Multiple Natures
Each individual is born with innate tendencies that are reinforced by our environment—especially in
the early stages of life. These traits influence the way we act and the type of activities we are drawn
to. The 9 Multiple Natures include Protective, Educative, Administrative, Creative, Healing,
Entertaining, Providing, Entrepreneurial, and Adventurous. They were derived from traditional
Eastern sources by Steven Rudolph, after a 21-year journey to India.
Discover
The Multiple Natures theory is a concept developed by Steven Rudolph in 2008 that identifies 9
tendencies of behavior.
These include:
·
Protective Nature - the tendency to prevent harm, loss, injury, mistakes or -wrong-doing.
·
Educative Nature - the tendency to teach others.
·
Administrative Nature - the tendency to get work done.
·
Creative Nature - the tendency to ideate.
·
Healing Nature - the tendency to help others out of pain.
·
Entertaining Nature - the tendency to attract attention and amuse others.
·
Providing Nature - the tendency to help others.
·
Entrepreneurial Nature - the tendency to create or extract value.
·
Adventurous Nature - the tendency to take risk or do dangerous things.
So, for an example, a person with a strong Educative Nature would have a tendency to help others
understand things, a person with a strong Healing Nature would have a tendency to help others out of
pain or imbalance, and so on.
Each person possesses each of these natures, though to differing degrees of strength.
Rudolph developed the Multiple Natures theory during a 21-year stay in India, while studying
Ayurveda and Indian philosophy. He has coupled the 9 Multiple Natures together with Howard
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences to create the MN Framework.
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MN Framework
The MN Framework is dual set of personality traits created by Steven Rudolph in 2008 that is based
on Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory and Rudolph's own Multiple Natures (MN)
theory.
Gardner's MI traits consists of 8 intelligences or abilities, which Rudolph has expanded to 10 in total.
These are like channels through which energy flows.
Rudolph's MN traits consist of 9 natures or tendencies (how people tend to act). These are the ways in
which people direct their energy.
Multiple Natures (MN) Framework by Steven Rudolph (2008)
How Intelligences and Natures Combine
Intelligences and natures have an interdependent relationship, where both elements must be present in
order for an individual’s actions and intentions to be realized.
For instance, consider someone with a tendency to make others laugh due to their having a strong
Entertaining Nature. If that person also has a strong Graphic Visual Intelligence, their humor might
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be directed through that channel and manifest in the form of cartoons. If their Interpersonal
Intelligence is strong, their jesting would likely get routed through comical interactions with others.
And if their Linguistic Intelligence were prodigious, their potential for amusement would tend to
realize itself through activities such as poetry, song lyrics, scripts, and so on.
How the MN Framework is Used
Identification of one's unique Nature
When we talk about a "unique Nature" we are referring to the inherent, varying strengths of an
individual's Multiple Intelligences and Multiple Natures. This can be determined by an individual
taking the MNTEST.
Alignment of one's unique Nature
Once you determine an individual's unique Nature, you can then find ways of harmonizing it with
different activities. That is, every activity requires specific MIs and MNs be engaged in order for it to
be adequately performed. For example, the process of counseling or coaching demands the presence
of the following:
Interpersonal Intelligence
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Educative Nature
Healing Nature
When a person naturally expresses these MIs and MNs to a high degree, it is easy and pleasurable for
them to perform counseling or coaching activities.
The process of alignment involves understanding one's unique Nature and harmonizing it with
different activities. For example, in helping someone choose a career, you would aim to ensure that
the critical MIs and MNs they possessed were the same required with the job choice.
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Protective Nature
Understandi ng a Protective Nature
The tendency to protect oneself, others, bodies, ideas or
practices from harm, damage, injury or loss.
People with a strong Protective Nature think first and foremost
about others' safety and security. They are lovers of justice, and
find it difficult to turn a blind eye to prejudice and injustice of any
type. Clear-cut rules and well-defined systems please them, and
even more so when people follow them. They tend to be
challenging and critical of others, often looking at spotting
mistakes and correcting them.
Characteristics of a Protective Nature
People with a strong Protective Nature are inclined to:
· Follow rules and make others follow rules
· Foresee potential dangers and take steps to avert them
· Identify and rectify errors
· Be argumentative
· Discourage others from being wastefu I
· Intervene when someone behaves abusively
· Come to the rescue if someone is in danger
· Preserve ideas, artefacts, languages, landmarks, etc., and
ensure they are not lost or destroyed over time
· Stand up for the weak or abused, and those who can't protect
themselves (including anima ls)
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Traits of a Protective Nature
· Anticipates problems
· Assumes responsibility to protect
· Seeks justice
· Ensures fairness
· Identifies solutions to prevent problems
Famous People with a High Protective Nature
· Nelson Mandela (freedom fighter)
· Hillary Clinton (Sectary of State/attorney)
· Rosa Parks (socia l activist)
· Martin Luther King (civil rights activist)
· Rigoberta Menchu (political activist)
Corresponding Careers
Public prosecutor, police inspector, loss prevention expert, IT
security engineer, flight attendant.
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Educative Nature
Understanding an Educative Nature
The tendency to acquire knowledge, skills or experience to
teach, instruct, guide or inform others.
People with a strong Educative Nature derive immense pleasure
from putting information together and filling up others'
knowledge gaps. Their greatest satisfaction may come from
helping someone learn or understand something. Discovering
as to why someone cannot understand something may come to
them as a pleasurable challenge. This drive encourages them to
devise numerous innovative methods of presenting facts and
data for helping people overcome this problem. As soon as they
catch on to something, they are eager to share their findings with
fellow students.
Characteristics of an Educative Nature
People with a strong Educative Nature are inclined to:
· Explain things to others in clear and precise ways
· Understand exactly why others do not understand something
· Provide effective examples and analogies
· Simplify concepts
· Provide accurate instructions on how to perform a task
· Offer feedback to help others increase their knowledge
or improve their performance
· Find pleasure when others learn
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Traits of an Educative Nature
· Identifies knowledge gaps in others
· Provides examples
· Establish connection/rapport with learner
· Clarifies concepts
· Directs learner attention
· Adapts to the learner's level
· Encourages independence
Famous People with a High Educative Nature
· Anne Sullivan (teacher of Hellen Keller)
· Jean Piaget (developmental psychologist)
· Maria Montessori (early childhood educator)
· Tony Robbins (motivational speaker)
· Eckhart Tolle (spiritual teacher)
Careers that correspond
School teacher, educational sales consultant, scientific illustrator,
spiritual teacher, curriculum designer.
Hobbies that correspond
Learning a foreign language, blogging, Sudoku, writing stories,
solving puzzle
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Admi nistrative Nature
Understanding an Admi nistrative Nature
The tendency to f ocus on details, organize and get work
accomplished, and deleg ate responsibility
People with a strong Administrative Nature are good at
delegating responsibility, even though they may require someone
else to set the vision for them if they decide to take the behind­
the-scenes role. They are detail-oriented people who have an
innate urge to make plans and goals, and to see them through to
completion. They are meticulous about details, and prove to be
great taskmasters - creating to-do lists, schedules, and most
importantly, deadlines.
Characteristics of an Administrative Nature
People with strong Administrative Nature are inclined to:
· Set goals and make plans to achieve them
· Make daily or weekly schedules
· Regularly review their progress
· Create to-do lists
· Organize events
· Find the most efficient way to get work done
· Delegate responsibility to others
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Traits of an Administrative Nature
· Manages time
· Manages others
· Completes tasks
· Works efficiently
· Leverages people/abilities/resources
