a pay raise of 40 percent to government servants. But
the drawback was that his opponents complained that all he was doing was setup setting up a
system of patronage where he could reward his followers with a post in the civil service.
HISTORY
PAGE 42
VOLUME 2
Downfall of Bhutto
9 In 1977 general elections took place.
9 Nine of the various opposition parties combined to form the Pakistan National Alliance
(PNA).There were two issues that united the opposition in election campaign. They all
wanted to end the rule of Bhutto and to rule Pakistan according to Islamic Law.
9 Even though PPP had won elections (Out of 200 seats contested it won 154, against the
PNA’s 38), but PNA took to streets accusing PPP of vote rigging (In one constituency the
results were announced on the television even before the count )
9 Bhutto refused to agree to fresh elections, soon there was rioting in many towns and FSF
could not stop this.
9 Bhutto was forced to negotiate with PNA. He offered fresh elections in some of disputed
constituencies and to appease the religious factions, banned gambling, restricted the sale of
alcohol and declared Friday to be public holiday.
9 At the same time he turned to army for help. On 19th April he declared a state of emergency,
placing Pakistan under martial law. Many of PNA leadership were arrested.
9 Army took the advantage of Bhutto weakness and on 5th July the army staged a coup,
named ‘Operation fairplay’. All major political leaders including Bhutto was arrested that
night.
9 Two days later Zia was in control .
HISTORY
PAGE 43
VOLUME 2
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #4
Q) Assess the effectiveness of the domestic policies introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
between 1971 and 1977. Explain your answer. [14] [s22/Q4c]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 44
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 45
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 46
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 47
VOLUME 2
Q) Explain why Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s rule ended in 1977? [7] [June 2017 Q4b]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 48
VOLUME 2
Q) Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971? [7]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 49
VOLUME 2
ZIA UL HAQ (1977-88)
Space for Mind map
9 Zia was chief of the army staff. On 5th July 1977 he on the name of Operation Fairplay
arrested ZA Bhutto.
9 On 7th July he dissolved Bhutto govt. and imposed martial law in the country.
9 He tried his best to make himself the most Powerful President of Pakistan.
Q) Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979?
One of the main weaknesses of his government was that the focal point of political power lay with
the party leadership and Bhutto in particular. When things went wrong the blame was clearly laid
at his feet. There was a game of power between Zia and Bhutto and anyone could stay alive since Zia
had become the Head of the State and Bhutto became a common person so Bhutto was hanged.
Zia wanted to get rid of Bhutto to demonstrate his growing power and his lack of weakness to the
army in particular. Bhutto was the political leader who tried to lessen the power of army. Also some
army officers thought that Zia was not capable enough to be the Chief of army staff, so in his
dealings with Bhutto he wanted to show that he could be a determined leader.
In September 1977 Bhutto was charged with conspiracy to murder. Bhutto was released from
arrest at the end of July, but when he made it plain what he intended to reassert his political
authority, he was rearrested on 3 September. He was accused of ordering the FSF to kill an MPA
Ahmed Raza Kasuri. During the shooting incident Ahmed Raza was saved but his father was killed.
On 18 march 1978, Bhutto was found guilty in this case and was sentenced to death.
HISTORY
PAGE 50
VOLUME 2
ISLAMIZATION PROCESS
Why did Zia introduce his Islamisation reforms between 1977 and 1988?
(7)
Zia introduced the Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government managed
by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process because he felt that
Pakistan was weaker as a result of these. He therefore made the Islamic laws very strict in order to
produce a strong government by imposing a strict legal code.
He also wanted to implement laws to establish an Islamic society. He passed laws which punished
people for showing disrespect towards the Holy Prophet and ensured that Islamic education was
implemented in schools so as to raise Islamic awareness amongst students. He also wanted to
distribute some wealth to the poor and needy by introducing Islamic taxes.
When the Russian invaded Afghanistan, Zia was able to portray his government as pro- Islamic
fighting the ‘pagan communist’. This would win support from the West, and it would also counter
the anti-west, socialist ideas of PPP. So from 1979 a series of Islamic Laws were introduced in
Pakistan.
The Islamisation process would also be able to counter Bhutto’s liberal policies such as Gambling
and drinking. Islam would provide an excellent counter ideology to Bhutto’s beliefs. Further He
wanted to gain the support of religious parties such as Jamat e Islami. He knew that these reforms
will help him to gain the support of Jamat e Islami which will help him to rule for a long time.
ISLAMISATION LAWS
Hudood ordinance was imposed in 1977. Under this ordinace:
1. Offences against Property Ordinance (amputation of right hand for theft)
2. Offences of Zina Ordinance (Stoning to death for adultery and public lashing for fornication)
3. The offence of Qazf Ordinance (Imprisonment of upto 2 years and forty stripes in case of
false accusation of Zina)
4. The Prohibition Ordinance ( banning of drinking and selling of wine by Muslims and 80
stripes of cane in order of violation)
9 Blasphemy laws were introduced to prevent any one disrespecting the Holy Prophet. In case of
violation fine or imprisonment will be imposed or both
9 Zakat ordinance imposed 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount. Later Shia were
exempted from this law
9 Ushr ordinance imposed a 5% tax on agricultural income.
9 Islamiyat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory in schools and colleges
9 Efforts were made for the promotion of Arabic language. Radio Pakistan introduce Arabic
courses and a daily news bulletin in Arabic was presented on Pakistan Television
9 The government had issued an ordinance, according to which, open drinking & eating during the
Holy Month of Ramadan has been forbidden.
HISTORY
PAGE 51
VOLUME 2
What were Hudood ordinances ? (14)
It was a part of Islamisation programme which was imposed on 1977 onwards. Offences against
Property Ordinance (amputation of right hand for theft), Offences of Zina Ordinance (Stoning to
death for adultery and public lashing for fornication),The offence of Qazf Ordinance (Imprisonment
of upto 2 years and forty stripes in case of false accusation of Zina), The Prohibition Ordinance (
banning of drinking and selling of wine by Muslims and 80 stripes of cane in order of violation). In
1980, Zakat ordinance imposed 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount & Ushr ordinance
imposed a 5% tax on agricultural income.
Q) Describe the Zakat Ordinance. [4]
In 1980, Zia-ul-Haq imposed a 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount. Money raised was
given to Zakat committees in villages and towns for the poor. Some Muslim groups protested against
this since their view of Islamic law was that giving should be voluntary. In 1984, these groups held
demonstrations in Islamabad forcing Zia-ulHaq to accept their objections and exempt them from
paying the tax.
What happened in National Referendum of 1984? (4)
9 On December 1984, Zia announced the government was to hold referendum.
9 The referendum was on whether people wanted the process of Islamisation to continue in
Pakistan. However it also announced that a ‘yes’ vote would also mean that people of
Pakistan had agreed with Zia policies and therefore wanted him to continue as president for
further five years.
9 The MRD considered that this was an unfair proposition and called for the people to boycott
the referendum, As a result voter’s turnout was only 10%.
9 Zia won an overwhelming majority, but in reality the referendum was an embarrassing
failure with huge number of Pakistani following the MRD advice not to vote.
What happened in 1985 elections? (4)
9 Following the referendum, General Zia announced national elections in February 1985.
9 The MRD had urged people to boycott the elections, as no political parties could contest the
elections and no campaigning was allowed.
9 People did not supported MRD in this act and voter’s turnout was 52%
9 Following the elections Zia chose Muhammad Khan Junejo as prime minister who set up a
party, calling it Muslim League.
Q) Describe the eight Amendment ? [4]
On 30 december 1985, Zia only agreed to lift the martial law and to restore the 1973 constitution
after passing of the Eight amendment to the constitution. This said that
9 All previous act of Martial law period became law, with no right of appeal.
9 The president could appoint the Prime Minister, Governors of the provinces and other
officials.
9 The president could dismiss the Prime minister and National Assembly.
Martial law was lifted but president remain firmly in the control.
HISTORY
PAGE 52
VOLUME 2
Foreign Policies
Pakistan’s relationship with China was strengthened in 1978 with the opening of the Karakoram
Highway between the two countries, opening up huge areas of both countries to trade and tourism.
AFGHAN-USSR WAR Pakistan received support from the West to assist Afghan fighters in their
conflict with Russia in 1979. The USA gave Pakistan $3.2 billion over six years to help cope with the
influx of refugees from Afghanistan (the Afghan Miracle).
Cricket Diplomacy
In 1986 America signed 4.2 billion dollar aid package with Pakistan
He made Pakistan the member of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation)
Negotiations between Pakistan and Bangladesh on tourism, culture and trade, brought an extra $40
billion a year into Pakistan by 1986.
Less success
Pakistan became a target of Russia as a result of supplying Afghans with arms. Border villages were
bombed and a series of explosions happened across the country.
Threats to law and order as a consequence of the Afghan Miracle.
Zia policies
Q) Was the promotion of Islamic values the most important achievement of general Zia ul haq
domestic policies between between 1977 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]
OR
Q) ‘Zia ul haq foreign policy was more successful than his domestic reforms’. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
Zia introduced the Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government managed
by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and therefore the Islamic
laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government. Hudood ordinances was a part of
Islamisation programme which was imposed on 1977 onwards. Offences against Property Ordinance
(amputation of right hand for theft), Offences of Zina Ordinance (Stoning to death for adultery and
public lashing for fornication),The offence of Qazf Ordinance (Imprisonment of upto 2 years and
forty stripes in case of false accusation of Zina), The Prohibition Ordinance ( banning of drinking and
selling of wine by Muslims and 80 stripes of cane in order of violation). In 1980, Zakat ordinance
imposed 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount & Ushr ordinance imposed a 5% tax on
agricultural income. Blasphemy laws were introduced to prevent any one disrespecting the Holy
Prophet. In case of violation fine or imprisonment will be imposed or both. Islamiyat and Pakistan
studies were made compulsory in schools and colleges Efforts were made for the promotion of
Arabic language. But the drawbacks were that Shia Muslims protested that according to their belief
the 2.5% zakat was voluntary, after huge demonstration in Islamabad in 1984, Zia exempt them from
having to pay the tax. The hudood laws had negative consequences for woman. They failed to make
a distinction between adultery, fornication and rape. This had grave implication for women as
victims of rape who were often accused of adultery because they could not provide 4 witnesses.
