
Why is it important for CE to study building system
Design?
SUPPORTING PARTS
 Financiers
 Real Stake Brokers
 Government Regulatory Agencies
 Manufacturers
 Distributors of Construction Materials
 Construction workers
- FOR COMPLIANCE WITH LEGAL STANDARDS
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PROCESS / BUILDING
PERMIT APPLICATION PROCESS:
HIRING AN ARCHITECT – organizes the owner’s
idea about the new project.
2. CONCEPTUAL PLANNING AND DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT

Site Inspection – the architect visits the site to
understand its orientation

Teaming with Engineers
 Civil/Structural Engr.
 Sanitary Engr./ Master Plumber
 Electrical Engr.
 Mechanical Engr.
 Geodetic Engr. (for lot boundary surveys)

Preparation of preliminary design
3. PREPARATION OF BUILDING PLANS AND
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS

Preparation of Building Plans
 Architectural Plan
 Structural Plan
 Sanitary/Plumbing Plan
 Electrical Plan
 Mechanical Plan
 Geodetic Plan

Preparation of Other Required Documents
 Building Permit Application
 Form-signed by the Owner & all Licensed
Professionals involved
 Certificate of Occupancy Compliance
 Location Clearance
 Barangay Clearance
 Tac Declaration with Updated Real Property
Tax Receipt
4. SUBMISSION TO THE OFFICE OF THE
BUILDING OFFICIAL (OBO)
5. TECHNICAL
REVIEW
BY
THE
OBO
EVALUATION BY THE OFFICIAL
a. National Building Code of the Philippines (PD
1096)
b. Local Ordinance & Zoning Interagency Review

Fire Safety Inspection

Health Clearance

Corrections of Adjustment
6. APPROVAL & RELEASE OF BUILDING PERMIT
1.
TEAM
PLAYERS
IN
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

PLANNING
AND
PRINCIPAL PLAYERS
 Owner or Proponent
 Architect
 Engineer
 Consultants
 Contractor, Builder, Construction Manager
or Administrator
CODES AFFECTING BUILDING DESIGN

PD 1096 - National Building Code of the
Philippines
BP 344 - Accessibility Law
Zoning Ordinance
National Structural Code of the Philippines
Electrical Code of the Philippines
RA 1378 Plumbing Law of the Philippines
PD 856 Sanitation Code of the Philippines
RA 9514 Fire Code of the Philippines







BUILDING CODES

Govern building construction -regulation which
gives minimum standard
WHY ARE BUILDING CODES IMPORTANT




Safety and well-being of its building
Guidance in design
Give direction
Safer, healthier, and better for its occupants
ZONING

Established by the local government units to
coordinate land development and promote the health,
safety and welfare of the public.
BASIC TYPE OF LAND USE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
CLUP - Comprehensive Land Use Plan
RECTIFICATION - Apply existing structure for building
permit w/ penalty
IRR - Implementing Rules & Regulations
NSCP - National Structural Code of the Philippines
ASTM - American Standard for Testing Materials
BATAS PAMBANSANG BILANG 220

To accommodate the need for the shelter of low
income families
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096:
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (NBCP) THEREBY REVISING R.A.
No. 6541

Has at least five years of diversified and
professional experience in building design and
construction.
CHAPTER III: PERMITS AND INSPECTION
CHAPTER I: GENERAL PROVISIONS
BUILDING PERMITS
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES




PD 1096
Issued on February 19, 1977
Approved on May 1, 2005
DECLARATION OF POLICY

It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State
to safeguard life, health, property, and public
welfare, consistent with the principles of sound
environmental management and control
APPLICATION FOR PERMITS


SCOPE AND APPLICATION


The provisions of this Code shall apply to the
design, location, sitting, construction, alteration,
repair, conversion, use, occupancy, maintenance,
moving, demolition of, and addition to public and
private buildings and structures.
Additions, alterations, repairs, and changes of use
or occupancy
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS



All buildings or structures as well as accessory
facilities thereto shall conform in all respects to the
principles of safe construction and must be suited
to the purpose for which they are designed.
Buildings or structures intended to be used for the
manufacture and/or production of any kind of
article or product shall observe adequate
environmental safeguards.
Buildings or structures and all parts thereof as well
as all facilities found therein shall be maintained
in safe, sanitary, and good working condition.


