Mobile Cloud-Based e-Payment Systems in Saudi Arabia:
a Case Study
Marwah Almasri
Hazzaa Alshareef
College of Computing and Informatics,
Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia
College of Computing and Informatics,
Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia
m.almasri@seu.edu.sa
h.alshareef@seu.edu.sa
as its ease, reliability, and efficiency. Mobile payment (also called
m-payment) has become one of the most significant e-payment
systems available worldwide. In the U.S., online retail sales
reached up to $373 billion in 2016, and are expected to increase to
more than $500 billion by 2020. They are also expected to reach
17% of all U.S. retail sales by 2022, as compared to only 12.7% in
2017. In addition, smartphone shipment orders (from 2016 to
2021) are expected to increase with an annual growth rate of 3.8%,
which results in raising the usage of mobile commerce. Mobile
commerce sales account for 60% of e-commerce sales and about 6%
of global sales. m-payment platforms have been widely used
owing to their ease of use, high accessibility, and lower
transaction costs [25].
ABSTRACT
The rapid revolution of e-commerce has attracted most
researchers’ attention due to its encountered benefits and
conveniences. Numerous e-payment systems have been proposed
and applied to cope with current technological development.
Mobile payment (also called m-payment) has become one of the
most significant e-payment systems available worldwide. mpayment platforms have been widely used owing to their ease of
use, high accessibility, and lower transaction costs. However,
utilizing mobile devices for m-payment systems has its limitations.
In order to overcome these limitations, mobile cloud computing
can be an optimal solution to achieve reliability and availability.
This paper will highlight the state-of-the-art of m-payment
systems and discuss the technological tools involved. It will also
identify the research questions based on the purpose of the
research. In addition, it will explore various factors affecting mpayment platforms, such as scalability, reliability, usability, and
trust. A case study of m-payment in Saudi Arabia was conducted
to measure the identified factors. Based on the findings, this paper
summarizes the challenges of m-payment systems. Finally, a
detailed design of our proposed framework is represented, which
reflects the objective of this paper. The aim of this paper is to
investigate the ability of introducing the mobile cloud concept
into m-payment systems to overcome notable shortcomings that
hinder its spreading.
However, utilizing mobile devices for m-payment systems has its
limitations, such as computational and storage capabilities, as well
as short battery life. m-payment methods rely on the use of
technologies, particularly wireless networks. As a result, they
suffer from dis-connectivity and high cost issues, especially in
rural areas [22]. In order to overcome these limitations, the mobile
cloud paradigm can be an optimal solution to achieve reliability
and availability. Consequently, mobile devices can benefit from
cloud computing capabilities and features in order to be
considered as an important framework to meet the requirements
and goals of m-payment systems and applications.
This paper will analyze various existing m-payment systems and
discuss their technological tools. It will also explore several
factors affecting m-payment platforms to assure their
effectiveness and efficiency. Therefore, this paper studies the
integration of mobile cloud technology with m-payment systems
to outperform some challenges that restrict the usage of mpayment systems. In addition, it investigates reducing the cost that
might be associated with m-payment transactions on mobile
devices.
CCS Concepts
• Information systems➝ Electronic commerce • Applied
computing➝ Electronic commerce • Software and its
engineering➝ E-commerce infrastructure
Keywords
e-payment; m-payment; cloud computing; mobile cloud.
1. INTRODUCTION
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a
background, including mobile cloud and m-payment. Section 3
identifies the methodology and research questions. Section 4
discusses several key factors for successful m-payment systems
and applications. Section 5 investigates these factors based on a
realistic case study. Section 6 highlights the limitations and
challenges of m-payment systems. Section 7 provides a detailed
design of our proposed framework. Finally, section 8 provides
conclusions and plans for future work.
The Integrating e-payment platforms leads to reducing the costs of
technology and thus any associated operational or processing
costs [12].