With regard to economic affairs, efforts to increase investment were met with some success since
many of the previous nationalisation programmes were reversed and the private sector was
encouraged to re-invest. Some companies were returned to their former owners and some were
sold. He also made attempts to Islamize the economy of Pakistan by introducing interest free
banking system. In 1970 Pakistan becomes country providing the largest workforce to Middle east
countries with almost 2 million workers. In Between 1977 and 1986, the average growth rate was
HISTORY
PAGE 53
VOLUME 2
6.2%, amongst the highest in the world at that time. Pakistanis working overseas contributed to this
growth by sending money home to their families. This aimed to increase local and foreign
investment in industries. Efforts were also made to increase the efficiency of government-run
industries. But the drawbacks were that lack of labour led to inflation and labour rates to rise.
He also worked in restoring the democracy through his constitutional reforms. There was also a
need for Zia to establish a measure of legitimacy to his presidency by declaring legal all the military
actions since 1977. Following the referendum, General Zia announced national elections in February
1985. The passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985 gave the President the power to dismiss the
Prime Minister of the time. On 30 december 1985, Zia only agreed to lift the martial law and to
restore the 1973 constitution after passing of the Eight amendment which said that All previous act
of Martial law period became law, with no right of appeal, The president could appoint the Prime
Minister, Governors of the provinces and other officials,The president could dismiss the Prime
minister and National Assembly. Martial law was lifted but president Zia remain firmly in the control
His other domestic policies include settling down the rebellion in Balochistan and disbanded FSF.
He tried to establish good relations with Balochistan, Zia inherited a rebellion in Baluchistan and
settled this by declaring amnesty for all those who would give up their arms. He also started a
number of development projects in Baluchistan to improve their living conditions. He also disbanded
FSF in November 1977 and wanted to teach them a lesson. Investigations began into the corruption
of the previous government. Zia was keen to discredit Bhutto’s government and wanted to
demonstrate that it was replaced by a new, more Islamic government.
Zia ul haq foreign policy was too strong.The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to the West
working very closely with Pakistan and providing military and economic support in return for
becoming a base for anti-Soviet activities. Zia’s standing in the West increased and he was able with
their support to sell military assistance to other Muslim countries. Pakistan got a large amount of
money for the rehabilitation of Afghan Refugees & Development of Pakistan Army. He increased the
Military Budget, as a result of this Pakistan became the second largest supplier of military manpower
in the developing countries. By 1985 there were in excess of 50,000 Pakistanis working in the Middle
East as a direct result of this policy who were generating remittances of $4 billion per annum.
(discuss cricket diplomacy)
(Q) What was the ‘Afghan Miracle’? [4]
USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to an immediate impact on Pakistan’s relationship with
other countries. Zia was seen as leader of a Muslim nation on the frontline against communist
forces. Economic and military support came from the West and Pakistan became an important base
against the Soviets. Pakistan became a leading country in world politics and this led to huge sums of
money coming into the country to pay for the care of refugees and the armed forces. Zia was able to
use some of the funds to make economic progress and reform the economy.
HISTORY
PAGE 54
VOLUME 2
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #5
Q) To what extent was the Islamisation programme the most significant domestic
policy introduced by the government of Zia-ul-Haq between 1977 and 1988? Explain
your answer [14] [w21/Q5c]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 55
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 56
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 57
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 58
VOLUME 2
Q) Explain why it became more challenging for Zia-ul-Haq to govern Pakistan
effectively during the late 1980s [7] [w20/Q5b]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 59
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamisation reforms? [7] [s18/Q1c]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 60
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 61
VOLUME 2
Q) How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy between 1978 and 1988? Explain
your answer. [10]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 62
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 63
VOLUME 2
BENAZIR BHUTTO (1988-90) & (199396) & NAWAZ SHARIF (1990-93) (19971999)
Space for Mind map
HISTORY
PAGE 64
VOLUME 2
FIRST TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO (1988-90)
¾ On 1988, Zia died in an air crash and Ghulam Ishaq Khan became the president and the
elections were held in October as per schedule. Those Elections brought to power the
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) led by Benazir Bhutto.
Q) What was Pucca Qila Massacre? [4]
On 27 May 1990, The Sindh government launched a crackdown in Hyderabad, The centre of MQM
power. A shoot-on-sight curfew was imposed, and a police house-to-house search operation began.
The muhajirs protested at this treatment and fighting broke out. In what has became known as ‘The
Pucca Qilla massacre’ 31 women and children were killed, leading to retaliations in Karachi and
elsewhere and over 300 more deaths. Such violence led to the President (Ghulam Ishaq Khan)
dismissing her government in August 1990.
Q) How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1988-90 & 199396? [14]
Success in 1st Tenure
9 Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was sworn in as the Prime Minister, the first
woman to govern an Islamic state.
9 She released all the political leaders arrested during Zia’s rule on political bases.
9 Ban was immediately lifted on Trade union activities to safeguard labor rights, and on
student union so that students could develop oraganizational skills.
9 She also took steps for rural electrification. Her government electrified 4000 villages and
increased programme for the supply of natural gas.
9 During her first tenure she managed to get approvals from China for 500 million dollars of
interest free loan for Pakistan and $1 billion from Russia for extension of Pakistan Steel Mills.
There was 30% increase in production of oil & gas.
9 Benazir’s labours reforms were also a success. For the first time Women and youth
ministries were setup to resolve their issues. Forty thousand industrial workers previously
sacked were reinstated and labor wages were increased twice
9 She took Pakistan into Commonwealth and hosted the fourth Asian Association For Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) Summit conference in December 1988. As a result of the Conference,
Pakistan and India Signed three peace agreements.
9 Perhaps the greatest achievement in foreign policy came in June when she made an official
visit to United States in1989, to meet the President Bush and other government officials .
The Visit was a great success and did much to restore good relations between two countries.
The result was Pakistan acquired sixty F16 planes from USA and Pakistan also started
indigenous aircraft production
HISTORY
PAGE 65
VOLUME 2
Failures in 1st Tenure
Political problems with MQM were also a major issue for her government, Bhutto had made the
compulsory teaching of Sindhi and also reserved a number of post in the administration for Sindhi’s,
created the gulf between the MQM and PPP. On 30th September 1988 gunmen on motorbikes,
believed to be Sindhi militants, fired into a crowd in Hyderabad, causing 250 causalities, most of
them were Muhajirs. MQM ended its alliance with PPP in August 1989 which increased the violence
Sindhi-Muhajir riots. (define Pucca Qilla Massacre)
Political opposition from Nawaz Sharif , Benazir party had won the largest number of seats in
National Assembly but controlled only one of the four provinces. President Ishaq khan asked Bhutto
to become prime minister, but to do so he had to form a coalition. She made an alliance with MQM,
a party of Muslims who migrated from India following migration. This gave her majority, but she still
faced opposition to her rule by Islami Jamhuri Ittehad (IJI), led by Nawaz Sharif. Such was the level of
opposition that in October 1989 Just after 11 months in the office, opposition parties organized a No
confidence motion in the national assembly. The opposition collected 107 votes in 237 seats, just
short of 12 seats needed to force Miss Bhutto to step down.
Conflict with President Ishaq Khan, Benazir did not work well with President and she sometimes
clashed with him. A major area of disagreement was over appointments to position in military and
judiciary. Ishaq Khan considered such appointment were the right of President according to eight
amendment.
Use of family members in the government, Benazir was accused of using family members in
government who carried out massive corruption. It was her husband Asif Ali Zardari who was
principally accused of taking rake-offs on government deals. He was later arrested on charges of
blackmail and jailed for two years. The PPP believed that the charges were politically motivated and
that Zardari was innocent. However the tales of corruption further weakened the government.
The government lost support as it was unable to deliver on its promised employment and
economic development programs. The government lost support as unemployment, inflation and
population grew rapidly making progress difficult. The Government also failed to deal with country’s
growing drug abuse problem. In some parts of the country, drug dealers and smugglers with
automatic weapons were in control. The expanding Drug trade during General Zia’s time had
increased the number of heroine addicts in Pakistan from a few thousands to nearly a million in
1988. This also resulted in detoriating law and order problem.
Q) Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in Sindh the main reason why she left
office in 1990? Explain your answer. [14] (June 2018)
Q) Why did Benazir Fall from office in 1990? [7] (Nov 2010)
[Write failures only]
HISTORY
PAGE 66
VOLUME 2
SECOND TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO (1993-96)
¾ The 1993 elections brought the return of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister. The IJI had
broken up and Nawaz sharif campaigned as the leader of the PML. The MQM boycotted the
elections 1n 1993, Farooq Leghari was elected as president, he was from the PPP, so it was
hoped that the Prime minister and president from same party could have smoother
relations. In the first speech Leghari stated that he would revoke the eight amendment.
Success in 2nd Tenure
9 The second tenure of Benazir Bhutto was highlighted by the visit of US first lady Hilary
Clinton and her daughter in 1995. Hillary’s visit considerably changed the world’ perception
about Pakistan and highlighted Pakistan as liberal, modern and forward looking country.
9 United States lifted economic and military sanctions, In April 1994, Benazir visited the US,
and projected Pakistan stance on F-16 fighter planes withheld by US despite payments.
9 Benazir spoke for Women’s social and health issues, including the issue of discrimination
against women. She announced plans to establish women’s police station , courts, and
women development Banks.
9 5000 troops to Somalia.
9 She attended the OIC meetings in Morocco. For the first time a resolution was passed in
platform of OIC demanding Kashmir issue to be resolved according to UN resolution.
Failures in 2nd Tenure
Her government found it difficult to act effectively in the face of opposition from Nawaz Sharif.