· Prioritizes
· Multitasks
· Pays attention to detail
· Removes obstacles
· Encourages/Motivates others
· Plans
· Organizes (things, information)
· Measures things (time, distance, resources, etc.)
· Creates and follows systems
· Makes decisions
Famous People with a High Administrative
Nature
· Tim Cook (COO of Apple Computer)
· Napoleon Bonaparte (Political leader)
· Nancy Pelosi (Politica l leader)
· Vince Lombardi (Football coach)
Careers that correspond
Business controller, operations executive, sa les manager, food
court manager, qua lity control manager.
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Creative Nature
Understanding a Creative
Nature
The tendency to generate original ideas or works that have value.
People with a strong Creative Nature are always full of ideas and
constantly engage themselves in creative pursuits. They are
brimming with innovation and invention, great in brainstorming
sessions, and make excellent problem solvers. If they have a
passion for words, they may create poetry or literature. If they are
interested in music, they may end up composing original songs.
In the world of business too, creative people stand apart from
others by coming up with clever ad campaigns or innovative
product concepts and designs.
Characteristics of a Creative Nature
People with a strong Creative Nature are inclined to:
· Generate innovative thoughts
· Create novel concepts, innovations or inventions
· Absorb themselves in creative pursuits
· Become bored with routine thinking or activities
· Excel in brainstorming sessions
· Look at situations or problems differently than others
· Solve complex problems
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Traits of a Creative Nature
· Knowledge Mining I curiosity
· Playing
· Framing
· Making
· Pivoting
· Open to inputs
Famous People with a High Creative Nature
· Edward de Bono (educator)
· Martha Graham (choreographer)
· Salvadore Dali (painter)
· Hedy Lamarr (inventor)
· Walt Disney (animator)
Careers that correspond
Beauty professional, flash animator, news analyst, jewellery
designer, craft artist, photographer, computer game designer.
Hobbies that correspond
Toy making, craft making, photography, crea
Creative writing, candle making, making model cars.
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Healing Nature
Understanding a Healing
Nature
The tendency to guide or help others recover from physica l,
mental, emotional or spiritual imbalance or pain.
People with a strong Healing Nature obtain the greatest pleasure
from helping others stay healthy, fit and balanced. To them, the
body, mind and soul are a fascinating world that needs to be
explored and kept in balance. They are adept at assessing the
energy in others, detecting blockages, and using a variety of tools
and techniques to restore their systems and get their energy to
flow freely.
Characteristics of a Healing Nature
People with strong Healing Nature are inclined to:
· Help others stay healthy, fit and balanced
· Assess the energy in others, detect blockages and suggest
remedies
· Take care of others when they are not well
· Look into the health of elderly family members
· Listen empathetically to people’s physical or emotional
problems and provide advice
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Traits of a Healing Nature
· Expresses an empathy for pain
· Senses imbalance
· Restores balance
· Performs research
Famous People with high Healing Nature
· Florence Nightingale (nurse)
· Marie Curie (medical researcher)
· Dr Andrew Weill (integrative medical practitioner)
· Dr Brian Weiss (hypnotherapist)
· Deepak Chopra (wellness guru)
Careers that correspond Nurse, radiologist, integrated
health clinician, veterinarian, physiotherapist, doctor, speech
therapist.
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Entertaining Nature
Understanding an Entertaining
Nature
The tendency to amuse others, or attract, focus and
maintain people's attention on oneself or one' s work.
People with a strong Entertaining Nature have a special interest in
amusing others. They have an uncanny ability to get others'
attention and to stir their emotions, whether it is through singing,
dancing, making jokes, or even through their writings or
drawings. They have a good sense of their audience, and what it
takes to get them to get focused, and they control them with
their great sense of timing, dynamics and expression. They get
spurred on by the feedback of their audiences in the form of
applause, smiles, laughs, or appreciation of their work.
Characteristics of an Entertaining Nature
People with strong Entertaining Nature are inclined to:
· Capture and hold people's attention
· Amuse others and/or make them laugh
· Stir people’s emotions
· Be (or have their work be) the centre of attention
· Excel when they have to perform or present their work
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Traits of an Entertaining Nature
· Humor
· Artistic expression
· Attention
· Bonding
Famous People with a High Entertaining Nature
· Ansel Adams (photographer)
· Charlie Chaplin (silent film comedian)
· Charles Schultz (cartoonist)
· Robin Williams (comedian)
· Wanda Sykes (actor/comedian)
Careers that correspond Performing artist (musica l), actor,
lyricist, television anchor, dubbing artist, disc jockey.
Hobbies that correspond
Acting, dancing.
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Providing Nature
Understanding a Providing
Nature
The tendency to invest one' s time or interests to help, assist
or care for others.
People with a strong Providing Nature have a built-in drive to
serve others. They may be the ones who give others gifts, offer
help when someone is in need, and so on. At a moment s notice,
they get ready to put aside their own interests to help others, or
to support a good cause. They take a keen interest in
understanding the particular details about what makes someone
else happy, and may even make an effort to remember and do
those things without being asked. They are able to project
themselves into someone else's mind, understand what they want
and serve them accordingly.
Characteristics of a Providing Nature
People with strong Providing Nature are inclined to:
· Serve others
· Remember birthdays and anniversaries
· Give gifts
· Offer help when someone is in need
· Put aside their own work or interests to assist others
· Volunteer for social causes
· Donate money or personal items to the needy
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Traits of a Providing Nature
· Senses others· needs
· Serves others
· Acts altruistically
Famous People with a High Providing Nature
· Melinda Gates (philanthropist)
· Mother Teresa (social worker)
· Cesar
· Ritz (hotelier)
· Nigella Lawson (chef)
Careers that correspond
Nurse, support engineer, integrated health clinician, customer
support specialist.
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Entrepreneurial Nature
Understanding an
Entrepreneurial N a t u r e
The tendency to take on projects or create opportunities of
a commercial or humanitarian nature, using a high degree of
independence, where the reward may be monetary or involves
self-satisfaction.
People with a strong Entrepreneurial Nature have a natural flair
for business. They get pleasure from creating financial va lue and
the ability to sustain and scale operations. They are constantly
on the move to bring together people, concepts, and capital in a
way that generates wealth. Where others see problems, they
tend to see opportunities. Those who are entrepreneuria lly
inclined have a knack for thinking up novel products and
services. They have an excellent power of persuasion and are
able to sell products, ideas and even themselves to others.
Characteristics of an Entrepreneurial
Nature
People with strong Entrepreneurial Nature are inclined to:
· Bargain when they go shopping
· Negotiate and make good dea ls for themselves
· Budget and spend money carefully
· Spot ideas that could make money
· Start ventures by bringing together various resources
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Traits of an Entrepreneurial Nature
· Demonstrates ambition
· Prefers working independently
· Is opportunistic
· Demonstrates leadership
· Is perseverant
· Innovates
· Is flexible
· Creates & extracts value
· Resourcefulness
Famous People with a High
Entrepreneurial Nature
· Warren Buffet (investor)
· Lucy Peng (entrepreneur)
· Steve Jobs (CEO of Apple Computers)
· Henry Ford (Industrialist)
· Thomas Edison (Investor and inventor)
Careers that correspond
Small scale entrepreneur, spa manager, commercial manager,
corporate strategy consultant, marketing manager.
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Adventurous Nature
Understandi ng an Adventurous Nature
The tendency to seek out unusua l cha llenges or place oneself
far outside the space of what an average person would consider
normal or safe.
People with a strong Adventurous Nature are all about pushing
the limits, taking risks, and being competitive. The adventurous
enjoy seeing what happens if they just went a little further, or
tried things a different way. Some adventurous folks enjoy
putting their body to the test, and might take to extreme sports
such as mountain climbing or bungee jumping. However, those
who are more academica lly inclined might use competition as
