Weathering & Erosion Quiz: Geology Study Guide

#separator:tab #html:true Chapter 12: The breaking down of rock materials at the or near Earth's surface. a. Erosion b. Weathering c. Aggradation d. Attrition e. Denudationb. Weathering Chapter 12 How many percent of sedimentary rocks are there at Earth's surface? a. 50-60% b. 45-50% c. 75-80% d. 90-95% e. 30-45%c. 75-80% Chapter 12 This is the removal of rock material from a geographic location which initiates its transport to another location. a. Attrition b. Deposition c. Erosion d. Aggradation e. Mass Wastingc. Erosion Chapter 12 Rock materials weather at different rates. a. Chemical Weathering b. Decomposition c. Disintegration d. Biological Weathering e. Differential Weatheringe. Differential Weathering Chapter 12 Disintegration of rocks commonly occur at areas with climates that are: a. Cold and Dry b. Warm and Weta. Cold and Dry Chapter 12 Decomposition of rocks commonly occur at areas with climates that are: a. Cold and Dry b. Warm and Wetb. Warm and Wet Chapter 12 Fractures in rock with no relative displacement or moevement has taken place. a. Joints b. Faults c. Bedding d. Lamination e. Cleavagea. Joints Chapter 12 The pressure exerted on a buried rock objects at depth. a. Unloading b. Decompression c. Lithostatic Pressure d. Adiabatic Pressure e. Confining Pressurec. Lithostatic Pressure or e. Confining Pressure Chapter 12 This decrease in lithostatic pressure or load (removes overlying rock). a. Sheeting b. Unloading c. Decompression d. Plucking e. HeavingUnloading or Decompression Chapter 12 Rock structures that open sub-parallel to Earth's surface or parallel to natural slopes. a. Sheet Dikes b. Joints c. Faults d. Bedding e. Sheet Jointse. Sheet Joints Chapter 12 Describe rock structures that resemble the curved surfaces of an Onion. a. Slaking b. Heaving c. Sheeting d. Shattering e. Exfoliationc. Sheeting or e. Exfoliation Chapter 12 Happens when fractures and weak surfaces are enlarged by the expansion of water as it freezes. a. Crystal Growth b. Sheeting c. Frost Heaving d. Frost Wedging e. Frost Actione. Frost Action Chapter 12 Fractures within structures if water expands when freezes, specifically it is oriented steeply to Earth's Surface. a. Frost Heaving b. Frost Wedging c. Slaking d. Salt Growth e. Frost Actionb. Frost Wedging Chapter 12 Fractures within structures if water expands when freezes, specifically it is oriented parallel to Earth's surface. Often lifitng soil particles several cm above the surface. a. Frost Heaving b. Frost Wedging c. Slaking d. Salt Growth e. Frost Actiona. Frost Heaving Chapter 12 May tear rock apart as the crystal grows in a fracture or pore space. Rock expansion due to the growth of evaporate minerals like gypsum. a. Ice Expansion b. Slaking c. Salt Crystal Growth d. Deflation e. Crystal Duplicationc. Salt Crystal Growth Cahpter 12 Occurs when minerals such as clays and micas expand when wetted. a. Mineral Expansion b. Slaking c. Staking d. Salt Growth e. Water Retentionb. Slaking Chapter 12 This type of weatheing attacks the edge of angular masses that gradually smoothens and becomes round.Spheroidal Weathering Chapter 12 This process produce compositional changes in rocks and are induced through chemical and biological reactions between minerals and pore fluids.Decomposition Chapter 12 Occurs when a mineral or other soil component is wholly or partially dissolved during chemical decomposition.Dissolution Chapter 12 Water + Carbon Dioxide = _________________Carbonic Acid Chapter 12 Water + Carbon Dioxide = Carbonic AcidCarbonation Chapter 12 These are circular to ovid depressions due to long-term dissolution.Sinkholes (Dolines)  Karst System - overall Chapter 12 This occurs when ions are directly exchanged between a mineral and a solution.Ion Exchange Chapter 12 Soil waters in (warm or wet), humid climates have a (high or low) pH, are rich in Hydrogen ions and are (basic or acidic).WARM - LOW - ACIDIC Chapter 12 A chemical reaction between a mineral and water in which dissolved hydrogen ions and/or hydroxyl ions are added to form one ore more new minerals. Hydrolysis Chapter 12 What is the most abundant group of silicate minerals in Earth's surface?Feldspars Chapters 12 Feldspars when undergo into hydrolysis decomposes into ___________.Clays Chapter 12 The process in which the anhydrous calcium sulfate mineral anhydrite is