Users’ adoption to such revolution depends on many factors, such
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2. BACKGROUND
This research focuses on a type of payment that uses mobile
devices (m-payment) to execute transactions. Since mobile
devices are used here, a mobile cloud paradigm is introduced to
help these devices to overcome their limitations, such as unstable
connections due to wireless links and limited battery life to
manage heavy tasks. Therefore, the main focus will be on how the
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3361785.3361795
5
mobile cloud can be integrated into m-payments to increase its
validity and usage. Figure 1 demonstrates the focal point area (in
the middle) for our study where it emphasizes the integration of
mobile cloud technology with m-payment systems.
connection between the mobile device and the point of sale (POS)
terminal. Users or customers basically tap or wave their phones to
make a payment [19]. Near field communication (NFC) is a
widespread technique used for contactless payments. It uses a
radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology for transferring
data/money between devices within a short-distance range [5]. In
addition, instant money transfer can be applied using mobile
numbers for transferring money. Mobile web and wireless
application protocol (WAP) in mobile devices is used to access
online payment platforms such as PayPal for handling online
payments [19]. Finally, digital wallets or virtual wallets store
crucial data in remotely secured servers for making payments [7].
Examples include Google Wallet and Alipay [12].
The following subsections provide a detailed background into
these two main topics, m-payment and mobile cloud, including
benefits and existing technologies.
2.2. Mobile Cloud
The story begins when mobile devices that have limited resources,
such as limited battery life, are required to run heavy and highly
computational tasks [11]. Cloud computing technology is
considered an optimal solution to help mobile devices to manage
heavy tasks and execute them in the cloud. In the field of IT, this
combination of the two technologies (mobile and cloud) is
considered to be the mobile cloud [9]. The idea here is to deploy
the required services and applications to the cloud instead of on
the mobile devices, resulting in the shifting of highly complex
tasks to the cloud instead of being executed on the mobile devices
themselves. This new computing model adds strong features, such
as high performance and reliability, to any system [17].
Figure 1. The focal point area for our study.
2.1. M-payment Revolution
Mobile technology has been rapidly evolving over the years,
which has increased the number of its users. This increase has
influenced many fields, like mobile commerce (m-commerce) for
instance. Using such robust technology led to the widespread use
of m-commerce or m-payments systems and applications.
Mobile cloud can be defined as: firstly, creating a cloud of mobile
devices with the ability of sharing resources and content in a real
time [16]; and secondly, accessing remote clouds via the internet
using mobile devices with the aim of offloading tasks to save
resources [8]. In this paper we consider the second definition as it
is more suitable for our proposed idea.
According to Mhlongo [19], m-commerce and m-payment are
synonyms about using mobile access to complete transactions.
Tiwari in [24], defined m-commerce as “any transaction,
involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and
services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile
access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an
electronic device”. Similarly, m-payments can be defined as “the
use of a mobile device to conduct a payment transaction in which
money or funds are transferred from a payer to a receiver via an
intermediary or directly without an intermediary” [18].
In practice, many applications benefit from the mobile cloud to
deal with the limitation of using mobile devices. For example, in
[4], a first responder application is proposed with the help of the
mobile cloud, where users can seek help from the cloud using
their mobile devices in the event of an emergency. The cloud here
takes the role of finding the nearest available rescuers that can
deal with the requested user's case. The paper shows that using the
mobile cloud can improve the possibility of saving lives by
responding to emergencies in near real time.
Generally, mobile devices can be integrated in any financial
transaction such as mobile order applications, which focus on the
order itself, not handling the payment task. Another example is
mobile delivery applications, which are used mainly to deliver
goods or services and not to handle the payment (e.g. receiving an
online ticket). On the other hand, m-payment systems use the
mobile device to confirm and handle the payment tasks. In
addition, mobile devices can be utilized as an authentication
technique to enable users to access some information or as part of
the payment process. For instance, it can be used in mobile
banking, where it grants access to banking services through
mobile devices [2].
Another example of mobile cloud integration presented in [3],
where a MANET type of network is created and managed by the
cloud to overcome the limitations of mobile devices. The authors
achieved creating MANET networks and shifting the management
task, which usually consumes a huge amount of energy and has a
negative impact on mobile device resources. Experimental work
and results that introduced the mobile cloud can help mobile
devices to save resources when joining MANET networks that are
managed by a mobile cloud.
Regarding m-payment, it is clear that the mobile cloud can
provide a great improvement to its applications and deal with
most noticeable limitations such as scalability and availability.
Here, m-payments application can be hosted on the cloud and is
accessible by its users through mobile devices, benefiting from
cloud computing features, such as high reliability and less
maintenance effort, as well as lower operation costs considering
the pay-as-you-use feature. Section 5 provides further discussion
on how the mobile cloud can benefit the m-payment system.