She was facing opposition in form of train march started by Nawaz Sharif from Karachi to Peshawar
in which huge crowd listened to his critical speeches. Nawaz Sharif organized strikes through
Pakistan in September and October 1994. Benazir Bhutto responded by arresting several opposition
leaders who had taken part in these strikes. This measure merely increased opposition.
A major problem faced by Bhutto government revolved around family feuds. Miss Bhutto
quarreled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of PPP after Zulfiqar’s death. Nusrat
preferred Benazir brother’s, Mir Murtaza as a leader. Murtaza made Al-Zulfiqar organization by
which he criticized Benazir and also opposed the involvement of Zardari. In 1993 when Murtaza
Bhutto returned to Pakistan after his exile, He was imprisoned on the charges of terrorism (Al
Zulfiqar organization) & Nusrat Bhutto was removed from leadership of PPP. In September 1996
Murtaza was killed in a police ambush at his residence in Karachi. None of the policemen were
arrested and some were later promoted. A judicial review suggested that there had been
government involvement in the killings. The high-profile killing of her brother in her tenure had
damaged her political career.
Benazir Bhutto was an economist by profession and so took charge of economy policy herself.
During this time there was 30% decrease in the value of rupee compared to US dollars. Also Mrs
Bhuttos’s privatization policy was obstructed by government officials who had a personal interest in
the nationalized industries. The country economy suffered greatly from the effects of US financial
and military embargo due to Pakistan’s nuclear program.
HISTORY
PAGE 67
VOLUME 2
The relations with the President Leghari had originally been good, during her 2nd term in office they
deteriorated. The president had promised to revoke the Eight amendment, but he actually ended up
using it on 5th November 1996 he dismissed the government, claiming misgovernment and
corruption.
Q) Why was Benazir Bhutto dismissed from office a second time in 1996? [7] [refer to above
problems]
Q) What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of Pakistan? [4]
1988-90, 1993-96. Faced opposition from politicians who wanted her to fail, Husband Zardari
accused of corruption, divisions within her party (PPP), IJI criticised government of being close to
USA. Confrontations with provincial govts, violent protests, Coalition party MQM joined with IJI,
Pucca Qila massacre.
Q)Describe the problems caused by family feuds that faced the Benazir Bhutto governments. (4)
Quarrelled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of the PPP, with Begum favouring
Benazir’s brother Mir Murtaza as leader. Begum removed from a leading role in the PPP. Murtaza
went into exile and founded the Al-Zulfikar Organisation. He used this to criticise Benazir. He also
opposed her husband’s involvement in the PPP because of the allegations of corruption against him.
Zardari accused of paybacks on property and government deals and being involved in political
murders. Murtaza arrested on his return to Pakistan on charges of terrorism in 1993. In 1996 he was
killed in a police ambush and a judicial review of the incident found government involvement in it.
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #6
Q) To what extent did Benazir Bhutto’s privatisation policy contribute to the
government being replaced in 1996? Explain your answer. [14] [w20/Q5c]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 68
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 69
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 70
VOLUME 2
Q) Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in 1988-90 more than the challenges
facing Benazir Bhutto in 1993-96? Explain your answer. [14]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 71
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 72
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 73
VOLUME 2
Space for Mind map
FIRST TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1990-93)
¾ In the elections of 1990, Islami Kamhuri Ittehad won a comfortable victory. Nawaz Sharif was
leader of Pakistan Muslim League, the largest party in the alliance and he became prime
minister.
Success in 1st Tenure
9 Yellow Cab Scheme: In order to increase employment ,Nawaz ‘s government imported
thousand of taxis and they were given out on loan to people. It did increase employment but
the Government suffered huge losses as the majority of loans were never paid back.
9 Nawaz Sharif made effort to strengthen the industrial sector with the help of the private
sector. Projects like Ghazi Brotha and the Gawadar miniport were initiated. Land was
distributed among themselves peasants in Sindh. A massive uplift of Murree and Kahuta was
done during his team as Chief Minister of Punjab.
9 Nawaz Sharif decided to expand the road network in Pakistan and link Pakistan with Russia
and Central Asia. For this purpose the M-2 motorway project was also initiated.
9 He allowed the establishment of private air companies to lessen the burden of PIA. Aero Asia
and Bhoja airlines were the new airlines
HISTORY
PAGE 74
VOLUME 2
Failures in 1st Tenure
BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce International) Scandal, It was an important foreign bank in
Pakistan founded by Agha Hasan Abedi and within 10 years it became the world seventh largest
bank. However, concerns about the bank lending practices led to an investigation by a British Team
of accountants in 1991. They concluded that BCCI had engaged in ‘widespread fraud and
manipulation’. Following this report, the bank was closed and had to pay huge fines. Investors lost
huge sums.
Sharif also lost the support because of ‘Cooperative societies scandal’ Cooperative Societies
accepted money from members and could make loans for purposes that were to the benefit of the
society and its members. Mismanagement of these led to a major collapse in which millions of
Pakistani lost moneys by 1992. In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab, 700,000 poor people lost all their
savings when the societies went bankrupt. The societies had loaned billions of rupees to Nawaz
Sharif’s family business.He repaid the loans but his reputation was damaged and was one of the
reasons why he lost office the following year 1993.
There was law and order problem in Nawaz Sharif’s time peiod. The police were increasingly
outgunned, and even foreigners were not immune from attack. After the Afghan War many Afghan
refugees entered Pakistan and they also brought Kalashnikov Culture. These guns were copied in
Pakistan and sold locally, due to this the crime rate increased especially in Sindh where kidnapping,
bomb blasts and killing become common. Drug culture was also common in Pakistan and the law
enforcing agencies were quite helpless against them to control. It had been estimated that by 1999
Pakistan may have had as many as 4 million heroin addicts. The situation became so bad that in 1991
Nawaz Sharif had to cancel an important trip to Japan The government passed the twelve
amendment for speedy trials court, the opposition parties criticized these amendments.
In May 1991,Shariat bill was introduced under which Quran and Sunnah were to be used for rulings
in Pakistan as long as it did not challenge the existing system of government. However, the law was
not popular. Opponents disliked the increased role of Islam in government and the fundamental
Muslims in the alliance were disappointed that it did not go further. In reality, little was done to
enforce the law. For example, when the federal Shariat court asked for the measures to be taken
against the payment of interest, No action was taken by the government.
Nawaz Sharif policies were undermined by lack of capital for investment. His government failed in
gaining capital for various projects due to wrong economic steps. The USA had provided significant
economic support during the Soviet-Afghan war, but when the war ended that support was reduced.
During the dispute over Pakistan’s nuclear weapons policy the financial support almost dried up as
the USA put pressure on Pakistan to end the programme. Moreover high government spending and
decrease in remittances from overseas workers put further pressure on Pakistan’s economy.
Nawaz conflict with the President, In 1993 the Chief of army staff (COAS) general Asif Nawaz janjua
died suddenly. Nawaz wanted to appoint his own candidate for the post of COAS but his candidate
was disapproved by the army and the president Ghulam Ishaq. President appointed General Waheed
Kakar as the new COAS and Nawaz Sharif was informed minutes before the announcement was
being made on the national television. This created a rift between the president and the PM. Nawaz
developed a conflict with the president over Eight Amendment, Ishaq Khan believed that the Eight
Amendment was an important check on the Prime minister’s power and was not prepared to revoke
it. On 19th April, Ishaq Khan declared the Sharif’s government was guilty of corruption and
mismanagement of the economy, and dismissed the Sharif’s government by using Eight
Amendment.
HISTORY
PAGE 75
VOLUME 2
SECOND TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1997-99)
¾ Elections were held in Feb 1997 and Nawaz sharif won and became Pm for the second time.
Success in 1st Tenure
After winning the election, he immediately repealed the eighth amendment and introduced the
Thirteen Amendment giving the Prime minister the authority to revoke the authority of President to
dismiss the Prime minister and the National Assembly. The president also lost the power to appoint
the three chiefs of staff of the armed forces and provincial governors. In effect the presidency now
became a ceremonial position
14th Amendment (Anti defection Bill), Under this law politicians were prevented from switching
parties in order to help form coalitions to oppose or even from governments. Such a practice invited
‘inducements’ to persuade politicians to change parties or even to prevent them changing and many
post in the government.
Dismissal of Sajjad Ali shah: Sajjad Ali Shah had been appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court by Benazir Bhutto. He became a critic of Nawaz Sharif and matters came to a head in 1997
when Sharif was defending himself in the Supreme Court against accusations of corruption. An
unruly mob stormed into the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah to adjourn the case against
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Hundreds of Sharif supporters broke through the police cordon around
the courthouse and the Chief Justice had to flee for his safety. The police managed to restore order
only bayon charging and tear gassing the mob , both inside and outside the courthouse.
President Leghari had given his support to Sharif. He was appalled by the measures being taken by
the Government, but had no powers to dismiss it since the Eight Amendment had been revoked. He
was particularly concerned when he was asked by the Government to dismiss Sajjad Ali Shah and
appoint an acting Chief Justice of Pakistan. He, therefore, resigned on 2nd December 1997.Shortly
afterwards , Muhammad Rafiq Tarar , the PML candidate was elected to replace him. On 23rd
December, Ajmal Mian was appointed as permanent Chief Justice, Sajjad Ali Shah had been
dismissed.
NUCLEAR TESTS On 28th May 1998 despite of US pressure, Nawaz carried out five nuclear tests in
Chaghi, Balochistan. US president offered 4 billion dollars not to do so, but he refused and Pakistan
became 7th nuclear nation and first Muslim nation in the world. The tests not only spoiled the
dreams of India but also made Pakistan popular. On the other hand, it also brought widespread
International criticism and economic sanctions from countries such as USA and Japan. The Pakistan
economy was close to collapse and Sharif had to raise the price of fuel and negotiate bank loans to
keep the government from Bankruptcy.
HISTORY
PAGE 76
VOLUME 2
KARGIL CONFLICT
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Kargil is located in Siachen area.
It is very important location between India and Pakistan.