converted into hydrated calcium sulfate mineral gypsum by the addition of water.Hydration Chapter 12 The conversion of hydrated gypsum into anhydrite with loss of water from the crystal structure.Dehydration Chapter 12 A chemical reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred from a cation in the mineral to an anion, increasing the valence of the cation. POSITIVE to NEGATIVEOxidation Chapter 12 The ability to decompose minerals and rocks by the removal of metallic cations.Chelation Chapter 12 Formed when an existing rock is eroded or broken down into pieces by water, wind, or ice. These fragments are transported to a new location, deposited, and begin the process of lithification.Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 12 These are residual mineral and rock fragments of the original parent rock that have survived decomposition.Resistates Chapter 12 These are generated by decomposition processes during the weathering process.New Minerals Chapter 12 The _____________ of any mineral depends on the details of climate and soil geochemistry, but some useful generalizations can be me made.Chemical Stability Chapter 12 This is essentially inverted Bowen's reaction series, focusing more on the chemical stability of rock or minerals.Goldlich Chapter 12 This rule states that the susceptibility of common igneous minerals is inversely proportional to their crystallization temperatures as summarized in Bowen's RS.Goldlich's Rule Chapter 12 In lateritic soils (oxisols) formed in warm, humid environments, these are abundant:Oxides and Hydroxides Chapter 12 Major ore mineral of Aluminum.Bauxite Chapter 12 What are the three common minerals of Bauxite?- Gibbsite - Boehmite - Diaspore Chapter 12 This is an area of calcium carbonate formed in the soils of semiarid regions.Caliche Chapter 12 This an area where oxygen's deficient.Anoxic Environment Chapter 12 These are permanent aggregates sperated from each other by voids or surface weaknesses. It persist throught wet and dry cycles.Peds Chapter 12 These are largely unconsolidated surficial deposuts produced by weathering processes and capable of supporting rooted plant life.Soils Chapter 12 This is partially decayed, dead, organic matter.Humus Chapter 12 Term used when there's a subequal proportions of sand and significant amounts of clays.Loam Chapter 12 This constitute the top layer of soil profiles and has  specific diagnostic characteristic.Epipedon Chapter 12 The upper portion of the soil horizon that composes of organic material.O-horizon Chapter 12 This portion of the soil horizon is dominated by a mineral material, with or without a significant porportion of admixed organic matter.A-Horizon Chapter 12 The is also known as zone of leaching and eluviation in the soil horizon.A-horizon Chapter 12 This process causes the material to be removed by dissolution, cation exchangemor the physical removal of fine material by the downward percolation of aqeous solutions over time.Leaching Chapter 12 This process is the movement of water that removes the dissolved or suspended material.Eluviation Chapter 12 This is the deposition of dissolved or suspended material from the upper horizon downward.Illuviation Chapter 12 This soil horizon is distinguishable by its light colored subdivision cause by the substantial leaching from the lower part of its upper horizon.E-horizon Chapter 12 The is also known as the zone of accumulation in the soil horizon. It is characterized by enrichment in some of the constituents leached from the upeer horizon.B-horizon Chapter 12 Mineral precipitation in B-horizon binds soil particles together in hard, nodular zones or into completely indurated sub-horizons. Duricrust Chapter 12 This formed in a calcareous materials as result of climatic fluctuations in arid and semiarid regions.Calcrete/Petrocalcic Chapter 12 These are concentrations of illuviated materials that occur as layers or that envelope less-altered cores.Cutans Chapter 12 These are prolate to equant hard lumps formed by mineral precipitation and include concretions and nodules of all sizes.  