Steel Design Civil Engineering Terms
1. 2:1 method: The 2:1 method is a technique used in soil mechanics for estimating the
stability of slopes by analyzing the relationship between the horizontal and vertical
distances.
2. 2D Drawing :It is a representation of objects or structures in two dimensions, typically
consisting of height and width, without depth.
3. 3D modeling: is the process of creating a three-dimensional representation of a
physical object or scene using specialized software.
4. A36 steel: Is a low carbon steel alloy that is commonly used in construction and
structural applications due to its excellent weldability and machinability.
5. The AASHTO Method : is a widely used design procedure for flexible pavements that
was developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials.
6. Abrasion resistance : refers to the ability of a material to withstand wear and tear
caused by friction or contact with other surfaces.
7. Absolute extrema: refers to the highest and lowest values of a function over a specific
interval, indicating the overall maximum and minimum points that the function can reach.
8. Absolute pressure : is the total pressure exerted on a system, measured
relative to a perfect vacuum.
9. Accelerated motion : refers to the change in velocity of an object over time,
which can include increases or decreases in speed, or changes in direction.
10. Accumulation : refers to the process of gathering or collecting quantities over time,
often represented as the total sum of smaller parts.
11. ACI or the American Concrete Institute: is a leading authority and resource for the
development, dissemination, and adoption of consensus-based standards, technical
resources, and educational programs related to concrete.
12. Activated sludge: is a process used in wastewater treatment that involves aerating
sewage to promote the growth of microorganisms that consume organic matter.
13. Activated Sludge Process: is a biological wastewater treatment method that uses
microorganisms to break down organic pollutants in sewage.
14. Active transportation: refers to any form of human-powered transport, such as walking,
cycling, or using a skateboard.
15. Actual cost: refers to the total amount spent to complete a project, which includes all
direct and indirect expenses incurred during the execution of a project
16. Actual depth: refers to the vertical distance from the surface of the water to the bottom
of an open channel, taking into account any variations in the bed profile.
17. Acute angle: is an angle that measures less than 90 degrees. It is one of the
fundamental concepts in geometry, playing a crucial role in the classification of angles
and shapes.
18. Adaptive capacity: refers to the ability of a system, community, or individual to adjust to
potential damage, take advantage of opportunities, or respond to consequences of
climate change.
19. Adaptive components: refer to elements in Building Information Modeling (BIM) that
can change their shape, size, or behavior based on specific parameters or design
conditions.
20. Adaptive design approaches: refer to strategies that adjust to changing conditions,
particularly in the context of environmental challenges and uncertainties.
21. Adaptive signal control systems: are advanced traffic management technologies that
dynamically adjust traffic signal timing based on real-time traffic conditions.
22. Advanced materials: refer to a new generation of materials that exhibit superior
properties and functionalities, often engineered at the molecular or atomic level.
23. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): are a set of chemical treatment procedures
designed to remove organic and inorganic contaminants in water by generating hydroxyl
radicals that can effectively oxidize pollutants.
24. Advanced treatment processes: refer to a range of enhanced techniques used in
water treatment systems to remove contaminants and improve water quality beyond
conventional methods.
25. Aggregate quality: refers to the properties and characteristics of aggregate materials
used in concrete, including size, shape, texture, strength, and cleanliness.
26. Aggregates: are granular materials used in construction, primarily for concrete and
asphalt production, including sand, gravel, and crushed stone.
27. Agile: is a project management and software development approach that emphasizes
flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction through iterative processes.
28. Air entrainment: is the intentional incorporation of air bubbles into concrete during
mixing, which enhances the material's durability and workability.
29. Air quality impact: refers to the effect that various activities, projects, or developments
can have on the cleanliness and composition of the air in a given area.
30. Air traffic control: procedures are standardized methods used by air traffic controllers
to manage the safe and efficient movement of aircraft within controlled airspace and on
the ground at airports.
31. Airport capacity: refers to the maximum number of aircraft that can be accommodated
at an airport within a specific time frame, typically measured in terms of takeoffs and
landings per hour.
32. Airports: are designated areas where aircraft can take off, land, and be serviced.
33. Allowable strength design: is a structural design methodology that ensures a
structure's components can safely carry expected loads without exceeding their material
strength limits
34. Allowable strength design: is a structural design methodology that ensures a
structure's components can safely carry expected loads without exceeding their material
strength limits
35. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): is a professional organization founded
in 1852, dedicated to advancing the practice and profession of civil engineering.