Freedom fighters of Kashmir captured the peaks with the help of Pakistan army.
Operation was headed by Musharraf without the consent of PM.
US president Bill Clinton asked Pakistani govt to pull down its forces from occupied Kashmir
valley. Nawaz wanted an enquiry over Kargil and had cold relations with Musharraf.
On 12 October Musharraf was on his way back from Srilanka.
Sharif ordered the Civil aviation authority not to give his permission for his plane to land.
He then appointed Ziaullah Butt in place of Musharraf. The army refused to accept this
appointment.
Army took over the airport and allowed the plane to land. According to some reports plane
landed in Nawabshah instead of Karachi.
Musharraf announced that army was taking control.
Nawaz, his brother and five other government officials were arrested
Q)What was the Kargil Conflict? [4]
1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the Indian occupied towns
of Kargil and Drass. Pakistan government denied any involvement (but later admitted). India
launched counter attack and 2 of its aircraft crossed into Pakistani airspace. One was shot down.
Pakistani forces pushed back and was eventually persuaded by USA to withdraw behind Line of
Control. A major blow to Pakistan-India relations.
HISTORY
PAGE 77
VOLUME 2
MUSHARAF IN POWER/PLANE CONSPIRACY
Q) Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s rise to power in 1999. [4]
Sharif feared a coup by General Musharraf and decided to replace him. As Musharraf returned from
a visit to Sri Lanka on 12th Oct 1999, Sharif ordered the Civil Aviation Authority not to give permission
for his plane to land. He then appointed the head of the ISI as the new chief of army. The army
refused to accept his appointment. It took over the Karachi airport and allowed Musharraf’s plane to
land. Once he was on the ground , Musharraf announced that the army was taking control. Nawaz
Sharif, his brother and five other government officials were charged and found guilty on charges of
attempted murder, hijacking and kidnapping in the’ Plane Conspiracy’ case. At the request of Saudi
Royah Family, the Government of Pakistan exiled him to the Kingdom of Saudia Arabia.
Q) Explain why General Musharraf was able to gain power in 1999. {7]
Sharif was giving support for the Taliban in Afghanistan and this damaged relations with USA as
they refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, suspected of bombing of US embassy in Kenya.
Pakistan also tested nuclear weapons, carried out five nuclear tests in Chaghi, Balochistan. It
brought widespread International criticism and economic sanctions from countries such as USA and
Japan. The Pakistan economy was close to collapse and Sharif had to raise the price of fuel and
negotiate bank loans to keep the government from Bankruptcy, this brought Sharif much criticism.
He also blamed Musharraf for the embarrassing retreat from the fighting in Kashmir. The army
refused to accept this criticism. Sharif tried to sack Musharraf whilst he was visiting Sri Lanka and
appointed the head of the ISI as the new chief of army. The army refused to accept his appointment
and as a result the army decided to intervene in the government and overthrew Sharif.
Q) What has been the importance of the Siachen Glacier to both India and
Pakistan? [4]
1977 Indian colonel Kumar first climbed the glacier. Returned in 1981. Pakistan discovered that
Indians had been there and decided to defend its interests before India claimed the glacier,
especially as the border in that part of Kashmir had never been drawn properly. When Pakistan
soldiers moved up to the glacier they discovered 300 Indian troops there. This meant that both sets
of troops had to stay there as the glacier was an important symbol to both sides. Pakistan tried
several times to remove the Indian troops from there without success. In 1987 Musharraf led one of
these assaults. In 1989 Bhutto visited the glacier to reinforce Pakistan’s view of it. No official figures
exist of the death toll on the glacier with estimates between 3000 and 5000, but many of these have
probably been due to avalanches and falls. No settlement has been reached, even though several
meetings have been held to discuss the situation since 1989
HISTORY
PAGE 78
VOLUME 2
PAST PAPER ATTEMPT TASK #7
Q) Was the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) the main
reason for the government ending in 1993? Explain your answer. [14] [s20/Q5c]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 79
VOLUME 2
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 80
VOLUME 2
Q) Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947 and
1999? [7] [w18/Q4b]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 81
VOLUME 2
HISTORY
PAGE 82
VOLUME 2
DON’T SOLVE IT UNTIL YOU FELT
THAT YOU ARE CHEETAH IN SEC c
HISTORY
PAGE 83
VOLUME 2
ATTEMPT
Q)State 3 attempts of making of constitution before 1956? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)PRODA implemented and repealed in which year? [1]
Implemented
..................................... repealed.......................................
Q)How PRODA had bad constitutional impact? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Why migration to either countries minimized after Liaquat-Nehru pact ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) Why Ayub placed Max & Min limit on farms? [2]
MAX….........................................................................................................................................
MIN..............................................................................................................................................
Q)Why Maharaja Hari singh asked for the help of Indian army ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Canal water dispute was solved in which year under which treaty ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Why Rawalpindi conspiracy was unsuccessful ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 84
VOLUME 2
Q)How PM is elected from national assembly ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) Why there is a need of National assembly and senate ? [2]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) Prize bond scheme helped Ayub khan to raise _____________ finance? [1]
Q) Write down the figures for following [20]
ERA
Z. Ali Bhutto
Ayub Khan
Ayub khan
Zia ul haq
Benazir
Nawaz sharif
Z. Ali Bhutto
Z. Ali Bhutto
Ayub khan
1965 elections
Zia ul haq
Creation on Bangladesh
Creation on Bangladesh
Creation on Bangladesh
Cyclone Bhola
1977 elections
RHC
BHU
Benazir
Inflation
Industrial
Banking
Families
Annual growth rate
USA AID
Loan (China)
(USSR)
Lost saving in BCCI (Punjab
Literacy rate
Prisoners
BD’s
Voting result
National referendum 1984
Awami league seats
PPP seats
Per capital (WP)
Per capital (EP)
Killed
PPP seats (out of 200)
RHC
BHU
Gunmen on motorbike
killed how many in 1988?
%
%
%
%
$
to
to
1 RHC for
1 BHU for
HISTORY
PAGE 85
VOLUME 2
Q) Write a note on Pakistan constitutional movements from 1947-99 ? [5]
One of the early step was basic democracy in 1959 by liaquat ali khan....................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Drawback keywords for Z.Ali Bhutto Health refroms ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Drawback keywords for Zia ul haq Islamic refroms ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)How Nawaz Sharif Shariat bill was opposed although it was to implement sharia ?
[1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)What is coalition govt. Give two example of coalition govt in between 1947-99 ? [3]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)What is the link of Martial law and constitution ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 86
VOLUME 2
Q)State problems in Benzair Bhutto 1st tenure ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Which political leader initiated Pakistan nuclear programme ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) ’USA aid in afghan miracle had bad impact on Pakistan’ Can you justify statement ?
[2]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Ayub khan downfall major reason ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q)Ayub khan downfall major reason ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) Sindh court stated that it was a wrong step by Malik Ghulam Muhammad. Explain?
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) Why Suharwardy was able to gain support of Punjabi leaders although he belonged
to EP? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 87
VOLUME 2
Q) Six points key words? [2]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) Why six points were a problem for West Pakistan? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) How India ignited the situation in 1971? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) State why Zia was interested in Islamic reforms ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) What was 8th amendment ? [1]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Q) State either president or PM is more powerful in Pakistan? [3]
In 1956 constitution president (Iskander mirza) was having more power……………………..
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
HISTORY
PAGE 88
VOLUME 2
HISTORY
PAGE 89
VOLUME 2
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
1) PAKISTAN–INDIA
2) PAKISTAN-USA RELATIONS
3) PAKISTAN-SOVIET UNION (RUSSIA)
4) PAKISTAN-BRITAIN & COMMONWEALTH
5) PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH
6) PAKISTAN-MUSLIM COUNTRIES
7) PAKISTAN- CHINA
8)PAKISTAN- AFGHANISTAN
9) PAKISTAN- UN (WORLD ORGANIZATIONS)
HISTORY
PAGE 90
VOLUME 2
HISTORY
PAGE 91
VOLUME 2
PAKISTAN–INDIA
9 Between 1947-49 relations between India and Pakistan remained strained over the division
of assets for example India held back Pakistan's 500 million rupees.
9 In April 1948, India started cutting back Pakistan's water flow leading to the Canal Water
Dispute.
9 In September 1948, India and Pakistan went on a war over Kashmir, when India invaded
Kashmir in order to help Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra during the uprising. Pakistan also
deployed it's army to help the Kashmiri brothers.
9 Both armies came face to face but as their British Officers refused to fight against each
other.
9 A ceasefire was arranged on 1 January 1949 by the U.N
9 In 1954 India tried to merge Jammu & Kashmir with India, but opposition from Pakistan
forced the U.N to declare Jammu & Kashmir as disputed territory in 1957 and its future
could only be settled by a vote by people of Kashmir.
9 In 1950 Liaqut-Nehru Pact was signed in an attempt to solve the refugee crisis. It was
decided that both governments would be responsible for the protection of minorities within
their borders and a visa system would be introduced to control the flow of refugees. It was
the first formal agreement between the two governments.
In 1965
9 In 1965 Pakistan forced India to accept an International Tribunal over the Rann of Kutch
border dispute. The Rann of Kutch dispute was over the Sindh and Rajasthan border. The
dispute was settled in Pakistan's favour.
9 Pakistan was also encouraged by the Chinese Victory in the Indo-China war.
9 In 1965 Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar to infiltrate the Indian Occupied Jammu &
Kashmir with Kashmir Freedom Fighters in order to start an uprising in the occupied territory
but the plan failed due to poor planning and coordination. This led to Indo-Pak 1965 war.
9 India retaliated by launching a full scale offensive on the International border of West
Pakistan (Lahore and Sialkot working boundary) on 6th Sep 1965. This was the first and
largest mobilization of armed forces by both sides after partition. The attack was quite
sudden and a surprise for Pakistan and only a heroic defence from handful of Pakistani
soldiers defended the Indian attack. The Fighting stopped after a cease fire by the U.N was
arranged and diplomatic intervention by U.S.A and U.S.S.R.