These are 3D entities embedded in the matrix of soil materials.Glaebules Chapter 12 This also called as the soil mantle in soil horizon which represents moderately to minimally weathered, slightly altered materials that are transitional to the underlying, unaltered parent material.C-horizon Chapter 12 This is the unweathered bedrock of the soil horizon.R-horizon or regolith horizon Chapter 12 This type of soil is brown forest soils develop under temperate broadleaved deciduous forests. These are among the most fertile, most easily worked, and most easily cleared of the temperate zone soils.Alfisols Chapter 12 This type of soil has a parent material of volcanic ash and cinders. Quite fertile.Andisols Chapter 12 This type of soil develops in dry places or arid regions.Aridosols Chapter 12 This type of soil lacks significant soil horizon development and exhibits properties of parent material. Young surfaces.Entisols Chapter 12 This type of soil develops in polar regions or permafrost. Gelisols Chapter 12 This type of soil is composed of organic soil due to its environment (bogs and swamp). No climatic implications.Histosols Chapter 12 This type of soil is weakly developed young soils in which beginning of profile development is evident. Also, these are soils of relatively new origin and are characterized by having only the weakest appearance of horizons, or layers, produced by soil-forming factors.Inceptisols Chapter 12 This type of soil is very dark and soft in grassy vegetation. Also in praire areas, good for grain production.Mollisols Chapter 12 This type of soil is located on old land surfaces unless parent materials were strongly weathered before they were deposited. This soil undergone extreme decomposition and base depletion. It is heavily leached so not suited for agriculture.Oxisols Chapter 12 This type of soil is only present at humid regions on sandy material. It shows a dark upper horizon that overlies a light-colored horizon of leached material.Spodosols Chapter 12 This type of soil is a product of long period of weathering. Also, product of extensive leaching because of abundant water percolation.Ultisols Chapter 12 This type of soil has large amount of clays.Vertisols Chapter 12 This is the liquid and plastic limits of a soil.Atterberg Limits Chapter 12 This is the amount of stress a soil can bear without failing by rupture or pl;astic flow. An expression of the ability of a soil to resit irreversible deformation.Soil Strength Chapter 12 This measures the change in soil strength that results from changes in water content and various kinds of distrubances.Soil Sensitivity Chapter 12 Plasticity increases with amount of clay increases. True or False.True Chapter 12 This will happen if an unconsolidated sand-silt soils disturbed by earthquake ground shaking.Liquefaction Chapter 12 This expresses the tendency of soils to consolidate and lose volume.Compressibility Chapter 12 This is the volume percentage of void spaces, called pores, in a rock.Porosity Chapter 12 This is the rate of fluid flow through a material.Permeability Chapter 12 This yields and stores and transmits freshwater.Aquifer Chapter 12 Any geological formation of a rather semipervious nature that transmits water at slower rates than an aquifer.Aquitard Chapter 12 A geological material through which zero flow occurs.Aquiclude Chapter 12 A geological material through which neither porous, not permeable, these are not inter-connected opening, so it does not contain water and does not allow it to pass through it.Aquifuge Chapter 12 Buriued soils that have benn uncovered and exposed at Earth's syrface by subsequent erosion.Exhumed Soils Chapter 12 These are ancient soils that formed under conditions not related to the present climate.Paleosols Chapter 12 The presence of organism in a soil can be detected by ___________ in carbonated minerals precipitated by soil waters, even when organic matter has not been preserved.depressed Carbon 13/Carbon 12 Chapter 12 This evolved following the greenhouse periodn that marked the early tertiary.Grasses Chapter 12 Why does mollisols may be considered a major cause of long-term global cooling that led to glaciations during pleistocene.With the expansion of grasslands, mollisols from the Eocene had spreed rapidly by the Miocene that covers 20% of the land surface. With the accumulation of slow-decaying organic materials, favoring the grasses, mollisols sequester huge amounts of carbon, effectively removing CO2 and another greenhouse gas, methane (CH4), from the atmosphere. High CO2 = High Temperature Chapter 13 This refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of constituents of sedimentary rock, both its