Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
International High- Performance Built Environment Conference – A Sustainable Built
Environment Conference 2016 Series (SBE16), iHBE 2016
Water absorption coefficient as a performance characteristic of
building mixes containing fine particles of selected recycled
materials
Alena Sicakovaa, *, Martina Draganovskaa, Marek Kovaca
0F
a
Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vysokoškolská 4, Košice 042 00, Slovak Republic
Abstract
Increasing amounts of recycled materials are being investigated worldwide to supplement natural components of typical building
mixes, like concretes and mortars, due to environmental reasons. Because of wide range of possible alternative materials and their
parameters, research activities involve detailed analysis of all aspects of their influence on the new materials parameters. Durability
can be considered as one of the most significant parameters of building materials, having direct impact on the lifetime of material
itself as well as the life-time of whole building. Durability of cement-based mortars/concretes is dependent mainly on the amount
of a fluid to penetrate the material. Low permeability can improve resistance to the penetration of water, sulphate ions, chloride
ions, CO2, and other harmful substances, which cause chemical attack. Sorptivity expressed by water absorption coefficient is a
characteristic of moisture transport into material, and recently it has been established as an important performance characteristic of
durability. Mortar/concrete sorptivity has a close relationship with the characteristics of its pore structure, which can be modified
by application of very small particles. In the paper, the set of mortar samples, as well as set of concrete samples with portions of
brick, glass and concrete powders as a partial substitution of natural aggregate have been investigated. Long-time water absorption
coefficient was tested; positive effect of fine-grain additive was demonstrated only in case of concretes, while the concrete powder
gave the best results and the glass powder gave the worst one. Effect of time was found to be beneficial in all cases.
© 2017
2017The
TheAuthors.
Authors.
Published
by Elsevier
©
Published
by Elsevier
Ltd. Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee iHBE 2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee iHBE 2016
Keywords: Mortar; concrete; water absorption coefficient; micro-filler
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +421 55 602 4275.
E-mail address: alena.sicakova@tuke.sk
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee iHBE 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.287
Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
1. Introduction
Parameters like the number, type, size and distribution of pores present in the cement paste, the composition of
aggregate and the binder/filler interface are directly influencing the engineering properties of concrete (like strength,
durability, shrinkage and permeability). Strength and elasticity of the concrete may be mentioned here being affected
by the total volume of pores whereas permeability is connected with the pore size distribution and continuity [1], [2]
and [9]. It is understood that capillary voids larger than 50 nm, referred to as macropores, are adverse to strength and
impermeability, whereas voids smaller than 50 nm referred to as micropores are more connected with drying shrinkage
and creep [3]. The water present in pores bigger than 50 nm works as free water and plays significant role in durability
of concrete.
Sorptivity is an indicator of moisture transport into unsaturated specimens, and recently it has also been established
as an important indicator of concrete durability [4]. During sorptivity process, the driving force for water ingress into
concrete is capillary suction within the pore spaces of concrete [5]. Martys and Ferraris have shown that the sorptivity
coefficient is fundamental to predict the service life of concrete as a structural material and to enhance its performance
[6].
Water absorption due to capillary action is a phenomenon that occurs through the difference between the fluid’s
surface capillary pressure and its gravity pressure, which forces fluid movement until balance is established. Capillary
pressure increases with decreasing capillary diameter and is most relevant at the boundaries of concrete elements. This
phenomenon is particularly visible in dry–wet conditions and is mostly relevant near the element’s surface [7].
The movements of gases, liquids and ions through concrete are important due to their interactions with concrete
components or the pore water, and thus they can alter the integrity of concrete leading to the deterioration of structures
[8]. Transport processes for deleterious substances through concrete are distinguished as following: diffusion,
absorption and permeation. This is depending on the driving force of the process and the nature of the transported
matter. The ingress of various aggressive ions, liquids and gases from the environment is responsible for the
degradation of concrete. For example, the ingress of chlorides or carbon dioxide would depassivate the steel
reinforcement in concrete, and in presence of oxygen and water, the steel may start corroding. Similarly, the ingress
of chemicals like acids, alkalies and sulfates are responsible for the chemical corrosion of concrete. Moisture
movement during freezing and thawing action causes deterioration of concrete, too [9].