36. Arcade : A series of arches with their supporting columns or piers.
37. Arris : The meeting of two surfaces producing an external angle.
38. Backsights: are the initial readings taken with a surveying instrument, typically a level
or total station, to establish a reference point for measurement.
39. Barometer: is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure, which is crucial for
understanding weather patterns and fluid behavior in engineering applications.
40. Base: Base is immediately above plinth. A building having no plinth, immediately above
footings.
41. Base heave: refers to the upward movement of soil beneath a foundation, typically
occurring due to changes in moisture content or pressure.
42. Basement : Part of a building (usually a storey) below ground level,
43. Bat: Part of a brick.
44. Baiter : The slope away from you of a wall or timber piece, etc.
45. Bay : The space between two piers, columns or projections.
46. Bay window: A window projecting outward from a wall and reaching up to the ground.
47. Beam: is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to its axis.
48. Beam deflection: refers to the displacement of a beam from its original position when
subjected to external loads or forces.
49. Beam theory: is a fundamental concept in structural engineering that describes how
beams behave under load.
50. Bevel: Any inclination of two surfaces other than 90 deg. (either greater or less),
51. Blocking Course : A course of stones (or only one stone) placed on the top of a course
to add to its appearance and also to prevent the cornice from overturning.
52. Bressummer : Joist embedded in concrete; beam over verandah posts on which purlins
of sloping roofs rest. Also means a beam which carries a wall.
53. Brick core : Brickwork filled in between the top of a lintel and the soffit of a relieving
arch.
54. Brick flogging: Brickwork filled in between wooden posts or studs (for making a wall).
55. Bull’s eye : A circular or oval opening in a wall.
56. Buttress: A projection of masonry built into the front of the wall to strengthen it for
lateral stability against thrust from an arch, roof, or wind pressure.
57. CAD: Computer-Aided Design, refers to the use of computer technology to aid in the
creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.
58. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE): is a technology that uses computer software to
aid in engineering analysis tasks.
59. Cantilever bridge: is a type of bridge that is supported on only one end, where the
structure extends horizontally without any external bracing.
60. Capacity: refers to the maximum amount that a system, structure, or process can hold
or manage effectively.
61. Carbon fibers: are strong, lightweight materials made from thin strands of carbon atoms
bonded together in a crystalline structure.
62. Carbon steel:is a type of steel where the main alloying element is carbon, which
typically comprises 0.05% to 2.0% by weight.
63. Carbonation: is a chemical process in which carbon dioxide (CO₂ ) reacts with minerals
in concrete and cement, leading to the formation of calcium carbonate.
64. Casting: is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is poured into a mold to
create a specific shape upon solidification.
65. Center lines are reference lines used in technical drawing to indicate the center of an
object or feature.
66. Center of buoyancy: is the point in a submerged or floating object where the buoyant
force, which acts upward against gravity, can be considered to be concentrated.
67. Chamfer: To cut off, in a small degree, the angle or arris formed by two faces, usually at
an angle of 45 degree.
68. Chase : A recess made inside of a wall to accommodate pipes or electric Wiring, etc.
69. Composite Building : A building of which part is masonry and part is either open or
framed ; or a building of which part is open building and part is framed building. .
70. Coping: The capping or covering placed upon the exposed top of a wall (or parapet),
usually of stone, to throw off and prevent the rain-water soaking in to it.
71. Corbel: One or more courses of brick projecting from a wall like a cornice), generally to
form a support for wall plates, etc. A brick should not project more than 1/4 beyond the
lower course.
72. Counterfort: Is a projection of masonry built into the back of the wall.
73. Cowl: A hood shaped top for a chimney; a ventilating top of a sewage pipe. .
74. Cross Wall: An internal weight bearing wall built into another wall to the full height
thereof.
75. Dams: are barriers built across rivers or streams to hold back water, creating reservoirs
for various purposes
76. Daniel Bernoulli: was an 18th-century Swiss mathematician and physicist known for his
contributions to fluid dynamics, particularly through his formulation of Bernoulli's
principle.
77. Darcy's Law: is a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics that describes the flow of
fluid through porous media.