Several technologies and methods are applied to provide mpayment systems. One approach is called “Direct Mobile Billing”
which works based on mobile network operators (MNOs). Instead
of using debit or credit card payments, it integrates the mobile
device directly with the MNOs billing systems for purchasing
goods and services [15]. Another technology used is called
“PRSMS”, which stands for premium rate SMS. This way of
payment is commonly used due to how easy it is, as the customer
can buy goods or services (e.g. ringtones) simply by sending an
SMS to a specific short code where the cost is billed directly to
the customer’s mobile number [15]. Contactless payment is an
emerging m-payment technology where there is no physical/direct
6
successful accomplishments of the system as well as positive user
experiences. Users are willing to trust the system if their
information is not tampered with and money is not stolen by any
means [1]. The user’s trust in the m-payment system will lead to a
widespread usage of the system by all parties and diminish the
fear of using such systems.
3. METHODOLOGY
This section discusses the methodology that is based on the
purpose of this research. After exploring the latest existing
techniques and methods of m-payment platforms, the
methodology of this paper begins by identifying the research
questions as follows:
4.5. Security
- What are the key success factors that need to be addressed when
designing m-payment systems?
In spite of numerous existing models of m-payments, there is a
need to clearly determine the requirements and main
characteristics of such models in order to achieve the best
practices. These success factors develop a more reliable and
secured platform for end users. Due to the rapid revolution of mpayments, it is crucial to meet and analyze these requirements
accordingly. This section addresses the key success factors that
are considered as mandatory requirements for m-payments
systems.
Security is mainly the most important factor as it requires a robust
infrastructure of the m-payment systems. The security aspect of
any m-payment system should include integrity, confidentiality,
availability, authentication, authorization, non-repudiation, and
vulnerability [21]. Integrity of data means that the user’s data has
not been modified, altered, or destroyed. On the contrary, it needs
to be accurate, consistent, and precise. Confidentiality refers to
preventing the disclosure of shared information by customers to
unauthorized recipients. Moreover, all users need to be
authenticated to ensure their identities before accessing the system,
where authorization is the process of giving permission to users to
access the system. In fact, the illegal denial of request or nonrepudiation is important to be implemented in m-payment systems,
for the purpose of accommodating and handling any possibilities
of denied actions to achieve validation and verification of data
integrity and origin through a third party [21]. Thus, all
information exchanged should be secured to prevent any thirdparty disclosure or eavesdropping, especially when using wireless
or mobile networks. Encryption techniques are a good method to
keep information secured. However, it requires cryptographic
algorithms which may have a high computational cost that will be
difficult to manage on mobile devices that have limited resources
and capabilities [2].
4.1. Anonymity and Privacy
4.6. Scalability and Efficiency
Anonymity aims at hiding user’s/customer’s identity. m-payment
systems should guarantee the anonymity of user data such as
account numbers, amounts, time, and date. In addition, users’
desire to protect their data from unauthorized participants so that
no one can trace the payment back to them. m-payment systems
should prevent and restrict the level of disclosure and traceability
of payments to assure the privacy of data exchanged [14].
m-payment systems should be able to handle the growth of new
users and thus a huge amount of transactions [14]. On the other
hand, this growth should not affect the overall performance of the
m-payment system or cause any degradation in its functions. The
quality of service should be maintained as well. Scalability
assures cost reduction if the number of users has been increased
so that no additional equipment is needed to fulfil the payment
requests [1].
- How should these identified factors be measured in a realistic
scenario to ensure their validity?
- What are the limitations and challenges of m-payment systems?
Moreover, this research tends to determine the required key
factors for m-payment systems, as in section 4. In order to
measure these factors, a case study of m-payments in Saudi
Arabia was conducted, which is detailed in section 5. Finally, a
framework based on integrating the mobile cloud with m-payment
systems was proposed in section 7.
4. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS FOR MPAYMENTS SYSTEMS
4.2. Usability
Usability factor refers to how easy the m-payment system is to use.
Users should feel comfortable using such a system, so it must be
understandable and simply laid out [20]. The simplicity will
increase the acceptance level of the system by users. It is
important to make it as convenient as possible for all stakeholders
involved [2]. Furthermore, usability depends on the user’s ability
and wellness to integrate an m-payment system into his/her
lifestyle.