9 Following the 1965 war, Tashkent Treaty/Declaration took place between India and
Pakistan. The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan
signed on 10 January 1966 that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 with the
intervention of U.S.S.R. It was signed by Pakistan's President Ayub Khan and Indian PM Lal
Bahadur Shastri. The declaration stated that Indian and Pakistani forces would pull back to
their preconflict positions, pre-August lines, no later than 25 February 1966, the nations
would not interfere in each other's internal affairs, economic and diplomatic relations would
be restored, there would be an orderly transfer of prisoners of war, and the two leaders
would work towards improving bilateral relations.
HISTORY
PAGE 92
VOLUME 2
In 1971
9 In 1971 India and Pakistan went on a war in East Pakistan. India was equipping and helping
the Bengali rebel force "Mukti Bahini" who was fighting against Pakistan Army and
government in East Pakistan. In 1971 Pakistani Air Force out of frustration attacked a
military base in Northern India triggering the war. India launched a simultaneous Air, Land
and Sea offensive on East Pakistan. Pakistan now had to fight on two fronts in East Pakistan.
The Pak Army was not able to receive any re-enforcements due to strategic disadvantage.
Eventually Pak Army had to surrender and 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers were taken as prisoners
of war. India also had the advantage of the full support of its ally U.S.S.R who was willing to
step in the war if required whereas Pakistan's ally U.S.A was not willing to do so.
9 In 1972 Simla Agreement took place between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi.
9 In 1974 India carried out Nuclear Tests in the Rajasthan desert further straining the
relations.
9 In 1981 the Siachen-Conflict started. During regular patrolling Pakistan Army discovered
that 300 Indian troops had already established their positions over the Siachen Glacier
(which was a demarcated territory as per the Karachi Agreement of 1948 and consolidated
high ground. This was done in 1984 when the Indian Army had launched Operation
Meghdoot to capture the Siachen Glacier before Pakistan. Eventually Pakistan also had to
dispatch troops the prevent India from its evil intentions. Several skirmishes have taken
place and operations launched by both sides to dislodge each other from their positions but
no significant success has been achieved by any side. Siachen is now the highest battle
ground in the world. Since then 5000 soldiers have died from both sides apart from fighting
and acts as a huge burden on Pakistan as Rs 500million is spent annually to maintain its
military position.
9 In 1984, Sikhs assassinated Indira Gandhi; the blame was given to Pakistan for their training
and the supporting of Sikhs for their Khalistan Movement, In 1980's the Sikhs had launched
an armed struggle to form a separate Sikh state. India blamed ISI for training and supporting
the Sikhs.
9 In 1987 relations had deteriorated badly to the point when the two countries were close
to war. Indian army deployed its army and began exercising in the Rajasthan desert. Zia then
flew to India to watch the cricket match in Jaipur between India and Pakistan, where he met
Rajiv Gandhi the Indian PM and managed to cool down the situation of war. After which
India called of the Military exercises. It was also known as the "Cricket Diplomacy."
9 In 1989 Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi called her Pakistani counterpart Benazir Bhutto to improve
bi-lateral relations between the two countries.
9 Kashmir Insurgency in 1990 was another cause of problem for both countries. Bilateral
tensions increased in early 1990, when Kashmiri militants began a campaign of violence
against Indian Government authority in Jammu and Kashmir. India blamed Pakistan Govt. &
ISI for funding and training these militants. Subsequent high-level bilateral meetings relieved
the tensions between India and Pakistan, but relations worsened again after the destruction
of the Ayodhya Masjid by Hindu extremists in December 1992 and terrorists' bombings in
Bombay in March 1993.
HISTORY
PAGE 93
VOLUME 2
9 Talks between the Foreign Secretaries of both countries in January 1994 resulted in
deadlock.
9 THE LAHORE DECLARATION symbolized an India-Pakistan bilateral agreement which was
signed on 21st February 1999 by the Prime Minster of India and Pakistan i.e. Atal Bihari
Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif respectively at Wagah Border. This declaration was held to the
smooth the strained relationship between India and Pakistan on the issue of nuclear tests
taken on May 1998. Under the terms of the treaty, a mutual understanding was reached
towards the development of atomic arsenals and to avoid accidental and unauthorised
operational use of nuclear weapons. The Lahore Declaration brought added responsibility to
both nations leadership towards avoiding nuclear race, as well as both non-conventional and
conventional conflicts. But it sprit died on May 1999 due to the outbreak of Kargil war
between india and Pakistan.
9 In May-July 1999 Kashmiri Militants infiltrated the Kargil-Dras Sector and captured
important mountain tops and ridges. The aim was to block the supply route from Srinagar to
Kargil to cut off supply to Indian Soldiers in Siachen. India was unable to dislodge militants
and suffered heavy casualties. Two Indian Fighter jets crossed the LOC into Pakistani
airspace and one of the plane was shot down by Pakistan Army hence the situation became
further tensed. As a result of its failure India had to face embarrassment on domestic front.
9 India blamed Pakistan for the conflict. The Indian establishment has directly blamed
Pakistan's armed forces for carrying out the present offensive, accusing the Light Infantry
Battalion of being actively involved with the Pakistani and Afghan militants in Kargil.
Pakistan's foreign office and military establishment still maintain they have no active role in
the Kargil conflict. Indian diplomats were completely exploiting the existed conditions during
Kargil conflict. The image of Pakistan came in international community as a hostile and
terrorist country. At the end, Pakistan withdrew from Kargil because of the pressure of
America. American role in this conflict was an obvious fact as it was siding with India due to
India's superior diplomacy and America's anger with Pakistan over Nuclear tests.
9 To conclude, Kargil war for Pakistan was a Defensive-offensive approach but it failed in both.
A clearly won battle on military basis ultimately was lost badly on diplomatic level. Pakistan
had to pay the price of this both, internationally and domestically.
9 It may be concluded that Pakistan and India failed to handle the Kashmir issue because the
dispute finally pushed them to the extent of developing nuclear weapons and Kashmir issue
has remained unresolved.
9 Conclusively, Since 1947 Pakistan & India have been unsuccessful in having good relationship
as they have remained against each other since then.
HISTORY
PAGE 94
VOLUME 2
PAKISTAN–USA
Pakistan's relationship with the West, particularly the United States, was of major importance.
Geographically the USA is not a neighbour of Pakistan, but interests of politician, Bureaucracy and
Generals have brought both the countries close together. The United States and Pakistan established
diplomatic relations in 1947.
Liaquat Ali Khan's Visit 1950
In 1949, the US Secretary of State extended invitation to the Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan for a
visit to the United States. The Prime Minister visited USA at the end of 1950. During his visit he tried
to identify Pakistan as more near to the West and Islam more near to Christianity than to
Communism and begged for economic and military aid.
SEATO and CENTO
1954-55 Pakistan's relations with the United States developed against the backdrop of the Cold War.
Pakistan's strategic geographic position made it a valuable partner in Western alliance systems to
contain the spread of communism. In 1954 Pakistan signed a Mutual Defence Agreement with the
United States and subsequently became a member of SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization)
and CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). The U.S. agreement to provide economic and military
assistance to Pakistan and the latter's partnership in the Baghdad Pact CENTO and SEATO
strengthened relations between the two nations.
Pakistan as Washington's Closest Ally
Pakistan also used as a base for United States military reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory.
During the cold War years, Pakistan was considered one of Washington's closest allies in Asia.
Pakistan, in return, received large amounts of economic and military assistance.
1965 and 1971 Wars and United States
The United States suspended military assistance to both the countries involved in the conflict of
1965. However, the U.S. suspension of military assistance during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan was
generated a widespread feeling in Pakistan that the United States was not a reliable ally. The United
States embargo on arms shipments to Pakistan remained in place during the Indo-Pak War of 1971
and was not lifted until 1975. Gradually, relations improved and arms sales were renewed in 1975.
United States-Pakistani relations preceding the 1971 was were characterized or communication and
much confusion.
Withdraw from SEATO and CENTO
Following the lost of East Wing, Pakistan withdrew from SEATO. Pakistan's military links with the
West continued to decline throughout Bhutto's tenure in power and into the first years of the Zia
regime. CENTO was disbanded following the fall of the Shah of Iran in March 1979, and Pakistan then
joined the Nonaligned Movement. Zia also continued Bhutto's policy of developing Pakistan's
nuclear capability.
Cease of Economic Assistance
Developing Pakistan's nuclear capability policy had originated as a defensive measure in reaction to
India's explosion of a nuclear device in 1974. In April 1979, President Jimmy Carter cut off economic
assistance to Pakistan, except for food assistance, as required under the Symington Amendment to
the Foreign Assistance act of 1961. This amendment called for ceasing economic assistance to those
countries that had imported uranium-enrichment technology. Relations between the United States
and Pakistan were further strained in November 1979 when protesters sacked the United States
embassy i Islamabad, resulting in the death of four persons. The violence had been sparked by a
false report that the United States was involved in a fire at the Grand Masjid in Macca.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and American's Changed Policy
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 revived the close relationship between
Pakistan and the United States. Initially, however the President Carter lifted the ban on aid to
Pakistan and in January 1980, offered a package of US$ 400 million economic and military aid to
Pakistan which was rejected by General Zia-ul-Haq, who termed it"peanuts". Under President Ronald
HISTORY
PAGE 95
VOLUME 2
Reagan, the United States agreed in 1981 to provide US$ 3.2 billion to Pakistan aimed at helping
Pakistan deal with the heightened threat to security in the region and its economic development
needs. A second economic and military assistance program was announced in April 1986, this time
for over US$ 4.0 billion, with 57 percent for economic assistance. With U.S, assistance in the largest
covert operation in history - Pakistan armed and supplied anti-Soviet fighters in Afghanistan,
eventually defeating the Soviets, who withdrew in 1988.