78. Dashed lines: are a type of line used in technical drawings to represent features that
are not directly visible or are hidden behind other objects.
79. Data acquisition is the process of collecting and measuring information from various
sources to analyze and interpret data for decision-making purposes.
80. Dead load: is a permanent static load on a structure, primarily consisting of the weight
of the building materials and fixed installations.
81. Debonding: refers to the separation of two materials at their interface, often occurring in
composite materials where layers or components lose their adhesive connection.
82. Deep foundation: is a type of foundation that transfers the load of a structure to deeper,
more stable soil or rock layers, typically beyond the reach of shallow foundations.
83. Defect rate: is a measure used to quantify the number of defective items produced in a
manufacturing process relative to the total number of items produced.
84. Deflection refers: to the displacement or bending of a structural element under load.
85. Degrees: are units of measurement used to quantify angles in various fields, including
surveying, where they help establish precise locations and directions.
86. Density: is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume, commonly expressed in
units such as kg/m³ or g/cm³.
87. Dormer Window : A small vertical window built in a sloping roof.
88. Dowel: A pin or peg let into two pieces of stone or wood for joining them ; a cramp iron.
89. Drip : Part of a cornice or projecting sill etc., which has a projection beyond other parts
for throwing off rain-water.
90. Earned value analysis (EVA): is a project management technique that combines
scope, schedule, and resource measurements to assess project performance and
progress.
91. Earthquakes: are sudden and violent shaking of the ground, caused primarily by the
movement of tectonic plates along faults or volcanic activity.
92. Earthworks: refer to the engineering process of moving and reshaping soil, rock, or
other materials to create a desired landform for construction purposes.
93. Effective net area: refers to the portion of a structural member's cross-section that can
effectively carry loads after accounting for factors
94. Efflorescence: The formation of a whitish loose powder or crust, on the surface of brick
walls.
95. Elastic analysis: is a method used to determine the behavior of structures under
loading, assuming that materials return to their original shape after the removal of the
load.
96. Elastic curve equation: is a mathematical expression that describes the deflection of
beams under applied loads, showing how they deform elastically.
97. Elastic modulus: is a fundamental property of materials that measures their stiffness or
resistance to deformation when subjected to stress.
98. Elastomers: are a type of polymer that have elastic properties, allowing them to stretch
and return to their original shape without permanent deformation
99. Ellipses: are geometric shapes that represent a smooth, closed curve where the sum of
the distances from any point on the curve to two fixed points (called foci) is constant.
100.
Engineering scales: are specialized rulers used to create accurate
representations of objects in technical drawings and drafting.
101.
Equilibrium: refers to a state in which all forces acting on a body are balanced,
resulting in no net force and no acceleration.
102.
EPA: Or Environmental Protection Agency, is a U.S. governmental organization
responsible for enforcing regulations and laws that protect the environment and public
health.
103.
Extrados: The outer surface of an arch.
104.
Factor of safety: is a design criterion used to ensure that structures or
components can withstand loads and stresses beyond what they are expected to
encounter during their use.
105.
Factoring: is the process of breaking down an expression into a product of
simpler expressions or numbers.
106.
Fatigue: refers to the weakening of materials due to repeated loading and
unloading over time, often leading to eventual failure.
107.
Fieldwork: is the practical, hands-on process of collecting data and conducting
observations in the real-world environment where projects will be implemented.
108.
Filling: refers to the process of adding material, typically soil or other
aggregates, to a construction site to raise the ground level or create a stable base for
structures.
109.
Filtration: is a physical separation process that removes solid particles from
liquids or gases
110.
Fire resistance: refers to the ability of a material or structure to withstand
exposure to fire and prevent the spread of flames and smoke.
111.
Fixed-end moments: are the moments at the ends of a beam that is restrained
from rotation, meaning that the beam cannot freely rotate at its supports.
112.
Flexible building systems: refer to construction designs and methodologies
that allow for adaptability and reconfiguration of spaces to meet changing needs over
time.
113.
Flexural testing: is a method used to determine the flexural strength and
stiffness of a material
114.
The flexure formula: is an equation used to calculate the bending stress in a
beam subjected to external loads
115.
Float: refers to the amount of time that a project task can be delayed without
affecting the overall project timeline.
116.