a means of stretching their limits, though some are so selfdriven that they don't need anyone to go up against to achieve
great heights or explore new vistas.
Characteristics of an Adventurous Nature
People with strong Adventurous Nature are inclined to:
· Play adventure sports
· Take risks (socially, physically, mentally, financially)
· Act spontaneously (try new things without preparation)
· Travel to far-off places
· Experiment with things
· Do things that others would consider dangerous
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Traits of an Adventurous Nature
· Risk taking
· Spontaneity
· Wanderlust
· Exceeds limits
· Competes
Famous People with high Adventurous Nature
· Sir Edmund Hillary (mountaineer)
· Emilia Earhart (pilot/adventurer)
· Kalpana Chawla (astronaut)
· Gertrude Bell (explorer)
· Michael Schumacher (race car driver)
Careers that correspond
Ocean engineer, actor, lyricist, air force pilot, marine
biologist, crime reporter.
Hobbies that correspond
Cycling, body building, boating, horse riding, making model ca
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Multiple Intelligences
"It's not how smart you are, but how you are smart." Expanding on the work of cognitive
psychologist Howard Gardner, we explore different types of human abilities through the Multiple
Intelligences theory. These 10 traits function as channels through which your energy flows. They
also help explain why you find some activities easy to do, and others more challenging.
In 1983, cognitive psychologist Howard Gardner challenged the popular belief of intelligence being
a single, mono-dimensional trait. He posited that intelligence, typically measured by IQ tests,
accounted for a limited band of the spectrum of human ability. He argued that there was much more
to intelligence than the tests were expressing.
Gardner claimed that there was not only one way to be smart, but rather, many ways—eight in total.
He labeled these abilities “Multiple Intelligences”.
Educator Steven Rudolph has expanded the list to 10 traits. These include:
1. Gross Bodily Intelligence - the ability to use and control one’s body.
2. Fine Bodily Intelligence - the ability to demonstrate finesse in hand movements.
3. Interpersonal Intelligence - the ability to interact socially with others.
4. Logical Intelligence - the ability to perform mathematics and think in an orderly manner.
5. Linguistic Intelligence - the ability to acquire and use language effectively.
6. Graphic Visual Intelligence - the ability to create mental images, process them and translate
them from imagination to reality.
7. Spatial Visual Intelligence -the ability to manipulate objects within space and move objects
around with precision.
8. Musical Intelligence - the ability to keep a beat, play instruments, sing, etc.
9. Intrapersonal Intelligence - the ability to self-reflect.
10. Naturalistic Intelligence - the ability to connect with the environment.
Gardner defines intelligence as "bio-psychological potential to process information that can be
activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture."
Steven Rudolph has paired these 10 Multiple Intelligences together with a complementary set of
traits he has established (the 9 Multiple Natures) to create the MN Framework. This serves as the
basis for the human alignment tools created by Multiple Natures International.
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The intelligences can be likened to the outlets on water tanks; the wider the outlet the more the
energy that can flow through them.
Gardner, Howard (1999), Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, Basic
Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02611-1.
Note: Rudolph has expanded Bodily Intelligences into two types, Gross Bodily Intelligence and
Fine Bodily Intelligence, and also split Visual Intelligence into two types: Graphic Visual
Intelligence and Spatial Visual Intelligence. He has also slightly modified Gardner's original
terminology for sake of ease.
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The Splitting of Bodily and Visual
Intelligences
In 1983, educator and cognitive psychologist Howard Gardner of Harvard University challenged the
popular belief of intelligence being a single, mono-dimensional trait; he posited that IQ tests
measured only a narrow band of the spectrum of human ability—that there was much more to
intelligence than the tests were measuring. Gardner explained there was not only one way to be
smart, but rather, many ways—eight in total. He labeled these abilities “Multiple Intelligences”,
which are: Bodily, Interpersonal, Logical, Linguistic, Visual, Logical, Intrapersonal, and
Naturalistic. Steven Rudolph has made some modifications to the Multiple Intelligences model in
order to make it more practical and easier to use.
While working with his students and making use of the MNTEST to guide students into professions,
Rudolph encountered limitations with the categories of Bodily Intelligence and Visual Intelligence.
This led him to splitting each of these intelligences into two.
Original Term
Modified Term
bodily-kinesthetic
Gross Bodily Intelligence
Fine Bodily Intelligence
visual-spatial
Graphic Visual Intelligence
Spatial Visual Intelligence
The reasons why Rudolph made these modifications are as follows:
Gross and Fine Bodily Intelligence
If someone had high Bodily Intelligence, it would follow that they would do well in careers that
made use of their physicality, such as fitness instructors, police and military professionals, dancers,
and builders. There are also other careers that require the use of the body, but specifically related to
the hands: surgeons, dentists, fine artists, tailors, musicians, and horologists. What Rudolph
discovered was that there were examples of people whose ability to use their body in a broad sense
(such as in sports activities and dance) was high, yet, when it came to their dexterity—performing
tasks that required fine motor coordination such as sewing, using hand tools, and penmanship—they
were not nearly as capable. At the same time, he identified cases of the opposite: individuals who
had prodigious dexterity yet lacked a sense of coordination and aptitude when it came to using their
general bodily ability. He realized that differentiating between these two aspects of Bodily
Intelligence (general bodily ability and fine motor ability), individuals could make far better
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decisions about the type of careers and work they might be better suited for. He therefore created the
categories of Gross Bodily Intelligence and Fine Bodily Intelligence to account for these differences.
While these two dimensions could be attributed to different subsets of “skills” under the broad
category of Bodily Intelligence, Rudolph has chosen to express them as two separate types of
intelligence.
Graphic and Spatial Visual Intelligence
He also found the same to be true for the category of Visual Intelligence. What he noticed was that
some people had an excellent sense of space—they could read blueprints easily, find their direction
without a map, or pack numerous items into a car trunk or suitcase. But when it came to graphicrelated activities such as drawing, painting, photography, and so on, they struggled significantly.
And vice versa: there were some people who were gifted when it came to activities that required
them to create or manipulate images or to perform tasks that required color coordination, but when it
came to knowing which way was north or getting all their groceries to fit easily in their refrigerator,
they felt nowhere near as competent.
In the same way, Rudolph realized that while graphic ability was paramount for people working as
photographers, designers, and make-up artists, it was not nearly as critical for air-traffic controllers,
mechanical engineers, athletes, drivers, and bricklayers. These individuals depended almost entirely
on the spatial element. As such, he separated created the two categories of Graphic Visual
Intelligence and Spatial Visual Intelligence to account for the differences.
Again, as with Bodily Intelligence, these two dimensions could be attributed to different subsets of
“skills” under the broad category of Visual Intelligence; however, Rudolph has chosen to express
them as two separate types of intelligence.
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Gross Bodily Intelligence
Understanding Gross Bodily Intelligence*
The ability to be aware of the functioning of one's body and others' bodies, as well as to
demonstrate strong physical coordination.
People with a strong Gross Bodily Intelligence has an aptitude for moving and manipulating their
body in a variety of circumstances. They explore and learn through touch and movement, and have a
natural sense of coordination, balance, grace dexterity and timing. Their body is their strength and
they remember by doing. They enjoy concrete learning such as games, role play, physical exercise,
model building, and field trips. They are interested in health and care of the physical body, and have
the ability to naturally invent new approaches to physical skills such as dance movements, athletic
techniques, and other physical activities.
Characteristics of Gross Bodily Intelligence
People with strong Gross Bodily Intelligence are inclined to:

Excel at playing a variety of sports

Perform complicated dance steps

Ride a bicycle with a sense of balance

Climb ladders, trees or rocks with a sense of ease

Use body language while speaking
Traits of Gross Bodily Intelligence

Moving Rhythmically

Timing

Coordination

Balance

Strength

Stamina
Famous People with High Gross Bodily Intelligence
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
Sir Edmund Hillary (mountain climber)

Michael Jordan (basketball player)

Kate Moss (fashion model)

Muhammad Ali (boxer)

Jennifer Lopez (actor/dancer)
Careers that correspond
Athlete, dancer, massage therapy, surgeon, physical education teacher, builder, chiropractor.
Hobbies that correspond
Boating, body building, dancing, cycling, acting, horse riding.
*While working with students and making use of the MNTEST to guide students into professions,
Steven Rudolph encountered limitations with the Bodily Intelligence category defined by Howard
Gardner. This led him to splitting this intelligence into two: Gross and Fine Bodily Intelligence.
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Fine Bodily Intelligence
Understanding Fine Bodily Intelligence*
The ability to demonstrate strong coordination between the eye and hand, and show finesse in hand
movements.
People with a strong Fine Bodily Intelligence have excellent eye-hand coordination and work
effectively with tasks that require manual dexterity. They love to work with their hands and have a
natural gift for activities that involve manual skills such as cutting, stitching, or gardening. They do
well in activities where they get to put their eyes and hands to work simultaneously, whether it's in
art, design, engineering, or even dentistry.
Characteristics of Fine Bodily Intelligence
People with strong Fine Bodily Intelligence are inclined to:

Work ably with their hands

Work well with tools

Cut precisely with scissors

Fold paper and clothing neatly

Repair things with their hands

Type with speed and accuracy

Play musical instruments

Stitch things or do embroidery
Traits of Fine Bodily Intelligence

Dexterity

Steadiness

Hand-eye coordination

Strength

Stamina
Famous People with High Fine Bodily Intelligence
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
Christiaan Barnard (heart surgeon)

Frida Kahlo (painter/artist)

David Copperfield (magician)

Coco Chanel (fashion designer)