The fine particles are referred in a lot of scientific references; their function is widely investigated and in general,
they can improve the hydration process and the nucleation of hydrated products [10]. The nature of these materials
should be distinguished as for pozzolanic/hydraulic ability on one side and only inert character on the other side.
Typical representatives of the first group are silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash. Also
another solid industrial by-products (siliceous and aluminous), as well as some natural pozzolanic materials are being
increasingly used in the cement and concrete industry, mainly due to environmental and economical effect. Moreover,
the incorporation of these materials in concrete gives encouraging results with regards to the mechanical and durability
properties of concrete [11]. In [12], a decrease in sorptivity as a result of replacing a part of fine aggregate with silica
fume, in the amount of 10% of the mass of cement, was noted. The results of the effects of different content (5%, 10%)
of silica fume and granulated blast furnace slag, introduced into the mixture as an additional binder or as a cement
replacement, on the durability of the concrete with various water-binder ratios are summarized in [13]. There was a
decrease in the rate of water absorption as a result of using mineral additives, both silica fumes and granulated blast
furnace slag. The most significant effect of decreasing the coefficients characterizing the capillary suction were
achieved by, in sequence: addition of 10% of silica fumes, replacement of 10% of weight of cement with silica fume
and replacement of 5% of weight of cement with silica fume.
The mechanism of action of other powdery materials is also under current investigation. In this group of fine
particles, the positive, as well as negative effect on the sorption properties can be found. Sabir found that in watercured mortar having ground clay brick as a partial replacement of Portland cement; the sorptivity increased with
increase in content of ground brick [14]. [15] found that recycled concrete fine aggregate replacement in concrete
slightly enhance the capillarity absorption (13%) compared to control mixture. This can be attributed to higher
absorption of recycled concrete aggregates respect to natural ones. Du and Tan [16] found that replacement of Portland
cement with up to 60% of glass powder in concrete composition results in better chloride diffusion and migration
coefficient, water penetration depth and sorptivity performance.
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Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
This research study presents the results of water absorption coefficient of both mortars and concretes containing
specific portions of fine-grain additives as a partial substitution of natural aggregate - microfiller. Water absorption
coefficient was expected to act as a performance characteristic of building mixtures having direct impact on their
durability. Fine-grain additives were prepared by grinding and sorting of Construction & Demolition Waste (C&DW)
to specific dimensions and were considered as material for saving the natural sources of aggregates, as well as material
for improvement of microstructure of mixtures in terms of water absorption capacity. Comparison and evaluation of
the influence of those powders on the water absorption coefficient of mortars/concretes is presented in the paper, while
experimental data were measured after 28 and 720 days (2 years) of setting and hardening. Results are discussed in
terms of kind and dosage of powders, as well as age of samples.
Nomenclature
M - CTRL
C - CTRL
M - B20
M-B60
M-G20
M-G60
C-B
C-C
C-G
Aw
mt
mi
A
t
control mixture (mortar)
control mixture (concrete)
mortar mixture containing 20% of brick powder as a fine aggregate replacement
mortar mixture containing 60% of brick powder as a fine aggregate replacement
mortar mixture containing 20% of glass powder as a fine aggregate replacement
mortar mixture containing 60% of glass powder as a fine aggregate replacement
concrete mixture containing brick powder
concrete mixture containing concrete powder
concrete mixture containing glass powder
absorption coefficient
mass of the sample at time t
initial mass of the oven dried sample
water contact surface
time
2. Materials and methods
The paper deals with two typical building mixtures (mortar and concrete), while they contain specific micro fillers.
The basic difference in the application of micro-fillers into the mortars and concretes lies in their dimensions (up to
100 μm for mortars and up to 250 μm for concretes) and amount (20 and 60% of NA for mortars and 32% for
concretes). Water absorption coefficient as an important performance characteristic was measured, while in addition
to standard testing after 28 days of setting and hardening, also tests after 2 years were performed.
2.1. Mortars
Following materials were used for mortar mixtures:
x
x
x
x
Cement CEM I 42.5 R according to [17]
Basic filler – natural sand of 0/0.5 fraction
Tap water
Micro-fillers (two types of different C&DW): glass (characterized by solid microstructure) from old windows
and clay fired bricks (characterized by porous microstructure) from old masonry
x Dispersion of polyvinyl-acetate (PVA)
Finely ground brick and glass were considered as micro filler in these mortar mixtures, while they were used in an
amount of 20% and 60% respectively by weight of initial fine aggregate. Cement content was constant here.