4.7. Mobility and Ubiquity
4.3. Reliability
According to Sherman [23], the cost of a simple transaction is
about $1.34 at a bank branch, whereas it costs only $0.10 using
m-payment systems. Similarly, it costs $0.16 for ATM, which is
60% more expensive than m-payments systems. Expenses include
setup, subscriptions, and transaction fees [13]. Therefore, mpayment systems might help in reducing the transaction costs and
fees.
As compared to traditional payment methods, m-payment systems
use portable mobile devices where users can access m-payment
applications and services from anywhere and anytime [10]. This
leads to the freedom of user’s accessibility to such applications.
Using mobile devices in m-payment systems is a great advantage
as compared to a regular e-commerce applications and systems.
4.8. Transactions Cost and Expenses
According to Hidayanto [14], the reliability of an m-payment
system refers to its capability to function properly in a timely and
an efficient manner as well as its ability to be restored in case of a
failure. It is also concerned with its availability when needed. The
system must ensure the successful and complete processing of
payments. Otherwise, money will be lost, which will cause a huge
problem for end users. Therefore, reliability is a crucial factor to
avoid inconsistency during transaction or incomplete payments.
5. CASE STUDY: M-PAYMENT IN SAUDI
ARABIA
4.4. Trust
For the purpose of this research, we have distributed a survey to
determine the status of m-payment in Saudi Arabia. The survey
consists of 11 questions aimed at examining the previously
Trust is a core factor that needs to be considered. The
trustworthiness of the m-payment system is gained through
7
defined success key factors. In addition, we collected some
personal information to help us in analyzing the results, such as
gender, age, and occupation.
5.1. Survey’s Questions and Results
We received more than 100 responses from three main regions
(Western, Eastern, and central Saudi Arabia) and most of the
study participants were 18 – 40 years old, where only 2 percent
were above 60 years old. Regarding gender, we found that the
number of male and female responders were almost the same,
where males made up 54.5 percent of responses and the female
rate was 45.5 percent. Just above 65 percent of the participants
were employers, around 17 percent were students, and the rest
preferred not to tell. The following figures represent all questions
asked, along with their responses’ rates.
Figure 2. The result of using
m-payment in Saudi Arabia
Figure 10. The result of mpayment trustworthiness in
Saudi Arabi.
Figure 11. The result of
m-payment issues in Saudi
Arabia.
Figure 3. The knowledge of
m-payment technical steps in
Saudi Arabia
Figure 12. The type of m-payment difficulties in Saudi
Arabia.
5.2. Interpretation of Survey’s Responses
Figure 4. The result of mpayment usability in Saudi
Arabia
We asked them how likely they were to accept the idea of using
mobile devices as a method of payment and we found that up to
90 percent liked the idea, and less than 10 percent rejected as
represented in Figure 2. Regarding m-payment functionality,
technical and transaction requirements to use mobile devices as a
payment method, we found that the majority have a good
understanding on the technical steps needed to use m-payment as
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 5. The best mpayment service provider in
Saudi Arabia.
Interestingly enough, most participants (more than 71 percent)
have information about available m-payment technologies (see
Figure 4), where around 50 percent prefer to use Apple Pay,
followed by NFC at point of sale (the service called Mada Atheer),
and around 10 percent use PayPal as a method of payment as
indicated in Figure 5.
Figure 6. The usage
percentage of m-payment
in Saudi Arabia.
Figure 8. The result of epayment trustworthiness
in Saudi Arabia.
Regarding usage, 20 percent of the participants use m-payment on
a daily basis and almost the same rate on a weekly basis. Less
than 20 percent never tried it, and about 24 percent used it very
rarely (see Figure 6). Around 65 percent of the participants prefer
to use m-payment in point of sales, online shopping, and
transferring money to friends and relatives. Paying bills and
online subscriptions come after that, with 58 and 44 percent,
respectively as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. The purposes of
using m-payment in Saudi
Arabia.
According to the survey responses, more than 70 percent trust
using m-payment, where the rest did not trust m-payment in
general as represented in Figure 8. With regard to storing payment
information on mobile devices, such as credit card information, it
is clear that 32 percent of the survey participants feel confident to
do so, where around 22 percent sometimes feel confident to store
credit cards on mobile devices. Surprisingly, around 47 percent
Figure 9. The security of
m-payment in Saudi
Arabia.
8
The cloud can then have an interface for both the senders’ and
receivers’ bank accounts for validation and verification purposes.