Michelangelo (sculptor)
Careers that correspond
Flash animator, stenographer, videographer, jewellery designer, craft artist, painter, sculptor.
Hobbies that correspond
Drawing & Painting, stamp collection, learning a musical instrument, horse riding, jigsaw puzzle,
landscaping.
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Interpersonal Intelligence
Understanding Interpersonal Intelligence
The ability to understand, communicate with, interact with, and influence others.
People with a strong Interpersonal Intelligence have an aptitude for effectively interacting and
dealing with others. They are essentially a people person. They bond and interact easily with others
and can relate to others in a variety of ways. They can easily perceive the thoughts, feelings,
motivations, and behaviors of others, have a knack for communicating with others, and can strike up
a conversation or make friendships very easily. They are often called on when friends or family want
to share their problems with someone and need a good listener and adviser and can easily adapt to
new social and physical environments, as well as respond well to feedback from others. They can
easily participate in team and collaborative efforts and have an ability to influence opinions and
actions of others.
Characteristics of Interpersonal Intelligence
People with strong Interpersonal Intelligence are inclined to:

Listen carefully to others

Start conversations with strangers easily

Have a large circle of friends

Make introductions between people

Influence others easily

Think largely in terms of other people

Understand people's motivations

Be the center of attention in conversations and social gatherings
Traits of Interpersonal Intelligence
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
Listening to others

Being with others

Talking to others

Inquiring from others

Bringing others out
Famous People with High Interpersonal Intelligence

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (political leader)

Oprah Winfrey (TV talk-show host)

Joan Rivers (comedian)

Larry King (TV and radio host)

Nelson Mandela (President and politician)
Careers that correspond
School teacher, nurse, telemarketing executive, support engineer, life insurance salesperson, actor.
Hobbies that correspond
Board game, acting, boating, learning a foreign language.
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Logical Intelligence
Understanding Logical Intelligence
The ability to think analytically, in an orderly or practical manner and/or perform mathematicalrelated tasks.
People with strong Logical Intelligence have an aptitude for mathematical calculations, logical
thinking, and pattern recognition. They possess an innate reasoning ability, and they can easily think
in logical and numerical patterns as well as make connections between different pieces of
information. They easily use abstract symbols, have adverse set of mathematical skills, and create
models, hypotheses and theories to explain phenomena. They are good at logical problem solving
and enjoy complex operations such as math, physics, or research methods.
Characteristics of Logical Intelligence
People with strong Logical Intelligence are inclined to:

Easily calculate mathematical sums in their heads

Be terrific problem-solvers

Identify and recognize patterns

Draw conclusions from facts

Pose logical arguments

Be good at playing chess

Connect different pieces of information
Traits of Logical Intelligence

Mathematical calculation

Deduction

Logic/reasoning

Critical thinking

Understand cause and effect

Pattern recognition
Famous People with High Logical Intelligence
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
Albert Einstein (scientist)

Mark Zuckerberg(programmer/founder of Facebook)

Marie Currie (physicist)

Karl Marx (economist)

Ada Lovelace (mathematician)
Careers that correspond
Technical writer, delivery head, process analyst, functional consultant, news analyst, system analyst,
computer game designer.
Hobbies that correspond
Jigsaw puzzle, making model cars, blogging, Sudoku, programming, solving puzzles.
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Linguistic Intelligence
Understanding Linguistic Intelligence
The ability to understand, acquire and use language effectively.
People with strong Linguistic Intelligence have an aptitude for learning and using languages. They
learn through listening to spoken word, reading, writing, and discussing. They are proficient in
discussing and explaining in written or spoken words. They perceive and respond to voice tones,
tempo, rhythm, and word sounds, and can imitate languages. They have a natural command of the
language, including subtlety of word choice, pronunciation, and semantics, and learn languages
easily. They are often attracted towards writing poems and enjoy reading anything, including stories,
dictionaries, signboards, and even instruction manuals. They may easily spell words that others are
not even able to pronounce, and their friends love their ability to use quotes, proverbs or clever
phrases while communicating.
Characteristics of Linguistic Intelligence
People with strong Linguistic Intelligence are inclined to:

Learn new languages easily

Possess an expansive vocabulary

Use language accurately to convey their meaning

Demonstrate facility in writing and speaking

Enjoy reading

Understand and follow the rules of grammar
Traits of Linguistic Intelligence

Reads with competence

Expresses thoughts and feelings through writing

Expresses thoughts and feelings through writing

Possesses a strong vocabulary and builds it

Expresses things with grammatical accuracy
Famous People with High Linguistic Intelligence

Abraham Lincoln (President of the USA)
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
Nicki Minaj (rapper)

JK Rowling (author)

William Shakespeare(playwright/poet)

Emily Dickinson (poet)
Careers that correspond
Web content editor, editor, proofreader, stenographer, lyricist, science writer, legal content writer.
Hobbies that correspond
Creative writing, writing stories, blogging, learning a foreign language, writing songs.
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The Splitting of Bodily and Visual Intelligences
In 1983, educator and cognitive psychologist Howard Gardner of Harvard University challenged the
popular belief of intelligence being a single, mono-dimensional trait; he posited that IQ tests
measured only a narrow band of the spectrum of human ability—that there was much more to
intelligence than the tests were measuring. Gardner explained there was not only one way to be
smart, but rather, many ways—eight in total. He labeled these abilities “Multiple Intelligences”,
which are: Bodily, Interpersonal, Logical, Linguistic, Visual, Logical, Intrapersonal, and
Naturalistic. Steven Rudolph has made some modifications to the Multiple Intelligences model in
order to make it more practical and easier to use.
While working with his students and making use of the MNTEST to guide students into professions,
Rudolph encountered limitations with the categories of Bodily Intelligence and Visual Intelligence.
This led him to splitting each of these intelligences into two.
Original Term
bodily-kinesthetic
visual-spatial
Modified Term
Gross Bodily Intelligence
Fine Bodily Intelligence
Graphic Visual Intelligence
Spatial Visual Intelligence
The reasons why Rudolph made these modifications are as follows:
Gross and Fine Bodily Intelligence
If someone had high Bodily Intelligence, it would follow that they would do well in careers that
made use of their physicality, such as fitness instructors, police and military professionals, dancers,
and builders. There are also other careers that require the use of the body, but specifically related to
the hands: surgeons, dentists, fine artists, tailors, musicians, and horologists. What Rudolph
discovered was that there were examples of people whose ability to use their body in a broad sense
(such as in sports activities and dance) was high, yet, when it came to their dexterity—performing
tasks that required fine motor coordination such as sewing, using hand tools, and penmanship—they
were not nearly as capable. At the same time, he identified cases of the opposite: individuals who
had prodigious dexterity yet lacked a sense of coordination and aptitude when it came to using their
37
general bodily ability. He realized that differentiating between these two aspects of Bodily
Intelligence (general bodily ability and fine motor ability), individuals could make far better
decisions about the type of careers and work they might be better suited for. He therefore created the
categories of Gross Bodily Intelligence and Fine Bodily Intelligence to account for these differences.
While these two dimensions could be attributed to different subsets of “skills” under the broad
category of Bodily Intelligence, Rudolph has chosen to express them as two separate types of
intelligence.
Graphic and Spatial Visual Intelligence
He also found the same to be true for the category of Visual Intelligence. What he noticed was that
some people had an excellent sense of space—they could read blueprints easily, find their direction
without a map, or pack numerous items into a car trunk or suitcase. But when it came to graphicrelated activities such as drawing, painting, photography, and so on, they struggled significantly.
And vice versa: there were some people who were gifted when it came to activities that required
them to create or manipulate images or to perform tasks that required color coordination, but when it
came to knowing which way was north or getting all their groceries to fit easily in their refrigerator,
they felt nowhere near as competent.
In the same way, Rudolph realized that while graphic ability was paramount for people working as
photographers, designers, and make-up artists, it was not nearly as critical for air-traffic controllers,
mechanical engineers, athletes, drivers, and bricklayers. These individuals depended almost entirely
on the spatial element.
As such, he separated created the two categories of Graphic Visual Intelligence and Spatial Visual
Intelligence to account for the differences.
Again, as with Bodily Intelligence, these two dimensions could be attributed to different subsets of
“skills” under the broad category of Visual Intelligence; however, Rudolph has chosen to express
them as two separate types of intelligence.
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Graphic Visual Intelligence
Understanding Graphic Visual Intelligence*
The ability to view things accurately or create mental images, process them and translate them from
imagination to reality.
People with strong Graphic Visual Intelligence have an aptitude for design, drawing, coloring,
painting, creating models, etc. They find it easy to think in pictures and images. They easily see
images in their mind and can represent them in visually artistic ways. They have a knack for looking
into details and often see elements that others miss.
Characteristics of Graphic Visual Intelligence
People with strong Graphic Visual Intelligence are inclined to:

Draw, paint or color with accuracy

Have a keen sense of color combination

Represent ideas in visual or symbolic ways

See images clearly in their heads

Doodle (draw pictures) while listening to others
Traits of Graphic Visual Intelligence

Noticing fine details

Sense of color

Sense of light and shade

Recognizes patterns
Famous People with High Graphic Visual Intelligence

Walt Disney (animator)

RK Laxman (cartoonist)

Ansel Adams (photographer)

Pablo Picasso (painter)

Adruitha Lee (hair stylist)
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Careers that correspond
Beauty professional, camera operator, flash animator, videographer, art editor, user interface
designer.
Hobbies that correspond
Drawing & painting, clay modelling, making model cars, notebook decoration, gardening, bird
watching.
40
Spatial Visual Intelligence
Understanding Spatial Visual Intelligence*
The ability to manipulate objects within space, and move objects around with precision.
People with high Spatial Visual Intelligence have an aptitude for manipulating objects within a
particular space and moving things around with precision. They learn by watching and observing.
They can recognize shapes and colors, and can reproduce them through artwork. They can also learn
from and encode information in graphs, charts, diagrams, and other graphic or visual representations.
They perceive and produce mental imagery, and generate mental images for memory and recall.
They can navigate their way effectively and easily visualize things in three dimensions. They can
assemble bits and pieces together such as placing people appropriately for an act and positioning
furniture in a given space. When it comes to inner space (inside your head, that is), they can easily
see how things fit together. They enjoy doodling, drawing, painting, designing, and other visual
creative activities.
Characteristics of Spatial Visual Intelligence
People with strong Spatial Visual Intelligence are inclined to:

Visualize things in three dimensions

Navigate vehicles with skill

Take things apart and put them back together

Economize on space when packing or storing things

Repair things when they break

Create models

Find their way without a map
Traits of Spatial Visual Intelligence

Sense of navigation

Visualization of objects
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
Sense of proportion

Sense of distance

Recognition of faces or objects

Recognition of scenes
Famous People with High Spatial Visual Intelligence

Galileo Galilei (physicist/astronomer)

Gustave Eiffel (architect/engineer)

Patricia Urquiola (architect/interior designer)

Emily Roebling (structural engineer)

Leonardo da Vinci (architect/cartographer)
Careers that correspond
Camera operator, jewellery designer, craft artist, computer game designer, painter, sculptor, fine arts
teacher.
Hobbies that correspond
Candle making, toy making, craft making, photography, dancing.
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Musical Intelligence
Understanding Musical Intelligence
The ability to accurately perceive and/or produce acts of sound, rhythm, tone and melody.
People with strong Musical Intelligence have an aptitude for learning and playing musical
instruments, singing, identifying melodies and rhythms, differentiating different sounds and
instruments. They learn through listening, and can remember and respond to a variety of sounds,
including human voice, environmental sounds, and music. They easily recognize musical styles,
collect music or musical information, and are easily distracted by sounds or noise in the
environment. They find symbolism in music , and are able to express ideas and feelings through
sound and music. They love music and, for most of them, music is life. It may be easy for them to
remember a long list of songs and they can easily hear music in their head, even when it is not
playing around them. They may often surprise their friends with their ability to learn a tune just by
hearing it.
Characteristics of Musical Intelligence
People with strong Musical Intelligence are inclined to:

Easily learn songs or play musical instruments

Have an excellent sense of rhythm

Hear music in their heads throughout the day

Identify the different instruments playing in a song

Use intonation in their voices while speaking to others

Be good at dancing
Traits of Musical Intelligence

Perceives Tonality

Maintains rhythm

Perceives pitch

Identifies melodies
Famous People with High Musical Intelligence

Sarah Chang (violinist)
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
Michael Jackson (performer)

Mozart (composer/musician)

Paul McCartney (singer/songwriter)

Marin Alsop (conductor)
Careers that correspond
Performing artist (musical), disc jockey, audio engineer, music director, jingle writer.
Hobbies that correspond
Singing, dancing, listening to music, learning a musical instrument.
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Intrapersonal Intelligence
Understanding Intrapersonal Intelligence
The ability to be deeply in tune with or control oneself physically, emotionally and/or spiritually.
People with strong Intrapersonal Intelligence have an aptitude for being in tune with their emotions,
feelings, and inner self. They have a clear understanding of what makes them tick, and have good
control over their emotions. They are aware of their range of emotions, and find appropriate
expressions and outlets for them. They have a strong personal ethics code and are aware of beliefs
and values that motivate them. They set goals and work towards them. They can work independently
and are curious about deeper questions in life including meaning, relevance, and purpose. They
manage their own ongoing learning and personal growth, seek understanding of their inner
experiences, and strive for self-actualization. They have insights into the complexities of themselves
and others, and naturally empower others and encourage them to introspection and selfunderstanding.
Characteristics of Intrapersonal Intelligence
People with strong Intrapersonal Intelligence are inclined to:

Engage in self-analysis

Enjoy spending time alone

Understand their emotions

Reflect on their goals and accomplishments

Make life plans

Think about the deeper meaning of life

Perform religious or spiritual practices
Traits of Intrapersonal Intelligence

Personal efficacy
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
Situation analysis

Self-criticism

Philosophizing

Spending time alone
Famous People with High Intrapersonal Intelligence

Anne Frank (girl writer during the Holocaust)

Dalai Lama (Buddhist leader)

Mark Twain (writer)

Sigmund Freud (psychoanalyst)

Anne Sullivan (educator/philosopher)
Careers that correspond
Psychology, theology; spiritual advisor; writer.
Hobbies that correspond
Reading books, blogging, writing stories, creative writing, photography, cooking.
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Naturalistic Intelligence
Understanding Naturalistic Intelligence
The ability to tune into nature (e.g., plants, animals or wildlife), or natural life sciences
(biological, chemical, physical, etc.).
People with strong Naturalistic Intelligence have an aptitude for connecting with nature, plants,
animals, the environment, etc. They have a natural tendency to classify and discriminate among
elements in a complex system, and have the ability to categorize and recognize individual examples
as belonging to a group. They have an interest in nature and natural phenomena, and can map and
chart relationships. They enjoy spending time in the lap of Mother Nature, among trees, plants,
animals, birds, mountains and rivers and the sea. They are easily disturbed when people pollute the
environment, as they greatly relish and appreciate the wonderful gifts nature has given the world.
Characteristics of Naturalistic Intelligence
People with strong Naturalistic Intelligence are inclined to:

Enjoy spending time outdoors

Connect strongly with plants and animals

Distinguish between different species of living beings

Reuse and recycle old or waste materials

Surround themselves with plants or greenery

Use natural or organic products
Traits of Naturalistic Intelligence

Connecting with animals

Connecting with the environment

Connecting with plants

Connecting with physical sciences

Connecting with life sciences

Observing living systems

Classifying species and phenomena
Famous People with high Naturalistic Intelligence
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
Charles Darwin (scientist)

Steve Irwin (wildlife explorer)

Al Gore (Nobel Peace Prize winner and environmental activist)

Ellen DeGeneres (Talk show host and animal rights activist)