BUILDING OFFICIALS
Shall be responsible for carrying out the provisions
of this Code in the field as well as the enforcement
of orders and decisions made pursuant thereto.
QUALIFICATIONS OF BUILDING OFFICIALS



Filipino citizen and of good moral character.
A duly registered architect or civil engineer.
A member of good standing of a duly accredited
organization of his profession for not less than two
years.
The applicant shall file an application therefor in
writing and on the prescribed form from the office
of the Building Official.
Every application shall provide at least the
following information:
 A description of the work to be covered by
the permit applied for;
 Certified true copy of the TCT covering the
lot on which the proposed work is to be
done. If the applicant is not the registered
owner, in addition to the TCT, a copy of the
contract of lease shall be submitted;
 The use or occupancy for which the
proposal work is intended;
 Estimated cost of the proposed work.
To be submitted together with such application are
at least five sets of corresponding plans and
specifications prepared, signed, and sealed by a
duly mechanical engineer in case of mechanical
plans, and by a registered electrical engineer in
case of electrical plans, except in those cases
exempted or not required.
VALIDITY OF BUILDING PERMITS
CHAPTER II: ADMINISTRATION AND
ENFORCEMENT

No person, firm, or corporation, including any
agency or instrumentality of the government shall
erect, construct, alter, repair, move, convert, or
demolish.
A building permit issued under the provisions of
this Code shall expire and become null and void if
the building or work authorized therein is not
commenced within a period of one year from the
date of such permit, or if the building or work so
authorized is suspended or abandoned at any time
after it has been commenced, for a period of 120
days.
CERTIFICATE OF OCCCUPANCY

No building or structure shall be used or occupied
… until the Building Official has issued a
Certificate of Occupancy.
CHAPTER IV: TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS





TYPE I – Wood Constructions.
TYPE II – Wood with one-hour fire-resistive
materials.
TYPE III - Masonry and wood construction;
Incombustible construction for walls, ceilings, and
permanent partitions.
TYPE IV - steel, iron, concrete, or masonry;
Incombustible construction for walls, ceiling, and
permanent partitions.
TYPE V – Structural elements of steel, iron,
concrete, or masonry; Building shall be fire
resistive.
CHAPTER V: FIRE ZONES

Areas within which only certain types of buildings
are permitted to be constructed based on their use
or occupancy, type of construction, and resistance
to fire.
NON-FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES














CHANGE IN USE




Buildings or structures are permitted w/out fire
resistivity measures
Often in the countryside or rural areas
Commercial & industrial structures sparsely
constructed
Clustered in small groups
Buildings or structures are required with fire
resistivity measures
Walls of at least 2 hours of fire resistivity
1 hour of fire resistivity throughout suburban areas
HIGHLY FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES


Highly fire-resistive or non-combustible structures
or construction assemblies
3 to 4 hours of fire resistivity

FIRE RESISTIVE TIME-PERIOD RATING
Length of time a material can withstand being
burned which may be one hour, two hours, three
hours, four hours, etc.
FIRE RESISTIVE STANDARDS

Classified according to their fire-retardant or
flame-spread ratings
CHAPTER VII: CLASSIFICATION OF GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY
When a building is of mixed occupancy or used for
more than one occupancy, the whole building shall
be subject to the most restrictive requirement
about any of the types of occupancy found therein
except in the following:
 When a one-story building houses more
than one occupancy, each portion of the
building shall conform to the requirement
of the particular occupancy housed therein
and;
 Where minor accessory uses do not occupy
more than ten percent of the area of any
floor or a building, nor more than ten
percent of the basic area permitted in the
occupancy requirements, in which case, the
major use of the building determines the
occupancy classification.
LOCATION OF PROPERTY
CHAPTER VI: FIRE-RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS
IN CONSTRUCTION

No change shall be made in the character of
occupancy … unless such building is made to
comply with the requirements of this code for such
division or group of occupancy.
MIXED OCCUPANCY
FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES

GROUP A. Residential Dwellings
GROUP B. Residential, Hotels, and Apartments
GROUP C. Education and Recreation
GROUP D. Institutional
GROUP E. Business and Mercantile
GROUP F. Industrial
GROUP G. Storage and Hazardous
GROUP H. Assembly Other Than Group 1
GROUP I. Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or
More
GROUP J. Accessory

GENERAL
 No Building shall be constructed unless it
adjoins or has direct access to a public
space yard or street on at least one of its
sides.
 Eaves over required windows shall not be
less than 750 millimeters from the side and
rear property lines.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF WALLS
 Exterior walls shall have fire resistance and
opening protection
 Projections beyond the exterior wall shall
not exceed beyond a point one-third the
distance from an assumed vertical plane
 When openings in exterior walls are
required to be protected due to distance
from the property line, the sum of the areas
of such openings in any story shall not
exceed 50 percent of the total wall area in
that story.

ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREAS


The allowable floor areas for one-story buildings
and buildings over one-story shall not exceed the
limits prescribed for each occupancy group and/or
type of construction.

ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREA INCREASES


The floor areas hereinabove provided may be
increased in certain specific instances and under
appropriate conditions, based on the existence of
public space, streets, or yards extending along and
adjoining two or more sides of the building or
structure
LIGHT AND VENTILATION - every dwelling
shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide
adequate light and ventilation.
SANITATION - Every dwelling shall be provided
with at least one sanitary toilet and adequate
washing and drainage facilities.
FOUNDATION - the footing shall be of sufficient
size and strength to support the load of the
dwelling and shall be at least 250 millimeters thick
and 600 millimeters below the surface of the
ground.
POST - the dimensions of wooden posts shall be
those found in Table:
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS





The maximum height and number of stories of
every building shall depend upon the character of
occupancy and the type of construction.
The height shall be measured from the highest
adjoining sidewalk or ground surface, provided
that the height measured from the lowest adjoining
surface shall not exceed such maximum height by
more than 3.00 meters (10 feet)
Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected as
part of a building and not used for habitation or
storage are limited as to height only by structural
design if completely of incombustible materials,
or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters (19 feet 8
inches) above the height limits for each occupancy
group if of combustible materials.
Example: If the maximum allowable height is 15
meters, the building’s height from the lowest to the
ground surface can go up to 18 meters.
Rules for Height Exceptions:
 If constructed from incombustible materials
(e.g., steel, concrete) these features are not
limited by height but must comply with
structural safety design
 If constructed from combustible materials
(e.g., wood) they can extend up to 6 meters
(19 feet 8 inches) above the maximum height
limit for the building’s occupancy group.
 These features must not be used for habitation
(living space) or storage (to prevent fire risk)
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
DWELLINGS

FOR
GROUP
A
DWELLING
LOCATION
AND
LOT
OCCUPANCY - The dwelling shall occupy not
more than ninety percent of a corner lot and eighty
percent of an inside lot.






FLOOR - the live load of the first floor shall be at
least 200 kilograms per square meter, and for the
second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square
meter.
ROOF - The wind load for roofs shall be at least
120 kilograms per square meter for vertical
projection.
STAIRS - stairs shall be at least 750 millimeters in
clear width, with a rise of 200 millimeters and a
minimum run of 200 millimeters.
ENTRANCE AND EXIT - there shall be at least
one entrance and another one for exit.
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS - all electrical
installations shall conform to the requirements of
the Philippine Electrical Code.
MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS - mechanical
systems and/or equipment installation shall be
subject to the requirements of the Philippine
Mechanical Engineering Code.
CHAPTER VIII: LIGHT AND VENTILATION
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
VENTILATION



OF
LIGHT
AND
All buildings shall face a street public alley or a
private street that has been duly approved.
No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to
reduce its size.
No building shall be enlarged so that the
dimensions of the required court or yard would be
less than that prescribed for such building.
CEILING HEIGHTS




Habitable rooms provided with artificial
ventilation have ceiling heights not less than 2.40
meters measured from the floor to the ceiling.
Provided that for buildings of more than one
story, the minimum ceiling height of the first story
shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second story
2.40 meters and succeeding stories shall have an
unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not
less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor.
Above stated rooms with natural ventilation shall
have a ceiling height of not less than 2.70 meters.
Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height
not less than 1.80 meters above and below it.
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM



Sanitary sewage from buildings and neutralized or
pre-treated industrial wastewater shall be
discharged directly into the nearest street sanitary
sewer main of the existing municipal or city
sanitary sewerage system in accordance with the
criteria set by the Code on Sanitation and the
National Pollution Control Commission.
All buildings located in areas where there are no
available sanitary sewerage systems shall dispose
of their sewage "Imhoff" or septic tank and
subsurface absorption field.
Sanitary and industrial plumbing installations
inside buildings and premises shall conform to the
provisions of the National Plumbing Code.
SIZE AND DIMENSIONS OF ROOMS



ROOMS FOR HUMAN HABITATIONS -6.00
square meters with at least dimensions of 2.00
KITCHENS - 3.00 square meters with at least a
dimension of 1.50 meters.
BATH AND TOILET - 1.20 square meters with
at least a dimension of 0.90 METERS.
AIR SPACE REQUIREMENTS IN DETERMINING THE
SIZE OF ROOMS



SCHOOL ROOMS - 3.00 cubic meters with 1.00
square meter of floor area per person.
WORKSHOPS, FACTORIES, AND OFFICES 12.00 cubic meters of space per person
HABITABLE ROOMS - 14.00 cubic meters of
space per person.
CHAPTER IX: SANITATION
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM





Whenever available, the potable water
requirements for a building used for human
habitation shall be supplied from the existing
municipal or city waterworks system.
The quality of drinking water from meteoric,
surface, or underground sources shall conform to
the criteria set in the latest approved National
Standards for Drinking Water.
The design, construction, and operation of deep
wells for the abstraction of groundwater shall be
subject to the provisions of the Water Code of the
Philippines.
The design, construction, and operation of
independent waterworks, systems of private
housing subdivisions, or industrial estates shall be
governed by existing laws relating to local
waterworks systems.
The water piping installations inside buildings and
premises shall conform to the provisions of the
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
CHAPTER X: BUILDING PROJECTION OVER
PUBLIC STREETS
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS


No part of any building or structure or any of its
appendages shall project beyond the property line
of the building site, except as provided in this
Code.
The projection of any structure or appendage over
a public property shall be the distance measured
horizontally from the property line to the
outermost point of the projection.
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS
(IRR) OF PD 1096
IRR OF PD 1096


A.
B.
C.
D.
Refers to the implementing rules and regulations
of the National Building Code of the Philippines
(NBCP)
Provides guidelines to effectively implement the
provision of the NBCP, ensuring uniformity,
safety, and proper regulation of building
construction and design throughout the
Philippines.
SCOPE AND APPLICATION

The IRR applies to all public and private
buildings and structures within the Philippines,
including their construction, alteration, repair,
occupancy, and demolition.

It defines standards for safety, sanitation,
stability, and architectural design.
CHAPTERS AND COVERAGE

Chapter 1: General Provisions, Purposes, Scope,
and Application

Chapter 2: Administration and Enforcement
Duties of Building Officials, Permits, and
Inspections

Chapter
3:
Classification
of
General
Requirements of Building by Use or Occupancy

Chapter 4: Cover technical provisions such as fire
safety, structural stability, light and ventilation,
light and plumbing, and electrical systems.
KEY PROVISIONS

BUILDING PERMIT: Mandatory for any
construction or alteration to ensure compliance
with the NBCP.

FIRE SAFETY: Includes regulations on exits,
firewalls, and fire suppression systems.

ZONING COMPLIANCE: Structures must
conform to zoning regulations and land use plans.

BUILDING HEIGHTS AND SETBACKS:
Prescribes allowable building heights, lot
coverage, and setbacks.

SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL: Guidelines for proper waste
disposal, ventilation, and plumbing.
ADMINISTRATION

The office of Building Official (OBO) oversees
compliance with the NBCP and IRR.

Penalties are imposed for violations, including
unsafe construction, non-compliance, or failure to
secure permits.
CONSTRUCTION – all on-site work done from site
preparation, excavation, foundation, assembly of all the
components, and installation of utilities and equipment of the
building/structure.
ERECTION – refers to the process of assembling, aligning
or installing building elements, making any alterations, or
repairing building components on the site using premanufactured parts such as steel, frames, concrete elements,
and mechanical parts.
ADDITION – any new construction that increases the height
or area of an existing building/structure.
ALTERATION – construction in a building/structure
involving changes in the materials used, partitioning,
location/size of openings, structural parts, existing utilities
and equipment but does not increase the overall area thereof.
RENOVATION – any physical change made on a
building/structure to increase its value, utility and or to
improve its aesthetic quality.
REPAIR – remedial work done on any damaged or
deteriorated portion/s of a building/structure to restore its
original condition.
CONVERSION – a change in the use or occupancy of a
building/structure or any portion/s thereof which has
different requirements.
MOVING – the transfer of any building/structure or
portion/s thereof from its original location or position to
another, either within the same lot or to a different one.
DEMOLITION – the systematic dismantling or destruction
of a building/structure, in whole or in part.
ANCILLARY BUILDING STRUCTURE – a secondary
building/structure located within the same premises, the use
of which is incidental to that of the main building/structure.
DANGEROUS BUILDING


When a building is found or declared to be a
nuisance, dangerous, or ruinous, the Building
Official shall order its repair, vacation, or
demolition depending on the degree of danger.
Characteristics of Dangerous Buildings:
 Structural hazards
 Fire hazards
 Unsafe electrical wiring
 Unsafe mechanical installation
 Inadequate sanitation/plumbing and health
facilities
 Architectural deficiency
TYPES OF PERMITS



Building Permit - a written authorization granted
by the Building Official to an applicant.
Ancillary Permit - a specialized permit that
complements the building permit, focusing on
specific technical aspects of the construction.
Accessory Permit - A permit for small-scale,
minor constructions or additions to an existing
structure.

BUILDING PERMIT EXEMPTION
A.
MINOR CONSTRUCTION
1. Small Structures (not exceeding 6 sq. m):

Sheds, outhouses, greenhouses, playhouses,
aviaries, poultry houses, etc.

Conditions: Detached from other buildings
and for private use.
2. Open Terraces or Patios:

Resting directly on the ground and not
exceeding 20 sq. m.

For the owner’s private use.
3. Non-Structural Additions:

Installation of window grilles.
4. Garden Pools:

For water plants or aquarium fish, not
exceeding 500 mm in depth.
5. Garden Walls and Walkways:

Garden walls (not party walls) not exceeding
1.80 m in height.