Pressler Amendment 1985
On October 01, 1990 however, the United States suspended all military assistance and new
economic aid to Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment, which required that the President certify
annually that Pakistan "does not possess a nuclear explosive device". For several years, the United
States president, with Pakistan's assurances that its nuclear program was for peaceful uses, was able
to make this certification. However, with the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the end of the
Cold War,the United States took aharder position on the nuclear weapons issue and President
George Bush refused to make the certification required under the Pressler Amendment, and
assistance to Pakistan was subsequently terminated. Further, the supply of F-16 jet fighters was also
stopped for which Pakistan had already paid $650 million to the US.
Sanctions on alleged transfer of M-11 missiles
Pakistan's retention of the nuclear option became a defining issue in its relations with the United
States. USA another action in regard of the nuclear issue occurred in September 1993 when the US
imposed sanctions against China and Pakistan on alleged transfer of M-11 missiles to Pakistan
labeling it a violation of the MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime).
Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's Visit to US 1995
In the background of the number of unresolved issues including nuclear non-proliferation, delivery
of F-16s, alleged supply of M-11 missiles by China, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto paid an official visit
to Washington in April 1995. The joint statement failed to mention any solution to these issues.
Pakistan and US signed in Washington Memorandum of Understanding providing for $6 million of
investment by American companies in Pakistan.
Brown Amendment 1995
According to US officials the Pressler Amendment was a hurdle in the normalization of Pak-US
relations. As a result, on 21st September 1995, the US Senate under Clinton Administration passed
the Brown Amendment to lessen its negative impact. The amendment opened the way for 28
undelivered F-16s to be sold to a third country and the money refunded to Pakistan, release of $368
million worth defense equipment, restoration of corporation in such areas as narcotics control,
international terrorism, peace keeping and the availability of US insurance cover for investment
made in Pakistan.
Nuclear Weapon Tests 1998
India's decision to conduct nuclear tests in May 1998 and Pakistan's matching response set back U.S.
relations in the region. President Clinton's visit to Pakistan scheduled for the first quarter of 1998
was postponed and under the Glenn Amendment, sanctions restricted the provisions of credits,
military sales, economic assistance and loans to the government. An intensive dialogue on nuclear
nonproliferation and security issues was initiated with discussion focusing on CTBT (Comprehensive
Test Ban Treaty) also known as NPT (Nonproliferation treaty) signature and ratification. Pakistan
declared that it would sign the treaty only when India did so first.
Nawaz Sharif Meeting with President Clinton 1998
The relations improved a little after the former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's meeting with
President Clinton in Washington in December 1998. As a consequence, the economic sanctions
imposed by the US after the Nuclear Test were eased. A notable achievement was a resolution of the
F-16s issue and accordingly US released $436.7 million to Pakistan as a claim in connection with the
F-16 aircrafts.
HISTORY
PAGE 96
VOLUME 2
PAKISTAN–CHINA
9 China becomes a stable communist republic in 1949.
9 Relations between Pakistan and China were not very warm in 1950s saw a cooling off
because China was a communist country while Pakistan was inclined towards America as
Pakistan supported PRO-USA policies from the very beginning.
9 On the other hand India eagerly adopted and developed good relations with China.
9 Concerns during 1950s increased over the border issues (Tibet) between Pakistan and China
in 1959.
9 Pakistan voted against China's admission to United Nations and condemned military action
by China in Tibet.
9 In 1956 Pakistani Prime Minister Shaheed Hussain Suhrawardy visited China.
9 The turning point between Pakistan-China relationships occurred when clash started
between China and India in 1962 and both the countries went on a war. China quickly
captured the claimed area and India was defeated.
9 Pakistan moved quickly to improve relations and settled her border dispute with China. The
border settlement was closely followed by trade agreement in 1963.
9 A $60 million long-term interest free loan regarding import of machinery was granted to
Pakistan which, helped industrialization in country.
9 Soon after, a link was started between the two countries and PIA was the first noncommunist airline to conduct on flight to China and was permitted to use any airport in
China.
9 In 1964 China supported Pakistan on its stance over Kashmir Issue. In return Pakistan
supported China's entry in the UNO and Security Council.
9 China became a large purchaser of Pakistani cotton. Ayub Khan was given warm welcome
when he visited China 1965.
9 During the 1965 India-Pakistan war China fully supported Pakistan with military equipment
and war planes.
9 But in 1971 China was not able to help Pakistan and withdrew help and support due to
opposition from Russia which supported India.
9 Z.A. Bhutto also visited China in 1972. China helped Pakistan in setting up Pakistan's first
industrial complex "Heavy Mechanical Complex" (HMC) at Taxila.
9 Friendship between Pakistan and China was further strengthened by the opening up of
Karakoram highway in 1978. It provided a road link between the two countries for trade and
tourism and it has increased numbers of visitors from China including journalists, Engineers,
and scientists etc.
9 A treaty for Cooperation in Nuclear Technology was signed in 1986. However, during 1990s
China wanted to develop relations with other countries, Especially India and China hinted
during this time that Pakistan might compromise over Kashmir.
9 The Chashma nuclear power project was completed with Chinese help. Building of another
nuclear power plant at Chashma is in progress.
9 Gwadar port in Balochistan has been developed with Chinese technical and financial help.
9 In short friendship with china is on very sound lines and China remains a trusted friend of
Pakistan. Pakistan has been very successful in its relations with China.
HISTORY
PAGE 97
VOLUME 2
PAKISTAN–RUSSIA (USSR)
9 The relations between Pakistan and Russia were not good from the start.
9 Pakistan tried to establish good relations with USA rather than USSR.
9 Liaquat Ali Khan was keen to visit Washington hence he rejected the invitation of USSR and
accepted to go to USA therefore; the relations between Moscow and Pakistan suffered for
some time.
9 By 1950, the soviet union was clearly backing India over Kashmir and not maintaining a
neutral stance as it had been doing immediately after partition.
9 When Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO in the mid 1950's the U.S.S.R took it as a firm
declaration in favour of USA.
9 She told Pakistan that it was allowing itself to be used as a base for American Imperialism.
9 In 1955, USSR officially backed India in Kashmir Issue.
9 U.S.S.R pressed Pakistan for the Afghan Claim of Pakhtoonistan. •
9 In 1956 it offered Pakistan for steel mill if they broke their alliance with USA but Pakistan
refused.
9 In 1960 the relations between Pakistan and USSR were severely damaged in the aftermath
of U2 incident.
x
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
On 1 May 1960, The Russian forces shot down an American spy plane U2. The
aircraft, flown by Central Intelligence Agency pilot Francis Gary Powers, was
performing photographic aerial reconnaissance and had taken off from a U.S airbase
in Peshawar. The pilot parachuted to safety but was captured by the USSR. It was
now clear to USSR that Pakistan was allowing its soil to be used for anti soviet
activities.
In 1962 and onwards the relations between Pakistan and U.S.S.R improved. This was
because India had accepted help from USA in its war against China.
In 1963, good relations between China and Pakistan also encouraged USSR to develop good
relations with Pakistan.
In the same time period USSR agreed to discover new oil deposits in the Potwar Plateau
In 1963 USSR also loaned 11 million to Pakistan.
In 1965 Ayub Khan went on an official visit to USSR.
In 1966 USSR also brokered a treaty (Tashkent Treaty) between India and Pakistan to solve
the Indo-Pak 1965 conflict.
Following the closure of US airbase in Peshawar in 1968, the relations further improved and
USSR started supplying arms to Pakistan but USSR did not like the fact that Pakistan was
also receiving aid from USA and China as well.
Good relations between USSR and Pakistan were short lived. In 1971 USSR signed a Peace &
Friendship Treaty with India. This meant that USSR was willing to provide military and
armed support to India in case of any war with Pakistan.
Matters became more badly when USSR openly supported India during the 1971 war in East
Pakistan.
But there were attempts to improve relations.
In 1972 Bhutto visited USSR and the visit was followed by the provision of Technical and
Financial assistance by USSR to establish a steel mill in Karachi, Pakistan.
The relations again deteriorated in 1979 when USSR invaded Afghanistan.
x Pakistan allied with the US and began training, arming and supporting Afghan
Mujahideens with the help of US Military and Economic aid.
x This was an open declaration of war against USSR.
HISTORY
PAGE 98
VOLUME 2
9 In 1984 Zia-ul-Haq visited Moscow to attend the funeral of Soviet Leader Yuri Andropov but
he was given a very cold reception.
9 USSR also openly opposed Pakistan's Nuclear Programme and began bombing raids in
Pakistan.
9 The hostile relations continued till 1988 when USSR withdrew from Afghanistan and the
defeat of USSR caused the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1991. Pakistan was largely
responsible for causing the defeat of USSR.
9 After the collapse there was no ideological conflict between Pakistan and Russia.
9 Since 1947 till 1999 the relations were not good and were barely successful.
PAKISTAN–BRITAIN
9 Pakistan maintained good and friendly relations with Britain because of the colonial
attachment of more than 100 years.
9 Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO of which UK was a very important member.
9 Pakistan also criticized Britain on it's invasion of Suez Canal in 1956.
9 In 1965 Britain played an important role in finalizing an agreement to solve Rann Of Kutch
dispute with India.
9 Britain remained neutral in 1965 war although suspended sale of arms to Pakistan.
9 Britain again remained neutral during 1971 crises and advised of Pakistan to have a political
solution.
9 In the 1980s Pakistan and UK remained an important trading partner and an estimated
€376million worth of trade took place between the two countries.
9 During the afghan crises the British government was firm in support of Pakistan and offered
formidable financial assistance of €46 million for afghan refugees in Pakistan.
9 Margaret Thatcher also became the British Prime Minister, became the first western leader
to visit Pakistan after the Soviet invasion.
9 Britain gave much assistance in educational sector through the agency of British council.
Britain remains an important trading partner of Pakistan on account of old colonial links.
9 For historic, economics and political reasons, Britain has remained a valuable ally of Pakistan
between 1947 and 1999.
