PM2.5
induced/aggravated
allergic diseases?
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Recommended AQG levels and interim targets
Overview of allergic diseases
Allergic diseases, or hypersensitivity disorders, involve
the immune system’s excessive or inappropriate
response to foreign antigens, leading to hypersensitivity
reactions that can impact multiple systems and damage
various organs.ß
Common allergic conditions include allergic rhinitis (AR),
atopic dermatitis (AD), and allergic asthma (AA). ß
Currently, affect an estimated 30–40 % of the global
population, with projections indicating that approximately
50 % of the world’s population may be affected by 2050,
resulting in a substantial socioeconomic burden. €
ß Zhao ZY. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases in children. Chin J Pediat 2019;57(3).
https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578- 1310.2019.03.002.
€ Burbank AJ, Sood AK, Kesic MJ, Peden DB, Hernandez ML. Environmental determinants of allergy and asthma in early life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140(1):1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.010.
Mechanism of PM2.5 induced/aggravated allergic diseases
the mechanisms which induces or worsens allergic diseases remain unclear.
The latest experimental research findings indicate that PM2.5 induces
senescence in airway smooth muscle cells and elicits a senescence-associated
secretory phenotype (SASP) through autophagy-induced GATA4/TRAF6/NF-κB
signaling, thereby promoting the synthesis of collagen-i and α-smooth muscle
actin ( α-SMA) and leading to airway smooth muscle remodeling.
Cheng PP, Yu F, Chen SJ, Feng X, Jia ZH, Hu SH, et al. PM2.5 exposure-induced senescence-associated secretory phenotype in airway
smooth muscle cells contributes to airway remodeling. Environ Pollut 2024;347:123674. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123674.
https://www.biorender.com/template/senescence-associated-secretory-phenotype-sasp
disrupts barrier function
the potential mechanism of PM2.5 exposure
resulting in disruption of the barrier function.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949913524000120
increases oxidative stress
the potential mechanism of PM2.5 exposure
resulting in increased OS Created with MedPeer
(www.medpeer.cn).
interferes with immune balance
the potential mechanism of PM2.5
exposure causing interference with
the immune balance.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949913524000120
synergistic sensitization effect
the potential mechanism of the mechanism of PM2.5
inducing/aggravating allergic diseases.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949913524000120
The results demonstrate that exposure with PM significantly exacerbates ocular
allergy, evidenced by increased eye-lid edema, mast cell degranulation,
inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-α), cell proliferation (Ki67), and
serum IgE, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and apoptosis and reduced
goblet cells. These findings elucidate the detrimental impact of PM exposure on
exacerbating the severity of AED. Noticeably, diminished goblet cells highlight
disruptions in ocular surface integrity, while increased PMN infiltration with an
elevated production of IgE signifies a systemic allergic response with
inflammation.
Schematic illustration of the mouse AED model with OVA sensitized PM exposed conjunctiva and cornea. Inflammation in the
conjunctiva and cornea, indicative of allergic responses, was observed following sensitization with OVA and exposure to PM.
(C) Eye features of naive, OVA and OVA+PMexposedgroupswereassessedbyslit-lamp microscopy. (D) Changes in the
serum IgE concentration level in naive, OVA and OVA + PM exposed groups. In D, data are presented in bar graph with
mean ± SEM (n = 8, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001), significant difference using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test).
• Exposure to PM2.5 significantly raised the likelihood of ocular redness (adjusted OR: 12.39, 95%
CI), watering (adjusted OR: 2.56, 95% CI), and dryness (adjusted OR: 5.06, 95% CI).
• Additionally, these symptoms had an exposure-response relationship with increasing 1-OHP levels.
• Ocular symptoms worsened in frequency and severity during the high PM2.5 season, showing a
strong link to elevated PM2.5 levels.
• Lymphocyte counts were also positively correlated with redness, watering, and dryness during high
PM2.5 exposure.
• In conclusion,this study shows that subjects exposed to higher PM2.5 levels presented more
significant ocular surface alterations.
This illustration clearly portrays the impact of PM2.5 exposure on ocular health
through inhalation and direct penetration into the eye. PM2.5 induces lacrimal and
Meibomian gland dysfunction, leading to neovascularization, inflammation,
apoptosis, and oxidative.
Daily PM2.5 concentrations found in the Subdistrict,
Thung Satok during the sampling period.
Mean 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels (µmol/mol Cr) during low and high
PM2.5 seasons. Bars represent mean values with standard deviation
(p < 0.001).
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2020;38:19-28 DOI 10.12932/AP-100619-0579
“Particulate matter exposure can exacerbate pre-existing asthma and may
contribute to developing asthma, allergic rhinitis, and aeroallergen
sensitization. Short-term and long-term strategies are needed to reduce
disease severity and prevent new-onset disease development. Additional
research is needed to identify effective avoidance strategies and
therapeutic approaches.”
J.-Z. Wu et al. / Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine 4 (2018) 95e102
PM2.5-10 activates neutrophils and eosin ophils
PM2.5 induces oxidative stress
PM2.5 induces antigen-presenting
cell-mediated inflammatory responses
PM2.5 leads to apoptosis and autophagy
PM2.5 causes imbalance of T helper cells.
The contribution of particulate matter to respiratory allergies according to recent evidence
Model showing the possible interactions between
genetics, particulate matter exposure, and
aeroallergen exposure in asthma pathogenesis
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pm2.5 มากกว่าเกณฑ์dมีโอกาสคลอดบุตรทีเ่ ป็ นโรคหืดสูงขึน
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• Increased hospital visits
•
significant link between atopic dermatitis (AD) and exposure to PM2.5. Specifically, there was a 1–3% increase in hospital
visits for AD for every 10 μg m−3 increase in PM2.5 with even higher rates observed in vulnerable groups.
• Worsening symptoms
•
particularly pediatric populations, with almost 10% increase in symptom severity.
• increase in effects among specific groups
•
Males, children, and the elderly
• Weather plays a key role
• the spring (16.5% increase) and in the winter (12.6% increase), “dry, moderate” days were correlated with
a higher association between PM2.5 and AD, as an OR of 1.165 , At indoor temperatures below 25.5 °C,
there was a 6.7% increase in AD symptoms, and in homes without air purifiers, there was a 15.0% increase in
AD symptoms
• attributed to factors
•
epidermal dysfunction, hormonal dysregulation, and heightened immune responses, all of which are notably more
pronounced in these vulnerable groups.
Increased PM concen trations may contribute to
disturbed barrier function, in creased facial
erythema, and uneven skin tone even in healthy
human skin. (Ann Dermatol 33(3) 263∼270, 2021)
J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL FEBRUARY 2025