Cementing footpaths, garden walks, and
driveways.
B. REPAIRS
1. Roofing and External Components:

Do not alter the structural framework or
load-bearing components of the building.
2. Non-Structural Interior Changes:

Repairs
involving
non-load-bearing
partition walls.

Work on interior portions of a house,
provided there is no addition or alteration of
the existing layout or dimensions.
3. Replacements:

Windows: Replacement of existing
windows without changing their size or
location.

Flooring: Replacing old flooring materials
without structural modifications.

Perimeter Fences and Walls: Repair or
replacement, provided no changes are made
to height or structure.
4. Plumbing and Sanitary Fixtures:

Replacement of old or damaged sanitary
fixtures.

No permit is required as long as these
replacements do not alter the piping layout
or system.
5. Electrical Repairs:

Replacement of faulty or deteriorated wiring
devices, fixtures (e.g., switches, outlets), and
safety devices.

No alteration of the service entrance, main
switch, or breaker is allowed.

No new circuits should be added.
C. Why Repairs Are Exempt?

No Structural Alterations: Any repair that
affects structural members (e.g., beams,
columns, load-bearing walls) will require a
Building Permit.

No Layout Changes: Repairs must not
involve changes to the building's footprint,
height, or function.
No Additional Loads or Systems: New
circuits, plumbing lines, or heavy additions
must comply with Building Code
requirements and will need the proper
permits.
BUILDING PERMIT REQUIREMENTS







Application form.
Five (5) sets of plans and specifications prepared,
signed, and sealed by a duly licensed architect and
engineer.
For lot owners, certified true copies of:
 TCT
 Tax declaration
 Current real property tax receipt
For non-lot owners, duly notarized copies of:
 Contract of lease
 Deed of absolute sale
 Contract of sale
Plans and Specifications NOT Required for:
 Traditional Indigenous family dwellings
intended for use and occupancy of the owner’s
family; of native materials, cost not exceeding
P15,000
 Single-detached dwelling up to 20 sq.m
Non-Issuance, Suspension, and Revocation:
 Errors in plans and specifications
 Incorrect or inaccurate data supplied
 Non-compliance with NBC and IRRs
Validity:
 One year from the date of issue
 Suspension/abandonment of construction for
120 days
BUILDING PERMIT FEES



Basis for Computing:
 Type of occupancy or use of the building
 Cost of construction (per sq. m. based on
classification)
 Area
 Height
Exemptions:
 Public Buildings
Non-Issuance or Revocation:
 Unauthorized change, modification, or
alteration in plans
 Failure to engage the services of a licensed
architect or civil engineer to do full-time
supervision
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.
FIREWALL REQUIREMENTS

FIREWALL – A reinforced masonry or
reinforced concrete separator with the
appropriate fire-resistive rating

2.
3.
1.
ABUTMENT – A form of a semi-permanent
or permanent structure constructed along a
property line

A vent well with a clear width of 1.00 m is the
only permitted opening in an abutment or
firewall.
PARKING REQUIREMENTS

Off-Row (or Off-Street) Parking – Parking
slots and ancillary spaces that are located
outside the RROW/street

Off-site Parking – Provided only within the
property lines/limits of a separate site or lot
on which a project is not located.

On-Site Parking – May be below grade, at
grade, or above grade.

Multi-floor Parking Garages - it may serve
the 20% parking requirements of the
building/structure within a 200-meter radius.

Off-site cum off-street parking facilities may be allowed and considered part of a
project, located no more than 100 meters
away from a residential building project or
are located no more than 200 meters away
from an office or commercial building project

Perpendicular / Parallel - 2.50 x 5.0m

Parallel Parking - 2.15 x 6.0 m

Truck or Bus Parking - 3.60 x 12.0 m

Container Van, Bulk Carrier, Prime Mover 3.60 x 18.0 m

Jeepney, Shuttle - 3.00 x 9.00 m
LIGHT AND VENTILATION

Corner Lot
 10% - A, B, C, D, J
 5% - E, F, G, H, I

Inside Lot
 20% - A, B, C, D, J
 15% - E, F, G, H, I

Interior Lot
 50% - A, B, C, D, J
 20% - E, F, G, H, I

Through Lot
 10% - A, B, C, D, J
 5% - E, F, G, H, I

Corner-Through Lot
 5% for all types of occupancies
COURTS:

Yard - Vacant space left between the
outermost face of the building and the
property lines. The width of the yard is the
setback.

Front Lot - The side of a lot on which the
main pedestrian and vehicular access into the
property shall be situated.

Court - Unoccupied space between the faces
of the building lines and a yard or another
court free, open, and unobstructed from the
ground upward.