Dominique Browning (environmental journalist)
Careers that correspond
Biologist; geneticist; veterinarian, farmer, rancher; lab sciences, naturalist; botanist.
Hobbies that correspond
Gardening, bird watching, body building, landscaping.
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Alignment
In their quest toward self-improvement, some people aim for utilizing their strengths. Some people
seek states of "flow". And others work toward fulfilling their potential. At MNI, we emphasize
getting into alignment. Alignment occurs when your Intelligences and Natures are engaged
appropriately and adequately—enough to accomplish whatever it is you need to do. It's a more
harmonious and sustainable approach to personal development.
Swastha
“Swastha”, is a Sanskrit word made up of two parts: "swa" meaning “self” and "stha" meaning “to
be situated in”. So the two parts put together mean “to be situated within oneself”. Interestingly, the
literal meaning of the word is "wellbeing". In other words, when a person is situated within
themselves, they are automatically in a state of health.
Swabhav
Each person has a unique set of traits that inclines them towards different types of work and activity.
By identifying and engaging those qualities, we can become better aligned as human beings.
"Swabhav" is a Sanskrit term that refers to the combination of traits that form your Nature—your
true self. The nine Multiple Natures have been derived from this concept.
Feed Your Tigers
You can imagine your Multiple Natures as tigers, sentient creatures that feed not on flesh, but rather,
on activities. These tigers vary in size, depending on the strength of your abilities, and as such
require different levels of engagement to satisfy their appetites. Overfeeding tigers can lead to
overexertion and stress while underfeeding them can lead to intense frustration—and cause them to
"eat" you!
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By STEVEN RUDOLPH
December 31, 2022
Getting work done without lifting a finger
For much of my life, I took pride in working hard. When I finished an extremely long day on the job,
I felt a sense of achievement, especially when I felt exhausted afterwards.
Being wiped out was a sign that I really gave my all to a particular project or task.
It also gave me a kind of bragging right to be able to showcase my dedication and discipline.
This is especially so because our culture in the West values people who make great effort.
But when I came across the Tao Te Ching (The Book of Changes”)*, I had to rethink my take on the
idea of hard work.
The book is attributed to Lao Tzu, the ancient Chinese philosopher who is believed to have lived
during the 6th Century BC.
Disappointed with the forceful, authoritarian type of leadership that prevailed during his time, Lao
Tzu penned this treatise of 81 short verses, describing what he thought effective leadership entailed.
The text is striking for its seemingly paradoxical statements.
The one that has stood out for me the most is this one:
The Masters get the job done without moving a muscle
and get their point across without saying a word.*
It seems like a contradiction. How is it possible to get the job done without moving a muscle?
I tended to equate work being done with the classical concept of work in physics. When an object is
moved, work is performed.
It would seem impossible for me to move an object or get work done without my making some kind
of an effort.
But what if I told someone else to do the work?
Now I’m starting to get somewhere.
In fact there seems to be something in this statement that implies, “It’s not effective if I try to do
everything myself; it’s more effective if I engage others in the process.”
Hey, that’s a solid leadership strategy.
But what if someone else has to work really hard and struggles to do that particular task. Then I’m
not such a great leader after all, am I? I’m just exploiting someone. Sounds a little tyrannical.
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Hmm.
But wait! What if I did the work and I really enjoyed doing it. So much so that it felt like play. Then
it’s not work.
Aha, I’m getting somewhere again.
And what if I got someone else to do the work, and it was like play for them.
OK, now I’m really onto something.
Let’s come back to the second part of the quote
and get their point across without saying a word.
How is this even possible?
Charades? Well, then I’m moving muscles.
Wait, I could send them a text with emojis.
But that seems like cheating. And they might wind up misinterpreting my message.
The answer here is by being in tune with others. When my colleagues understand me so well that
they intuit what needs to be done simply by thinking about what I would want or expect them to do.
It might sound idealistic, but you’ve certainly experienced a time when someone did something for
you, and you responded by saying, “You read my mind.”
I think leaders can approach this level when they and their colleagues understand their Natures
deeply.
First, when they choose their own work activity, it aligns with their inherent tendencies. It’s
pleasurable and doesn’t feel burdensome. It requires minimal energy. In fact, engaging in the activity
energizes the person much like a hybrid vehicle charges itself while it runs.
That’s what “without moving a muscle” really means.
Second, when people are connected in a profound way, communication becomes simple and fast.
Teammates begin taking on tasks more independently. They don’t need to be told what to do, but
figure out what needs to be done based on what they believe their leader would want them to do in
that situation.
That’s what it means for someone to “get their point across without saying a word”.
When viewed from this perspective, it suddenly seems like becoming a “master” is not impossible.
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One way to get to such a level of understanding is for teams to spend enough time together.
Eventually, over a period of years, that type of awareness may certainly develop.
However, the process can be expedited by becoming consciously aware of your own and others’
abilities and tendencies (which I refer to as Multiple Intelligences and Multiple Natures).
For instance, when I know someone is on the higher side with their visual ability and Creative
Nature, I can predict that they’ll find it pleasing to create some social media banners—even if it’s
not formally part of their work profile.
If they have a Protective Nature that is prominent, I can anticipate that they are not going to accept a
new idea point blank. Therefore, I can prepare a sheet for them that has a list of objections and
responses.
Or if their Interpersonal Intelligence is on the lower side, I can rethink a proposal for them to attend
a two day networking event, or find a way to make it more palatable.
Developing this kind of chemistry isn’t difficult. The tools exist. I know this because I not only
make them; I use them.
And as a result, I’m getting more accomplished with less “work” done, and far fewer words to get
my points across.
I hope you find a way to do so as well.
Leave me a comment to let me know if you have been able to put Lao Tzu’s concepts into practice.
----* I would like to acknowledge Ron Hogan’s interpretation of the Tao Te Ching for the quote
I’ve used.
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By STEVEN RUDOLPH
December 13, 2022
Want to love exercising? Link it to your
tigers!
If you already engage in a form of exercise that you love and are extremely
passionate about, this post will explain why that sport is so appealing to you.
But if you don't, this post will provide you with a method to choose a sport that you'll genuinely look
forward to. Like a lover you can't wait to meet.
And that might bode well for you–especially if you made a New Year's resolution this year around
exercise.
So read on, and I'll share with you a surefire way of finding a type of exercise that brings on your
athletic passion.
While I've enjoyed participating in a number of sports over the years, I never really found "the one."
It was just that--I was "participating" in them. I wasn't enamored by them.
As a result, I dabbled in a variety of forms of athletics, including skiing, mountain biking, windsurfing, acro yoga, riding horses, and working out at the gym. And while I found some of them
enjoyable, I failed to find any long-term continuity in any one of them.
That really hit home early this year when I was doing almost nothing to exercise. I felt out of shape.
I felt guilty for being so sedentary.
I made up all sorts of excuses for my lack of physical activity: I was too busy with work. I was lazy.
I have good genes and low stress, and I don't need to.
At the same time, I looked at others who had their regular matches of tennis, who went for long runs,
or who hit the gym five times a week with devotion and gusto.
And I was jealous.
Then one day, while using my virtual reality headset, I stumbled upon a game of VR table tennis. I
loved it so much that I thought, "Why to play virtually when I can play the real thing."
So I got myself a paddle and found a local ping pong club. In no time, my romance was now ablaze.
So what was it about ping pong that made such a difference compared to other types of sports?
As I analyzed it, I realize that this sport aligned perfectly with my inherent talents--my tigers, as I
like to call them.
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Here's what I understood:
We each have a set of 19 tigers. You can read about all of them here.
When these qualities align with what you do, you feel whole, connected, and in tune with yourself.
More commonly, I talk about alignment with people's professional activities. But they also pertain to
leisure activities—including sports.
All you need to do is to identify which tigers are big, medium, or small and see which sports
correlate with them.
For example:

Gross Bodily + Naturalistic --> hiking

Gross Bodily + Naturalistic + Adventurous --> extreme outdoor sports

Low Interpersonal --> solo sports

High Interpersonal --> team sports

Visual Tigers --> sports with targets or requiring you to "hit" things

Educative --> opportunities to teach others while you exercise

Logical --> analyzing data around your fitness and progress
And how about this:

High Interpersonal + High Intrapersonal +Naturalistic = Go hiking, walking, or cycling
with others who are interested in talking about deep topics.
When I look at myself and my ping-pong passion through the lens of the tigers, I can see why it
appeals to me so much:

My Naturalistic is low, so doing something indoors is better.

My Adventurous is high, so quick or fast play is ideal.

My Interpersonal is medium, so one-on-one is preferable (not a team, and not solo)

My Visuals are high, so having to aim and hit something is a good option.
Now I can see why so many other sports don't appeal to me.
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Team sports don't appeal to my medium Interpersonal.
Yoga isn't adventurous enough.
Golf is not adventurous enough and gives me an overdose of greenery.
When I found a sport that I connected with, so much changed for me. I no longer felt the burden of
"having to exercise." Now I look forward to playing with immense pleasure.
And here's something else: my play has been improving! When I started, I was the worst player in
the club (someone has to be!). In a few months, I began taking matches off of players who I thought
I would never be able to beat in my life.
Truthfully, winning doesn't really matter to me. The most important thing is that I have fun and I get
a solid workout. After 2-3 hours of play, I'm exhausted and sweating like anything. So mission
accomplished. And I get to enjoy it, too.
If you have an athletic activity that you are passionate about, I'm pretty sure it aligns with your
natural talents. Check it to see if I'm right.
But if you don't, and you're telling yourself, "I have to exercise more," I urge you to pick an activity
that fully resonates with your Nature.
Think carefully about each of your tigers, and choose a sport that connects with as many of them as
possible.
If you do, chances are that it you'll find athletic love in the New Year.
It will bring you joy. And next New Year, you probably won't be feeling guilty about not exercising
enough.
Oh, and if you're ever in Cambodia, come by and play ping pong with me!
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