Grinding of brick and glass was performed to obtain a fine powder. They were first cleaned and deprived of coarse
dirt that might affect the results of the final findings. Next, materials were crushed into smaller particles, following by
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Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
grinding in Planetary Ball Mill (type QM 3-SP2). Various parameters of grinding that might provide the smallest
grain-size was investigated in previous research. Methods and parameters of grinding, as well as results in terms of
particle size distribution, are given in [11]. The best results were obtained by 54 minute grinding and 1:1 of grinding
ratio for brick and by 42 minutes grinding and 2:1 of grinding ratio for glass; the granulometric analysis of these
materials is given in Table 1. It can be said generally that the brick powder is slightly finer than the glass one. For
comparison, the granulometry of cement is given in the table as well.
Table 1. Results of granulometric analysis of ground brick and glass.
Sample
Particle size distribution
Percentage of particles in defined range
d(0.1) [µm]
d(0.5) [µm]
d(0.9) [µm]
0.2 - 1.0 [µm]
1.0 – 10 [µm]
10 - 100 [µm]
> 100 [µm]
Cement
3.20
17.69
49.57
1.39
31.6
66.67
0.32
Brick
0.70
17.10
51.90
13.87
21.45
64.26
0.42
Glass
4.20
16.70
64.60
0.00
29.56
61.04
9.40
To maintain a constant consistency of mortars, the amount of water was slightly adjusted. Research dealing with
adjusting the water amount was conducted previously; the results are given in [18]. For modification of some physicalmechanical parameters of mortar, dispersion of polyvinyl-acetate was added; the amount was 10% of cement weight.
Results of strength development of these mortars are presented in [19]. Composition of the mortar mixtures including
the control one is given in Table 2.
Table 2. Composition of mortars containing brick and glass powder as a microfiller.
Mortar mixtures
Sand [g]
M-CTRL
3600
M-B20
2880
M-B60
1440
M-G20
2880
M-G60
1440
Cement [g]
Water [g]
PVA [g]
Brick powder [g]
Glass powder [g]
-
-
720
-
2160
-
1130
-
720
1130
-
2160
1166
1130
1200
1180
120
2.2. Concretes
Three kinds of micro-filler from C&DW were used in this part of experiment:
x Fired clay bricks powder
x Concrete powder
x Glass powder
For concrete mixtures, a different method of preparing and dosage of the fine particles was chosen. They were
prepared by 2 steps: crushing (using laboratory jaw crusher) and separation of portion under 250 μm (using sieving
process); chemical composition is given in Table 3. Those materials were applied as a micro-filler, i.e. substitution of
0/4 fraction of natural aggregate (NA). Particles of size < 250 μm (so called fines) are subject to specific conditions
in concrete technology – their maximal amount is limited. In this experiment, the amount was considered to be on
maximum possible level. The calculation of concrete mixture took into account the following parameters of individual
components of concrete: the specific gravity and granularity. Granularity of the cement, as well as the fraction 0/4 of
NA was tested before design of mixtures to find the portion of particles <250 μm; it was found 45% of those particles
for cement and 8% for 0/4 fraction of NA. By inclusion of these data into the calculation of concrete mixture, the
maximum possible amount of micro-fillers was determined; 346 kg represents app. 32% of 0/4 NA. With the help of
the above substitution, the main intention of the experiment can be given as follows: development of concrete of high
fluidity of (F5 – F6 flow class, i.e. 560 – 750 mm accordingly to [20] while keeping the specific level of w/c (water
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Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
to cement) ratio - max 0.6. The amount of water together with dosage of chemical admixtures was adjusted during
mixing and they are given and discussed in [21]. The composition of concrete mixtures for this experiment is given
in Table 4.
Table 3. Chemical composition of C&DW powders.
Materials
CaO [%]
Al2O3 [%]
SiO2 [%]
Fe2O3 [%]
MgO [%]
Concrete
28.4
6.4
53.9
2.8
4.5
Brick
1.6
15.4
73.0
4.3
2.1
Glass
5.2
0.9
59.5
0.1
4.2
Table 4. Dry components of concretes for 1 m3 of ready mix concrete.