Courtyard - A portion of the yard for which
the permitted limit of paving/hardscaping
shall not exceed fifty percent (50%) of the
area of the yard.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SIZES AND DIMENSIONS OF ROOMS:

Human Habitation – 2 x 3 (6 sqm)

Kitchen – 1.5 x 2 (3 sqm)

Toilet and Bath – 0.9 x 1.33 (1.2 sqm)

School Room – 3 cum/person

Workshops, Factories, Offices – 12
cum/person

Habitable Rooms – 14 cum/person
WINDOW OPENINGS:

Rooms intended for any use, not provided
with an artificial ventilation system, shall be
provided with a window or windows with a
total free area of openings equal to at least
10% of the floor area of the room, provided
that such opening shall be not less than 1.00
sq. meter.

Toilet and bathrooms, laundry rooms, and
similar rooms shall be provided with
windows or windows with an area not less
than 1/20 of the floor area of such rooms,
provided that such opening shall not be less
than 240 sq. mm. Such window or windows
shall open directly to a court, yard, public
street or alley, or open watercourse.
EASEMENTS:

Public open space that must be absolutely free
from all forms of physical obstructions
SIGHTLINES:

Line of view from any fixed or moving
station point within a building/structure or
from any other open space to a built or natural
structure, formation, or vista.

View Corridor- visually unobstructed width,
depth, and height of all available sightlines
running through and along RROWs,
easements, and open spaces.

Preservation of View Corridors and/or Sight
Lines
a. Free
of
structures,
particularly
commercial signs that will impede the
view corridor and sight lines within the
RROW.
b. All forms of commercial signs intruding
into RROW leading to or away from such
buildings/structures shall not be allowed.
c. Buildings/structures on a higher or lower
lot shall not be entirely blocked by the
intervening property to allow some sight
lines to exist
3.
SPACE PLANNING AND CALCULATION
SPACE PLANNING AND CALCULATION

A fundamental element with the complex process
in planning and design.
KEY PROCESS TO SPACE PLANNING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Example: A hotel lobby with large glass doors
feels inviting, while a gated community with
strict access feels exclusive.
COLLECTION OF INFORMATION
INTERPRETATION OF REQUIREMENTS
SOLUTION
SPACE AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP
CONSIDERATIONS
REVIEW AND REVISSION
4.
COLLECTION OF INFORMATION

In space planning, numerous requirements from
the building occupant or end user are needed.
 Maximum use of space
 Number of occupants
 Specific functions of the space or building
 Shape and form of the structure
 Sequence of spaces
 Location
 Special requirements for lighting, ventilation,
view, and accessibility need for external
spaces
 Need for security or privacy
 Hierarchal requirements of spaces
 Space relationships
 Accessibility/adjacency of each space
 Number of floor levels
5.
6.
Example: Office spaces may have both private
cubicles and open collaboration areas to
balance focus and teamwork.
Combination vs Dispersion
 Combination:
Bringing
functions
together in one space (e.g., multipurpose
halls, open-concept homes).
 Dispersion: Spreading functions across
different spaces (e.g., a university campus
with separate buildings for each
department).
Example: A small apartment combines living,
dining, and kitchen areas, while a resort
disperses amenities across a wide area.
Example: In residential design, a front yard
acts as a transition between the public (street)
and private (house).
Individual Vs Community
 Individual: Spaces designed for personal
use (e.g., private offices, bedrooms).
 Community:
Shared
spaces
that
encourage interaction (e.g., co-working
spaces, lobbies).
Integration vs Interaction
 Integration: Spaces that blend seamlessly
into their surroundings (e.g., open-air
dining areas, mixed-use buildings).
 Segregation: Spaces that are distinct and
separate from others (e.g., executive
floors, VIP lounges).
Example: A university campus integrates
green spaces with buildings, while factories
separate work areas for safety.
The relationship of the building occupant to its
environment.
1. Insider vs Outsider
 Insider: A space that feels private,
enclosed, or exclusive (e.g., a home, a
private office)
 Outsider: A space that is more public,
open, or communal (e.g., a park, a mall).
2.
Openness vs Enclosure
 Openness: Large, open-plan spaces that
promote free movement (e.g., open
offices, plazas).
 Enclosure: Spaces designed to provide
privacy and separation (e.g., meeting
rooms, bedrooms).
Example: Libraries use enclosed spaces for
quiet study, while cafés use open layouts for
social interaction.
INTERPRETATION OF REQUIREMENTS

Invitation vs Rejection
 Invitation: Spaces designed to welcome
people (e.g., wide entrances, transparent
glass walls, well-lit paths).
 Rejection: Spaces that limit access or
create a sense of exclusion (e.g., fences,
walls, controlled entry).
SPACE AND SPATIAL RELATIONS

