ZOOTEKNIK
Produksi Ternak, Departemen Peternakan FKH
UNAIR
ZOOTEKNIK
• Originally Defined As The Science Of Breeding
(Animal Husbandry).
• Then Restricted The Techniques Done In Handling
Livestock: Identification, Kastrasi, Cut Nails, Pieces
Of Horn, Suspect Age, Etc.)
• All Techniques are made to handle the Animals in the
Zoo (zoo).
• I n T h i s L e c t u r e We L i m i t O n S o m e O f T h e
Techniques Necessary In Studying The Science Of
Breeding.
Identification (Marking on the
cattle)
ZOOTEKNIK
CATTLE AGE
PREDICTION
LIVESTOCK WEIGHT
PREDICTION
Identification (Marking On Livestock)
• To Differentiate Between A n i m a l s W i t h Ea c h O t h e r
(Identifiers). Especially The Animals That Have Fur Color And
A Similar Body Shape.
• Granting Of Identifiers Called Identification
• Awarded Since Age As Young As Possible
• Needed To Know:
Animals Used In Research
•
-Recording (Breeding Programs)
•
-Possession Of A Peculiar Animals
•
-Be Kept In Spacious Farm.
•
HOW TO IDENTIFY
• TRADITIONAL
-BURNING PART of the SKIN on the BACK of HIS
•
BODY with IRON FLARE AFTER HEATED
-In the form of strokes huge owner knows his cattle even
•
remotely
-Damage the skin
•
-Performed at the foot, thigh, perineum
•
How to Identify
• MODERN
- EAR TAGGING
•
- TATTOOING
•
- KALUNG NOMOR
•
- BRANDING
•
- EAR NOTCHING
•
EAR TAGGING
- PLACING a number (which is made of hard plastic)
on the EARLOBE (such as installation of earrings on
men)
- On the plastic, in writing the number with permanent
paint
- PERMANENT, CANNOT BE ERASED OR
REMOVED EXCEPT BY DESTROYING IT.
TATTOOING
• AT THE LEAVES OF THE INNER EAR (MEDIAL)
OR AT THE BASE OF THE TAIL WITHIN THE
NOT HAIRY.
• PERMANENT
• ITS WEAKNESSES, HAS TO BE SEEN UP CLOSE
NECKLACE NUMBER
• BREEDERS USUALLY PREFER TO USE THE SYSTEM
NECKLACE NUMBER.
PLATES MADE of METAL (ALUMINIUM or
•
RUSTED)-easily VISIBLE
-DO NOT HURT LIVESTOCK
•
• HIS WEAKNESS IS OFTEN LOOSE AND MISSING.
BRANDING
• MOST IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM LONG KNOWN
AMONG BREEDERS.
• Known for its system of fuel cap
• IRON SEALS ARE HEATED OR COOLED IN THE
FREEZING TEMPERATURES.
• GIVE PERMANENT BURNS
EAR NOTCHING
• EARLOBE PARTIALLY CUT (PROXIMAL,
MIDDLE AND DISTAL) TO PROVIDE THE
CODE.
• LESS PREFERRED BREEDER (HURT)
• USED ON CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS
• From the two ears: can be made a code number to
hundreds
ON CHICKEN OR POULTRY
IDENTIFICATION IN THE FORM OF
ALUMINUM BRACELET ENGRAVED NUMBER,
LOOPED ON:
-THE BASE OF THE WING (WING TAGS)
-ON FOOT (CLAW)
"ON THE COW, CAN ALSO BE COILED AT THE
BASE OF THE TAIL."
THE TEMPORARY IDENTIFIER
• OFTEN USED FOR:
-IN THE TRANSPORT OF LIVESTOCK
•
-DETECTION OF LUST
•
-ERADICATION OF DISEASES
•
-CULLING (PENGAFKIRAN)
•
• USE SPRAY PAINT OR MARKERS (LETTERS OR
NUMBERS) ON THE BACKS OF CATTLE.
CATTLE AGE PREDICTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
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Animal teeth, function:
Prehensi organs (the food)
-Cutter
-Crusher feeding
-Weapon attack/bite
Depending on the shape and location:
-Incisor (incisivus)
-Canines (Canivus)
-Premolars
-Molar
Each animal got: shape, number, and location-specific
Milk teeth (decidua)  permanent teeth
* The growth and changing of teeth depending on
the growth of animals
* The growth of animals depends on:
-DESCENDANTS (HERIDITER)
-FEED
-Race
Bos taurus quicker than a
Bos indicus
* Makin good condition of the animal's body, the
faster the gear changes
• Ruminant Livestock:
-No memp incisivus teeth on the upper jaw
•
-Do not have canines
•
-Front upper jaw Gums become hardened,
•
can be as a substitute for dental (dental pad)
• In Ruminants: incisors numbered 8 (4 pairs):Central Gear
-Intermediate 1
•
-Intermediate 2
•
-tooth angle (corner incisors)
•
• Molar and premolar teeth:
• Larger forms
• -surface rough (for his grind feed)
• – There are upper and lower jaw
• Ox: age prediction based on changes of dental
incisivinya only (without paying attention to
the gigi & molar premolars)
• The cow kept sd 7-8 years (parent-child 5-6 x)
• In ruminants, milk teeth (decidua) amounted to 20:
-Dental incisivus 8 (4 pairs), there is only lower jaw
•
-Pre molar 6 (3 pairs), exist in the upper jaw &
•
down  12 (6 pairs)
• In ruminants, permanent teeth numbering 32,
consisting of:
-Dental incisivus 8 (4 pairs), there is only lower jaw
•
-Pre molar 6 (3 pairs), exist in the upper jaw &
•
down  12 (6 pairs)
-Molar 6 (3 pairs), the maxilla & bottom
•
CATTLE AGE PREDICTION
Based On Its Growth (Eruption) And
Release/Successor (Replacement), The Teeth Can
Be Used As A Tool Penduga The Age Of The
Cattle.