Natural aggregate [kg]
Micro-fillers [kg]
0/4
4/8
Brick
Concrete
Glass
1086
694
-
-
-
370
652
694
346
-
-
370
652
694
-
346
-
370
652
694
-
-
346
Concrete
mixtures
Cement [kg]
C-CTRL
370
C-B
C-C
C-G
For testing of the both mortar and concrete mixtures, beam samples of 40x40x160 mm were prepared and cured
under standard conditions. Determination of the water absorption coefficient due to capillary action is a standard test
[22]. Samples are drying to constant mass, and then one face of the specimens is immersed in water at a depth of 5–
10 mm for a specific period of time (normally 10 and 90 min.). For this experiment, measurements were done at the
following intervals: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 min and 150 min, to show the development of this parameter
in time. The increase in mass is determined. Capillarity is characterized by water absorption coefficient Aw according
to Equation (1):
‫ܣ‬௪ ൌ
௠೔ ି௠೟
஺ξ௧
ሾ݇݃Ȁሺ݉ଶ Ǥ ݄଴Ǥହ ሻሿ
(1)
Water absorption coefficient expresses the rate of capillarity action in certain time. A w is mathematically defined as
a tangent to capillary water content function.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Mortars
Results of the development of water absorption coefficient of mortar samples after 28 and 730 days of curing are
shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. In general, all samples show increasing tendency of Aw up to 150 min., while the tendency
is steeper in the case of 28 day old samples. Over the age of samples, the tendency is more slow, but still increasing.
All modified mortars at the age of 28 days had higher water absorption coefficient than the control one; the highest
one have M-G20. Samples containing brick powder have shown quite similar values of water absorption coefficient
unlike the mixture containing glass powder.
At the age of 730 days, all modified mortars had higher water absorption coefficient than the control one, except
of the M-B20 sample, which has shown similar values in fact. Generally, samples containing brick powder as a natural
fine aggregate replacement have lower water absorption coefficient than the samples containing glass powder. The
highest water absorption coefficient has the M-G60 mixture.
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Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
Water absorption coefficient Aw
[kg/(m2/h0.5)]
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
M-CTRL
1.50
M-B20
M-B60
1.00
M-G20
0.50
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time t [min]
Fig. 1. Water absorption coefficient of mortars containing brick and glass powder after 28 days of curing.
Water absorption coefficient Aw
[kg/(m2/h0.5)]
2.50
2.00
M-CTRL
1.50
M-B20
M-B60
1.00
M-G20
M-G60
0.50
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time t [min]
Fig. 2. Water absorption coefficient of mortars containing brick and glass powder after 730 days of curing.
For quick comparison of water absorption coefficient, standard 90 minutes values are summarized in Table 5. It is
clear that the water absorption coefficient is lower during the time. This decrease is expressed as a percentage – how
much the values of absorption coefficient of samples at 28 days were reduced at 730 days. The best rate of Aw decrease
(highest) was found for the mixture containing 20% of brick powder.
Comparing micro-fillers and their granularity, the samples containing finer brick powder achieved better results
(lower Aw). This can be attributed to the finer powder; it makes the microstructure tighter and the amount of capillary
pores lower.
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Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
Table 5. Water absorption coefficient of mortar samples containing brick and glass powder – comparison of 90 minutes values at 28, 365 and 730
days of curing.
Aw-90 [kg/(m2.h0.5)]
Mixture
Decrease in time
28 d.
730 d.
[%]
M-CTRL
1.92
0.60
69
M-B20
2.27
0.67
70
M-B60
2.58
1.22
53
M-G20
2.88
1.62
44
M-G60
-*
2.07
-
* the results are not available
3.2. Concretes
The results of the development of water absorption coefficient of concrete samples after 28 and 730 days of curing
are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 In general, all samples show decreasing tendency of Aw up to 150 min., while the rate
is similar in samples of both ages.
All of the modified concrete mixtures at the age of 28 days achieved lower water absorption coefficient than the
control one. Mixture containing glass powder was the closest to the control mixture. The mixture containing concrete
powder had the lowest water absorption coefficient. However, all modified and control mixtures’ water absorption
coefficients are very close.