solid particles and void spaces between them.Texture Chapter 13 Udden Wentworth Scale is ____________________ scale.Negative, base 2 logarithmic (-log2) scale Chapter 13 To facilitate mathematical and statistical abalysis of detrital sediments, Krumbein created a scale of equivalents for the sizes in the Udden Wentworth grade scale.Logarithmic phi scale Chapter 13 The sizes of these according to Udden Wentworth Scale: Gravel = __________ Sand = ___________ Mud = ____________    Silt = ____________    Clay = ____________Gravel = More than 2 mm Sand = Between 2mm and 0.0625mm Mud = less than 0.0625mm    Silt = Between 0.0625mm and 0.004mm    Clay = less than 0.004mm Chapter 13 Arenite is to _________. Gravel is to _________. Clay/Silt is to __________.Sand Rudite Lutite Chapter 13 Sandstones which are rich in mud are called _________.Wackes Chapter 13 This is a measure of the degree of similarity of particle sizes in clastic sediment.Sorting Chapter 13 These particles are those that have similar dimensions in all directions.Equant (Spheroid) Chapter 13 This is the overlapping of edges of clasts in a consistent fashion in a flow direction.Imbrication Chapter 13 The measure of the degree to which a particle approaches the dimensions of a perfect sphere.Sphericity Chapter 13 The measure of the degree of smoothing or curvature of grain edges.Roundness Chapter 13 This is a solid sedimentary rock in which at least 30% of the dterital grains by volume are gravel.Gravelstone Chapter 13 This type of gravelstone have clasts that are generally rounded.Conglomerates Chapter 13 This gravelstones contain angular clasts.Breccia Chapter 13 A clast-supported conglomerate are also called as ___________.Orthoconglomerate Chapter 13 A matrix supported conglomerate are also called as ___________.Paraconglomerate Chapter 13 This gravelstone are mud-supported matrix.Diamictite Chapter 13 There are heterogenous rock units that contain blocks surrounded and supported by a fine-grained matrix.Melange Chapter 13 Gravelstones in which the clasts are largely of one composition.Oligomictic or Monomictic Chapter 13 Gravelstones in which the clasts are in variety of compositions.Polymictic Chapter 13 These structures are an exposed craton. A large area of exposed Precambrian-age crystalline igneous and hig-grade metamorphic rocks.Shield Chapter 13 Characterized by relatively thin veneer of largely mature detrital sedimentary rocks and/or carbonate sedimentary rocks that overlie shield rocks.Platform Chapter 13 The two major components of mudrocks.Silt and Clay Chapter 13 This type of dating technique are helpful for establishing ages of the zircon.U/Pb dating Chapter 13 Taste test: Clay particles feel ______________ while Silt particles are _______________Clay = soft, smooth and pasty silt = hard and gritty Chapter 13 The tendency of a certain mudstones and claystones to split into thin layers, roughly parallel to stratification.Fissility Chapter 13 A rock that displays fissility.Shale Chapter 13 This is the result from the sub-parallel alignment of clay and mica minerals with their characteristic sheet (phyllosilicate) structures.Fissility Chapter 13 The term clay is used in two different ways:Clay as clastic particle smaller than 0.004mm. and Clas as a group of aluminum-bearing phyllosilicates  Chapter 13 Alkaline are rich in ____ and ____. Also it is ______ in pH.Na and K; Basic "Chapter 13 This mineral are produced by the minimal decomposition of ferromagnesian minerals and commonly form in alkaline soils where precipitation and temperatures are low. A group of phyllosilicate minerals common in low-grade metamorphic rocks and in altered igneous rocks. Abundant in greenschists. "Chlorite "Chapter 13 A group name for platy phyllosilicates that have large specific surface areas and exhibit a high expansion (swelling) capability in the presence of H2O. "Smectite Chapter 13 This is a subgroup of smectite that has characteristic of trioctahedral.Saponite Chapter 13 Subgroup of smectite that has a characteristic of dioctahedral.Montmorillonite "Chapter 13 These are common products of the weathering of feldspars (especially k-spars).  