HISTORY
PAGE 99
VOLUME 2
PAKISTAN–COMMONWEALTH
9 The commonwealth is an organization of all the former British colonies including UK itself.
9 It was a useful platform for states to exchange views.
9 At a commonwealth meeting held in Colombo in 1950, the COLOMBO PLAN was announced
under which €1million was given to Pakistan for development of SUI Gas project.
9 Canada gave $40m for development of railways.
9 However Pakistan withdrew from the commonwealth on 2nd Feb 1971 during Bhutto's time
when Britain recognized Bangladesh.
9 During the period of 1972-1988 Pakistan remained cut off from the commonwealth.
9 Later Pakistan rejoined the commonwealth during the time of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto
in 1989.
9 The Richer commonwealth countries have always supplied Pakistan with economic and
technical aid.
9 Government of Canada, New Zealand and Australia has been providing valuable financial
and technical assistance to Pakistan.
9 Substantial aid has been given to Pakistan for Warsak project, Mangla Dam and for
development of railway and irrigation systems.
9 On the whole, Pakistan has been successful in having good relations with Britain and
commonwealth countries
f
PAKISTAN–MUSLIM COUNTRIES
Q) Why has Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause? [7] [Nov 08, Nov 15]
[Muslim Brotherhood] Pakistanis and Palestinians are tied with each other by the relation of
religion. Naturally, Pakistan has to demonstrate solidarity with the Muslim brothers in Palestine. It
has always supported the Palestinian cause on all international forums and has condemned the
Israeli atrocities and violations of human rights in Palestine.
[Political Support for similar Issues] Pakistan has to develop common position with the Muslim
countries on international issues because she is also facing the unresolved issue of Kashmir with
India. Its pro-Palestinian stance would make it win the support of Muslim community for freedom
struggle in Kashmir. Pakistan needs strong diplomatic support against the illegal occupation of
Kashmir by India.
[Holy Places] Illegal occupation of Palestinian territories by Israel is a serious issue for the entire
Muslim world. Al-Aqsa mosque in the holy city of Al-Quds was the first Qibla of Muslims and the
third holiest Islamic shrine on the earth. It is incumbent on all Muslims to defend its dignity and
honor as part of Muslim faith. These sacred places are heritage of the whole Muslim community, not
just Palestine.
[Economic Reasons] Going in step with the Muslim countries for diplomatic support of Palestine
would enable Pakistan to make better trading relations and military cooperation with them. She
strongly needs to uplift its poor economy by having financial assistance from the Islamic countries
and by promoting bilateral trade with them.
HISTORY
PAGE 100
VOLUME 2
PAKISTAN–UNO
Q) Why did Pakistan join United Nations in 1947 ? [7] [June 07, 10, 15]
Firstly, as a new-born independent country, Pakistan was anxious to be recognised as an
independent country in the world. Moreover, since India was already a member of UNO even before
1947, Pakistan was also keen to get its membership. As a sovereign state, it was important for
Pakistan to join UNO to make its identity accepted by the world.
Secondly, just after the partition Pakistan was faced with the problem of the accession of the states
of Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir. It was vital for Pakistan to seek the membership in order to
present her case before the Security Council effectively. Furthermore, on 1st April 1948, India had
shut off the water supplies to Pakistan (Canal Water Dispute). So to find a solutions to such
problems, Pakistan joined UNO. UNO supported Pakistan by helping it draw a treaty with India
(Indus Water Treaty, 1960) with the help of World Bank.
Thirdly, Pakistan was keen to play its role in supporting the independence struggle of several Asian
and African countries. So to play its role as a peaceful nation against colonization, racial
discrimination, territorial and regional aggression, Pakistan joined the UNO in 1947.
Q) How successful had Pakistan been as a member of world organisations
between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
Pakistan has been taking keen and active interest in international organisations. Pakistan joined UNO
in September 1947. In the beginning Pakistan remained involved in arguments about rights of
Kashmiris and the solution for the Kashmir problem in which Pakistan was not successful.
But later, Pakistan has been very active in the proceedings of the United Nations and the Pakistani
delegations made effective contribution for the independence of many states, which were under
colonial rule in 1950s particularly in case of Muslim states such as Palestine. Pakistan has
contributed effectively and regularly to the United Nations peace-keeping missions in African and
Asian countries. Pakistan was elected thrice as member of the Security Council. Pakistan was
effective in getting resolutions passed in General Assembly asking for withdrawal of Soviet troops
from Afghanistan and always supported the Palestinian and Arab cause. Chaudhry Zafarullah Khan of
Pakistan worked as a judge of international Court of Justice for a number of years. Thus, on the
whole Pakistan has been a successful member of UNO.
Pakistan was far more enthusiastic about CENTO because other member states were mostly Muslim.
Pakistan regularly tried to persuade the other members to establish a unified command for CENTO.
However, despite regular meetings, the group never developed a permanent structure or a system
for raising troops for mutual defence. The USA supported CENTO, but never actually joined. Thus by
1979 the organisation had quietly dissolved. In September 1954, Pakistan joined SEATO, but the
decision faced opposition from within the Pakistan government and so the treaty was not ratified
until 1955. The treaty also applied to only against the communist aggression, thus Pakistan was to
receive no help for its wars with India. Pakistan had also hoped for a permanent military force to
protect all member countries against any attack – it was, however, not accepted. It did not support
Pakistan during 1965 and 1971 wars. Finally Bhutto withdrew from the organisation in 1972 after
the Bangladesh Crisis. Therefore, the membership of SEATO and CENTO has not been successful on
part of Pakistan.
HISTORY
PAGE 101
VOLUME 2
Since the foundation of OIC, Pakistan had been an active member of it and had been actively
participating in the activities of OIC aimed at Islamic unity, solidarity and stability. Pakistan has also
taken part in all summits and conferences held under the banner of OIC. Pakistan also contributed
her due share in all respects for the achievement of its objectives. It had raised voice for the
Palestinian Cause. Sharif-udin-Pirzada, the former minister of Pakistan, have been the SecretaryGeneral of OIC. The summit showed that Pakistan had many friends all over the Muslim world. One
result was that Pak was receiving aid from fellow Islamic countries, like Iran (giving loans totalling
$730 million). Thus Pakistan also remained a prominent member of OIC.
On 21st July 1964, largely as a result of the work of Ayub Khan, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan set up the
Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD). This encouraged the three countries to develop closer
trade links and help each other with industrial projects, such as setting up mills, and factories.
In case of Canal Water Dispute, the UN played a significant role when the President of the World
Bank made a recommendation that it should provide financial and technical support to resolve the
disagreement. This proposal formed the basis of the Indus Water Treaty signed in September 1959.
The World Bank also provided finance to help establish hydro-electricity and soil reclamation
programmes which have been vital for the stimulation of Pakistan’s economy and industries.
Pakistan has been an active member of NAM organisation and took active part in its deliberations.
Pakistan has been an effective member of Common wealth except during the 1972-1989. Pakistan
has always stood for justice, equality, peace, security and rights of the people.
On the whole Pakistan has been quite successful as a member of world organisations.
Q) Why did Pakistan lose 1965 and 1971 wars? [7]
In 1965, Pakistan had never expected a full scale war with India over Kashmir, and therefore the
Lahore was caught unprepared. One reason for this failure was that India was stronger and more
determined than Pakistan had realised. Another major reason was that during the war, the USA and
Britain had both placed an embargo on selling weapons to the two combatants. As Pakistan was
dependent on the West for parts to service its military equipment, it was hit harder than India.
By 1971 the balance of military power had definitely tilted in favour of India. It had a stronger
economy and larger population and was able to develop an army considerably larger than Pakistan
could put in the field. India could also rely on support from Soviet Union after signing the treaty of
Peace, Friendship and Commerce in August 1971. Whereas Pakistan was not having any such
support from any of its Allies.
Moreover, Pakistan lost the war in 1979, as India took advantage of civil war in East Pakistan. The
Indian army attacked East Pakistan. The ensuing was led to the downfall of Decca and the
subsequent surrender of Pakistani forces with a larger number of Pakistani soldiers being taken as
prisoners by India.
HISTORY
PAGE 102
VOLUME 2
Q) How successful the governments have been in the Islamisation of
Pakistan between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]
The Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in March 1949 which was the first step
towards constitution of Pakistan. This resolution made several references to Islamic laws like social
justice, equality and religious freedom, and Muslims were also enabled to lead their lives according
to Islamic teachings. But the religious wings were not satisfied with these provisions. They wanted
complete implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with other reasons, the resolution was
withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.
Khawaja Nazimuddin revised the proposals of the same resolution in 1952. Now the Head of the
state would be Muslim over 40. He would appoint a board of religious scholars who would advise on
central and provincial legislation. In case of objections on religious grounds, the bill had to be sent
back to the assembly for amendment. Now fears arose in many circles that the Religious Advisory
Board would have power of veto over new laws. The Prime Minister withdrew the proposals in 1953.
When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of Pakistan
to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was still retained for monitoring the
legislation with right of veto. The constitution also declared that the President was to be a Muslim.
Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to which
marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were defined for marriage.
Women were empowered. In spite of opposition from religious wings, these laws were imposed. He
established Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to advise him the religious aspects of policies. He
also founded Islamic Research Institute. These institutes were just symbolic; he never welcomed
their proposals.
In the 1973 constitution, Bhutto gave no consideration to the implementation of Shariah Laws. It
was almost based on the 1956 constitution. Islamic committee was still set up, but it could only
advice on legislation. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National Alliance was protesting on the
roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious factions by banning gambling, restricting sale
of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the weekly holiday. These were just desperate actions.
However, there was also a little success on road of Islamization. Both President and Prime Minister
were to be Muslims and had to believe in the finality in of Holy Prophet (PBUH). The Legislation also
gave a definition of a ‘Muslim’.
General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established Federal Shariat Court in 1979 to
consider existing laws and judgments in the light of Islamic principles. He set up a Federal Shariat
Court to consider existing laws and legal judgements and decide if they were in keeping with Islam.
