0625 IGCSE Physics Formula Sheet
Cosmo
March 28, 2025
Contents
1 General Physics
1.1 Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Hooke’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Moments Of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.11 Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
2 Thermal Physics
2.1 Kelvin Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Boyle’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Heat Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
6
6
6
3 Waves
3.1 Wave Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Law of Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Refractive Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
6
7
7
4 Electricity
4.1 Circuit Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Work Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Resistors in Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Resistors in Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
1
5 Astrophysics
5.1 Orbital Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Hubble Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Age of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
General Physics
1.1
Force
F = ma
W = mg
F →
− force (N )
m→
− mass (kg)
a→
− acceleration (m/s2 )
W →
− weight (N )
g→
− acceleration due to freefall // gravitational field strength (m/s2 )
1.2
Velocity
d
t
∆d
v=
∆t
v=
vaverage =
dtotal
ttotal
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
∆d →
− change in displacement/distance m
t→
− time taken (s)
∆t →
− change in time taken (s)
2
9
9
9
9
1.2.1
Acceleration
v
t
∆v
a=
∆t
a=
a→
− acceleration (m/s−2 )
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
∆v →
− change in velocity/speed m
t→
− time taken (s)
∆t →
− change in time taken (s)
1.3
Density
ρ=
m
V
ρ→
− density (kg/m3 )
V →
− volume (m3 )
m→
− mass (kg)
1.4
Momentum
p = mv
p
F =
t
I = Ft
p→
− momentum (kgm/s)
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
m→
− mass (kg)
F →
− force (N )
t→
− time taken (s)
I→
− impulse (N s)
3
1.5
Hooke’s Law
F = kx
F →
− force (N )
k→
− spring constant (N/m)
x→
− extension (m)
1.6
Moments Of Force
Moment = F d
F →
− force (N )
d→
− distance (m)
1.7
Energy
1
mv 2
2
EGP = mgh
Ek =
W = Fd
Ek →
− kinetic energy (J)
EGP →
− gravitational potential energy (J)
W →
− work done (J)
F →
− force (N )
d→
− distance (m)
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
m→
− mass (kg)
g→
− acceleration due to freefall // gravitational field strength (m/s2 )
h→
− height (m)
4
1.8
Power
E
t
W
P =
t
P =
P →
− power (W )
W →
− work done (J)
E→
− energy (J)
t→
− time taken (s)
1.9
Efficiency
NOTE: The symbol for efficiency is η, however you are not required to know
this, I have used it purely for simplicity.
η=
useful energy output
useful energy input
η=
useful power output
useful power input
Remember to multiply by 100 to convert to a percentage if needed.
1.10
Pressure
F
A
p = ρgh
p=
p→
− pressure (N/m2 )
F →
− force (N )
A→
− area (m2 )
g→
− acceleration due to freefall // gravitational field strength (m/s2 )
h→
− height (m)
1.11
Collisions
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
m→
− mass (kg)
5
2
Thermal Physics
2.1
Kelvin Conversion
T = θ + 273
T →
− temperature in Kelvin (K)
θ→
− temperature in degrees celsius
2.2
Boyle’s Law
pV = constant
p1 V1 = p2 V2
p→
− pressure (N/m2 )
V →
− volume (m3 )
2.3
Heat Energy
Q = mc∆θ
Q→
− heat energy (J)
m→
− mass (kg)
c→
− specific heat capacity (J/kg deg C
θ→
− temperature in degrees celsius
3
Waves
3.1
Wave Formula
v = fλ
T =
1
f
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
f→
− frequency (Hz)
λ→
− wavelength (m)
T →
− time period (s)
6
3.2
Law of Reflection
i=r
r→
− angle of reflection
i→
− angle of incidence
3.3
Refractive Index
This formula can be used when i is the angle in a rarer medium and r is the
angle in the denser medium.
sin i
sin r
This formula can be used in all cases, where θi is the angle of incidence, and
θr is the angle of refraction.
n=
sin θi
sin θr
1
n=
sin c
n=
n→
− refractive index
θi →
− angle of incidence (deg)
θr →
− angle of refraction (deg)
c→
− critical angle (deg)
4
Electricity
4.1
Circuit Formulae
I=
Q
t
V
I
V = IR
R=
I→
− current (A)
V →
− voltage (V )
R→
− resistance (Ω)
P →
− power (W )
t→
− time taken (s)
7
4.2
Work Done
W =
V2
t
R
W = I 2 Rt
W = V It
W = Pt
W =VQ
W →
− work done (J)
V →
− emf (voltage) (V )
R→
− resistance (Ω)
I→
− current (A)
Q→
− charge (C)
t→
− time (s)
4.3
Power
P =VI
P =
V2
R
P = I 2R
W
P =
t
I→
− current (A)
V →
− voltage (V )
R→
− resistance (Ω)
P →
− power (W )
W →
− work done (J)
t→
− time (s)
4.4
Resistors in Series
R = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn
R→
− resistance (Ω)
8
4.5
Resistors in Parallel
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
R
R1
R2
Rn
R→
− resistance (Ω)
4.6
Transformer
Pin = Pout
Np
Is
Vp
=
=
Vs
Ns
Ip
P →
− power (W)
V →
− voltage in primary (P) or secondary (S) (V)
I→
− current in primary (P) or secondary (S) (A)
N→
− number of turns in primary (P) or secondary (S)
5
Astrophysics
5.1
Orbital Velocity
v=
2πr
T
v→
− orbital velocity/speed (m/s)
r→
− orbital radius (m)
T →
− orbital time period (s)
5.2
Hubble Constant
v = Ho d
Ho →
− hubble constant
v→
− recession speed (m/s)
d→
− distance from galaxy (m)
5.3
Age of the Universe
The approximate age of the universe (in seconds) can be calculated using:
Age =
1
Ho
Ho →
− hubble constant
9
0
