Lyman series
Hybridization refers to the instance in which all bonding orbitals form a singular orbital that
houses all of their electrons in order to reduce the amount of energy required to uphold a
bond
Resonance refers to the instance in which due to the overlap of unhybridized p orbitals,
the electrons within a structure are delocalized and are able to redefine the bonds within
the compound making it so the compound can be represented with multiple Lewis
structures
Electron pairs are going to repel each other
Lone pairs and bond pairs are going to repel each other more than bond pairs and
bond pairs
Lone pairs and lone pairs are going to repel each other more than lone pairs and
bond pairs
Trigonal planar with bond angles of 120 degrees
Tetrahedral with bond angles of less than 109.5 degrees
1. Calculate the mass of 0.02 moles of potassium manganate by multiplying 0.02 by
its molar mass
2. Obtain a sample of the mass obtained and dissolve it in a beaker with 100 cm^3 of
water
3. Pour into a volumetric flask that can hold 1dm^3 and fill it up to the mark
4. Obtain a sample of 25cm^3 of the solution and titrate it against a known primary
solution.
5. Use the equation of the reaction between the titrate and the solution to deduce a
mole ratio and use the concentration of the primary solution to determine the amount
of moles present in said solution by transposing after which use the mole ratio to
deduce the amount of moles in the 25cm^3 solution and adjust this to 1dm^3 to
confirm the concentration of the potassium manganate
Dynamic equilibrium is the instance in which the forward and backward reactions of a
reversible reaction occur simultaneously
This refers to the principle that changes to equilibrium-dependent factors within an
equilibrium system will be minimized and accounted for by adjusting the proportion of the
reactants and/or products in order to maintain equilibrium.
Increasing the pressure will result in an increase of the amount of products created
as an increase in pressure increase the amount of gas particles per unit volume
Decreasing the temperature would decrease the Kp of the reaction and by extension
it will shift the position to the left and decreasing the amount of products formed
Increasing the amount of hydrogen ions is going to increase the amount of water
formed due to the increase in the amount of reactants
A buffer solution refers to a solution composed of an acid or base and its conjugate
that minimizes pH change in solution
1. Obtain 25g of the salt and then dissolve it in like 100cm^3 of the acid
2. Use a glass electrode meter to obtain the pH of the solution and record it
3. Measure out two samples of 20cm^3 of the buffer in beakers
4. Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to one sample and observe the pH change using the
glass electrode meter. Repeat this with a few drops of hydrochloric acid.
5. If the pH is relatively constant, then you can confirm the solution as a buffer.
NH3 + H <-> NH4. In the equation, the weak base ammonia gains a proton to create the
conjugate acid NH4. This dynamic would be present in a solution of ammonium sulfate where
a buffer solution is created between the weak-base ammonia and its conjugate acid. With
the addition of hydrogen ions, pH change could be controlled as they would bond with the
ammonia. With the addition of hydroxide ions, pH change could be controlled as they would
bond with the hydrogen ion.
Half-life refers to the time it takes for a reactant to half in concentration
Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P4O10, SO3
The difference in the oxidation state is due to the amount of bonds that sodium and
aluminium form. As they are both metal atoms, they will donate their electrons to
oxygen in a ionic bond. Sodium donates 1 valence electron and has an oxidation
state of +1, whilst aluminium donates 3 valence electrons and has an oxidation state
of +3
Ionic
Covalent
Covalent
SiCl4 + 2H2O -> SiO2 + 4HCl
Silicon chloride is going to dissolve to form
the acidic silicon oxide and fumes of
hydrogen chloride due to its strong covalent
character
Ligand refers to an electron-rich species that donates its lone pair to a metal to form
a complex ion
[X(OH)6]^-3
Octahedral
Coordination number refers to the amount of dative covalent bonds that the ligand
forms with the metal in the complex
The solution is going to transform from a blue colour to a green-yellow colour and
fumes of a pungent gas will evolve
The solution is going to turn from colourless to pink
Fe3+ which is reddish-brown