Frog: Is a small recess on the top surface of a brick, made while moulding,
usually embossed with the initials of the contractor. It forms a key for the mortar and also
reduces the weight of the brick.
117.
Gable : The entire end wall of a building. (The term is generally used for the
triangular end wall of a sloping roof.)
118.
Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron
to prevent rusting and corrosion.
119.
Galvanizing is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron to
prevent rusting and corrosion.
120.
Gate valves are mechanical devices used to control the flow of liquids and gases
in pipelines.
121.
Gauge pressure is the pressure measurement relative to the atmospheric
pressure
122.
Geodetic datum is a reference system used to measure and describe the size
and shape of the Earth
123.
Geodetic survey is a method of surveying that measures large areas of the
Earth’s surface, taking into account the curvature of the Earth.
124.
Geological formations are distinct layers of rock or sediment that have a specific
composition, age, and structural characteristics.
125.
Geotechnical engineering is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on the
behavior of earth materials and their interaction with structures.
126.
The gravity model is a mathematical framework used in transportation planning
that predicts the interaction between two locations based on their size and distance.
127.
Groundwater flow is the movement of water through the soil and rock layers
beneath the Earth's surface,
128.
Haunch : That part of an arch lying midway between the springing and the
crown.
129.
Herring-bone work: Masonry work (generally in floors) in which the bricks are laid
slanting in opposite directions.
130.
Head: In the context of hydraulic structures and machinery, 'head' refers to the
height of a fluid column above a reference point
131.
high strength-to-weight ratio refers to the ability of a material to bear load or
resist forces while maintaining a relatively low mass.
132.
High wind loads refer to the forces exerted on structures by strong winds, which
can significantly impact the design and stability of buildings and other constructions.
133.
High-performance concrete (HPC) is a type of concrete that has enhanced
properties
134.
High-pressure jetting is a cleaning technique that uses high-velocity water jets to
clear blockages, remove debris, and maintain pipelines in wastewater systems.
135.
High-strength bolts are fasteners made from high-strength steel, designed to
provide superior load-bearing capabilities in structural applications.
136.
High-strength concrete is a type of concrete that has a compressive strength
greater than 40 MPa (megapascals) or 5800 psi (pounds per square inch)
137.
Hooke's Law states that the force exerted by a spring is directly proportional to
the amount it is stretched or compressed, up to the limit of elasticity.
138.
Hydration refers to the chemical reaction that occurs when water is added to
cement, leading to the formation of a hardened product known as concrete.
139.
Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to transmit water
through its pores or fractures.
140.
Hydroscopic: A substance that attracts water from the air.
141.
Impact resistance refers to the ability of a material to withstand sudden forces or
shocks without failing or fracturing.
142.
An impact test is a method used to evaluate the toughness or ductility of a
material by subjecting it to a sudden force or shock.
143.
The imperial system, also known as the British imperial or customary system, is a
measurement system that uses units such as inches, feet, pounds, and gallons.
144.
Improper integrals are integrals where either the interval of integration is infinite,
or the integrand has an infinite discontinuity within the interval.
145.
Intrados: The inner surface of an arch.
146.
Joint spacing refers to the distance between joints in concrete pavement, which
are intentional separations designed to control cracking due to temperature changes and
shrinkage.
147.
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion
148.
Labor costs refer to the total expenses associated with employing workers, which
include wages, benefits, and any additional overhead related to labor.
149.
Laboratory testing refers to a systematic process in which samples of soil, rock,
and other materials are analyzed in a controlled environment to determine their physical
and engineering properties.
150.
Land survey standards are established guidelines and protocols that dictate how
surveying activities should be conducted to ensure accuracy, consistency, and reliability
in land measurements.
151.
Law of Cosines is a fundamental equation in trigonometry that relates the
lengths of the sides of a triangle to the cosine of one of its angles.
152.
The Law of Sines is a fundamental principle in trigonometry that establishes a
relationship between the angles and sides of a triangle.
153.
Layer thickness refers to the measurement of the depth of individual layers within
a pavement structure, which includes asphalt, base, and subgrade layers
154.
Layering refers to the technique used in computer-aided design (CAD) where
different components or elements of a drawing are organized into distinct layers.
155.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine the elevation of points on
the Earth's surface and to create a level line between them.
156.