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE SUSPECT COW
TEETH FOR AGE
Perkiraan umur
Deskripsi gigi
Lahir
Biasanya hanya satu pasang incisivi decidua tengah
1 bulan
Empat pasang gigi incisivi decidua (4 pasang = 8)
1,5-2 tahun
Satu pasang pertama gigi incisivi tengah permanen
2,5-3 tahun
Dua pasang incisivi permanen
3,5 – 4 tahun
Tiga pasang incisivi permanen
4 -4,5 tahun
Empat pasang gigi incisivi permanen
5-6 tahun
Satu pasang incisivi tengah mulai tampak aus.
7-8 tahun
Dua pasang incisivi mulai aus
8-9 tahun
Tiga pasang incisivi mulai aus
10 tahun atau lebih
Semua pasangan incisivi aus dan mulai lepas
• 5.5 – 6 years: all the teeth are already changing
with permanent teeth, incisors, large meeting.
• After 6 years: changes seen on the surface of
the teeth (aus)
• Starting from the central incisors to the edge
• * Over 12 years: cow Teeth sdh difficult
identification, krn sdh starting on rarely makin
& lying.
See the Age of cows by looking at
the teeth
Tooth and Aged Sheep
• Age 1 year: 1 plug the Middle incisivi gear
change with permanent teeth
• 2 tahaun: 2 pairs of teeth with permanent teeth
changed incisivi
• Age 4 years: all tooth incisivi tooth with
permanent change
• 6-7tahun: from difficult and loose
• Teeth loose: the difficulty of grazing
Approximate age on a goat/sheep
Dental & Age Horse
• Unlike the teeth of ruminants
• Horse teeth:
-Upper jaw lower & memp 3 pairs of teeth incisivi
•
-Have fangs (tdk is as effective as Carnivore)
•
• Foals Age 6-10 MTHS: 24 milk teeth memp (decidua)
consists of:
-12 incisivi & 12 molar in the upper jaw & bottom
•
-6 MTHS: teeth incisivi complete decidua
•
• Age 2.5 years: new permanent teeth grow
• Age 5 years: all milk teeth dental permanent
switch with sdh (full moth).
• The more older: the shape of the mouth/jaw
turned into a more forward.
• Age 8 years: all teeth showed symptoms of
wear on the surface.
• Wear formed the loophole be Cup teeth/dental
cup round
• 15-25 year: edge of the surface wear
Horse teeth
Horse teeth
LIVESTOCK WEIGHT PREDICTION
• "BLANTIK" (BROOKER), FIT IS OFTEN HIGHER THAN
WITH THE USE OF TOOLS.
-SEE PHYSICAL FORM
•
-FINGERING/PINCHED SPECIFIC SKIN
•
SECTION
CHEST
• USING THE TOOL (SOME OF HIS SIZE).
CIRCUMFERENCE and HEIGHT GUMBA KNOWN MOST
INTIMATELY CONNECTED with the weight.
THE RESEARCH RESULTS OF FORMULAS
•
•
LIVE WEIGHT = (LENGTH x CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE): 300
This formula is still "non metric" (lbs and inches), which not
only could be converted to "metric" (kg, cm).
•
•
LIVE WEIGHT = (LENGTH x CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE): X
X = 9, when LD < 165 cm; X = 8.5, when LD 165 – 203
cm; X = 8, when LD > 203 cm.
•
LIVE WEIGHT = 1.04 (27,5758 x CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE) –
1049.67
•
The third formula specifically for beef castration (beef cattle) Boss
taurus or Bos indicus.
WEIGHT/PERCENTAGE OF
CARCASS
• SUPERIOR BEEF CATTLE (BEEF CATTLE) FAT,
62 – 65% of the WEIGHT of life.
• GOOD CONDITION, 54 – 56%.
• Skinny, 50% or less.
• MADURA CATTLE and BEEF CATTLE INCLUDE
BALI TROPIK is a PRETTY HIGH PERCENTAGE
of Carcass (50-55%)
For the MEASUREMENT of BODY parts of the
COW
1. COW THAR FLOOR MUST BE FLAT/
Flat.