In space planning, the relationship between
spaces, their organization, and circulation flow
plays a crucial role in the functionality, efficiency,
and comfort of a built environment.
1. SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP (How are
spaces related to each other?)
 Space within a Space
o A room inside a larger open room.
 Interlocking Spaces
o
Two spaces partially overlap, sharing a
common area.
o Creates a visual or functional
connection between spaces.
 Spaces linked by a common space.
o Two separate spaces are connected by a
third, shared space.
o Used for transitioning between
different functions.
 Adjacent Spaces
o Spaces that are placed next to each
other with a direct connection.
o Ensures efficiency and logical
movement.
2. ORGANIZING THE SPACE (How Are
Spaces Organized?)
3.
DEVELOPING CIRCULATION (How Do
People Move Within the Building?)
 Efficiency
o How quickly and directly can someone
travel from Point A to Point B?
 Discreteness
o Circulation should be clear and nondisruptive to activities in adjacent
spaces.
 Fluidity
o Does the circulation flow smoothly, or
does it cause congestion?
 Conflict with Furnishing
o Circulation paths should not interfere
with furniture or daily use of spaces.
SOLUTION




Solutions are developed once the space criteria and
basic requirements are considered.
Relationship diagrams or bubble diagrams can be
made at this stage.
The diagram does not represent the dimension or
the size of the building or space.
It is a mere look at how the spaces relate to one
another.
REVIEW AND REVISION

Once some solutions have been sketched out, it is
possible to review those solutions and look for
areas that require improvement.
 How will the occupants move from room to
room?
 Does the circulation cut up the space?
 Does guest traffic flow through private
areas?
 Are the doors and windows in suitable
positions?
 Do they interfere with or add to the overall
spatial plan?
 Does the plan orientate itself correctly with
the site?
 Do the rooms work well with one another?
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
DESIGN DOCUMENTS

Prepared to a level that allows the works to be
constructed accurately.
This includes design drawings, bills of quantities,
and technical specifications.

2.
3.
4.
Performance
Reference Standard
Propriety
DESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications of the exact properties of the
materials and methods of installation are described
in detail.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Advantages:

Prepared to provide consistent information and
instruction to contractors or builders.
Describes the project design and construction
practices, technical standards, specifications, and
principles to be followed during construction.
Specifications are defined as a written or printed
description for contract purposes for a structure or
equipment and the materials and workmanship
standards.
Part of the contract between the builder and the
designer.
It is considered to be a legal and binding part of
the contract in the event of a dispute.








Disadvantages:


PURPOSE OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
1.
Describe the type and quality of every product
required for the project.
Describe the requirements for fabrication,
erection, application, installation, and finishing.
Describe the quality of workmanship necessary for
the project.
Include any necessary codes and standards
applicable to the project.
Include descriptions and procedures for alternative
materials, products or services if necessary.
2.
3.
4.
5.
DIVISION OF SPECIFICATIONS
1.
2.
General Requirements
Technical Specifications
Section format of specifications

Part I.
General- Define the Administrative procedures
and list any related specifications that deal with
the work you're specifying.

Part II.
 Work/ Products/Material -Define the quality
and components required. The technical
information of the work itself.
 Execution - Define the preparation and
installation requirements of the work.



Descriptive
The required results are specified along with the
criteria by which the performance will be judged
and the method by which it can be verified.
Advantages:



Only the result or design intent is specified; this
gives the contractor flexibility in selecting and
applying method
They permit free competition
They can be applicable in all types and sizes of
projects
Disadvantages:




1.
They require the specified to take special care
in describing the design intent in order to
achieve the desired result.
Tend to take up more space because they
require more verbiage than other methods.
They may be more time-consuming than other
methods of creating and writing.
They are being used less often as more
complete reference standards are being
developed and implemented.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS

TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS
Specify exactly what the design intends.
They apply to all conditions, methods or
situations of the projects.
Applicable to all sizes and types of projects.
They permit free competition because they do
not restrict the use of specific products or
manufacturers.
They can be time-consuming to produce and may
result in long, detailed specifications.
They are more difficult to enforce than other
methods of specifying
They may be too elaborate for simple or minor
projects
Delegate the technical responsibilities to the
construction industry, where the contractor,
instead of the architecture/engineering firm, is
responsible for the result

REFERENCE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS


Reference is made to an established standard
defined by the associations very knowledgeable
about a certain part or phase of construction.
Are used for “commodity” products in the
marketplace where brand names are not important.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Advantages:





Widely known and accepted by the industry
They do not limit competition
They dramatically shorten the length
specification
of
Disadvantages:




There may be no appropriate standard to reference
because standards are written for the most comply
used generally available products.
Standard generally refers to the minimum
requirement.
May become obsolete or out-of-date because of
advances and changes in technology and the
creation of a new product.
Require a lot of research.
PROPRIETY SPECIFICATIONS