Limit state design is a method used in structural engineering that ensures a
structure can withstand the various loads and conditions it may encounter throughout its
lifespan without reaching failure.
157.
inear equations are mathematical statements that establish a relationship
between two variables using a straight line when graphed.
158.
The liquid limit is the moisture content at which a soil changes from a plastic
state to a liquid state, indicating its ability to flow and behave like a liquid.
159.
Load capacity refers to the maximum load or weight that a structural element
160.
Manometer is a device used to measure the pressure of a fluid, typically by
comparing it to the atmospheric pressure.
161.
Mat foundation, also known as a raft foundation, is a large, thick concrete slab
that supports multiple columns and walls of a structure.
162.
Material costs refer to the total expenses associated with the raw materials and
components required for construction projects.
163.
Material strength refers to the ability of a material to withstand applied forces
without failure, deformation, or fracture.
164.
Maximum bending stress is the highest stress experienced by a material when
subjected to bending forces, occurring at the extreme fibers of the material.
165.
Maximum strain theory is a failure criterion used in engineering that predicts the
failure of materials by analyzing the strain state within a material under load.
166.
Maximum stress theory, also known as Rankine's theory, is a criterion used to
predict the failure of materials under various loading conditions
167.
Meter is the fundamental unit of length in the International System of Units (SI),
equivalent to approximately 39.37 inches.
168.
Method of joints is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the
internal forces acting on the members of a truss.
169.
Method of sections is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the
internal forces acting on specific members of a truss or structure by slicing through it and
analyzing the equilibrium of one part.
170.
Mezzanine floor : An additional (low storey) floor, gallery or balcony erected
between the floor and ceiling of any storey.
171.
Mosaic : Small pieces of stones, glass, etc. (generally of different colours) laid in
cement mortar to form artistic patterns for flooring and dados, etc.
172.
Mullion : An upright (piece) in any framing ; a division piece between the sash of
a frame.
173.
Nominal compressive strength refers to the maximum load-carrying capacity of a
material or structural element under axial loading conditions, without accounting for any
safety factors or reductions.
174.
Obtuse angle is an angle that measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180
degrees.
175.
Overloading refers to the application of loads on a structure that exceed its
intended capacity or design limits.
176.
Oriel Window: An upper storey window projecting outward from a wall (and
which does not reach up to the ground, as distinguished from a bay-window)
177.
Parabola is a symmetrical, U-shaped curve that represents the graph of a
quadratic function
178.
Party Wall: A wall erected on a line between adjoining property owners and used
in common.
179.
Pascal's Law: states that when a change in pressure is applied to an enclosed
fluid, that change is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid in all directions
180.
Passing sight distance is the minimum length of roadway visible to a driver that is
necessary for safe overtaking of another vehicle.
181.
Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a numerical scale used to evaluate the
condition of pavement surfaces, ranging from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates a failed
pavement and 100 signifies a perfect surface.
182.
A pavement design manual is a comprehensive guide that provides standards,
guidelines, and methodologies for the design and construction of pavement structures.
183.
Pedestal: A base or support, as for a column or statue, and generally of a bigger
size.
184.
Pilaster : A right-angled column or projection from a pier or wall; a square pillar
made generally to support a concentrated load.
185.
Pillar : A detached vertical support to some structure; a solid portion of a wall
between window openings and other voids.
186.
Plinth : The portion of the external wall between the level of the street and the
level of the floor first above the street.
187.
Point load is a concentrated force applied at a specific point on a structure,
causing stress and deformation in that localized area.
188.
Poisson's ratio is a measure of the relationship between longitudinal strain and
lateral strain in a material when it is subjected to stress.
189.
Polar coordinates are a two-dimensional coordinate system that specifies each
point in a plane by a distance from a reference point (the pole) and an angle from a
reference direction.
190.
Pore water pressure is the pressure exerted by water within the pores of soil or
rock, playing a crucial role in soil mechanics.
191.
Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material, expressed as a
percentage of the total volume.
192.
Portland cement is a type of hydraulic cement that is widely used in construction
due to its strength and durability
193.
Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position or state,
which can be converted into kinetic energy when the object is set in motion.
194.
A Pratt truss is a type of structural framework used primarily in bridges,
characterized by its diagonal members that slope down toward the center of the truss
and vertical members that carry the load vertically.
195.
Precipitation refers to any form of water, liquid or solid, that falls from the
atmosphere and reaches the ground.