A COW STOOD in an ATTITUDE of SEPURNA, to 4
FEET SHOULD FORM a RECTANGULAR
UPRIGHT with HIS HEAD LOOKING UP.
3. CULTIVATED COW DOES NOT MOVE DURING
the
Measurements.
HOW TO MEASURE CHEST
CIRCUMFERENCE AND HEIGHT
GUMBA
• CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
MEASURING TAPE LOOPED in the CHEST
•
BEHIND the FRONT LEGS, the TAPE is PULLED TAUTtoned, THEN READ the NUMBER.
• HIGH GUMBA.
MEASURED FROM THE TOP OF GUMBA
•
(UNDER THE HUMP, IF ANY), ARE FOR BEEF
CATTLE CAN BE MEASURED FROM THE TERTINGG
STRAIGHT LINE DRAWN BACK DOWN TO THE
GROUND.
Parts of the cow's body measured
Parts of the cow's body measured
A. High Gumba: the distance from the highest
part gumba (withers) through to the ground
along the front foot
B. body Distance: distance between the tuber
ischii humeri with crista
C. chest Width: distance between the very wide
on both sides of the chest (costae)
D. in the chest: the distance between the back
(dorsal) and the edge of the chest next to the
lower (ventral)
E. pelvic Height: the distance from the tip of the
gluteal area to the ground through all the back
leg
F. the pelvic Width: widest part that is between
the tuber coxae and outer
G. width of widest Part between the thighs: side
lateral thigh
H. chest Circumference: the length of the circle
which was taken right behind the front legs
surrounding his chest, to cow taken right
behind size berpunuk hump
I. The width of the forehead: the distance
between the edge of the left orbital bone
right
J. length of the forehead: the distance
between the tip of the head to the nose line
Sections of the body of the goat/sheep
Sections of the body of the
goat/sheep
1. Gumba height (height at withers): measured
starting from the base of the front legs to the
highest point of the shoulder section between
shoulders (A----G)
2. in the chest (depth of chest): the distance
between the highest point of the shoulder to
the point of the lowest part of the chest (A-----D)
3. chest Circumference (girth): measured with a
tape measure in circular right behind the front
foot towards the highest point of the shoulder
section perpendicular to the axis of the body
(A-D------A)
4. Waist Width (width of hooks): the horizontal
distance between the outermost points of the
side than on the tuber coxae (B1----B2)
5. pelvic Length (length of the pelvis): distance
between the anterior portion of the tuber coxae
to the posterior part of tuber ischii (B-----C
6. The length of the body (body): distance along
the median line of the anterior portion of the
proc. Spinosus thoracalis vertebrae posterior to
the part I of the tuber ischii (E----C)
7. Shin Length (length of cannon bone): length
measured from the tuber calius to condylus
metarsus (G-----H)
PREDICTION OF AGE
• The age of the cattle was estimated based on dg
dpt see arrangement of teeth (incisors)
• Mainly used pd cows, goats and sheep
• The number of teeth of cattle/sheep/goat adl
20″ (temporary/milk) and 32 (fixed)
-incisor (jaw): 8
•
-front molar: 12
•
-the rear molars: 12
•
Goat/Sheep
• There is no fixed gears: < 1st
• There are a pair of fixed gear: 1 – 2nd
• 2 pairs of teeth fixed: 2 – 3 years
• old there are 3 pairs of permanent teeth: 3 – 4th
th
there
are
4
pairs
of
permanent
teeth:
4
–
5
•
• Gear fixed start off: & aus > 5th
Cow
• There is no fixed gears: < 1.5th
• There are a pair of fixed gear: 1.5 – 2 years old
• There are 2 pairs of teeth fixed: 2 – 3 years old
• there are 3 pairs of permanent teeth: 3 – 4th
th
there
are
4
pairs
of
permanent
teeth:
4
–
5
•
• Gear fixed start off: & aus > 5th
WEIGHT PREDICTION
• Interpretation of the body weight is very
important to know your body weight do cattle 
if each time should always be done weighing:
-less practical existence of scales
•
limited
Prediction Method Of BB Cow
1. visual Method is a method of viewing, observing the
State of the cow and then estimating W cow.
-This method needs to be sharp and exercises a lot
so that his estimate is nearly approaching true-this
method is used by the blantik/animal traders
2. the method of Measuring Special Tape called DWT
(Daily Cow Weighting Tape)  with loop DWT on
sternum 3-4 and designated number on the tape
measure shows W cow
3. the method of a Formula Formula: Schoorl.
(LD + 22) ²
W (kg) = 100
 LD = chest circumference (cm)
b. Scheiffer Formula
BB (lbs) =
(LD)² x PB
300
 LD = chest circumference (inchi)
PB = the length of the body (inchi)
Prediction W Chicken
• For estimating W  farm chicken in one sample
of 10% of the population
• Use the scales 5 kg maximum capacity yg 
more accurate
Faculty Veterinary Medicine
OF Airlangga University
Lab. Produksi Ternak Departemen Peternakan
FKH-UNAIR