Water absorption coefficint Aw
[kg/(m2.h0.5)]
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
C-CTRL
2.00
C-B
1.50
C-C
1.00
C-G
0.50
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time t [min]
Fig. 3. Water absorption coefficient of concretes containing brick, concrete and glass powder after 28 days of curing.
At the age of 730 days, the mixtures containing brick and concrete powder show lower water absorption coefficient
compared to the control mixture. The mixture containing glass powder achieved almost the same values of water
absorption coefficient as the control one. The lowest water absorption coefficient was achieved by the C-C mixture
containing concrete powder.
Comparison of standard 90 minute water absorption coefficient of concrete samples after 28 and 730 days of curing
is given in Table 6. It is clear that all mixtures have lower water absorption coefficient during the time. This decrease
is expressed as a percentage – how much the values of absorption coefficient of samples at 28 days were reduced at
730 days.
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Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
Water absorption coefficient Aw
[kg/(m2.h0.5)]
2.50
2.00
1.50
C-CTRL
C-B
1.00
C-C
C-G
0.50
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time t [min]
Fig. 4. Water absorption coefficient of concretes containing brick, concrete and glass powder after 730 days of curing.
Comparing kind of micro-fillers, the samples containing concrete powder achieved the best results (lowest Aw), as
well as the best rate of Aw decrease (highest).
Table 6. Water absorption coefficient of concrete samples containing brick, concrete and glass powder – comparison of 90 minutes values at 28
and 730 days of curing.
Mixture
Aw-90 [kg/(m2.h0.5)]
Decrease in time
28 d.
730 d.
[%]
C-CTRL
1.83
1.34
27
C-B
1.56
1.08
31
C-C
1.46
0.91
38
C-G
1.79
1.33
26
4. Conclusion
The following conclusions in the case of mortars may be drawn from the mentioned results:
- Generally, fine grain form of both the brick and glass influence the water absorption coefficient in negative
way
- The time of curing (age of samples) has positive effect on the water absorption coefficient of mortars
containing fine grain additives
- The higher content of fine-grain additives (60% to 20%) seems to be unfavorable for water absorption
coefficient
- The beneficial effect of the glass and brick powder on the microstructure of mortars in terms of capillarity
has not been demonstrated
The following conclusions in the case of concretes may be drawn from the mentioned results:
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Alena Sicakova et al. / Procedia Engineering 180 (2017) 1256 – 1265
- Generally, addition of fine grain form of all the brick, concrete and glass influences the water absorption
coefficient in positive way
- The time of curing (age of samples) has positive effect on the water absorption coefficient of concretes
containing fine grain additives
- The beneficial effect of the micro-fillers on the microstructure of concrete in terms of capillarity has been
demonstrated, while the concrete powder gives the best results and the glass powder gives the worst one.
The article pointed out the different effect of fine particles on the water absorption coefficient of mortar and
concrete. For positive effect on the capillarity of building mixes, the grain size of micro fillers seems to be important.
While smaller particles (brick and glass powders with dimensions up to 100 μm) cause increase in the water absorption
(probably due to higher specific surface area of particles, resulting to bigger Interfacial Transition Zone, which is more
porous and to the swelling effect), the bigger particles (up to 250 μm) cause decrease in water absorption. As to the
material of micro-filler, surprisingly, the glass powder, having lower water absorption ability itself than the brick one
(due to nature of the matter), gives worse results of water absorption coefficient in the both tested materials – mortars
and concretes. On the other hand, very promising results were achieved with concrete powder. This is in agreement
with [23], which presents concrete fines as being a mixture of inert powder, hydrated cement particles, unhydrated
cement and (when in slurry form) dissolved ions. Very fine (ground) grains of Portland cement can have a significant
accelerating effect on the hydration process of Portland cement concrete. This effect is believed to be due to two
phenomenons: due to the hydrated cement particles acting as nucleation sites, facilitating the hydration reaction and
due to calcium hydroxide and/or alkalis in the hydrated portland cement. Based on those facts, concrete fines can act
in the microstructure of mortar/concrete not only on physical level as micro-filler, but it also can influence the quality
of hydration products, resulting in low water absorption coefficient.
Acknowledgements
This research has been carried out within the Slovak Grant Agency (VEGA) project No. 1/0767/13.
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