196.
Precision refers to the degree to which repeated measurements or calculations
yield consistent results.
197.
Preloading is a ground improvement technique that involves applying a
temporary load to the soil to accelerate consolidation and settlement before the
construction of a structure.
198.
Pressure difference is the variation in pressure between two points in a fluid
system
199.
pressure gauge is a device used to measure the pressure of a fluid within a
system, providing critical information for monitoring and controlling various applications
200.
Pressure treatment is a process used to enhance the durability and longevity of
timber by infusing it with preservatives under high pressure.
201.
Primary treatment is the initial phase in the wastewater treatment process, aimed
at removing solid materials and organic matter from sewage before it undergoes further
treatment.
202.
Principal stresses are the normal stresses that occur at a point in a material,
where the shear stress is zero.
203.
Project budgeting refers to the process of estimating and allocating financial
resources for a specific project, ensuring that funds are appropriately distributed
throughout all phases of the project lifecycle.
204.
Project location refers to the specific geographical area where a construction or
engineering project is to take place.
205.
Project management is the discipline of planning, executing, and overseeing
projects to achieve specific goals within defined constraints, such as time, budget, and
resources.
206.
A project manager is a professional responsible for planning, executing, and
closing projects, ensuring that they meet specific goals and are completed on time and
within budget.
207.
Projections are methods used to represent three-dimensional objects on a twodimensional plane, allowing for the visualization and analysis of spatial relationships.
208.
Proportions refer to the relationship between two or more quantities that indicates
their relative sizes or amounts in comparison to each other.
209.
Protective coatings are specialized layers applied to surfaces, particularly metals,
to shield them from environmental factors like moisture, chemicals, and abrasion.
210.
Pythagorean Theorem is a fundamental principle in geometry that states that in
a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right
angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides.
211.
Quadratic equation is a second-degree polynomial equation in the standard form
212.
Queen closer: A brick cut lengthwise into two so that each piece is half as wide
as the full brick.
213.
Quoin brick : A brick forming a corner in brickwork ; it has one end and one side
exposed to view.
214.
Recs: A depth in the thickness of a wall.
215.
Refractory materials : The term “refractory” is applied to various heat resisting
materials such as lire-bricks, furnace linings.
216.
Reveal: A vertical side of a window or door opening from the face of the wall to
the frame. (See lambs).
217.
Skew-back: That (inclined) part of a pier or abutment from which an arch
springs.
218.
Sleeper Walls : Low walls erected at intervals between the main walls to provide
intermediate supports to the lowest floor.
219.
Soup header :A brick header not extending the full length of a brick into a wall,
usually half a brick.
220.
Soffit : The lower horizontal face of anything ; the under face of an arch where its
thickness is seen.
221.
Spall: Bat or broken brick; stone chips,
222.
Spandrel or Spandril: The space between the top of a masonry arch and the
roof, beam or carriageway, etc.
223.
Spandrel Wall : A wall built upon the extrados of an arch up to the top level of
the roof or beam, etc.
224.
Splay: An oblique surface (bevel or chamfered), as of the jambs of a doorway or
Window ; of which one side makes an oblique angle with the other.
225.
Springing line : A line of intersection between the intrados and the supports of
an arch.
226.
Spring points: The points from which the curve of an arch springs.
227.
Springer: The voussoir placed next to the skew-back in an arch.
228.
Squint Bricks: Bricks used for forming acute or obtuse corners in brick masonry.
229.
Striking : The releasing or lowering of centering of arches or lintels.
230.
String course :. A horizontal (usually ornamental) course projecting along the
face of a building (usually introduced at every floor level or under Windows or below
parapets) for imparting architectural appearance to the structure and also keeping off the
rain water.
231.
Throating: Term used for making a channel or groove on the underside of string
courses, copings, cornices or sun-shades, etc., to prevent rain water from running inside
towards the walls.
232.
Underpinning : The process of supporting the. existing structure for renewing or
repairing the lower Walls or foundations.
233.
Vault : An arched masonry structure (with a series of arches).
234.
Veneered Wall: In a wall in which the facing material is merely attached to and
nor properly bonded into the backing.
235.
Voussoir : The wedge shaped structure component of a stone arch.
236.
Weathering: Action of sun and rain on structures or soils.