Actual brand names, model numbers, and other
propriety information are specified.
They are primarily used for private commercial
projects where the owner knows what products
they want.
2 TYPES OF PROPRIETY SPECIFICATIONS:
 Closed- generally prohibit substations; one or
more products are specified and no
substitutions will be considered.
 Open- one or more specifications permit
substitutions; products are specified but other
manufacturers may be considered
SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE


Specification language should be precise.
Vague and ambiguous text can be open to multiple
interpretations.
FOUR IMPORTANT SECTIONS FOR SPECIFICATION
WRITING



Be clear - use proper grammar; choose precise
words to convey a message.
Be correct - present information accurately and
precisely using proper terminology.
Be complete - do not omit important or necessary
information; brevity at the expense of
completeness should be avoided.
Be concise - eliminate unnecessary words but at
the expense of clarity, correctness, completeness,
or grammar.
Imperative Mood - Puts the verb that defines the
actions as the first word in the sentence.
Streamlined Writing - This technique uses a colon
(:) to mean shall or shall be.
Indicative Mood - Uses the passive voice with the
use of the word shall in nearly sentence.
WORDS TO AVOID


A, an, and the are not necessary and can be deleted
where clarity is not diminished
Avoid making an article or pronoun out of such,
said, and same; the use of all is unnecessary.
2.
PRELIMINARY / APPROXIMATE / ROUGH
ESTIMATE
 May be prepared by the basis for different types of
projects:
a. Cost per square meter of covered area
common to residential
b. Per cubic foot- for commercial buildings
c. Per length for roads
d. Per span for bridges
3. QUANTITY ESTIMATE OR QUANTITY
SURVEY
 Complete estimate or list of quantities for all work
items required to complete the concerned project.
 The quantity of each item of work is worked out
from the respective dimensions on the drawing of
the structure.
4. REVISED ESTIMATE
 Detailed estimate of the revised quantities and
rates of items of work.
 Accompanied by a comparative statement
abstract form showing the probable variations for
quantity, rate, and amount for each item of work.
5. SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE
 Modifications or additions due to material
deviation of a structural nature from the design
originally
 The same as that of a detailed estimate, and it
should be accompanied by a full report of the
circumstances which render its necessity.
6. COMPLETE ESTIMATE
 Related to the work in addition to the main
contract or to the ‘detailed estimate.’
7. ANNUAL MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR
ESTIMATE
 After completion of work, it is necessary to keep
the maintenance aspect in view for its proper
functioning.
 Prepared for the items that require renewal,
replacement, repairs, etc. for maintenance
purposes.
 Cost can vary according to the age and
importance of the structure.
QUANTITY SURVEY & COST ESTIMATES
WHAT IS ESTIMATES?

Process of calculating the cost with specified
quantities of a certain construction work.
Scientific way of working out the approximate cost of
an engineering project before execution.

IMPORTANCE OF ESTIMATES




Approximate cost of the project.
Requirements of controlled materials
Used for framing the tenders for the works
Work calculated in detailed estimation
PURPOSES OF DETAILED ESTIMATE



To ascertain the necessary amount of money
Required in the preparation of the contract
Guide during the execution of the construction
THE USE OF ESTIMATION

To get the appropriate idea of the proposed work
before its execution
It helps in working out the quantities of various
materials

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ESTIMATES
1.
DETAILED ESTIMATE
Detailed particulars for the quantities, rates, and
costs of all the items involved.
 Best and the most accurate estimate that can be
prepared.
 Prepared carefully and separately calculating in
detail the costs of various items.
 A detailed estimate is accompanied by:
a. Report
b. Specifications
c. Detailed drawings showing plans
d. Design data and calculations
e. Basis of rates adopted in the estimate
 CLASSIFICATION
DEPENDING
UPON
PURPOSE OF DETAILED
a. Estimate Contractors Estimate - made by the
contractor for determining the price of prices
to bid
b. Engineer’s Estimate- a type of estimate made
by the Engineer (Consultant) usually for the
purposes of financing the work and for
checking bids and running bills submitted by
a contractor
c. Progress Estimate - made by an engineer at
regular intervals for the completed parts of
the project during the progress of the work to
determine the amounts of partial payments to
be made to the contractor

SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST







Each type of work requires a different method of
construction. Each of these works requires different
construction techniques, machinery, and formwork.
Quality of labor and labor output varies in different
localities.
Weather conditions greatly affect the output and
hence the overall cost.
Ground conditions vary and change the method of
construction.
Work may be in open ground or in a congested area
that requires intensive control efforts.
Source of availability of supply.
Access to the site.
WHAT
DOES
CONSISTENTLY?



IT
TAKE
TO
ESTIMATE
MEASURABLE RESULT
 Must be based on the unit of measure
 Cost per square foot, square meter, and so on.
 labor production must be taken off in minutes
or hours per unit of measure.
ESTIMATING COST
 Each estimate must be broken down into
categories or section
JOB COST