He introduced Hudood Ordinances which gave Islamic punishments to people involved in drinking,
gambling, theft and adultery. A new offense of disrespect of Holy Prophet was introduced, with
imprisonment or a fine as a punishment for offenders. He also introduced the Council of Islamic
Ideology to suggest ways for bringing the legal system closer to Islamic ideology. He also introduced
Zakat and Ushr Ordinances imposing 2.5% wealth tax and 5% tax on agricultural income respectively.
Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory subjects in the schools and colleges.
Memorizers of the Holy Quran were given extra marks in the Civil Service examinations. Arabic
language was promoted through TV and Radio programs. No woman was allowed to appear on the
TV without scarf. Many people from the civil society raised a voice against some of his actions, but in
many areas he has support from Ulamas
Of course the reign of Zia ul Haq saw maximum implementation of Shariah Laws. He won the
support of many religious political parties, ulamas and religious factions.
HISTORY
PAGE 103
VOLUME 2
In conclusion it can be said that although several and serious efforts for Islamisation were made, but
implementation of clauses of Islamisation remained in question. Desired results were not achieved
because of lack of will and proper implementation. The fact remains that governments have not
been successful in their efforts for Islamisation in Pakistan.
Q) Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of education
between 1947 and 1999? [7]
According to independent estimates in 1998, less than 30% of the Pakistan population is literate, and
female literacy is estimated at 14% nationally. This was due to lack of financial investment in
education by successive govt. who viewed defence as being more important.
During the first three decades after independence, education in Pakistan was accorded a very low
official priority. In 1960, Pakistan was only spending 2% of budget on education which, by 1990, had
grown to 2.9%. However, even after the mass nationalization of 1970s, state expenditure on
education never rose above 3% of the budget.
A major problem has faced primary education with serious under-funding compared to secondary
and higher education (in 5-Year-Plan 1956, 56% educational budget was allocated to secondary
compared to only 18% for primary!) Little money remains for non-staff costs to spend on the
primary sector.
A number of problems have, therefore, dogged all official attempts at improving the literacy rate.
Rates of absenteeism and drop-outs are very high. More than half the students joining primary
school leave within 5 years. One-third of girls drop out within a year. Education is also very
expensive in Pakistan. Children are expected to buy their own books and uniform, and many children
drop out of schools. In the secondary sector many private schools have been formed which have
been for the more wealthy parts of the population which further emphasises the gap between the
rich and the poor.
However, educational reforms were enforced from time to time. In 1972, all private schools and
colleges were nationalized. But the policy had a devastating effect on the standard of teaching and
standard of education in the country.
Q) How successful have the successive governments been in the provision of
health and education in Pakistan since 1947 to 1999? [14]
According to independent estimates in 1998, less than 30% of the Pakistan population is literate, and
female literacy is estimated at 14% nationally. This was due to lack of financial investment in
education by successive govt. who viewed defence as being more important.
During the first three decades after independence, education in Pakistan was accorded a very low
official priority. In 1960, Pakistan was only spending 2% of budget on education which, by 1990, had
grown to 2.9%. However, even after the mass nationalization of 1970s, state expenditure on
education never rose above 3% of the budget.
A major problem has faced primary education with serious under-funding compared to secondary
and higher education (in 5-Year-Plan 1956, 56% educational budget was allocated to secondary
compared to only 18% for primary!) Little money remains for non-staff costs to spend on the
primary sector.
HISTORY
PAGE 104
VOLUME 2
A number of problems have, therefore, dogged all official attempts at improving the literacy rate.
Rates of absenteeism and drop-outs are very high. More than half the students joining primary
school leave within 5 years. One-third of girls drop out within a year. Education is also very
expensive in Pakistan. Children are expected to buy their own books and uniform, and many children
drop out of schools. In the secondary sector many private schools have been formed which have
been for the more wealthy parts of the population which further emphasises the gap between the
rich and the poor.
However, educational reforms were enforced from time to time. In 1972, all private schools and
colleges were nationalized. But the policy had a devastating effect on the standard of teaching and
standard of education in the country.
Another important problem was that policies introduced by one government were abandoned by
the next govt. For example, the scheme of ‘Nai Roshni Schools’ was started in 1985 to educate a
large number of children up to primary level. But the scheme was discontinued by the next elected
govt. of Benazir in 1988. There has also been a lack of schools. A govt. report in 1989 admitted that
over 60%of govt. school building were unsafe.
On the other hand, provision of health has also remained an enormous problem for Pakistan. One of
the many problems inherited by the state of Pakistan was the very poor health care available to
public. Since 1947, there has been a rapid increase in population. The annual growth rate in Pakistan
in 1990 was estimated to be over 3% per year. At the same time, life expectancy is only 55 years for
both men and women and maternal mortality is also one of the highest in the world. Furthermore,
child mortality rate is also rampant: at 90 per 1000 births. Children die of diseases like diarrhoea,
measles and whooping cough etc. Government estimates in 1990 suggest that 200,000 children a
year died because of diarrhoea. Malnutrition is also prevailing in many parts of Pakistan, especially
rural areas.
The belief in traditional medication is also one of the major causes for poor health in Pakistan.
People usually trust on ‘Hakeems’ and Homeopathic medicines in rural areas, instead of going to
professional qualified doctors. In addition, there has been a lack of doctors, nurses and hospitals
since 1947. Public health expenditure was around 0.75% of budget in 1990. With such low
investment it is indeed very difficult to improve health facilities in Pakistan.
National health planning started in 1960s, but the first large national health plan was introduced in
1972 with establishment of BHU (for every 20,000 people) and RHCs (for every 60,000 people).
However, the reform failed due to poor management and lack of funding.
By the 1970s, nine Unani medical colleges were established. However, indigenous midwives (dais)
are still an overwhelming choice for rural and urban women during childbirth and have escaped any
formal regulation and training. There are over 8000 NGOs registered in health sector in Pakistan
such as Edhi Foundation which is both effective and well-run.
Thus, on the whole, Pakistan governments have remained unsuccessful in the provision of health
and education as the statistics show a very poor condition in both of the sectors.
HISTORY
PAGE 105
VOLUME 2
Q) Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in the
1980s and 1990s? [ 7] [s17]
• US diplomats expressed concern that Pakistan may have nuclear weapons, and would not give aid
to Pakistan, stating Pakistan was in contravention of the 1985 Pressler Amendment. The USA had
promised $4 million in an economic package to help Pakistan to refurbish their military forces.
• The reduction in aid seriously affected Pakistan. In particular, the delivery of 28 F-16 fighter jets in
which weakened Pakistan’s relationship with USA.
• The Pakistan government expressed concerns about the status of India as a nuclear power.
PAKISTAN–AFGHANISTAN
Q) To what extent was the relationship between Pakistan and its neighbour
Afghanistan successful from 1947 to 1999? [14]
SUCCESSFUL
9 During Zahir Shah’s time in office relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan were friendly
and during the 1965 War remained neutral despite pressure from other powers.
9 There were good relations when an Islamic foreign policy was introduced, leading to visits
between both countries by Bhutto and later Zia-ul-Haq and Daud in 1970’s.
9 There was humane treatment in Pakistan of Afghan refugees following outbreak of Afghan–
Russian War.
LESS SUCCESSFUL
9 Afghanistan had territorial claims to part of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP)
following establishment of Pakistan in 1947.
9 Afghanistan voted against Pakistan joining UN in 1947.
9 Afghanistan did not always adhere to a trade agreement with Pakistan;
9 Diplomatic relations between the two countries were withdrawn in 1955 but later renewed.
9 During the Afghan–Russian War, planes entered Pakistani airspace and some of the Pakistani
frontier areas were bombed.
9 After the war, law and order was hard to restore in Afghanistan; problems spread into the
border region relating to drugs, armed robberies, kidnappings and gun battles between rival
gangs.
9 There was an increase in Islamic militancy following support given to the Taliban in
Afghanistan.
HISTORY
PAGE 106
VOLUME 2
PAKISTAN–BANGLADESH
After the 1971 War and the creation of Bangladesh relations between the two countries remained
strained.
9 Pakistan saw Bangladesh as a rebel nation, having broken away from West Pakistan and
winning independence largely as a result of support from Pakistan's bitter rival, India. During
the civil war, there had been fierce fighting in East Pakistan which had left a legacy of
distrust and anger between the two countries.
9 There was the problem of reallocating assets that had been shared (just as there had been
with India in 1947). Bangladesh claimed that it had the right to many of the assets of West
Pakistan.
9 There was the problem of people in each country who wished to settle in the other - not on
the huge scale of 1947, but large enough to be a problem. By stages, Pakistan established
better relations with Bangladesh.
9 In early 1974, however, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujib was invited to a
meeting of the Organization of Islamic Countries [OIC] in Lahore. This was a highly important
point in relations between the two countries, as for the first time Bangladesh was officially
recognized by Pakistan as an independent state. The two countries agreed to view each
other as Muslim friends and try to resolve their differences.
9 In June 1974 Bhutto visited Bangladesh. During this visit, the division of assets was
discussed. Bangladesh asked for over half of the assets of that Pakistan had owned in 1971,
but Bhutto rejected this as unrealistic. Sheikh Mujib of Bangladesh also insisted that Pakistan
take all non-Bengalis from Bangladesh - whether they wished to leave or not. Bhutto also
rejected this as unreasonable. The two countries had agreed to establish friendly relations,
but they were some way from agreeing on the fundamental issues which divided them.
9 In 1975, Sheikh Mujib died. Although Khondekar Mushtaq, the new leader of Bangladesh,
did not withdraw the claims over assets and repatriation, he recognised that they should not
act as barriers to better relations. The two countries exchanged ambassadors and reached
an agreement to co-operate on trade, tourism and the media. By 1986 trade goods moving
between the two countries had reached a value of $40 million.
9 In 1985 and 1988 Bangladesh was hit by such severe weather that foreign aid was urgently
needed. On both occasions Pakistan was the first country to contribute. Despite the wounds
incurred in 1971, Pakistan had not forgotten the strong ties it had with its Muslim brothers
in East Pakistan.