It is clear that from this framework, all transactions will be
executed in the cloud, which is the main target. As a result, users
will not be worried about how these transactions are executed and
there is no impact on mobile device resources to complete these
transactions. Therefore, resources on mobile devices will be saved
and the cloud will be considered as the centric solution to deal
with all payment transactions.
prefer not to store payment information on mobile devices (see
Figure 9). Compared to ATMs and credit cards, up to 60 percent
considered using mobile devices as a payment method the same as
other e-payment methods, such as ATMs and credit card (see
Figure 10).
Moving to m-payment difficulties and issues, we found that
around 50 percent never face any issues in using mobile devices
as a payment method, where around 47 percent claim that their
usage of m-payment was not as expected as shown in Figure 11.
Mostly, unavailability of devices and services got the highest rate
(64 percent) of reasons of not using m-payment, where around 34
percent of the issues were related to connectivity aspects.
Interestingly, around 20 percent of the responders faced issues
with using m-payment in some situations such as mini payments
(e.g. less than 10 SR) or some roles and regulations such as "cash
only"! (see Figure 12)
In practice, a user starts by providing their credentials to access
the m-payment application on the cloud. Once this information is
received by the cloud, a request is sent to this user’s bank account
for verification. Once the provided account is verified, the cloud
allows the users to make the payment. The users provide the cloud
with the amount and to whom it should be sent, and then the cloud
executes the payment and notifies both the sender and receiver
once the transaction is executed successfully. Figure 14
graphically presents how a user can send a payment using the
proposed framework.
6. DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS
Despite the numerous benefits of m-payment systems, there are
some limitations and challenges that need to be addressed.
Dealing with sensitive types of applications, such as sending and
receiving money, makes it difficult for users to trust the systems.
According to the investigated case study, about 14 percent of
people do not trust using mobile devices as a secure payment
method, but they do feel comfortable using a traditional payment
method such as an ATM card. Another interesting finding is that
about 47 percent feel insecure storing their credit card information
on mobile devices. Therefore, the system must ensure high
security protocols and mechanisms to avoid the negative impact
on the users’ acceptance level of m-payment systems.
Figure 13. Proposed
framework for integrating
mobile cloud to m-payment.
It is critical to enhance mobility in m-payment systems to achieve
their main goal; that is, allowing users to send and receive
payments via mobile devices to easily access the desired
applications and services anywhere and anytime.
Figure 14. Sending a
payment using the
proposed framework
8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This paper encountered the aspects of m-payment systems and
discussed their benefits and applicability using mobile devices. It
also highlighted the wide spectrum of m-payment technologies
used as well as several research questions were identified. In order
to ensure the effectiveness of these systems, a set of key factors
and characteristics are defined to achieve high performance.
These factors include anonymity and privacy, usability, reliability,
trust, security, mobility, scalability, and cost and expenses. To
measure these factors, a case study analyzing the m-payment
systems in Saudi Arabia was conducted. Furthermore, the
limitations of m-payment systems have been highlighted and
investigated. Based on the findings, the proposed framework is
introduced and discussed, which combines m-payment systems
with mobile cloud computing technology. As a result, a mobile
cloud system can diminish many difficulties and challenges faced
by m-payment systems.
Certainly, it is important to scale well in order to accept a huge
number of requests. Currently, scalability is not a big concern
when dealing with m-payment systems. On the other hand, there
is a rapid growth of new users and thus the amount of transactions.
For that reason, scalability will be considered as a big challenge in
the near future. Tackling scalability without any functional
degradation is a difficult goal to achieve.
7. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
After identifying the above mentioned key success factors for mpayment systems and the results of the case study that was
conducted in Saudi Arabia, we found that introducing mobile
cloud technology to m-payment systems could overcome some of
the highlighted limitations.
Therefore, this section presents our proposed framework of
integrating the mobile cloud with m-payment systems. As
mentioned before, the mobile cloud will be considered here as
both a centric and support component to m-payment applications.
Mobile devices, including smartphones, smartwatches, and smartwallets, will access the cloud through the internet to execute
payment transactions. As a result, all transactions and processes
will be dealt with in the cloud, where mobile devices will just be
used as a front-end to interact with users.
In future work, we are planning to develop an empirical mobile
cloud payment system based on the proposed framework, and to
test the various parameters to evaluate its performance and
efficiency accordingly.
Figure 13 shows our suggested framework where m-payment
applications can be hosted on the cloud. Additionally, users can
access this application through the internet using their preferred
mobile devices in order to execute payment transactions.
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