Also called hydromica or hydromuscovite, is a group of closely related non-expanding clay minerals."Illites Chapter 13 This is generally green-colored, potassium-iron-rich illite that is produced in marine envrionments.Glauconite Chapter 13 These are light-colored zones having a circular or elliptical shape common in continental red beds. Form when decomposing organic matter that reduces the iron, enabling it ot be removed in solution, which results in the removal of the red coloration.Reduction Spots "Chapter 13 These are smectite-rich claystones formed by the alteration of volcanic ash deposits generated by explosive eruptions. It is also a very plastic clay that shrinks (or swells) markedly in response to the removal (or addition) of water."Bentonites Chapter 13 These are characterized by a black color that is largely the result of their elevated content of incomplete decomposed, carbon-rich organic matter.Black Shales Chpater 13 The terms is also known as organic mud, which is tich in bituminous substance.Sapropel - Organic (Sapro) and Mud (Pel) Chapter 13 These are characterized by organic material contents that have the potential to yield profitable amounts of petroleum and/or natural gas when heated sufficiently.Oil Shales "Chapter 13 An organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon found in crude oil, natural gas, and coal."Hydrocarbons Chapter 13 This is a trapped petroleum.Tight Oil Chapter 13 This process involves heating of organic material (shale) in the abscence of oxygen.Pyrolysis "Chapter 13 This is an organic constituent of sedimentary rock that is insoluble in the usual organic solvents. Also, it is a complex waxy mixture of hydrocarbon compounds that is the primary organic component of oil shale. "Kerogen Chapter 13 The process from Kerogen to Natural Gas.Kerogen        Buried and Heated (100-140 degree celcius) Petroleum Heated (160 degree celcius) Natural Gas Chapter 13 T or F. Petroleum and natural gas are lighter than water.True Chapter 13 This is the result of increasinf confining pressure as sediments are buried progressively deeper beneath the surface.Compaction Chapter 13 In lithic sandstones, fragments may be substantially deformed. If plastic grains are bent around more rigid grains and to have been squeezed between them to produce a _______________.Diagenetic Pseudomatrix Chapter 13 This is the dissolution of minerals at grain-to-grain contacts into an aqeous pore fluid in areas of high stress and either deposition.Pressure Dissolution Chapter 13 It occurs when pore fluids precipitate intergranular mineral or mineraloid cements that bind the grains together.Cementation Chapter 13 The mineral that precipitates from pose solutions initially nucleates on a pre-existing detrital grains. It has trhe same orientation and crystallographic axis as the detrital grain.Syntaxial Overgrowth Chapter 13 This belongs to quartz family. It is an amorphous mineraloid that contains various amounts of water.Opal Chapter 13 It is an amorphous microcrystalline quartz with microfibrous, radiating bundles of thin crystals.Chalcedony Chapter 13 This is a subgroup of chalcedony which composed of micro-cryptocrystalline quartz. Equant with conchoidal fracture.Chert Chapter 13 This is a red chert.Jasper Chapter 13 This is a darker colors of chert.Flint Chapter 13 This is composed of one or more calcite crystals that occupy small pore spaces between detrital grains.Blocky Cement Chapter 13 This is composed of a single, large calcite crystal that nucleates and grows to fill multiple pore spcaes so that it completely envelops several detrital grains.Poikiloptic Cement Chapter 13 This occurs when one mineral crystal is altered to another during diagenesis.Mineral Alteration or Replacement Chapter 13 These forms by the precipitation of material around a nucleation surface, such as a fossil, sand grain or shale chip.Concretions Chapter 13 Similar to concretions but lack of well-defined nucleus and generally lack concentric growth.Nodules Chapter 13 These can be found in carbonate-rich mudrock with mosaic-like effect cracks. The ployhedral blocks (matrix) sperated by mineral-filled radiating cracks.Septarian Nodules or Dragon Stone "Chapter 13 These are spherical rocks that contain hollow cavities lined with crystals. "Geodes Chapter 13 These are coloured bands in sedimentary rocks with minerals genrally iron oxides (red color). It is formed by secondary (diagenetic) process and composed of authigenic minerals in repeating pattern.Liesegang Bands

Weathering & Erosion Quiz: Geology Study Guide

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