HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật READING Đề 1: Cultural diversity refers to the presence of multiple cultural groups and their practices within a society. It encompasses various aspects such as language, traditions, beliefs, and values. Embracing cultural diversity can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious society, where individuals appreciate and respect differences. This diversity enriches communities by introducing new perspectives, fostering creativity, and promoting mutual understanding. One significant benefit of cultural diversity is the exchange of ideas and knowledge. When people from different cultural backgrounds interact, they share their unique experiences and insights. This exchange can lead to innovative solutions and improvements in various fields such as science, art, and business. Moreover, cultural diversity can enhance social cohesion by encouraging people to work together and learn from one another. Education plays a crucial role in promoting cultural diversity. Schools and universities can create inclusive environments by incorporating diverse perspectives into their curricula and encouraging students to engage with different cultures. By doing so, educational institutions help students develop a global mindset and prepare them for a multicultural world. Additionally, exposure to diverse cultures at a young age can reduce prejudices and promote tolerance. In the workplace, cultural diversity can boost productivity and creativity. Diverse teams bring together individuals with different skills, viewpoints, and problem-solving approaches. This variety can enhance decision-making processes and lead to more effective and innovative solutions. Companies that prioritize cultural diversity also tend to have a more positive work environment and higher employee satisfaction. Despite its benefits, cultural diversity also presents challenges. Misunderstandings and conflicts can arise when people from different cultural backgrounds interact. To address these challenges, it is essential to promote open communication and cultural competence. By fostering an inclusive culture, societies and organizations can maximize the benefits of cultural diversity while minimizing potential conflicts. Question 1. The word "encompasses" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. excludes B. includes C. diminishes D. separates Question 2. The word "its" in paragraph 5 refers to: A. cultural diversity B. interaction C. exchange of ideas and knowledge D. unique experiences Question 3. The word "enhance" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by: A. worsen B. enrich C. ignore D. simplify Question 4. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? TRANG 1 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Education should avoid addressing cultural diversity. B. Education plays no role in promoting cultural diversity. C. Schools and universities should incorporate diverse perspectives. D. Educational institutions should focus solely on local cultures. Question 5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Cultural diversity always leads to misunderstandings. B. Cultural diversity has no impact on creativity. C. Cultural diversity can reduce prejudices and promote tolerance. D. Cultural diversity is irrelevant in the workplace. Question 6. In which paragraph does the writer mention the role of cultural diversity in the workplace? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer discuss the challenges of cultural diversity? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 5 [I] In today’s interconnected world, multiculturalism has become increasingly prevalent as people from diverse cultural backgrounds live and work together in the same communities. [II] Multiculturalism fosters cultural diversity, promoting understanding and tolerance among individuals with different perspectives and traditions (Banks, 2015). [III] However, while multiculturalism brings many benefits, it also poses certain challenges that need to be addressed to achieve a harmonious society (Parekh, 2000). [IV] One of the key benefits of multiculturalism is the enrichment of society through diverse perspectives. Different cultural backgrounds contribute unique ideas, art forms, and traditions, which can lead to a more vibrant and innovative community. For instance, diverse viewpoints in the workplace often drive creativity and lead to better problem-solving solutions. Additionally, exposure to various cultures can increase people's awareness and acceptance of others, thus reducing discrimination and promoting social cohesion. However, a multicultural society is not without its challenges. Language barriers, for example, can hinder communication and understanding among individuals. Miscommunication due to language differences can lead to misunderstandings or even conflicts. Furthermore, people may feel divided by their cultural identities, which can create a sense of "us versus them." Some argue that without efforts to bridge cultural differences, multiculturalism might unintentionally lead to social fragmentation (Modood, 2007). To foster a successful multicultural society, it is essential to promote inclusive policies and encourage intercultural dialogue. Schools and workplaces can play a significant role by celebrating diversity and teaching cultural understanding. When people actively engage with TRANG 2 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật different cultures, they are more likely to find common ground and develop mutual respect, which helps create a stronger, more unified community (Berry, 2011). (Adapted from Multiculturalism in Society by Banks, Parekh, and others) Question 8. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? People today can access a wider range of cultural experiences than ever before. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 9. The phrase "social cohesion" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____. A. social conflict competition B. social unity C. cultural diversity D. cultural Question 10. The word "they" in paragraph 4 refers to ____. A. schools B. workplaces C. people D. policies Question 11. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT an advantage of multiculturalism? A. Enhanced creativity cultures C. Encouragement of discrimination B. Increased awareness of other D. Better problem-solving skills Question 12. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Multiculturalism strengthens communication and understanding without any challenges. B. Multiculturalism creates a divide in society, making communication difficult. C. Multiculturalism faces language and identity barriers that may lead to social fragmentation. D. Multiculturalism allows seamless interaction across cultural and language differences. Question 13. The word "fragmentation" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. unity B. division C. cooperation D. similarity Question 14. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. A multicultural society guarantees equal understanding among all cultural groups. B. Language differences in multicultural societies can sometimes cause misunderstandings. C. Schools should avoid addressing cultural differences to maintain harmony. D. Multiculturalism leads to isolation rather than promoting social connections. Question 15. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. People engaging with different cultures can lessen cultural respect. B. Schools and workplaces should limit exposure to diverse cultures. TRANG 3 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Experiencing various cultures increases understanding and strengthens communities. D. Multicultural societies struggle with finding mutual understanding among people. Question 16. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Multiculturalism eliminates all societal conflicts by promoting tolerance. B. Without inclusive efforts, multicultural societies may experience social divides. C. Multicultural societies lack creativity and diversity in problem-solving. D. Multiculturalism hinders personal identity formation in most communities. Question 17. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Multiculturalism enhances society by bringing diversity and creativity, though it requires proactive measures to address language and identity challenges. B. Multiculturalism complicates communication and brings little benefit to modern society. C. Multiculturalism limits individuals' understanding of other cultures and increases social tension. D. A multicultural society promotes complete unity and eliminates social barriers Đề 2 Green living refers to a lifestyle that promotes sustainability and environmental consciousness. This way of life encourages individuals to make choices that reduce their carbon footprint and conserve natural resources. Practices such as recycling, using renewable energy sources, and reducing waste are fundamental aspects of green living. By adopting these practices, individuals can contribute to the preservation of the environment and promote a healthier planet for future generations. One significant component of green living is the use of renewable energy sources. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are examples of renewable energy that can replace fossil fuels. Using renewable energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on nonrenewable resources. Additionally, renewable energy sources are often more sustainable and have less impact on the environment. Another important aspect of green living is sustainable consumption. This involves choosing products that are environmentally friendly and responsibly sourced. For example, buying locally produced food reduces the carbon footprint associated with transportation. Moreover, opting for products made from recycled materials helps conserve resources and reduce waste. Green living also emphasizes the importance of conserving water and energy. Simple actions such as turning off lights when not in use, fixing leaks, and using energy-efficient appliances can significantly reduce energy and water consumption. These practices not only benefit the environment but also save money on utility bills. Education and awareness play a crucial role in promoting green living. By educating individuals about the benefits of sustainable practices and how to implement them, communities can foster a culture of environmental responsibility. Awareness campaigns, TRANG 4 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật workshops, and educational programs are effective ways to encourage people to adopt green living practices. Question 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a practice of green living? A. Recycling B. Using renewable energy C. Reducing waste D. Driving more Question 2. The word "renewable" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. finite B. endless C. temporary D. limited Question 3. The word " them" in paragraph 5 refers to: A. sustainable practices B. non-renewable resources C. renewable energy sources D. greenhouse gas emissions Question 4. The word "conserve" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: A. save B. waste C. deplete D. increase Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Conserving water and energy is not important. B. Simple actions can lead to significant reductions in consumption. C. Turning off lights has no impact on energy consumption. D. Fixing leaks is the only way to conserve water. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Renewable energy sources are less sustainable than fossil fuels. B. Sustainable consumption involves choosing environmentally friendly products. C. Green living does not emphasize water conservation. D. Education has no role in promoting green living. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention the economic benefits of green living practices? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer explore the role of education in green living? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage about the benefits and challenges of remote work and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. TRANG 5 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật [I] The rise of remote work has transformed the modern workplace, offering flexibility and a better work-life balance for employees around the world (Bloom et al., 2015). [II] This trend, accelerated by technological advancements and the COVID-19 pandemic, allows employees to work from home or any location with internet access (Gajendran & Harrison, 2007). [III] While remote work provides numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that organizations and employees must address to remain productive and engaged. [IV] One of the main benefits of remote work is increased flexibility. Employees can manage their time more effectively, which often leads to higher job satisfaction and reduced stress. Furthermore, remote work eliminates the need for daily commutes, saving time and reducing transportation expenses. Many employees report feeling more empowered to control their schedules, allowing them to better balance personal and professional responsibilities. However, remote work also comes with significant challenges. Isolation is a common issue, as employees miss out on face-to-face interactions and team bonding, which are important for mental well-being and collaboration. Studies have shown that prolonged isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness, reducing job satisfaction and affecting mental health (Ozcelik & Barsade, 2018). Additionally, remote workers may struggle to maintain boundaries between work and personal life, leading to overwork and burnout. To make remote work successful, companies need to implement strategies that support employee well-being and productivity. Providing tools for virtual collaboration, setting clear work-life boundaries, and encouraging regular team check-ins can help mitigate the challenges of remote work. By balancing flexibility with structured support, organizations can create a sustainable remote work environment that benefits both employers and employees (Larson & DeChurch, 2020). (Adapted from Remote Work and Employee Well-being by Bloom, Ozcelik, and others) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Remote work has become more popular due to advancements in digital communication tools. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "work-life balance" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ____. A. career advancement C. equilibrium between work and personal life B. professional success D. job security Question 11. The word "their" in paragraph 2 refers to ____. A. employees B. responsibilities C. schedules D. expenses Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of remote work? TRANG 6 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Increased flexibility C. Improved work-life balance B. Higher transportation costs D. Reduced stress Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Remote work challenges employees with isolation and blurred boundaries, leading to potential overwork and mental health concerns. B. The advantages of remote work significantly outweigh any challenges employees might face. C. Isolation is easily managed by virtual collaboration tools in a remote work setting. D. Remote work eliminates work-related stress and improves collaboration. Question 14. The word "mitigate" in paragraph 4 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. worsen B. intensify C. reduce D. acknowledge Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Remote work reduces social interactions, which can lead to feelings of loneliness. B. Daily commuting is essential for remote workers to maintain productivity. C. Companies are not responsible for supporting remote employees' well-being. D. Remote work always leads to overwork and burnout. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Companies must avoid setting boundaries for employees' work-life balance. B. Employers should support remote work by providing resources and encouraging a structured environment. C. Employees need minimal guidance from companies to manage remote work challenges. D. Employers should prevent remote employees from accessing collaboration tools. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Remote work completely eliminates the need for personal life boundaries. B. The lack of face-to-face interaction is a minor issue in remote work. C. Effective remote work requires a combination of flexibility and organizational support. D. Remote work only benefits employees, not organizations. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Remote work offers flexibility and convenience but can cause isolation and work-life imbalance, which companies must address to ensure employee well-being. B. Remote work requires employees to spend more time commuting to improve productivity. C. Companies benefit from remote work as employees are more isolated and less engaged. D. Remote work allows complete freedom for employees without any challenges TRANG 7 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Đề 3 Choosing a career path is a significant decision that can impact an individual's life in various ways. Many factors influence this decision, including personal interests, skills, and market demand. It's essential to find a career that aligns with one's passions and strengths to ensure long-term satisfaction and success. One popular career path is in the field of technology. With the rapid advancement of technology, there is a growing demand for professionals with expertise in areas such as software development, cybersecurity, and data analysis. These careers not only offer high salaries but also opportunities for continuous learning and growth. Another promising field is healthcare. Careers in healthcare, such as nursing, medical research, and healthcare administration, provide a chance to make a meaningful impact on people's lives. The healthcare industry is also known for its job stability and growth potential. Education is another vital sector that offers rewarding career paths. Teachers, school administrators, and education consultants play a crucial role in shaping the future by educating the next generation. Despite the challenges, careers in education are fulfilling and offer opportunities for professional development. Entrepreneurship is an alternative career path that attracts many individuals. Starting a business involves risks but also offers the potential for significant rewards. Entrepreneurs have the freedom to innovate and create solutions that can benefit society. Question 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor influencing career choice? A. Personal interests B. Market demand C. Job location D. Skills Question 2. The word "rapid" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. slow B. fast C. steady D. brief Question 3. The word "its" in paragraph 3 refers to: A. career paths B. healthcare industry C. meaningful impacts D. opportunities Question 4. The word "vital" in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by: A. insignificant B. minor C. essential D. optional Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5? A. Entrepreneurship is the only viable career path. B. Starting a business is risk-free and always successful. C. Entrepreneurship offers the potential for significant rewards despite the risks. D. Entrepreneurs cannot create solutions that benefit society. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? TRANG 8 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Technology careers offer limited opportunities for growth. B. Healthcare careers lack job stability. C. Careers in education are fulfilling and offer professional development. D. Entrepreneurship is a risk-free career path. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention the importance of continuous learning? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer explore the role of educators? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about the impact of social media on mental health and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] In recent years, social media platforms have become a central part of daily life, offering users countless ways to connect, share, and communicate. [II] While these platforms offer many advantages, experts have noted rising concerns about their effects on mental health, particularly among young people (Smith & Anderson, 2018). [III] Studies reveal that excessive social media use can contribute to feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness, despite its intention to promote connection and social interaction (Twenge & Campbell, 2019). [IV] A primary reason for these mental health concerns is the tendency for social media users to compare themselves to others. Platforms like Instagram and Facebook often highlight idealized lifestyles, leading users to feel inadequate about their own lives. Additionally, the constant notifications and messages contribute to a "fear of missing out," or FOMO, which keeps individuals in a cycle of checking their phones, often reducing the quality of sleep and overall well-being. There is also a growing body of research suggesting a link between social media use and decreased attention spans. When users frequently switch between apps and notifications, their ability to focus for extended periods may diminish (Rosen, 2019). This shift in attention can interfere with productivity, especially in academic and professional settings, where sustained focus is essential. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach. Some mental health professionals suggest limiting screen time and setting boundaries, such as "device-free" hours before bedtime. Others recommend engaging in offline activities, like reading or exercising, to reduce dependence on social media and build healthier habits. According to psychologists, such strategies can enhance mental resilience and allow for more meaningful, balanced relationships (Robinson & Smith, 2020). (Adapted from Social Media and Mental Health Research by Twenge, Rosen, and colleagues) TRANG 9 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Young people are particularly affected due to their high engagement with these platforms. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "fear of missing out" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____. A. longing to interact C. worry of exclusion B. desire to know D. aim of satisfaction Question 11. The word "their" in paragraph 3 refers to ____. A. users B. researchers C. notifications D. professionals Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT an effect of social media on mental health? A. improved self-esteem C. fear of missing out B. increased anxiety D. sleep disruption Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Social media contributes to concentration issues that affect users’ academic achievements. B. Notifications and app-switching harm the focus needed in professional environments. C. Frequent notifications on social media can decrease users' attention spans and productivity. D. Distractions from social media only affect students’ performance negatively. Question 14. The word "enhance" in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ____. A. diminish B. reinforce C. intensify D. appreciate Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Notifications have a minor impact on users’ attention spans. B. Offline activities can help improve mental health by limiting social media use. C. Social media’s primary effect is fostering productivity and interaction. D. Screen time restrictions are not necessary for mental health. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. A balanced approach is required to mitigate the harmful impacts of social media. B. Mental health professionals are solely responsible for regulating social media use. C. With consistent screen time, individuals can build healthier online habits. D. Dependence on social media requires a combination of therapeutic techniques. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Social media platforms generally have a positive influence on young users. B. Social media-related anxiety is often temporary and not very impactful. TRANG 10 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Balanced social media usage, along with offline activities, can reduce stress. D. FOMO and lack of attention are uncommon issues among young users. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Social media, despite its benefits, presents mental health risks like anxiety and distraction, particularly among young users, and managing screen time can mitigate these effects. B. The use of social media helps improve relationships and communication but reduces the attention spans of its users. C. Social media is harmful to all users, causing loneliness and detachment, and must be restricted in all settings. D. Platforms like Instagram and Facebook serve as effective tools for social bonding, minimizing the effects of anxiety and low self-esteem. Đề 4 Graduation is a significant milestone that marks the end of an educational journey and the beginning of a new chapter in life. As graduates step into the real world, they are faced with the daunting task of choosing a career path. This decision is influenced by various factors, including personal interests, skills, job market trends, and financial considerations. It is crucial for graduates to carefully evaluate their options and make informed decisions to ensure long-term success and satisfaction. One important factor to consider when choosing a career is personal interests. Graduates should identify fields that align with their passions and hobbies, as this can lead to a more fulfilling and enjoyable career. Additionally, skills and strengths play a vital role in career choice. Understanding one's abilities and how they can be applied in different professions can help graduates narrow down their options and choose a career that suits them best. Another key consideration is the job market. Researching current job market trends and future projections can provide valuable insights into which industries are growing and which ones may decline. This information can help graduates make strategic decisions and choose careers with good job prospects and stability. Financial considerations, such as salary potential and job benefits, are also important factors to take into account. Networking and gaining practical experience through internships or part-time jobs can significantly impact career choice. Building a professional network and gaining hands-on experience can provide graduates with valuable connections and insights into different industries. This can help them make more informed decisions and increase their chances of success in their chosen career. While the process of choosing a career can be challenging, it is important for graduates to remain flexible and open to new opportunities. The job market is constantly evolving, and being adaptable can help them navigate changes and seize new prospects. With careful planning and a proactive approach, graduates can find a career that aligns with their goals and aspirations. TRANG 11 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor influencing career choice? A. Personal interests B. Job location C. Skills D. Financial considerations Question 2.The word "daunting" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. easy B. intimidating C. familiar D. encouraging Question 3.The word " their " in paragraph 4 refers to: A. personal interests B. graduates C. job market trends D. future projections Question 4.The word "narrow down" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by: A. expand B. limit C. ignore D. overlook Question 5.Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Graduates should avoid gaining practical experience. B. Networking and internships are not valuable for career choice. C. Practical experience and networking can significantly influence career decisions. D. Graduates should focus solely on academic achievements. Question 6.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Personal interests should not influence career choice. B. The job market is irrelevant to career decisions. C. Financial considerations are important in choosing a career. D. Networking has no impact on career choice. Question 7.In which paragraph does the writer mention the importance of adaptability in choosing a career? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 5 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer discuss the role of skills in career choice? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage about urbanization and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Urbanization refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and metropolitan regions (Hall, 2014). [II] This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved living standards, and social amenities available in urban centers. [III] As a result, urbanization significantly TRANG 12 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật impacts both individuals and communities, leading to a range of benefits and challenges (Davis, 2016). [IV] One of the primary advantages of urbanization is the economic growth it fosters. Cities often provide a plethora of job opportunities, attracting individuals seeking better employment and higher incomes. In urban areas, businesses flourish due to increased demand for goods and services, leading to enhanced economic productivity. Moreover, urbanization encourages innovation and technological advancements, as a dense concentration of people often fosters creativity and collaboration (Florida, 2017). However, urbanization also presents significant challenges. Rapid population growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, straining public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Many urban areas struggle to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. According to the United Nations (2018), nearly one billion people live in slums, lacking access to basic services. They also face adverse living conditions. This situation exacerbates social inequality and can lead to increased crime rates and health issues. To address the challenges of urbanization, sustainable urban planning is essential. Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents. Strategies such as developing affordable housing, enhancing public transport systems, and promoting green spaces can help improve the quality of life in urban areas while mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization (World Bank, 2019). (Adapted from Urbanization and Its Impact by Hall, Davis, and others) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Urban areas offer a wide array of social services that are often unavailable in rural areas. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "plethora of job opportunities" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____. A. limited job options C. scarcity of jobs B. abundant job opportunities D. specific job roles Question 11. The word "they" in paragraph 3 refers to ____. A. urban areas B. public services C. people D. basic services Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of urbanization? A. Economic growth C. Increased social inequality B. Job opportunities D. Technological advancements Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? TRANG 13 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Urbanization creates a range of challenges, including overcrowding and insufficient public services. B. Urban areas have ample housing options for all residents. C. Rapid urbanization has no impact on crime rates or health issues. D. The growth of cities automatically improves living conditions for all. Question 14. The word "proliferation" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. reduction B. increase C. stabilization D. disappearance Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Urbanization exclusively benefits individuals with higher incomes. B. All urban areas can easily provide adequate housing for their residents. C. Sustainable urban planning is crucial to addressing the issues arising from urbanization. D. Rapid urbanization has no effect on public services or living conditions. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Creating well-designed urban areas requires collaboration between governments and city planners. B. It is essential for governments to implement urban planning strategies to enhance city life. C. The planning of urban areas must not focus on environmental sustainability. D. Urban planning should prioritize attracting businesses rather than improving living standards. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Urbanization is a recent phenomenon that has minimal global impact. B. Slums are a direct result of effective urban planning. C. Sustainable urban planning can help mitigate some of the negative effects of urbanization. D. Economic opportunities in urban areas lead to an equal distribution of wealth. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Urbanization leads to job creation and economic growth, but also results in challenges such as overcrowding and social inequality that require sustainable urban planning to address. B. The shift from rural to urban living has little effect on economic productivity or community growth. C. Urban areas are perfect solutions for all rural problems, including housing and public services. D. Cities provide the best quality of life without the need for any planning or development. Đề 5 TRANG 14 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Diên Khánh Citadel is a historical fortress located in Khánh Hòa province, Vietnam. Built in 1793 during the Tay Son Dynasty, it served as a military stronghold and administrative center. The citadel was constructed in the Vauban style, which was characterized by starshaped fortresses with multiple layers of defense. This design made the citadel highly resistant to attacks and allowed for efficient use of artillery. The citadel's walls are made of stone and earth, standing approximately 3.5 meters high and spanning a circumference of about 2.5 kilometers. There are six main gates, each facing a different direction, symbolizing the openness and strategic importance of the fortress. Inside the citadel, various buildings and structures once housed military officials, soldiers, and administrative personnel. Diên Khánh Citadel played a significant role in the military history of Vietnam. It was a site of numerous battles and witnessed the rise and fall of several dynasties. Today, the citadel is a popular tourist attraction, drawing visitors interested in exploring Vietnam's rich history and architectural heritage. The well-preserved walls and gates, along with the lush greenery surrounding the site, offer a glimpse into the past and a tranquil escape from the bustling modern world. Efforts to preserve and restore Diên Khánh Citadel have been ongoing. Local authorities and historians work together to maintain the integrity of the site while promoting its historical and cultural significance. Educational programs and guided tours help raise awareness about the importance of preserving such historical landmarks for future generations. Question 1. Which dynasty built Diên Khánh Citadel? A. Nguyen Dynasty B. Le Dynasty C. Tay Son Dynasty D. Tran Dynasty Question 2. The word "fortress" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. palace B. stronghold C. village D. monument Question 3. The word "it" in paragraph 1 refers to: A. Tay Son Dynasty B. administrative center C. Vauban style D. Diên Khánh Citadel Question 4. The word "efficient" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by: A. wasteful B. productive C. slow D. ineffective Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? A. The citadel had only one gate. B. The citadel had gates in different directions for strategic purposes. TRANG 15 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. The citadel's gates were closed all the time. D. The citadel had gates that faced the same direction. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Diên Khánh Citadel was built in the 20th century. B. The citadel's walls are made of wood. C. Diên Khánh Citadel is located in Khánh Hòa province. D. The citadel never played a role in military history. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention the role of local authorities and historians in preserving the citadel? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer discuss the architectural design of the citadel? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV] One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers. Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable. TRANG 16 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022). Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive. (Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Lifelong learning encourages individuals to embrace new skills and knowledge throughout their lives. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "self-motivated pursuit" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ____. A. external pressure to learn B. voluntary quest for knowledge C. obligatory education D. structured learning environment Question 11. The word "it" in paragraph 5 refers to ____. A. lifelong learning B. employability C. personal development D. individual responsibility Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of lifelong learning? A. Keeping skills relevant B. Enhancing employability C. Guaranteeing job security D. Adapting to technological changes Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Lifelong learning has no impact on mental well-being. B. Engaging in learning activities leads to higher happiness and creativity. C. Learning should only occur in formal educational settings. D. Personal fulfillment is unrelated to lifelong learning. Question 14. The word "enriching" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. dull B. rewarding C. tiring D. irrelevant Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? TRANG 17 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Lifelong learning primarily benefits young individuals. B. Social engagement is not related to educational programs. C. Continuous education can improve one's mental health and sense of belonging. D. Educational institutions have no role in promoting lifelong learning. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Individuals should pursue lifelong learning independently without any external help. B. Communities and institutions play a crucial role in supporting lifelong learning initiatives. C. Lifelong learning is not important for personal or professional growth. D. Individuals alone are responsible for their educational journeys throughout life. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Lifelong learning is an unnecessary practice in today’s job market. B. Continuous education can lead to increased job opportunities and career advancements. C. People who do not engage in lifelong learning are likely to be happier. D. Technology has no influence on the necessity for lifelong learning. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Lifelong learning enhances personal and professional development, requiring collaboration from individuals and institutions to foster a culture of continuous education. B. Learning is only necessary during formal education and has little relevance afterward. C. The pursuit of knowledge is a one-time event that ends with graduation. D. Lifelong learning is solely about job training and skill enhancement. Đề 6 Wildlife conservation is a crucial endeavor that aims to protect animal species and their habitats. This effort is essential for maintaining biodiversity and ensuring the health of our ecosystems. Human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change are some of the primary threats to wildlife. Conservation initiatives strive to mitigate these impacts through various strategies. One significant aspect of wildlife conservation is the establishment of protected areas. National parks, wildlife reserves, and marine protected areas are created to provide safe havens for endangered species. These areas not only protect wildlife but also offer opportunities for scientific research and eco-tourism, which can benefit local economies. Another important approach is the reintroduction of species into their natural habitats. This method has been successful in bringing several species back from the brink of extinction. TRANG 18 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Conservationists carefully monitor and support these reintroduced populations to ensure their survival. Education and awareness campaigns play a pivotal role in wildlife conservation as well. By educating the public about the importance of biodiversity and the threats facing wildlife, these campaigns foster a sense of responsibility and encourage community involvement in conservation efforts. Technological advancements are also aiding conservation efforts. Innovations such as satellite tracking, DNA analysis, and drone surveillance help researchers gather critical data and monitor wildlife populations more effectively. These tools enable more informed decision-making and efficient conservation strategies. Question 1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a threat to wildlife? A. Deforestation B. Pollution C. Climate change D. Urbanization Question 2.The word "establishment" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. creation B. destruction C. preservation D. alteration Question 3.The word "their" in paragraph 3 refers to: A. natural habitats B. conservationists C. reintroduced populations D. species Question 4.The word "pivotal" in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by: A. trivial B. crucial C. secondary D. irrelevant Question 5.Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5? A. Technological advancements hinder conservation efforts. B. There is no alternative to technology in saving wildlife. C. Technology could be another way to aid conservation efforts. D. Technology should be the only focus in wildlife conservation. Question 6.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Only national parks can protect endangered species. B. Reintroduction of species has never been successful. C. Education campaigns foster community involvement. D. Technological advancements are irrelevant to conservation. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention a present causal relationship? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 19 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer explore modern methods for maintaining endangered species? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage about climate change and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of our time, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and human communities across the globe. [II] Scientists warn that unless greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced, the Earth's climate may experience irreversible damage. [III] The consequences of climate change are widespread, impacting weather patterns, agricultural productivity, and health conditions worldwide. [IV] One of the primary causes of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, which releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere. This gas traps heat, leading to a rise in global temperatures, a phenomenon known as global warming. Another major contributor is deforestation, as trees play a critical role in absorbing CO₂. When forests are destroyed, that CO₂ is released, adding to the atmosphere's greenhouse effect. The impacts of climate change are already evident in various forms. Rising sea levels are causing coastal erosion and increasing the frequency of flooding, which endangers millions living in low-lying areas. Additionally, extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves are becoming more common and severe. These events not only damage infrastructure but also pose serious risks to human health and food security. Addressing climate change requires a collaborative, global response. Many governments have joined international agreements, like the Paris Agreement, aiming to limit global temperature rise and reduce emissions. However, it is crucial for individuals and businesses to also play a part by reducing their carbon footprint through actions such as conserving energy, reducing waste, and supporting renewable energy sources. (Adapted from “Climate and Human Impact”) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Rapid industrial development and population growth have accelerated the accumulation of greenhouse gases. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "traps heat" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____. A. absorbs energy C. reduces temperature B. lets out warmth D. blocks sunlight Question 11. The word “their” in paragraph 4 refers to ____. A. deforestation C. fossil fuel combustion B. individuals and businesses D. greenhouse gases TRANG 20 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a cause of climate change? A. burning fossil fuels C. deforestation B. rising sea levels D. increased CO₂ levels Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. The rising sea levels threaten coastlines and biodiversity. B. Climate change is creating both environmental and human health challenges. C. Increased CO₂ levels lead to more frequent weather disasters. D. Global warming affects agriculture, health, and living conditions. Question 14. The word "evident" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. essential B. Unforgettable C. noticeable D. severe Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Industrialization has decreased the rate of greenhouse gas emissions. B. Only governments can effectively reduce climate change effects. C. Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. D. Climate change impacts are limited to environmental issues. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. An effective solution to climate change must involve collective efforts. B. Limiting global warming will require individuals to take immediate action. C. All people should participate in international climate agreements. D. Each country must independently work on climate change solutions. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Deforestation may be more impactful than fossil fuels in causing climate change. B. Without significant reductions in emissions, climate change consequences could become irreversible. C. Coastal erosion primarily affects rural areas rather than urban areas. D. Fossil fuel use is the sole reason for the current global warming trend. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. The increase in greenhouse gases, driven by industrial growth, is causing significant environmental challenges, calling for a cooperative global response. B. Fossil fuels and deforestation are key causes of climate change, which governments can only address through international agreements. C. The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming by encouraging businesses to switch to renewable energy sources. D. Climate change impacts are mostly related to the natural environment, with minimal effects on human communities and health. TRANG 21 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Đề 7 Urbanization refers to the increasing number of people that live in urban areas. It predominantly results from the movement of people from rural to urban areas, driven by the search for better employment opportunities, education, and living conditions. As cities grow, they often face challenges related to infrastructure, housing, and social services. This rapid growth can lead to overcrowded cities, traffic congestion, and strain on public services. One of the most notable effects of urbanization is the change in land use. As urban areas expand, agricultural land and natural habitats are often converted into residential and industrial areas. This can lead to a decrease in local biodiversity and affect ecosystems. Additionally, urbanization contributes to environmental issues such as pollution and increased carbon emissions due to higher energy consumption. Urbanization also has significant social and economic impacts. On one hand, cities can offer more job opportunities, higher salaries, and improved access to education and healthcare. On the other hand, the rapid influx of people can lead to inadequate housing and increased cost of living. This disparity often results in the growth of informal settlements and slums, where living conditions are poor, and residents lack access to basic services. Governments and urban planners play a crucial role in managing urbanization effectively. By implementing sustainable development policies and investing in infrastructure, they can mitigate some of the negative impacts of urbanization. Strategies such as developing public transportation, creating green spaces, and ensuring affordable housing are essential for creating livable and sustainable cities. Technology and innovation also contribute to addressing the challenges of urbanization. Smart city initiatives, for example, leverage technology to improve the efficiency of urban services, enhance the quality of life for residents, and reduce environmental impact. These advancements can help cities become more resilient and adaptable to the needs of their growing populations. Question 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor driving people to urban areas? A. Better employment opportunities B. Higher crime rates C. Improved living conditions D. Access to education Question 2. The word "converted" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. preserved B. destroyed C. transformed D. maintained Question 3. The word "they" in paragraph 3 refers to: A. city-dwellers B. policies C. settlements D. governments and urban planners Question 4. The word "disparity" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: TRANG 22 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. equality B. similarity C. gap D. improvement Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5? A. Technology is the only solution to urbanization challenges. B. Innovations can help address the challenges posed by urbanization. C. Urbanization can be solved without technological advancements. D. Technology has no role in managing urbanization. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Urbanization does not affect land use. B. Cities never face challenges due to urbanization. C. Urbanization can lead to the growth of informal settlements. D. Urbanization solely benefits the economy. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention the social and economic impacts of urbanization? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer explore technological solutions for urbanization? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage about the role of technology in education and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Technology has transformed education in numerous ways, enhancing accessibility, interactivity, and the quality of educational resources. [II] Digital tools and online platforms enable students to access a wealth of information from anywhere in the world, breaking down traditional barriers to learning (Merrill & Smith, 2020). [III] Despite its benefits, the integration of technology in education also brings challenges, such as maintaining student engagement and managing screen time effectively (Wang & Liu, 2021). [IV] One major advantage of technology in education is its ability to facilitate personalized learning. Unlike conventional classroom settings, digital platforms can adapt content to meet the individual needs and learning pace of each student. For example, many educational apps use algorithms to assess a student's progress and adjust activities accordingly, promoting a tailored approach to education. This allows students to learn in a way that best suits their unique strengths and weaknesses. However, the increased use of technology in the classroom can have downsides. Excessive screen time is linked to a range of issues, including eye strain, reduced physical activity, and decreased social interaction. In addition, some students may feel isolated as they interact with TRANG 23 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật screens rather than with peers, limiting opportunities for collaboration and teamwork (Rosen & Carrier, 2019). To balance these pros and cons, educators are encouraged to blend technology with traditional teaching methods. This approach, often referred to as "blended learning," enables students to benefit from digital tools while still engaging in face-to-face interactions. According to experts, combining online resources with in-person activities can enhance learning outcomes, promoting both academic success and social skills (Garrison & Vaughan, 2018). (Adapted from Educational Technology and Pedagogy by Merrill, Rosen, and colleagues) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Teachers now utilize digital resources like videos and interactive simulations to enrich lessons. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "breaking down traditional barriers" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ____. A. opening new perspectives C. creating innovative methods B. removing old obstacles D. focusing on accessibility Question 11. The word "its" in paragraph 1 refers to ____. A. information B. technology C. education D. resources Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of personalized learning? A. Customizable learning pace C. Enhanced teamwork B. Activities adjusted by algorithms D. Focus on individual needs Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Excessive technology use in education may lead to isolation and reduced social skills. B. Screen time in education can harm physical health and social interactions. C. Technology reduces students' opportunities for collaboration and physical activity. D. Over-reliance on technology negatively impacts students' overall health. Question 14. The word "blend" in paragraph 4 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. replace B. separate C. combine D. emphasize Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Technology should fully replace traditional teaching methods to improve learning. B. Blended learning enhances both educational outcomes and social skills. C. Screen time has only positive effects on students' learning experience. D. Digital tools are primarily used for high-level education only. TRANG 24 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Combining traditional and digital methods allows for improved academic performance and social interaction. B. Blended learning only succeeds if digital tools are minimized in classrooms. C. Schools must completely integrate digital tools into lessons to enhance learning. D. Focusing on digital resources is essential for successful academic outcomes. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Technology may eventually eliminate the need for in-person learning. B. Students prefer screen-based learning over traditional classroom interactions. C. Digital resources offer accessibility benefits but should be used in moderation. D. Blended learning has little effect on students' social development. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. While digital tools revolutionize education through accessible information and personalization, balancing these with traditional methods can maximize learning and social benefits. B. Technology fully transforms education by replacing conventional methods, eliminating social skills concerns, and enabling personalized learning. C. Screen time limitations in classrooms are necessary to prevent physical and social issues, despite the personalization benefits of digital resources. D. Personalized learning and blended learning are essential for achieving academic success, with technology playing a minor role in educational reform. Đề 8 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. AI has become an integral part of modern technology, impacting various sectors such as healthcare, finance, education, and transportation. By analyzing vast amounts of data, AI systems can identify patterns, make decisions, and even predict future outcomes. These capabilities make AI a powerful tool for solving complex problems and improving efficiency. One of the most significant applications of AI is in healthcare. AI algorithms can analyze medical data to assist in diagnosing diseases, recommending treatments, and predicting patient outcomes. This can lead to more accurate diagnoses and personalized treatment plans, ultimately improving patient care. Additionally, AI-powered robots can perform surgeries with precision and consistency, reducing the risk of human error. In the financial sector, AI is used for fraud detection, risk management, and algorithmic trading. By analyzing transaction patterns and identifying anomalies, AI systems can detect fraudulent activities in real-time, protecting both consumers and financial institutions. AI also enables more effective risk management by predicting market trends and potential risks, allowing businesses to make informed decisions. TRANG 25 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Education is another area where AI is making a significant impact. AI-powered educational tools can provide personalized learning experiences, adapting to the needs and learning styles of individual students. This can enhance student engagement and improve learning outcomes. Moreover, AI can automate administrative tasks, allowing educators to focus more on teaching and less on paperwork. Despite its many benefits, AI also poses several challenges. Ethical concerns arise regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential for job displacement. As AI systems become more prevalent, it is crucial to address these issues and ensure that AI is developed and implemented responsibly. Question 1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a sector impacted by AI? A. Healthcare B. Finance C. Education D. Agriculture Question 2. The word "integral" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. unnecessary B. essential C. optional D. separate Question 3. The word where" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. medical data B. education C. healthcare D. patient care Question 4. The word "anomalies" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: A. errors B. patterns C. transactions D. uncertainties Question 5.Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. AI in education is limited to administrative tasks. B. AI tools provide the same learning experience for all students. C. Personalized learning with AI adapts to individual student needs. D. AI in education does not affect student engagement. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. AI-powered robots are not used in surgeries. B. AI can help detect fraudulent activities in real-time. C. AI has no impact on risk management in finance. D. AI is not beneficial in the education sector. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention ethical concerns related to AI? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 5 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer explore the impact of AI on healthcare? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 26 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Read the following passage about the benefits and limitations of renewable energy and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, have gained global popularity as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. [II] Unlike coal and oil, renewable energy generates electricity without releasing harmful emissions, making it a cleaner option for the environment (Jacobson et al., 2017). [III] However, despite the advantages of renewable energy, there are still notable challenges that need to be addressed for it to fully replace traditional energy sources (Ellabban et al., 2014). [IV] One major advantage of renewable energy is its sustainability. Renewable resources, unlike fossil fuels, are naturally replenished and do not deplete over time. For instance, solar power harnesses energy from sunlight, which is virtually endless. In addition, renewable energy contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which helps combat climate change. Many countries are increasingly investing in renewable technologies to decrease their carbon footprint and meet international climate goals. However, renewable energy has certain limitations. One significant issue is its intermittent nature; for example, solar and wind power depend on weather conditions, making it difficult to generate a consistent power supply. This variability can disrupt the energy grid, which relies on a steady supply of electricity to meet demand. Another challenge is the high initial cost of setting up renewable energy facilities. Although prices have decreased in recent years, installing solar panels or wind turbines still requires substantial upfront investment (IRENA, 2019). Despite these challenges, advancements in technology are gradually making renewable energy more efficient and accessible. Improved energy storage systems, such as batteries, allow excess power generated during favorable conditions to be stored and used later, ensuring a more reliable energy supply. As technology and infrastructure improve, renewable energy may eventually Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? These sources of energy have numerous environmental and economic benefits. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "virtually endless" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____. A. limited B. infinite C. renewable D. temporary Question 11. The word "it" in paragraph 1 refers to ____. A. fossil fuels B. the environment C. renewable energy D. electricity Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT an advantage of renewable energy? TRANG 27 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions fuels C. Maintaining a steady energy supply goals B. Decreasing dependency on fossil D. Contributing to climate change Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Renewable energy can fully replace fossil fuels without any major challenges. B. Renewable energy is limited by inconsistent supply and high installation costs. C. Renewable energy is currently too expensive to implement globally. D. Renewable energy sources are reliable and cost-effective for all countries. Question 14. The word "intermittent" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. irregular B. constant C. continuous D. beneficial Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Renewable energy produces harmful emissions like fossil fuels. B. Solar power is a reliable energy source regardless of weather conditions. C. Renewable energy is increasingly viable thanks to technological advances. D. Fossil fuels are a more sustainable energy source than renewable energy. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Technology makes it harder to store energy produced during unfavorable conditions. B. Technological improvements enhance the reliability and accessibility of renewable energy. C. Technological advancements increase the cost and complexity of renewable energy. D. Technology is not crucial for the global adoption of renewable energy. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Fossil fuels will remain the primary energy source indefinitely. B. Renewable energy is unlikely to become widely adopted due to its limitations. C. With better storage solutions, renewable energy could become a consistent power source. D. Renewable energy is currently more economical than fossil fuels for all applications. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Renewable energy is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels with benefits for the environment, though it faces challenges like inconsistency and setup costs. B. Renewable energy is replacing fossil fuels rapidly with no significant challenges. C. Renewable energy sources are only useful in certain climates where resources are available. D. The environmental impact of renewable energy is negligible, and it is readily available. Đề 9 TRANG 28 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Traveling and exploring new places is an exciting way to experience different cultures and expand one’s horizons. Whether it’s a short trip to a neighboring town or a long journey to a foreign country, stepping out into the world offers numerous benefits. It allows individuals to gain new perspectives, meet diverse people, and create lasting memories. Additionally, traveling can enhance personal growth and provide a sense of adventure and fulfillment. One of the key advantages of traveling is the opportunity to learn about different cultures. By immersing oneself in a new environment, travelers can gain a deeper understanding of local customs, traditions, and lifestyles. This cultural exchange fosters mutual respect and appreciation among people from different backgrounds. Moreover, experiencing different cultures can challenge preconceptions and broaden one’s worldview. Traveling also promotes personal development. Facing unfamiliar situations and overcoming challenges can boost confidence and adaptability. Travelers often find themselves navigating new cities, trying unfamiliar foods, and communicating in foreign languages. These experiences can enhance problem-solving skills and resilience. Furthermore, the sense of accomplishment from successfully managing a trip can lead to increased self-esteem and a greater sense of independence. Another benefit of traveling is the chance to disconnect from the routine of everyday life. Exploring new places provides a break from the usual responsibilities and stresses. This can be refreshing and rejuvenating, allowing individuals to return home with a renewed sense of energy and perspective. Travel can also foster creativity by exposing individuals to new sights, sounds, and ideas. Despite its benefits, traveling can also present challenges. Planning a trip requires time and effort, and unexpected situations can arise. However, these challenges can be viewed as opportunities for growth and learning. With careful planning and a positive mindset, the rewards of traveling far outweigh the difficulties. Question 1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of traveling? A. Gaining new perspectives B. Meeting diverse people C. Learning to drive D. Enhancing personal growth Question 2. The word "immersing" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. avoiding B. submerging C. engaging D. detaching Question 3. The word "themselves" in paragraph 3 refers to: A. traveling B. cities C. cultures D. travelers Question 4. The word "navigating" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: A. exploring B. constructing C. ignoring D. settling Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? TRANG 29 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Traveling always causes stress and fatigue. B. Exploring new places helps one feel refreshed. C. Travel eliminates all responsibilities. D. Travel makes daily life monotonous. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Traveling never presents any challenges. B. Planning a trip is always easy and quick. C. Travel fosters creativity by exposing individuals to new experiences. D. Travelers should avoid unfamiliar foods and situations. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention the role of cultural exchange in fostering mutual respect? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer discuss the personal development benefits of traveling? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. [II] This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). [III] Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. [IV] One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife. Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility TRANG 30 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change. Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives. (Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan, and others) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Green living practices are gaining popularity as people become more aware of environmental issues. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "carbon footprint" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by ____. A. environmental awareness C. personal waste B. carbon emissions D. air quality Question 11. The word "their" in paragraph 3 refers to ____. A. individuals B. LED light bulbs C. utility bills D. carbon emissions Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a way to reduce waste? A. Using compost bins C. Adopting single-use items B. Recycling plastic D. Using reusable shopping bags Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Green living promotes increased energy usage through renewable sources. B. Energy conservation is vital for green living, helping to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. C. Individuals can conserve energy by relying on single-use plastics. D. Switching to LED bulbs and increasing personal car use promotes energy conservation. Question 14. The word "mitigating" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. worsening B. reducing C. increasing D. ignoring Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Single-use plastics are preferred for green living practices. B. Supporting local businesses can be a part of sustainable consumption. TRANG 31 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Recycling increases the amount of waste in landfills. D. Green living does not impact the carbon footprint. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Environmentally conscious choices harm the soil and water sources. B. Choosing sustainable products can support eco-friendly industries and reduce pollution. C. Sustainable agriculture increases the need for chemical fertilizers. D. Local businesses rarely provide organic produce. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Green living requires only minor adjustments with no significant impact on daily habits. B. Energy conservation can significantly impact global carbon emissions. C. Using single-use plastics is essential for a sustainable lifestyle. D. Chemical pesticides are encouraged in sustainable agriculture practices. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Green living focuses solely on recycling and energy conservation to reduce waste. B. Adopting a green lifestyle encourages waste reduction, energy conservation, and conscious consumption, which collectively help protect the environment. C. Green living relies on individuals buying only organic produce from large corporations. D. A sustainable lifestyle requires no effort but provides minor environmental benefits. Đề 10 Wildlife conservation is a crucial endeavor that aims to protect animal species and their habitats. This effort is essential for maintaining biodiversity and ensuring the health of our ecosystems. Human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change are some of the primary threats to wildlife. Conservation initiatives strive to mitigate these impacts through various strategies. One significant aspect of wildlife conservation is the establishment of protected areas. National parks, wildlife reserves, and marine protected areas are created to provide safe havens for endangered species. These areas not only protect wildlife but also offer opportunities for scientific research and eco-tourism, which can benefit local economies. Another important approach is the reintroduction of species into their natural habitats. This method has been successful in bringing several species back from the brink of extinction. TRANG 32 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Conservationists carefully monitor and support these reintroduced populations to ensure their survival. Education and awareness campaigns play a pivotal role in wildlife conservation as well. By educating the public about the importance of biodiversity and the threats facing wildlife, these campaigns foster a sense of responsibility and encourage community involvement in conservation efforts. Technological advancements are also aiding conservation efforts. Innovations such as satellite tracking, DNA analysis, and drone surveillance help researchers gather critical data and monitor wildlife populations more effectively. These tools enable more informed decision-making and efficient conservation strategies. Question 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a threat to wildlife? A. Deforestation C. Climate change B. Pollution D. Urbanization Question 2. The word "establishment" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. creation B. destruction C. preservation D. alteration Question 3. The word "their" in paragraph 1 refers to: A. natural habitats B. reintroduced populations C. conservationists D. species Question 4. The word "pivotal" in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by: A. trivial B. crucial C. secondary D. irrelevant Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5? A. Technological advancements hinder conservation efforts. B. There is no alternative to technology in saving wildlife. C. Technology could be another way to aid conservation efforts. D. Technology should be the only focus in wildlife conservation. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Only national parks can protect endangered species. B. Reintroduction of species has never been successful. C. Education campaigns foster community involvement. D. Technological advancements are irrelevant to conservation. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention a present causal relationship? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 33 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer explore modern methods for maintaining endangered species? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage about wildlife conservation and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Wildlife conservation refers to the efforts made to protect and preserve wild animal species and their habitats. [II] It is crucial for maintaining biodiversity, which plays a vital role in ecosystem stability and health (Smith & Jones, 2018). [III] Unfortunately, many species are threatened due to habitat destruction, poaching, and climate change, making conservation efforts more urgent than ever. [IV] One of the primary reasons for wildlife conservation is the preservation of biodiversity. A diverse range of species contributes to ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification, and climate regulation. The loss of a single species can disrupt these services and lead to ecological imbalances. For instance, the decline of pollinators like bees has serious implications for food production and agriculture (Global Biodiversity Outlook, 2020). Moreover, wildlife conservation has significant economic benefits. Many communities depend on ecotourism, which relies on healthy wildlife populations and intact ecosystems. According to a study by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), ecotourism can generate billions of dollars in revenue, providing jobs and supporting local economies (WWF, 2021). Protecting wildlife not only safeguards natural resources but also creates sustainable livelihoods for local populations. However, effective wildlife conservation requires a collaborative approach. Governments, non-governmental organizations, and local communities must work together to implement policies and strategies that promote conservation efforts. Community-based conservation initiatives, where local people actively participate in protecting their natural resources, have shown promising results. These initiatives empower communities and ensure that conservation efforts are tailored to local needs and contexts (Bennett & Dearden, 2014). (Adapted from Wildlife Conservation and Its Importance by Smith, Jones, and others) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Conservation measures are essential for the survival of many endangered species. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "ecosystem services" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____. A. benefits provided by the economy B. functions that ecosystems perform for humanity C. services offered by wildlife organizations D. economic services provided by local communities TRANG 34 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 11. The word "their" in paragraph 4 refers to ____. A. ecosystem stability C. local people B. biodiversity D. ecological imbalance Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a reason for wildlife conservation? A. To maintain biodiversity C. To promote industrial development B. To ensure food production D. To support ecosystem stability Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Ecotourism negatively affects local economies. B. Wildlife conservation primarily benefits large corporations. C. Protecting wildlife can create economic opportunities for local communities. D. Wildlife conservation is not economically beneficial. Question 14. The word "collaborative" in paragraph 4 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. independent B. cooperative C. competitive D. isolated Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Only governments are responsible for wildlife conservation. B. Ecotourism has no connection to wildlife conservation efforts. C. Community involvement is essential for successful conservation initiatives. D. Wildlife conservation is solely focused on endangered species. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Collaborative efforts lead to better conservation policies. B. Local communities must manage their resources without external help. C. Wildlife conservation can only succeed with the involvement of different groups. D. Conservation initiatives do not require local participation. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Wildlife conservation is primarily a global issue that does not affect local communities. B. The economic benefits of conservation are negligible compared to its ecological impact. C. Without wildlife conservation, both biodiversity and local economies may suffer. D. Habitat destruction has little impact on wildlife populations. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Wildlife conservation is essential for protecting species and habitats, maintaining biodiversity, and providing economic benefits through ecotourism, requiring collaborative efforts for effectiveness. B. The primary focus of wildlife conservation is on endangered species and their immediate habitats. TRANG 35 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Wildlife conservation is not necessary as most species are thriving in their environments. D. Ecotourism is the only reason for wildlife conservation efforts globally. Đề 11 Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services. The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management. Effective urban planning is crucial to mitigating the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life. [Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019] Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor driving urbanization? A. Economic opportunities B. Healthcare services C. Climate change D. Educational facilities Question 2: The word stimulate in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______. A. encourage B. promote C. hinder D. accelerate Question 3: The word they in paragraph 1 refers to ______. A. rural areas B. cities C. economic opportunities D. suburban Question 4: The word mitigating in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______. A. worsening B. addressing C. preventing D. reducing Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? A. Good urban planning is essential to address urbanization’s adverse effects. B. Proper urban planning can help reduce the negative impacts of urban growth. C. Mitigating urbanization’s drawbacks requires effective urban planning. D. Managing urbanization’s negative consequences relies on strategic urban planning. Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. Urbanization always improves living standards. B. Rapid urbanization can lead to overcrowding and pollution. TRANG 36 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Economic development is rarely associated with urbanization. D. Urban growth only brings negative outcomes. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention the benefits of urbanization? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which passage does the author mention that durable infrastructure helps manage the impacts of urbanization? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Gender Equality Today: Gender equality is a fundamental human right and a critical foundation for a peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world. [I] Despite significant progress in recent years, gender inequality remains a pressing issue across the globe. [II] Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions and face numerous barriers in various sectors, including education, healthcare, and the workforce. [III] According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2021, it will take an estimated 135.6 years to close the gender gap globally if current trends continue. [IV] In many countries, women are still subjected to discrimination and violence. Genderbased violence, including domestic violence and sexual harassment, affects millions of women worldwide and hinders their ability to participate fully in society. Additionally, cultural and societal norms often perpetuate stereotypes that limit women's roles and opportunities. However, there are positive signs of change. Movements advocating for gender equality have gained momentum, and more individuals are recognizing the importance of women's rights. Governments and organizations are implementing policies to promote equal opportunities and protect against discrimination. Education plays a vital role in this transformation, as empowering girls through education can lead to improved economic outcomes and healthier communities. Achieving gender equality is not only a matter of fairness; it is essential for the advancement of society as a whole. By ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all genders, we can create a more just and equitable world. [Adapted United Nations. "Gender Equality." UN Women. 2021] Question 9: Which position in paragraph 1 is the most appropriate for the sentence: "Ensuring that women and men have equal opportunities is essential for the development of society." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The phrase "barriers" in paragraph 1 can be replaced with which word? A. Challenges B. Benefits C. Rights D. Laws Question 11: Whose is the word “their” in paragraph 2 mentioned: A. Men B. Governments C. Women D. Norms Question 12: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a reason preventing women from fully participating in society? A. Violence B. Cultural norms C. Equal opportunities D. Stereotypes TRANG 37 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 13: What is the best summary of paragraph 3? A. Women’s rights are gaining more recognition. B. Violence against women is decreasing rapidly. C. Gender equality movements are ineffective. D. Discrimination is no longer an issue for women. Question 14: The word "momentum" in paragraph 3 is opposite in meaning to which word? A. Increase B. Decline C. Growth D. Movement Question 15: Which statement is true according to the reading? A. Education plays a key role in promoting gender equality. B. Gender inequality is no longer a major issue globally. C. Women's leadership roles are now equal to men's. D. Gender-based violence has decreased worldwide. Question 16: Which statement best expresses the meaning of the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Gender equality can be achieved quickly through government policies. B. Gender equality is essential for ensuring that women have more rights than men. C. Achieving gender equality is primarily about securing jobs for women. D. Gender equality is necessary for the advancement of society as a whole. Question 17: What can be inferred from the reading? A. Gender equality movements have completely eliminated discrimination. B. It will take less than 50 years to close the gender gap. C. Cultural norms still play a role in limiting women’s opportunities. D. Education alone is enough to solve gender inequality issues. Question 18: What is the best summary of the entire reading? A. Gender equality is no longer an issue in most parts of the world. B. Progress has been made, but gender inequality still requires attention and action. C. Women are now equally represented in all leadership positions. D. The education system has solved the issue of gender inequality. Đề 12 Living in the stressful modern era, most of us usually look for sources of relaxation, and it’s no secret that viewing nature and being outdoors can be pleasant and restorative. Spending time in nature is linked to improvements in mental health, mood, emotional well – being, and cognitive benefits. However, the more surprising thing is that, according to new research, viewing water may be a better environment for relaxation than green areas with grass and trees. In a recent article, Harvard psychologist Adam Grant discussed a remarkable 2024 study that he came across, showing that people who viewed water for less than two minutes had reduced blood pressure compared to people who viewied green areas and trees. So why are nature’s blue spaces more relaxing than green ones? According to the original authors of the study, the reason might be related to the process of our evolution. For early humans who have to work hard to survive day by day, the lack of water has always been a major challenge, as it posed a direct threat to life, leading to heightened levels of stress, TRANG 38 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật increases in blood pressure and cardiac stress. Therefore, successfully detecting water or simply just looking at it can provide a sense of great relief. Being in nature can help you re – invigorate your body, mind, and spirit, offering moments of awe, calm, and relaxation. And now we are learning that bodies of water may bring even greater relaxation. So, whether it's a river, lake, or ocean, it might be time to go outside and find the nearest blue space to experience the effects for yourself! (Adapted from psychologytoday.com) Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a benefit of spending time in nature? A. Improvements in mental health B. Cognitive benefits C. Increased creativity D. Emotional well – being Question 2: The word “restorative” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________. A. damaging B. energizing C. refreshing D. beneficial Question 3: The word "came across" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by __________. A. discovered B. ignored C. created D. explained Question 4: The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to ___________. A. stressor B. blood pressure C. cardiac stress D. water Question 5: Which of the following is TRUE, according to paragraphs 2 and 3? A. Finding water was the biggest survival challenge for early humans. B. Early humans suffered more stress when there is not enough water. C. Only by being in nature can we heal both our body and our spirit. D. The larger the area of water you look at, the more relaxed you are. Question 6: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Spending time outdoors in nature can refresh both your physical and mental state, providing peaceful and uplifting experiences. B. Nature is a perfect escape from modern life, allowing people to rest while boosting their physical and spiritual well – being. C. Nature offers a temporary distraction from life’s problems, but its benefits are limited to short – term relaxation. D. Being in nature brings challenges to both the mind and body, creating feelings of stress and discomfort. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention the possible evolutionary reasons why viewing water can be more relaxing than viewing green areas? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer explain why viewing water might be more relaxing than viewing green areas? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Sperm whales are fascinating creatures. [II] They possess the biggest brain of any species, six times larger than a human’s, which scientists believe may have evolved to support intelligent, rational behavior. [III] They’re also highly social and capable of making TRANG 39 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật decisions as a group. [IV] But there’s also a lot we don’t know about them, including what they may be saying to one another when communicating with a system of short clicks, known as codas. Now, new research published in Nature Communications today suggests that sperm whales’ communication is actually much more expressive and complicated than was previously thought. A team of researchers led by Pratyusha Sharma at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) working with Project CETI, a nonprofit focused on using AI to understand whales, used statistical models to analyze whale codas and managed to identify a structure to their language that’s similar to features of human language. Their findings represent a tool future researchers could use to decipher not just the structure but the actual meaning of whale sounds. For the study, the researchers examined recordings of 8,719 codas from around 60 whales collected by the Dominica Sperm Whale Project between 2005 and 2018, using a mix of AI algorithms for pattern recognition and classification. The AI then turned the clicks within the coda data into a new kind of data visualization called an exchange plot, revealing that some codas featured extra clicks. These extra clicks, combined with variations in the duration of their calls, appeared in interactions between multiple whales, which they say suggests that codas can carry more information and possess a more complicated internal structure than we had previously believed. The team’s next step is to build language models of whale calls and to examine how those calls relate to different behaviors. They also plan to work on a more universal system that could be used across species, says Sharma. Taking a communication system we know nothing about, working out how it encodes and transmits information, and slowly beginning to understand what’s being communicated could have many purposes beyond whales. “I think we’re just starting to understand some of these things,” she says. “We’re very much at the beginning, but we are slowly making our way through.” (Adapted from technologyreview.com) Question 9. Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? They demonstrate a high level of sociability and are capable of collective decision – making. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: What do we learn about sperm whales in paragraph 1? A. They are one of the most interesting creatures for humans to study. B. Their brains are more advanced than human brains by six times. C. The size of their brains is the reason why they are highly social. D. They have the ability to make decisions together rather than alone. Question 11: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a tool or method used by researchers to study whale communication? A. AI algorithms for pattern recognition B. Statistical models C. Recordings of codas D. Behavioral experiments with whales Question 12: The word “decipher” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ___________. A. decode B. resolve C. detect D. reveal Question 13: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to __________. A. researchers B. algorithms C. clicks D. interactions TRANG 40 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 14: Which of the following is TRUE about the study discussed in this passage? A. The study involved over 10,000 recordings of codas from various species of whales. B. The research found that whale communication is simpler than previously thought. C. AI algorithms were used to analyze whale codas and uncover patterns. D. The study concluded that codas cannot carry more information than was once believed. Question 15: The word “universal” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ___________. A. general B. conventional C. prevalent D. ordinary Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Studying whale communication will provide insights useful for understanding other communication systems. B. Once we decode whale communication, we will fully understand how they transmit information. C. Understanding whale communication systems has limited applications outside marine biology. D. Whale communication can only be understood through long – term study without further application. Question 17: Which of the following can most likely be inferred from the passage? A. Sperm whales are much more intelligent than what people commonly think. B. Project CETI is using the most advanced AI in order to achieve their end goal. C. Codas with extra clicks are the most structurally similar to human language. D. We have yet to fully grasp the complexity of the sperm whale language system. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Sperm whales are known for their large brains and complex group behavior, though their communication remains largely mysterious. B. Researchers have fully decoded the structure and meaning of whale codas using advanced AI technology. C. A recent study suggests that sperm whale communication may be more complex than previously thought, and researchers are beginning to unravel its structure and meaning with the help of AI. D. The study found that whale communication is not related to their behavior, but rather to random environmental factors. Đề 13 Vietnamese cultural identity is a rich and intricate tapestry that reflects the nation’s long and storied history. Rooted in over a thousand years of civilization, Vietnam’s cultural identity is a fusion of indigenous traditions and external influences, shaped by its geographical location and historical interactions. First and foremost, at the heart of Vietnamese culture is a deep reverence for family and community. Confucian values emphasizing respect for elders, filial piety, and social harmony have played a pivotal role in shaping Vietnamese society. These values are reflected in the close-knit family structures, hierarchical relationships, and communal rituals that are integral to daily life. TRANG 41 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Secondly, Vietnamese cuisine is celebrated worldwide for its exquisite flavors and diversity. With its emphasis on fresh ingredients, fragrant herbs, and balanced flavors, Vietnamese food tells a story of the country’s agricultural heritage and regional variations. Iconic dishes like pho, banh mi, and spring rolls have become global favorites, representing the culinary artistry deeply ingrained in Vietnamese culture. Also, Vietnam’s artistic expressions are equally captivating. Traditional art forms like water puppetry, silk painting, and folk music continue to thrive alongside contemporary artistic movements. Áo dài, a graceful traditional dress, exemplifies the fusion of elegance and modesty in Vietnamese fashion, symbolizing cultural pride and identity. Today, in the face of modernization and globalization, Vietnamese cultural identity remains resilient. While adapting to the challenges of the 21st century, the Vietnamese people continue to honor their traditions, celebrate their unique cultural expressions, and pass on their heritage to future generations, ensuring that their cultural identity remains vibrant and enduring. (Adapted from Saigoneer) Question 1: The word "indigenous" in paragraph 1 is opposite in meaning to: A. local B. foreign C. native D. traditional Question 2: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as Confucian values emphasizing respect for? A. filial piety B. social harmony C. individualism D. elders Question 3: The word "reverence" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by: A. disrespect B. admiration C. indifference D. criticism Question 4: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? A. The áo dài, known for its elegance and modesty, represents a blend of Vietnamese fashion that embodies cultural identity and pride. B. As a traditional dress, the áo dài reflects the combination of sophistication and simplicity in Vietnamese fashion, representing the nation's cultural values. C. The graceful áo dài, a traditional Vietnamese attire, signifies the blend of elegance and restraint, illustrating the pride and identity of Vietnamese culture. D. Known as a traditional dress, the áo dài beautifully combines elegance with modesty, serving as a symbol of Vietnam's cultural identity and pride. Question 5: The word "Their" in paragraph 4 refers to: A. Vietnamese cuisine B. Vietnamese people C. Traditional art forms D. Agricultural heritage Question 6: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Vietnamese cultural identity is static and unchanging. B. Modernization has completely erased Vietnamese traditions. C. Vietnamese cuisine has gained international recognition. D. Water puppetry is no longer practiced in Vietnam. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention a present concession relationship? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 42 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer state that Vietnamese cultural identity is influenced by both internal and external factors? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Landslides are a significant environmental challenge in the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam, particularly during the rainy season. The region, characterized by steep slopes and heavy rainfall, is prone to this natural disaster, which poses serious threats to both the local population and infrastructure. [II] In recent years, numerous landslides have occurred, often triggered by prolonged periods of heavy rain, resulting in devastating impacts on communities and livelihoods. The mountainous terrain, combined with deforestation and improper land use, exacerbates the risk of landslides. [III] As farmers clear forests for agriculture, the natural vegetation that stabilizes the soil is lost, making slopes more susceptible to erosion. When heavy rains saturate the soil, it can quickly become unstable, leading to sudden and destructive landslides. [IV] In response to this growing threat, local authorities and environmental organizations are taking proactive measures to mitigate the risks associated with landslides. Efforts include reforestation projects, improving drainage systems, and raising public awareness about safe practices during the rainy season. Additionally, advanced monitoring systems are being implemented to provide early warnings, allowing communities to evacuate before a disaster strikes. Despite these efforts, the challenges remain significant, and ongoing education and support for sustainable land management practices are crucial for reducing the incidence and impact of landslides in northern Vietnam. Question 9: Where in this passage does the following sentence best fit? These events not only destroy homes and roads but also disrupt essential services such as education and healthcare. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The word “prone” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by: A. resistant B. vulnerable C. indifferent D. immune Question 11: The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to: A. the soil B. the rainy season C. the local population D. the infrastructure Question 12: The phrase “susceptible to” in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. open to B. immune to C. prone to D. favorable for Question 13: According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a proactive measure to mitigate the risks associated with landslides? A. Reforestation projects B. Improving drainage systems C. Increasing logging activities D. Raising public awareness Question 14: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3? TRANG 43 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Local authorities and organizations are actively working to reduce the risks of landslides through various projects and public education initiatives. B. The government is focusing on implementing advanced technologies to predict landslides and ensure the safety of local communities. C. Reforestation and improved drainage systems are essential for enhancing the environment and preventing landslides in northern Vietnam. D. Communities are encouraged to participate in disaster preparedness training to minimize the impact of landslides during the rainy season. Question 15: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Landslides only occur in the rainy season. B. The local population is unaffected by landslides. C. Deforestation contributes to landslide risks. D. Monitoring systems are unnecessary for landslide management. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined part A. Even with these initiatives, the difficulties continue to be considerable. B. Although these measures have been taken, the challenges are still manageable. C. In spite of these actions, the obstacles still appear to be minor. D. Regardless of these efforts, the challenges are Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Ongoing reforestation and improved land management practices are essential for minimizing future landslide risks in northern Vietnam. B. The frequency of landslides in northern Vietnam will likely decrease in the coming years due to effective government interventions. C. Local communities are fully aware of the risks of landslides and are actively participating in mitigation efforts. D. Climate change is the sole cause of the increasing landslide occurrences in the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam. Question 18: Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. Landslides are a minor issue in northern Vietnam. B. The effects of landslides are temporary and easily managed. C. Landslides pose a significant threat, but measures are being taken to reduce their impact. D. Local authorities have completely eliminated the risk of landslides. Đề 14 Peer Pressure Among Youth Peer pressure can be particularly prevalent among teenagers, who are at a vulnerable stage of development and seeking their identity. It is a powerful force that can significantly impact the thoughts, actions, and behaviors of teenagers. During adolescence, individuals strive for acceptance and belonging, making them particularly susceptible to the influence of their peers. Understanding the nature of peer pressure and its effects is essential for supporting teenagers in navigating this challenging aspect of their social lives. One aspect of peer pressure is the pressure to conform to the norms and expectations of a social group. Teenagers may feel compelled to adopt certain behaviors, preferences, or attitudes to fit in and avoid social rejection. This conformity can range from relatively TRANG 44 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật harmless choices, such as fashion trends, to more concerning behaviors, such as substance abuse or risky activities. Peer pressure can manifest in both explicit and implicit ways. Direct peer pressure involves explicit requests, invitations, or demands from peers to engage in specific actions or behaviors. Indirect or implicit peer pressure, on the other hand, is more subtle and involves observing others' behaviors and feeling pressured to conform without any explicit requests. This type of pressure can be equally influential and difficult for teenagers to navigate. It is important to note that peer pressure can have positive or negative implications. Positive peer pressure can motivate teenagers to engage in healthy behaviors, such as participating in sports, pursuing academic goals, or engaging in community service. However, it can lead to risky or harmful behaviors, such as substance abuse, delinquency, or academic underachievement. Parents, educators, and mentors play a crucial role in helping teenagers navigate peer pressure. By fostering open and supportive relationships, adults can provide a safe space for teenagers to discuss their experiences and concerns. Promoting critical thinking, assertiveness skills, and self-confidence can empower teenagers to resist negative peer pressure and make independent, healthy choices. [Adapted from "Peer Pressure: Its Influence on Teens and Decision Making”] Question 1: The word "conform" in paragraph 2 is opposite in meaning to: A. resist B. adapt C. follow D. imitate Question 2: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential outcome of peer pressure? A. Participating in sports B. Using harmful substances C. Poor academic performance D. Developing unique personal interests Question 3: The phrase "social rejection" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by: A. social approval B. social exclusion C. social interaction D. social engagement Question 4: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? A. Peer pressure can be seen directly through demands made by friends. B. Friends can influence each other by their actions and behaviors without direct communication. C. Indirect peer pressure is easier to recognize and avoid than direct requests from peers. D. Observing the behaviors of those around us to conform in order to avoid being different. Question 5: The word "it" in paragraph 4 refers to: A. academic performance B. negative behavior C. peer pressure D. social group Question 6: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Peer pressure has only negative effects on teenagers. B. Positive peer pressure can lead to healthy behaviors. C. All peer pressure is easy to identify. D. Teenagers do not seek social acceptance. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer discuss the role of adults in addressing peer pressure? A. Paragraph 2 B. Paragraph 3 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 5 TRANG 45 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer explain the different forms of peer pressure? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about the importance of conserving water and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Water is one of the most essential resources on our planet, vital for all forms of life. However, increasing demand and pollution are putting immense pressure on our freshwater supplies. [II] According to recent studies, nearly 2 billion people worldwide live in countries experiencing high water stress, leading to a decline in the availability of this precious resource. This situation not only affects drinking water but also agriculture, sanitation, and energy production. The primary causes of water scarcity include population growth, urbanization, and climate change. As cities expand, the demand for water increases significantly. Moreover, agricultural practices that rely heavily on water are becoming unsustainable in many regions. Climate change further exacerbates these issues, causing unpredictable weather patterns and extreme droughts, which reduce water availability. [III] In response to this growing crisis, everyone must prioritize water conservation. Simple actions, such as fixing leaks, using water-efficient appliances, and practicing mindful consumption, can make a significant difference. Additionally, implementing policies that promote sustainable water management and investing in technologies for water recycling can help mitigate the impacts of water scarcity. [IV] Despite these efforts, the challenges remain substantial. It is crucial that we recognize the importance of conserving water and take immediate steps to protect this vital resource for future generations. Question 9: Where in this passage does the following sentence best fit? " These strategies can significantly improve water availability in stressed regions." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The word “vital” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by: A. unimportant B. crucial C. optional D. harmful Question 11: The phrase "high water stress" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. excessive rainfall B. significant water shortage C. improved water quality D. reduced water demand Question 12: The phrase “exacerbates” in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. worsens B. alleviates C. maintains D. complicates Question 13: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to water scarcity? A. Urbanization B. Population growth C. Extreme droughts D. City expansion Question 14: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3? A. Governments should focus solely on technology to solve water issues. B. Both the government and each individual have a role to play in protecting water resources. C. Water conservation is primarily a government responsibility, not individual. D. The role of each individual in protecting water resources is very important. Question 15: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? TRANG 46 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Water scarcity affects only drinking water supplies. B. Urbanization decreases the demand for water. C. Climate change negatively impacts water availability. D. Sustainable practices are unnecessary for water management. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined part in paragraph 3? A. Individuals should consider water conservation a secondary concern when addressing this problem. B. Society needs to focus on water conservation to effectively address the growing water shortage problem. C. Water conservation is not an urgent issue for people facing this crisis. D. People can manage the crisis without prioritizing water conservation. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Applying technology can solve all problems of water shortage. B. Water conservation measures need to be widely applied to create an impact. C. Climate change is an important factor that affects water resources globally. D. Governments play an important role in protecting polluted water sources. Question 18: Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. Water shortage is a major problem that requires immediate government action. B. The importance of water conservation to combat the growing water shortage caused by increased demand and climate change. C. The impact of water shortage due to climate change on human life and agricultural development. D. Immediate action is needed to address the growing water shortage crisis. Đề 15 If you’re new to running, or new to marathons, you might be worried about or even fearful of the distance. And these feelings are completely understandable, given the fact that more than 42 kilometres is a very long way. However, more and more people are taking on this challenge every year, and for very good reasons. Obviously, running such a long distance requires a lot of training, and the more you train, the more your endurance will be enhanced. And of course, as you become more physically active, your heart and muscles will be stronger, your blood circulation will improve, and you will most likely get in shape in no time. Additionally, there are also mental and social benefits such as feeling less stressed and more energized as well as having the chance to meet and establish meaningful relationships with other people. If you think about it, running a marathon is also a chance for personal development. Everyone has at least one fear or insecurity, and for many people, completing a marathon race can seem like an extremely daunting or even impossible task. Of course, it’s true that this is a big challenge that requires commitment and perseverance. That being said, every time you step outside out of your comfort zone and accomplish something new, you will grow stronger and become more confident. Sometimes, you can actually help many others when you run a marathon. Many runners now combine their marathon goal with the goal of helping others by participating in races that raise money for charity. Besides, running in such marathon races will most likely TRANG 47 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật give you all the motivation you need to get through the exhausting 42-kilometer run. After all, it’s quite difficult to quit when you know that you are giving help to people in need. (Adapted from active.com) Question 1: According to the passage, all of the following are benefits of running a marathon EXCEPT _________. A. You will be able to improve your blood circulation and quickly get in shape. B. Your endurance will start to improve as you train harder and harder. C. Your muscles will be strengthened since you are more active. D. You will feel less stressed when meeting other people. Question 2: The word “fearful” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by _________. A. scary B. afraid C. anxious D. frightening Question 3: The word “enhanced” in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _________. A. preserved B. augmented C. weakened D. disseminated Question 4: The word “this” in paragraph 3 refers to _________. A. personal development B. insecurity C. completing a marathon D. challenge Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? A. Every time you leave your comfort zone and achieve something new, you will become stronger and more confident. B. Each time you move outside your comfort zone and accomplish something odd, you will grow more resilient and confident. C. Whenever you step outside your comfort zone and succeed in something different, you will feel a sense of superiority. D. Every time you venture beyond your comfort zone and do something unique, you will grow stronger and become less confident. Question 6: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. If you want to run a marathon, you need to commit and persevere. B. When you complete a marathon, you will no longer have any fear. C. Most runners will not run marathons that do not raise money at all. D. You cannot complete a marathon if you do not want to help others. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention the physical benefits of running? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer discuss personal growth opportunities that come from running a marathon? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about and mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Some people look at an equation and see a bunch of complicated numbers and symbols while others see beauty [I]. Now, thanks to a new tool created at Carnegie Mellon University, anyone can now translate the abstractions of mathematics into beautiful and instructive illustrations [II]. This exciting new tool is named Penrose after the mathematician Roger Penrose, who is famous for using diagrams and other drawings to communicate complicated mathematical ideas [III]. Penrose enables users to create diagrams simply by typing mathematical expressions and letting the software do the drawing [IV]. TRANG 48 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Unlike a graphing calculator, these aren’t restricted to basic functions, but can be complex relationships from any area of mathematics. “Some mathematicians have a talent for drawing beautiful diagrams by hand, but they vanish as soon as the chalkboard is erased,” said Keenan Crane, an assistant professor of computer science and robotics. “We want to make this expressive power available to anyone.” Diagrams are often underused in mathematical communication, since producing high-quality illustrations is beyond the skill of many researchers and requires a great deal of time and effort. Penrose addresses these challenges by letting diagram-drawing experts turn their knowledge about creating diagrams into computer codes so that other users can access this capability using familiar mathematical language and a computer. “We started off by asking: ‘How do people translate mathematical ideas into pictures in their head?’” said Katherine Ye, a Ph.D. student in the Computer Science Department who is involved in the development of Penrose. “The secret sauce of our system is to empower people to easily ‘explain’ this translation process to the computer, so the computer can do all the hard work of actually making the picture.” Once the computer learns how the user wants to see a mathematical object visualized – a vector represented by a little arrow, for instance, or a point represented as a dot – it uses these rules to draw several candidate diagrams. Users can then select and edit the diagrams they want from a gallery of possibilities. A special, simple-to-learn programming language was also developed so that they can easily convey the ideas in their minds to the Penrose system, Crane said. “Mathematicians can get very picky about notations,” he explained. “We let them define whatever notation they want, so they can express themselves naturally.” The researchers will present Penrose at the SIGGRAPH 2020 Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, which will be held this July. “Our vision is to be able to dust off an old math textbook from the library, drop it into the computer and get a beautifully illustrated book - that way more people understand,” Crane said, noting that Penrose is a first step toward this goal. (Adapted from sciencedaily.com) Question 9: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? For many, the elegance of mathematical concepts often goes unnoticed amidst the complexity. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The word “restricted” in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ________. A. contained B. expanded C. confined D. enclosed Question 11: The phrase “secret sauce” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by ________. A. unexpected benefit B. mysterious feature C. unnatural ability D. special element Question 12: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature or benefit of the Penrose tool? A. It allows users to create diagrams from mathematical expressions. B. It can produce high-quality illustrations without requiring advanced drawing skills. C. It enables users to communicate mathematical ideas using a programming language. D. It can automatically generate solutions to complex mathematical problems. Question 13: The word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to ________. A. users B. diagrams C. possibilities D. ideas Question 14: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? TRANG 49 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Penrose allows users to create high-quality diagrams quickly without needing artistic skills. B. Diagrams in mathematics are often underused due to the time required to create them. C. Penrose enables users to translate mathematical ideas into diagrams using expert knowledge and computer codes. D. Katherine Ye discusses the challenges mathematicians face when trying to visualize complex ideas. Question 15: Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A. Mathematical diagrams that are drawn by hand on chalkboards are not long-lasting. B. Diagrams are usually not widely used to illustrate or communicate mathematical ideas. C. Penrose uses common mathematical rules to draw diagrams for a mathematical object. D. Penrose’s developers want to make math easier to understand by using illustrations. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Users can browse and alter the diagrams they like from a variety of choices. B. Users can create and adjust the diagrams they desire from a selection of examples. C. Users can choose and modify the diagrams they prefer from a collection of options. D. Users can view and customize the diagrams they wish to use from an assortment of images. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Hand-drawn diagrams are not as beautiful and easy to understand as digital diagrams. B. In general, mathematicians are not very good at remembering and defining notations. C. How a mathematical object should be visualized varies from person to person. D. Almost all people consider traditional math textbooks to be extremely boring. Question 18: Which of the following best summaries the passage? A. The development of Penrose by Carnegie Mellon University aims to replace traditional graphing calculators with a tool that can only produce basic mathematical functions. B. Penrose enables mathematicians to draw by hand and provides them with a programming language to express their ideas naturally. C. Penrose is a new tool that allows users to create complex mathematical diagrams easily, enhancing mathematical communication and understanding. D. The researchers at Carnegie Mellon University are focusing on the history of mathematical diagrams and their importance in education Đề 16 Engaging in outdoor activities has become increasingly popular in recent years. Not only do these activities provide an escape from the daily grind of life, but they also offer numerous physical and mental health benefits. Hiking, cycling, and team sports are just a few examples of outdoor activities that can enhance well-being. First and foremost, outdoor activities encourage physical fitness. Regular participation in activities like hiking or cycling helps individuals maintain a healthy weight and improve TRANG 50 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật cardiovascular health. The fresh air and natural surroundings can make exercising feel less like a chore and more like an enjoyable experience. Furthermore, studies have shown that spending time in nature can reduce stress levels and promote a sense of tranquility. In addition to physical benefits, outdoor activities foster social connections. Participating in team sports or group hikes allows individuals to meet new people and strengthen existing relationships. The shared experience of overcoming challenges together can build camaraderie and enhance teamwork skills. However, some people might argue that outdoor activities are not accessible to everyone. For instance, individuals living in urban areas may find it difficult to access green spaces or safe paths for cycling. This raises the question of equity in accessing outdoor resources. Despite these challenges, the advantages of engaging in outdoor activities far outweigh the drawbacks. Those who participate regularly often report feeling happier and more fulfilled. The sense of achievement that comes from completing a challenging hike or mastering a new cycling route can significantly boost self-esteem. In conclusion, outdoor activities play a crucial role in promoting both physical health and social well-being. By stepping outside and embracing nature, individuals can improve their quality of life. As we continue to navigate the complexities of modern living, it is vital to prioritize these enriching experiences. Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit outdoor activity? A. Improved physical fitness B. Enhanced social connections C. Increased access to technology D. Reduced stress levels Question 2: The word “accessible” in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to________. A. Reachable B. Available C. Unavailable D. Approachable Question 3: The word “these” in paragraph 1 refers to____________. A. Physical and mental health benefits B. Team sports TRANG 51 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Daily grind of life D. Outdoor activities Question 4: The word “encourage” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by_________. A. Discourage B. Ignore C. Limit D. Promote Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Achieving a challenging hike or cycling route can reduce self-esteem significantly. B. Completing a difficult hike or learning a new cycling route can enhance one's confidence. C. The feeling of accomplishment from a tough hike or a cycling challenge can lower selfworth. D. Mastering a new cycling route and finishing a hike is not important for self-esteem. Question 6: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Engaging in outdoor activities can lead to improved mental health. B. Outdoor activities are only beneficial for physical fitness. C. All individuals have equal access to outdoor activities. D. Spending time indoors is more beneficial than outdoor activities. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention a drawback when people participate in outdoor activity? A. Paragraph 3 B. Paragraph 1 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 2 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer mention the benefits of outdoor activity for physical health? A. Paragraph 4 B. Paragraph 1 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 2 Read the following passage about the The Importance of Social Media in Modern Society and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. TRANG 52 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật In the 21st century, social media has become a crucial element of everyday life[I]. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok link individuals around the world, [IV]. Although some may critique social media for promoting negativity, it is important to acknowledge its numerous positive effects on society[III]. This essay will delve into the importance of social media, its influence on shaping public perception, and the challenges it poses.[II] One of the primary benefits of social media is its ability to foster communication and connection. People can maintain relationships with friends and family, regardless of geographical barriers. This aspect is particularly vital for those who live far away from loved ones. For example, a student studying abroad can easily share their experiences with family through posts, photos, and video calls. Furthermore, social media enables individuals to connect with like-minded people and build communities around shared interests or causes. Activist groups, for instance, often use social media platforms to rally support for important issues, raising awareness and mobilizing action more efficiently than traditional methods. Moreover, social media serves as a powerful tool for information dissemination. News spreads rapidly through these platforms, allowing individuals to stay informed about current events. During emergencies, such as natural disasters, social media can provide crucial information in real time, helping people stay safe and informed. However, this rapid dissemination of information also raises concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the content being shared. Misinformation can spread just as quickly as legitimate news, leading to confusion and mistrust. Despite the challenges posed by misinformation, social media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion. People often turn to these platforms to voice their opinions and engage in discussions on various topics. For instance, political debates and social movements frequently gain traction through social media, allowing individuals to express their views and influence others. This democratization of discourse can empower marginalized voices and facilitate social change. However, it is crucial to approach online discussions critically, as echo chambers can form, reinforcing existing beliefs rather than encouraging open dialogue. In conclusion, while social media presents challenges such as misinformation and polarized discussions, its positive contributions to communication, information dissemination, and social activism cannot be overlooked. As society continues to evolve, it is essential to harness the potential of social media while being mindful of its pitfalls. By TRANG 53 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật promoting responsible use and critical thinking, we can maximize the benefits of social media and foster a more connected and informed society. Question 9: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? enabling instantaneous communication and the exchange of information A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The phrase “delve into” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by_______. A. Doze off B. End up C. Fish out D. Dig into Question 11: The word “its” in paragraph 2 refers to_________. A. Friendships B. Communication C. Geographical barriers D. Social media Question 12: According to the paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefits of social media? A. The ability to maintain relationships with friends and family. B. The promotion of traditional communication methods. C. The capacity to share experiences through various media. D. The facilitation of connections with like-minded individuals. Question 13: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3? A. Social media is a reliable source of news that always provides accurate information. B. The rapid spread of information through social media can help people stay informed during emergencies but also raises concerns about misinformation. C. Social media primarily focuses on entertainment and does not play a role in information dissemination. D. Misinformation is the only challenge posed by social media in today's society. Question 14: The word “democratization” in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to_______. A. Centralization B. Inclusion C. Engagement D. Participation Question 15: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? TRANG 54 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Social media exclusively promotes negativity and misinformation. B. Activist groups avoid using social media to mobilize support. C. Social media allows individuals to maintain relationships across geographical barriers. D. Social media has no impact on shaping public opinion. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5? A. It is important to use social media wisely while recognizing its drawbacks as society changes. B. Society must avoid using social media due to its potential dangers. C. We should ignore the downsides of social media while focusing solely on its benefits. D. As society progresses, it is unnecessary to pay attention to the risks of social media. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. The spread of misinformation on social media is a major concern for society. B. Social media is only beneficial and does not have any negative impacts. C. People are increasingly using social media to stay connected during emergencies. D. Activist groups do not benefit from using social media for their causes. Question 18: Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. Social media has primarily negative effects on society and should be avoided. B. The use of social media has led to a decrease in face-to-face communication among individuals. C. Social media platforms are only useful for entertainment and personal connections. D. Social media is a vital tool for communication and activism, but it also poses challenges like misinformation and echo chambers. Đề 17 TRANG 55 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Huawei is a multinational company that makes telecommunications parts for mobile phones , network equipment and other high-tech devices . It is the second largest such company in the world. Huawei has its headquarters in Shenzhen, which became China’s first special economic zone in 1979. The Chinese technology company, which was founded about 20 years ago, has over 100,000 workers in all parts of the world, more than Microsoft. Most of the company is owned by its employees . Huawei started out in the rural areas in China. In those days most of the telecom contracts went to state-owned Chinese or foreign firms. As the company grew, it took hold of urban markets in big Chinese cities and in 1997 it expanded to other countries. Today, Huawei is the second biggest manufacturer of telecom equipment, after Ericsson. In 2011, annual sales is expected to be about $12 billion dollars and likely to get three times as high within the next ten years. Working for Huawei is something many young Chinese engineers and IT workers dream of. The 1.5 square km site has modern apartments that can be rented, its own hospital, restaurants and bars where employees can go to in their free time. For Chinese standards workers are well-paid. Although Huawei has been concentrating on making telecom parts and whole networks, the company is also looking into other industries in an attempt to diversify and grow. At Shenzhen engineers are experimenting on new forms of video conferencing, a branch that is expanding rapidly . The Chinese hi-tech giant is also starting to produce cloudbased hardware and computers that work out of the box . Even though Huawei is one of the world leaders in producing mobile phone parts it is also pushing into the consumer market with its own brand of computers, tablets and smartphones. So far Huawei has failed to reach the American market because of security reasons. The American government thinks it has connections with the Chinese military and is afraid it will spy on the American public Question 1: Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as a service or product that Huawei provides? A. mobile phone parts B. high-tech devices C. telecommunications network equiment D. software development Question 2: The word “expanded” in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ________. A. contracted B. enlarged C. advanced D. diversified Question 3: The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to ________. A. Huawei B. a state-owned firm C. a foreign firm D. a telecom contract Question 4: The word “diversify” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by ________. A. vary B. specialize C. stagnate D. focus Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? A. Working for Huawei is an ideal job for many young Chinese. B. Young engineers find it difficult to work at Huawei. C. Many young Chinese engineers dislike working for Huawei. D. Working conditions at Huawei are tough for young workers. TRANG 56 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about Huawei’s employees? A. Most of them are foreign workers. B. They are mostly based in rural areas. C. They have a stake in the company. D. They do not receive high salaries. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention Huawei’s efforts to enter the consumer electronics market? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer highlight the headquarters of Huawei? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV] One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers. Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable. In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022). Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive. (Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Lifelong learning encourages individuals to embrace new skills and knowledge throughout their lives. TRANG 57 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "self-motivated pursuit" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ____. A. external pressure to learn C. obligatory education B. voluntary quest for knowledge D. structured learning environment Question 11. The word "it" in paragraph 5 refers to ____. A. lifelong learning C. personal development B. employability D. individual responsibility Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of lifelong learning? A. Keeping skills relevant C. Guaranteeing job security B. Enhancing employability D. Adapting to technological changes Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Lifelong learning fosters a sense of achievement and supports brain health. B. Engaging in continuous education leads to job security and career growth. C. Learning can be enjoyable but does not affect emotional well-being. D. Pursuing knowledge is solely beneficial for professional success. Question 14. The word "enriching" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. dull B. rewarding C. tiring D. irrelevant Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Lifelong learning mainly supports academic performance. B. It has no impact on professional career paths.: no impact là sai: C. Continuous learning fosters mental health and connection. D. Employers play no role in supporting lifelong education. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. External support is essential for lifelong learning initiatives. B. Lifelong learning should be self-managed by individuals. C. Employers should prioritize in-house training over external programs. D. Continuous learning relies mainly on personal efforts. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Lifelong learning is only applicable in educational institutions. B. Lifelong learning leads to higher life satisfaction and resilience. C. Continuous education guarantees career advancement. D. Job markets remain unaffected by ongoing education. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? TRANG 58 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Lifelong education mainly focuses on vocational training and skill enhancement to meet the current job market demands. B. Lifelong education should only take place in formal educational settings and has little impact once formal schooling is completed. C. Lifelong learning is necessary only for enhancing work capabilities and developing professional skills in certain industries. D. Lifelong learning provides personal and professional benefits, with support from institutions essential for success. Đề 18 Yoga is a healthy lifestyle. One of the benefits of yoga is that you can choose a yoga style that is suitable for your lifestyle, such as hot yoga, power yoga, relaxation yoga, etc. If you are a yoga beginner, Hatha Yoga, which focuses on basic postures at a comfortable pace, would be great for you. If you want to increase strength through using more of your own body’s resistance, Power Yoga may be right for you. Whether you prefer you're at home, in a private session, watching a DVD or at a studio or gym, there are a huge variety of options available to suit your goals and needs. Improved flexibility is one of the first and most obvious benefits of yoga. During your first class, you probably won’t be able to touch your toes. But if you stick with it, you’ll notice a gradual loosening, and eventually, seemingly impossible poses will become possible. Each of the yoga poses is built to reinforce the muscles around the spine, the very center of your body, which is the core from which everything else operates. When the core is working properly, posture is improved, thus alleviating back, shoulder, and neck pain. Strong muscles do more than look good. They also protect us from conditions like arthritis and back pain, and help prevent falls in elderly people. And when you build strength through yoga, you balance it with flexibility. If you just went to the gym and lifted weights, you might build strength at the expense of flexibility. Yoga gets your blood flowing. More specifically, the relaxation exercises you learn in yoga can help your circulation, especially in your hands and feet. Yoga also gets more oxygen to your cells, which function better as a result. Twisting poses are thought to wring out venous blood from internal organs and allow oxygenated blood to flow in once the twist is released. Many studies found that a consistent yoga practice improved depression and led to greater levels of happiness and better immune function. (Adapted from https://www.anahana.com/en/yoga/yoga) Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the benefits of yoga? A. increased flexibility B. improved blood circulation C. better social skills D. enhanced immune function Question 2: The word reinforce in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. weaken B. stretch C. soften D. tighten Question 3: The word They in paragraph 3 refers to: A. Conditions B. Strong muscles C. Elderly people D. Falls Question 4: The word session in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by: TRANG 59 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. incident B. class C. meeting D. event Question 5: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. All yoga styles require an advanced level of fitness. B. Yoga can help reduce shoulder and neck pain. C. Flexibility is the only benefit of yoga. D. Depression is unrelated to yoga practice. Question 6: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Twisting poses are harmful as they reduce blood flow to the organs. B. Twisting poses only benefit blood flow when done in moderation. C. Twisting poses block blood flow and cause tension in the organs. D. Twisting poses may help remove old blood from organs and bring in fresh blood. Question 7: In which paragraph does the author discuss how yoga can improve mental health and immunity? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the author describe the types of yoga suitable for different goals? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. (I)The term “latent heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. (II) We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. (III) We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime, they will dry faster than in winter, when the temperature is lower. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat - supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. (IV) It is stored as vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to pin down this proportion of the Sun’s energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large - scale winds. Or it can be TRANG 60 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere. (Adapted from civilserviceguide.com > topics > reading-comprehension…) Question 9: Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit? “The process of converting liquid water into vapor requires significant amounts of energy.” A. (I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 10: The phrase " pin down " in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by: A. turn out B. work out C. put by D. take in Question 11: The word "it" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. square meter B. the Sun’s energy C. latent heat D. the atmosphere Question 12: Which of the following is NOT a factor in the transportation of heat from the tropics? A. large-scale winds B. ocean currents C. latent heat stored in the atmosphere D. strong oceanic tides Question 13: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 1? A. Heat from the equator is transported by winds and ocean currents to higher latitudes, and some is stored as latent heat. B. Latent heat is the only method of heat transfer from the equator to the poles. C. The evaporation of water only happens in summer and this help to transport heat to the equator. D. Heat storage in the atmosphere can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere. Question 14: The word "evaporate" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. solidify B. liquefy C. condense D. vaporize Question 15: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Latent heat only occurs in tropical regions. B. 30 percent of the Sun’s incoming energy is stored as latent heat. C. Heat cannot be stored in the atmosphere. D. Winds and ocean currents do not affect heat transportation. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence? A. The energy is consumed during the process of evaporation. B. The energy used to convert water to vapor disappears from the system. C. Heat from the equator moves toward the middle and high latitudes due to its tendency to expand and flow. D. Evaporation uses energy that is lost once water turns into vapor. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Latent heat plays a key role in the Earth's climate system. B. Water evaporation happens at the same rate, regardless of the season. TRANG 61 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Heat transportation primarily occurs at lower latitudes. D. Scientists have found no way to measure heat energy in the atmosphere. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Heat from the tropics is transported to higher latitudes by wind and ocean currents. B. Heat from the tropics moves in only one direction, from the equator to the poles. C. Water vapor plays a minor role in heat transportation within the atmosphere. D. Latent heat and winds are the main mechanisms for transporting energy across the globe. Đề 19 In the near future, technology is expected to bring about significant changes to how we lead our lives. One of the most notable shifts will be the way we keep up with the rapid pace of technological advancements. With smart homes and autonomous vehicles, our daily routines will increasingly depend on sophisticated systems designed to make our lives easier. For example, smart assistants will look out for our needs, such as ordering groceries, adjusting room temperatures, or even scheduling doctor’s appointments. Another major development will be in communication. Today, we already use video calls to stay in touch with friends and family across the globe, but the future promises even more immersive experiences. Virtual reality could allow us to hang out with people in virtual spaces, regardless of where they physically are. As a result, geographical barriers will become less relevant, creating a more connected and global society. Healthcare is also likely to transform. Advances in artificial intelligence will enable doctors to look after patients more efficiently, diagnosing diseases earlier and prescribing personalized treatments. These changes may extend our lifespan and improve our quality of life. Additionally, breakthroughs in renewable energy will play a key role in sustaining our future. With green energy sources, such as solar and wind power, we can cut down on harmful emissions and move toward a more sustainable planet. While these advancements sound exciting, they also bring challenges. As technology becomes more integrated into our lives, we must be careful to ensure privacy and security. We need to watch out for potential risks, like data breaches and the misuse of personal information. With thoughtful planning, however, the future holds great promise for improving the way we live, work, and interact with the world. Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of our needs that smart assistants will look out for in the future? A. ordering groceries B. adjusting room temperatures C. preparing meals for kids in the nursery D. scheduling doctor’s appointments Question 2: The word " notable " in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. slow B. easy C. inaccurate D. insignificant Question 3: The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. experiences B. people C. calls D. geographical barriers Question 4: The word "breakthroughs" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: A. failures B. discoveries C. experiments D. complications Question 5: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? TRANG 62 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Geographical barriers will become more significant in the future. B. Advances in healthcare may help people live longer. C. Smart assistants will replace doctors in the future. D. Privacy and security will be less important as technology advances. Question 6: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. We need to focus on privacy and security as technology plays a bigger role in our lives. B. Technology will eventually take over privacy and security issues in our lives. C. Privacy and security will no longer be concerns as technology advances. D. Privacy and security will decrease as technology advances. Question 7: In which paragraph does the passage discuss the role of smart assistants in daily life? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the passage mention renewable energy sources? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about the Restoration Story of Carnegie Hall and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Carnegie Hall, which is a famous concert hall in New York City, has again undergone a restoration. While this is not the first, it is certainly the most extensive in the building’s history. As a result of this new restoration, Carnegie Hall once again has the quality of sound that it had when it was first built. Carnegie Hall owes its existence to Andrew Carnegie, the wealthy owner of a steel company in the late 1800s. (I)The hall was finished in 1891 and quickly gained a reputation as an excellent performing arts hall where accomplished musicians made a name for themselves. (II) Despite its reputation, the concert hall suffered from several detrimental renovations over the years. (III) During the Great Depression, when fewer people could afford to attend performances, the directors sold part of the building to commercial businesses. (IV) As a result, a coffee shop was opened in one corner of the building, for which the builders replaced the brick and terra cotta walls with windowpanes. A renovation in 1946 seriously damaged the acoustical quality of the hall when the makers of the film Carnegie Hall cut a gaping hole in the dome of the ceiling to allow for lights and air vents. The hole was later covered with short curtains and a fake ceiling, but the hall never sounded the same afterwards. In 1960, the violinist Isaac Stem became involved in restoring the hall after a group of real estate developers unveiled plans to demolish Carnegie Hall and build a high-rise office building on the site. This threat spurred Stem to rally public support for Carnegie Hall and encourage the City of New York to buy the property. The movement was successful, and the concert hall is now owned by the city. In the current restoration, builders tested each new material for its sound qualities, and they replaced the hole in the ceiling with a dome. The builders also restored the outer walls to their original appearance and closed the coffee shop. Carnegie has never sounded better, and its prospects for the future have never looked more promising TRANG 63 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 9: Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit? "These renovations, for various reasons, ultimately compromised its renowned acoustics." A. (I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 10. Which of the following is NOT a change made to Carnegie Hall over the years? A. replacing brick walls with windowpanes B. adding a fake ceiling in the dome C. building a new high-rise office on the site D. opening a coffee shop in one corner of the building Question 11. The word " rally " in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. reunite B. disperse C. gather D. distract Question 12. The word " they " in paragraph 3 refers to: A. sound qualities B. developers C. builders D. outer walls Question 13. The word " made a name for themselves " in the last paragraph could best be replaced by: A. got their real name B. received a lot of support from audience C. gained fame D. were recognized as talented artists Question 14. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The original appearance of the walls was preserved in all restorations. B. The city of New York currently owns Carnegie Hall. C. The ceiling was restored to improve the building's lighting. D. Carnegie Hall has always maintained its original acoustics. Question 15. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? A. The restoration has given Carnegie Hall the same level of sound quality as when it was originally constructed. B. The sound quality of Carnegie Hall has improved beyond what it was when first built. C. Carnegie Hall's restoration has changed its sound quality completely. D. After the restoration, Carnegie Hall’s sound quality has deteriorated from its original state. Question 16. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Isaac Stern successfully persuaded real estate developers to stop demolishing Carnegie Hall. B. A group of developers attempted to purchase Carnegie Hall but ultimately failed. C. Isaac Stern led a movement to save Carnegie Hall, resulting in its purchase by the City of New York. D. The City of New York decided to build a new performing arts center to replace TRANG 64 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Carnegie Hall. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Andrew Carnegie was directly involved in the recent restoration of Carnegie Hall. B. The hall is only well-preserved when taken over by the state. C. The acoustics of Carnegie Hall have been unchanged since its original construction. D. Isaac Stern contributed financially to the restoration of Carnegie Hall. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Carnegie Hall has undergone numerous changes, but the recent restoration has restored its original quality and secured its future. B. Carnegie Hall was nearly destroyed during the Great Depression but was saved by the City of New York. C. Isaac Stern’s involvement led to Carnegie Hall's purchase by the City of New York and improved its financial stability. D. The original construction and restoration of Carnegie Hall have always focused on preserving its historical design. Đề 20 Over the past few decades, the term ‘Hallyu’, which translates to “Korean Wave”, has made its way to the global stage. The rapid growth of the Hallyu market owes its success to meticulously crafted domestic cultural strategies and unwavering government support. Following the Asian financial crisis in 1997, President Kim Dae-jung envisioned a national cultural strategy to revive the economy. Since then, South Korea’s cultural industry has been on an upward tendency. Amongst the latest ranking of most-subscribed-to YouTube accounts, BLACKPINK secures the global top spot of artists, followed by BTS in second place and Justin Bieber in third place. The exportation of cultural industries vividly showcases the escalating influence of Hallyu, now a trump card for South Korea in improving its soft power. BLACKPINK’s recent presence at Buckingham Palace is not the first time South Korean idol groups have stepped onto the diplomatic stage. Thanks to the huge fan base and influence of these groups, they have become a common sight before foreign affairs visits and leader summits. Back in May 2022, BTS held an audience with US President Joe Biden at the White House, discussing matters concerning anti-Asian hate and racial discrimination. According to the ‘2021 National Image Survey’ by the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism, a striking 80.5% of foreigners positively evaluated South Korea’s national image. Undoubtedly, the Hallyu wave molds South Korea’s national image on their political and cultural fronts. (Adapted from https://uclpimedia.com) TRANG 65 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the popularity of Hallyu? A. The influence of South Korean idol groups worldwide B. The increase in foreign investment in South Korea C. The support from the South Korean government D. The cultural strategies implemented in South Korea Question 2. The word "unwavering" in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. inconsistent B. strong C. persistent D. durable Question 3. What does the word “they” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. foreign leaders B. Korean idol groups C. Korean diplomats D. South Korean citizens Question 4. The phrase "soft power" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ______. A. economic strength B. cultural impact C. military capability D. political pressure Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph1? A. The success of the Hallyu market comes from careful planning and consistent backing from the South Korean government. B. The Hallyu market grew quickly due to international strategies and the influence of Korean celebrities. C. The Hallyu market expanded because of increased interest from the global community and government partnerships. D. The rise of Hallyu is mainly due to government support without any domestic cultural planning. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. BLACKPINK was the first South Korean idol group to attend an event at Buckingham Palace. B. BTS discussed anti-Asian hate and racial discrimination with Joe Biden at the White House. C. The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism conducted a survey in 2022 about the country's national image. D. Only 20% of foreigners have a positive view of South Korea’s national image. Question 7. In which paragraph is the impact of Hallyu on diplomatic relations discussed? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 66 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 8. In which paragraph is Hallyu mentioned as a factor in enhancing South Korea's soft power? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about studying abroad and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Successful students often do the followings while studying. First, they have an overview before reading. Next, they look for important information and pay greater attention to it (which often needs jumping forward or backward to process information). They also relate important points to one another. Also, they activate and use their prior knowledge. When they realize that their understanding is not good, they do not wait to change strategies. Last, they can monitor understanding and take action to correct or “fix up” mistakes in comprehension. Conversely, students with low academic achievement often demonstrate ineffective study skills. [I] They tend to assume a passive role in learning and rely on others (e.g., teachers, parents) to monitor their studying. [II] For example, low-achieving students often do not monitor their understanding of content; they may not be aware of the purpose of studying; and they show little evidence of looking back or employing “fix-up” strategies to fix understanding problems. [III] Students who struggle with learning new information seem to be unaware that they must extend effort beyond simply reading the content to understand and remember it. [IV] Children with learning disabilities do not plan and judge the quality of their studying. Their studying may be disorganized. Students with learning problems face challenges with personal organization as well. They often have difficulty keeping track of materials and assignments, following directions, and completing work on time. Unlike good studiers who employ a variety of study skills in a flexible yet purposeful manner, low-achieving students use a restricted range of study skills. They cannot explain why good study strategies are important for learning; and they tend to use the same, often ineffective study approach for all learning tasks, ignoring task content, structure or difficulty. (Source: Adapted from Study Skills: Managing Your Learning — NUI Galway) Question 9. Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit? This lack of initiative often leads to poor comprehension and retention of information. TRANG 67 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase fix-up in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by_________. A. problem-solving B. learning disabilities C. studying challenges D. content understanding Question 11. The word ‘They’ in the 1st paragraph refers to ______ A. Teachers B. Low-achieving students C. High-achieving students D. Children with learning disabilities Question 12. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT MENTIONED about children with learning disabilities? A. They lack the ability to organize their study materials. B. They often fail to follow directions and complete work on time. C. They do not know how to manage stress effectively. D. They use the same study approach for different types of tasks. Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 2? A. Difficulties in remembering information B. Some common habits among low-achieving students C. How high-achieving students use prior knowledge D. Study methods used in the classroom Question 14. Which word below is opposite in meaning to “ineffective”? A. purposeful B. organized C. efficient D. Flexible Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE about students with low academic achievement, according to the passage? A. They have a variety of effective study skills for different learning tasks. B. They frequently check their understanding while studying. C. They rely on others to help them monitor their studying. D. They understand the purpose of employing good study strategies. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2: A. Students with learning difficulties find it hard to focus on their studies. B. Students who have trouble learning new material don’t realize that understanding and remembering it requires more than just reading. C. Struggling students often spend a lot of time re-reading the content. D. Understanding complex content is difficult for students with low achievement. TRANG 68 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. All low-achieving students struggle with personal organization B. High-achieving students do not need others to supervise their studying C. Students with learning disabilities can easily remember information compared to others D. High-achieving students often ask teachers for help to study better Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Successful students use flexible and purposeful study skills to enhance understanding, while students with low academic achievement struggle with ineffective study strategies and organization. B. Students with low academic achievement often receive the support they need from teachers and parents to develop effective study skills. C. Only children with learning disabilities face challenges with organization and effective study habits. D. High-achieving students are more focused on completing assignments on time, while low-achieving students prefer reading content repeatedly Đề 21 Smart Growth Recently, experts have tried to curb the spread of suburban sprawl, or at least create urban areas that are developed more purposefully. This is known as "smart growth." City planners create communities that are designed for more walking and less dependency on cars. Some developers recover old communities in downtown urban areas, rather than develop the next piece of farmland or wilderness. U.S. states such as Oregon are passing laws to prevent unplanned urban sprawl. They have created boundaries around cities that limit the growth of development. Officials have created laws stating that the minimum size of a plot of land is 32 hectares (80 acres). This is to prevent developers from creating suburban communities. An 80-acre plot of land is financially impractical for a single-family home! Other smart-growth communities are creating new types of development. Some have large amounts of undeveloped "green space," organic farms, and lakes. Urban areas typically drain the water from rain and snow, which cannot collect in the paved-over grounD. Rather than use drainage pipes and ditches, smart-growth communities create wetlands designed to filter storm runoff. More city planners are developing urban areas by considering their geography. Engineers construct buildings that integrate seamlessly with the surrounding environment, drawing upon natural resources. White roofs, for example, reflect the sun's rays and lower the cost of air conditioning. Homebuilders in urban areas as diverse as Los TRANG 69 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Angeles, California, U.S., and the island communities of Greece create homes and businesses with white plaster or tile roofs for this reason. There is also a move toward preserving and maintaining more green areas and planting more trees in urban areas. Landscape designers often consult with city planners to incorporate parks with development. [Adapted from National Geographic] Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a feature of smart growth? A. Promoting walking instead of driving B. Revitalizing old neighborhoods C. Increasing housing prices D. Preserving green spaces Question 2: The word “curb” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________. A. control B. encourage C. limit D. restrict Question 3: The phrase "financially impractical" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by __________. A. too suitable B. too costly C. easily affordable D. very reasonable Question 4: The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ___________. A. planners B. officials C. U.S. states D. urban areas Question 5: Which of the following is NOT TRUE, according to paragraphs 2 and 3? A. The government restricts development in suburban areas by increasing the requirements for building houses. B. The government wants people to build houses of at least 80 acres to reduce the cost burden and limit land use. C. The states encourage residents to develop housing in already developed areas. D. They have created new technologies to address the issue of rainwater accumulation on paved surfaces. Question 6: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. The rapid growth gradually leads people toward using natural energy sources and sustainable structures instead of artificial constructions B. Over time, people have consistently built structures that integrate with the natural environment and efficiently make use of natural energy sources. C. Structures are optimally designed to blend with the natural environment while effectively utilizing available natural resources D. Engineers have created impressive structures that integrate with nature, efficiently using available resources alongside advanced human technology. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention the laws created to prevent urban sprawl? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer explain how smart growth communities manage stormwater? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about climate change and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. TRANG 70 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Climate change refers to the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. This phenomenon is largely driven by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, which increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They trap heat from the sun, leading to global warming and causing severe weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, to become more frequent and intense. Climate change impacts nearly every region of the world and affects the natural environment, economies, and human health. As temperatures rise, polar ice caps and glaciers are melting at alarming rates, contributing to rising sea levels. Coastal regions face an increased risk of flooding, and many low-lying islands are at risk of disappearing entirely. Additionally, higher temperatures lead to the warming of oceans, affecting marine ecosystems and causing coral bleaching, which threatens biodiversity and the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on fishing. [I] The consequences of climate change are not just environmental; they also affect human society in significant ways. [II] Changes in weather patterns disrupt agriculture, leading to crop failures and food shortages in vulnerable regions. [III] Furthermore, climate change is linked to health issues such as respiratory diseases, heat strokes, and the spread of diseases carried by insects, like malaria and dengue fever. [IV] To combat climate change, a coordinated global effort is necessary. Governments, organizations, and individuals all have roles to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices. Shifting to renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydropower, is essential. Additionally, conserving forests and investing in technology that captures carbon dioxide from the atmosphere can help mitigate the effects of climate change and pave the way for a healthier planet. Question 9: Where in paragraph 3 does the following sentence best fit? "These impacts have far-reaching consequences that extend beyond environmental damage." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The phrase "pave the way for" in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by ________. A. stand in the way of B. block progress to C. prepare a path toward D. add complexity to Question 11: The word "They" in paragraph 1 refers to ________. A. severe weather events B. greenhouse gases C. fossil fuels D. human activities Question 12: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of climate change in the passage? A. An increase in the frequency of extreme weather events B. Sea-level rise significantly impacting coastal communities C. Health issues related to rising temperatures D. The disappearance of various animal species due to climate change Question 13: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4? A. Only by transitioning to renewable energy sources can we successfully combat climate change, without relying on the efforts of individuals or governments. B. Climate change is largely driven by natural processes, implying that addressing this issue is a global responsibility rather than one for individuals or governments. TRANG 71 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Successfully addressing climate change requires personal responsibility, community action, and government regulations focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. D. The fight against climate change heavily depends on government actions, while public involvement and individual changes play a minimal role. Question 14: The word "consequences" in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ________. A. causes B. signification C. solutions D. outcome Question 15: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Climate change significantly affects both the environment and human society in a few regions around the world. B. Government efforts aim solely to address the impacts of climate change on human health. C. Protecting forests and advancing technology can completely reduce the effects of climate change. D. The phenomenon of global warming negatively impacts the livelihoods of fishermen in coastal areas. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. If reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices is a common role, then both the government and individuals must take action. B. Because the government, organizations, and individuals work closely together, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced and sustainable practices are promoted. C. If the government and organizations join hands, then reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices will be more effective. D. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices is a shared responsibility of the government, organizations, and individuals. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Coral bleaching is a natural phenomenon that commonly occurs in coastal areas when ocean temperatures decrease due to climate change. B. Almost all diseases today are a result of climate change, with respiratory diseases, malaria, and dengue fever becoming increasingly prevalent. C. Climate change mainly affects urban centers and coastal regions while leaving rural areas unaffected. D. Unemployment and food insecurity are consequences of the impact of climate change on people in coastal areas and rural. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Solutions to mitigate the causes of global warming are being promoted to address its impacts on the economy. B. Climate change is a significant global issue caused by human activities, affecting various aspects of the environment and society, and requiring coordinated efforts to prevent its escalation. C. The impacts of climate change are evident in most regions, causing serious consequences for the global ecosystem as a whole, and measures are needed to mitigate global warming. TRANG 72 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật D. Investing in modern technologies to develop scientific measures aimed at reducing the risks of natural disasters caused by global warming for humanity is one of the best approaches. Đề 22 It's a widely held belief that cities harm the environment. For this reason, many developing countries have imposed restrictions on the movement of people from rural to urban areas and on the size of large cities. But there are problems with this viewpoint. Urbanization that is properly controlled can benefit the environment in a number of ways. First, urbanization is a highly productive force due to the combination of economies of scale and positive externalities. Over 5.5 times as much is produced in Asia's cities as in its rural areas. Urban agglomeration makes it possible to use fewer resources to produce the same amount of work as non-urban areas. Urbanization therefore reduces the environmental impact. Urbanization is necessary because the service sector depends on a concentration of clients. The growth of service industries, which typically generate less waste than manufacturing, is another environmentally beneficial aspect of urbanization. Second, for any given population, high urban density has no effect on the environment. According to urban economics studies, density is one of the most significant factors influencing energy consumption. In places with a high population density, public transportation may be more convenient and quicker. City dwellers are more likely to walk or ride a bike instead of drive. Third, the construction, upkeep, and operation of environmentally friendly public services and infrastructure, such as waste management, sanitation, and piped water, are considerably simpler and less expensive in urban areas. More people can now afford to use eco-friendly facilities and services thanks to urbanization. Fourth, urbanization is driving the development of new technologies, including ecofriendly ones. Eco-friendly vehicles, utilities, and equipment are essential to the green economy's long-term survival. Asia's enormous market will support green innovations in cities because the region's enormous population will provide entrepreneurs with many incentives and opportunities to invest in the development of energy-efficient products. Last but not least, the improved standard of living brought about by urbanization has improved access to housing, food, healthcare, and education. Cities with more residents can invest more in infrastructure, which reduces traffic and improves public health. Urbanization fosters proenvironmental attitudes, especially among middle-class property owners, which greatly aid in the introduction and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations. TRANG 73 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Any expanding city will inevitably incur expenses. People are moving in large numbers to Asian cities, and many companies have opened offices there to capitalize on this trend. Examples of industrial operations that contribute to urban sprawl and harm the environment include the generation of electricity, transportation, construction, trash, and waste disposal. Both the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization should be taken into account when assessing its effects on the environment. Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a positive effects of properly managed urbanization A. A highly effective force B. The environment C. Public services D. Education Question 2: The word “essential” in paragraph 4 is opposite in meaning to________. A. dispensable B. disorganized C. disproportionate D. discontent Question 3: The word “which” in paragraph 4 refers to_________________. A. cities B. housing C. infrastructure D. education Question 4: The word “convenient” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by_________? A. awkward B. serviceable C. recreational D. amicable Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? A. Urban areas require more resources to achieve the same level of productivity as rural areas. B. Urbanization leads to increased resource consumption while maintaining productivity levels. C. Non-urban areas are more efficient in resource usage than urban settings. D. Urban concentration allows for more efficient use of resources to generate equivalent output compared to rural regions. Question 6: Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the passage? A. In terms of net benefit, the service sector is negative. B. When city life becomes the norm for most people, we say that there has been urbanization. TRANG 74 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Sustainable development for the environment can be achieved through forward-thinking technology. D. Negative impacts of urbanization on the natural world are irreversible. Question 7: Which of the following does the writer mention about the opportunity for investing in energy-efficient products? A. Paragraph 2 B. Paragraph 4 C. Paragraph 1 D. Paragraph 5 Question 8: Which of the following does the writer mention about element impacting power usage? A. Paragraph 4 B. Paragraph 1 C. Paragraph 2 D. Paragraph 3 Read the following passage about the CULTURAL DIVERSITY and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Belgium features a fascinating mix of ancient traditions and contemporary legislation, showcasing the country’s rich history. [II]. In Belgium, the families of the bride and groom each pitch in by providing a sheet of paper for the wedding invitations, in line with a longstanding tradition. [III] The wedding invitations symbolize the new partnership and the merging of the two families. [IV] In an old Belgian tradition meant to bring the two families closer together, the bride would pause halfway down the aisle to give her mother a solitary flower. They hold each other's arms. The newlyweds then make their way to the groom's mother-in-law during the recessional, where the bride presents her with a solitary flower as a token of her affection. As a sign of the bride's acceptance of her new mother, they embrace. Carrying a uniquely embroidered handkerchief bearing the bride's name is one of the most significant and long-standing customs of the Belgian wedding. This handkerchief will be framed and displayed in a special spot after the wedding. Before each subsequent female member of the bride's family is married, the handkerchief is taken out of its frame, embroidered with the name of the new bride, and then passed down through the generations. A bridal handkerchief is a treasured memento that is passed down through the generations. There are two big chairs placed near the altar where the bride and groom sit during the wedding mass, representing their throne as king and queen for the day and the location. As TRANG 75 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật the ceremony comes to a close, the groom places the wedding ring on the third finger of the bride's left hand. Because it is a circle, the ring represents love that knows no bounds, and the third finger of the left hand represents love because it is thought to hold the vein that goes to the heart. Soon after the wedding, the newlyweds kiss for the first time as husband and wife. Because each partner takes a breath of their new spouse's spirit, the kiss is a metaphor for the couple's spiritual union. Traditionally, as the bride and husband leave the church, the bridesmaids gather a handful of pennies and then scatter them among the less fortunate outside. The happy couple might increase their chances of financial success by donating to charity. A honeymoon is for the newlyweds after the wedding. Honey wine, or mead, was traditionally drunk during the 28-day honeymoon, which corresponds to one lunar cycle, in ancient times. The purpose of this was to prevent the bride's relatives from attempting to reclaim their daughter from her husband. Question 9: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? Marriages in Belgium can take place as either civil or religious ceremonies A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The phrase“pitch in” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by________. A. Give up B. Turn down C. Take off D. Help out Question 11: The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to____________. A. Two families B. The newlyweds C. The bride and her mother-in-law D. The bride and her mother Question 12: According to paragraph 2, which of the things is TRUE as a factor that brings the two families closer together? A. wedding invitations B. a single flower C. big chairs D. the handkerchief Question 13: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3? A. The bridal handkerchief is an important family heirloom in Belgian weddings, symbolizing a tradition of passing down names through generations. TRANG 76 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật B. The handkerchief is often used by bridesmaids during the wedding ceremony for practical purposes. C. The bridal handkerchief is a simple accessory that serves no particular purpose during the wedding. D. The tradition of using a handkerchief in Belgian weddings is a recent development without much historical significance. Question 14: The word “scatter” in paragraph 5 is OPPOSITE in meaning to_______. A. compose B. assemble C. regret D. vegetate Question 15: According to the paragraph, what is TRUE about the wedding ring? A. The bride's right hand has it adorned on the third finger. B. At the start of the ceremony, the groom puts on the ring that belonged to his partner. C. The couple's limitless love is symbolized by the ring. D. Both their nation's queen and king present the ring to them. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 6? A. Celebrating the rich history of traditional Belgian weddings and the customs that have developed around them. B. The elaborate traditions associated with traditional Belgian marriages make this event captivating. C. It illustrates the distinction between contemporary and traditional wedding ceremonies in Belgium. D. The objective was to deter the bride's family from seeking to retrieve their daughter from her spouse. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. The tradition of the bridal handkerchief symbolizes a connection between generations of women in the bride's family. TRANG 77 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật B. Belgian weddings are centered around religious traditions with little emphasis on family customs. C. The honeymoon in Belgium is primarily meant to strengthen the couple's financial standing. D. The wedding ceremony in Belgium always involves only religious rites, never civil ones. Question 18: Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. Belgian weddings are primarily focused on the couple's love, with little emphasis on family or tradition. B. The passage mainly discusses the history of Belgium's legislation regarding marriage and its impact on modern weddings. C. Weddings in Belgium are solely religious ceremonies that do not involve civil aspects or family traditions. D. The passage describes various traditions and customs associated with Belgian weddings, highlighting the importance of family, symbols of love, and a mix of civil and religious ceremonies. Đề 23 Gender equality is a vital aspect of human rights that emphasizes the equal treatment and opportunities for individuals, regardless of their gender. This principle is crucial for creating a just and equitable society where everyone can thrive. Despite significant progress in recent decades, gender inequality remains a pressing issue worldwide, affecting various aspects of life, including education, employment, and health. One of the key areas where gender inequality is evident is in the workplace. Women often face barriers to career advancement, receiving lower salaries than their male counterparts for similar roles. This pay gap is not just a statistic; it impacts families and communities, perpetuating cycles of poverty and limiting economic growth. Initiatives aimed at closing the gender pay gap are essential, but they require collective effort from governments, businesses, and individuals alike. In education, disparities also exist. While more girls are attending school than ever before, they are often encouraged to pursue traditionally feminine fields, such as teaching or nursing, rather than STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) careers. This TRANG 78 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật limitation restricts their potential and undermines the diversity needed in these critical sectors. Encouraging girls to explore all fields of study is essential for fostering innovation and equality. Moreover, societal norms and stereotypes play a significant role in perpetuating gender inequality. Many cultures still uphold the belief that certain roles are inherently suited for men or women, leading to discrimination and violence against those who defy these norms. Addressing these societal attitudes is vital for achieving true gender equality. Campaigns that challenge stereotypes and promote positive role models can help shift perceptions and create a more inclusive environment. Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an aspect affected by gender inequality? A. Education B. Health C. Employment D. Housing Question 2: The word “advancement” in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to______. A. Promotion B. Stagnation C. Improvement D. Growth Question 3: The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to________. A. The workplace B. Gender inequality C. The pay gap D. Career advancement Question 4: The word “disparities” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by_________. A. Similarities B. Differences C. Advantages D. Opportunities Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined in paragraph 4? A. In many societies, there is a strong belief that specific jobs are meant for men or women, which results in unfair treatment and harm to those who challenge these views. B. Numerous cultures believe that only men or women can perform certain jobs, causing conflict and aggression toward those who oppose these ideas. C. Many societies maintain the idea that specific roles fit men or women, resulting in prejudice and hostility toward those who do not conform. D. Various cultures persist in thinking that particular occupations are designated for men or women, leading to bias and violence against individuals who resist these expectations. TRANG 79 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 6: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Gender equality has been fully achieved in all aspects of life. B. All girls are encouraged to pursue STEM careers. C. Women face challenges in advancing their careers compared to men. D. Societal norms have no impact on gender inequality. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention a gender inequality in the workplace? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 3 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 2 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer mention an effort to eliminate gender inequality? A. Paragraph 2 B. Paragraph 3 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 1 Read the following passage about the Exploring The Universe and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Science is a vast and fascinating field that seeks to understand the natural world and the universe beyond[I]. It encompasses various disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy[II]. Each of these areas contributes to our understanding of complex phenomena, [III]. For instance, scientific research has led to significant breakthroughs in medicine, renewable energy, and environmental conservation[IV]. In this essay, we will explore the impact of science on our lives, particularly focusing on space exploration. One of the most intriguing aspects of science is space exploration. Humans have always looked to the stars, wondering what lies beyond our planet. The launch of satellites and manned missions has allowed us to gather valuable information about the cosmos. For example, NASA's Mars Rover has provided insight into the potential for life on other planets. Through meticulous research and data collection, scientists can analyze soil samples and atmospheric conditions, paving the way for future explorations. Space exploration also raises critical questions about our existence and the future of humanity. As we continue to advance technologically, the prospect of colonizing other planets becomes more plausible. This endeavor could serve as a solution to the challenges we face on TRANG 80 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Earth, such as overpopulation and resource depletion. However, ethical considerations must guide these efforts. We must ensure that we do not repeat the mistakes of history, such as the exploitation of natural resources and indigenous populations. Moreover, scientific advancements have enabled us to develop technologies that enhance our understanding of the universe. Telescopes and space probes allow us to observe distant galaxies, study black holes, and uncover the mysteries of dark matter. Each discovery leads to new questions, further fueling our curiosity and drive for knowledge. The concept of the multiverse, for instance, challenges our understanding of reality and pushes the boundaries of scientific thought. In addition to exploring the universe, science plays a crucial role in addressing pressing issues on Earth. Climate change, for example, is a significant concern that scientists are actively investigating. Through climate models and data analysis, researchers can predict future trends and propose solutions to mitigate the effects of global warming. Public awareness and education are essential in fostering a collective response to environmental challenges. As we reflect on the wonders of science, it is clear that its contributions extend far beyond mere knowledge acquisition. Science empowers us to make informed decisions about our health, environment, and future. By fostering a culture of curiosity and critical thinking, we can inspire future generations to continue exploring the unknown. Question 9: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? enabling advancements that improve our daily lives A. [III] B. [I] C. [IV] D. [II] Question 10: The phrase “paving the way” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by_______. A. opening up B. breaking down C. carrying over D. giving in Question 11: The word “these” in paragraph 3 refers to_________. A. The mistakes of history B. The challenges faced on Earth C. The technological advancements TRANG 81 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật D. The ethical considerations Question 12: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the essay? A. The role of telescopes in space exploration B. The invention of the internet C. Ethical considerations in colonizing other planets D. The challenges of climate change Question 13: The word “curiosity” in OPPOSITE in meaning to_______. A. Interest B. Knowledge C. Indifference D. Exploration Question 14: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Space exploration has no impact on our understanding of life on Earth. B. Curiosity has no role in scientific exploration. C. Ethical considerations are not important in space colonization efforts. D. Scientific research has led to advancements in medicine and environmental conservation. Question 15: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 5? A. Scientists are focused solely on space exploration and ignore Earth’s problems. B. Public awareness is not important for addressing environmental challenges. C. Researchers are primarily concerned with developing climate models without considering public education. D. Climate change is a pressing issue, and scientists are working to predict trends and find solutions. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 6? A. Science helps us gain knowledge about health and the environment. B. Science is only about understanding health and the environment. TRANG 82 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Science allows us to choose wisely regarding health, environmental issues, and our future. D. Science limits our ability to make choices about health and the future. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Science has little impact on daily life and decision-making. B. Public education and awareness are vital for addressing environmental issues. C. Ethical considerations are unimportant in the context of space exploration. D. Space exploration will completely solve Earth’s problems. Question 18: Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. Scientific research contributes to our understanding of the universe and addresses important issues on Earth, enhancing our lives and decision-making. B. Science is solely focused on space exploration and has little relevance to everyday life. C. The advancement of technology in space exploration guarantees the colonization of other planets. D. Climate change is the only challenge that science can help address in the modern world. Đề 24 FUTURE CAREER As technology rapidly advances and global challenges evolve, the landscape of future careers is undergoing significant transformation. Today's students must prepare for jobs that may not yet exist, requiring a blend of adaptability, creativity, and continuous learning. The traditional notion of a linear career path is becoming obsolete, replaced by the concept of a career portfolio where individuals may pursue multiple professions throughout their lives. Emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and biotechnology are expected to drive job creation in the coming decades. These sectors demand a strong foundation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines, coupled with critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, the importance of soft skills cannot be overstated. Emotional intelligence, communication, and cultural competence will be crucial in an increasingly interconnected global workforce. The gig economy and remote work are reshaping traditional employment models. Many future professionals may find themselves working as independent contractors or TRANG 83 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật freelancers, managing multiple projects simultaneously. This shift necessitates entrepreneurial skills, self-motivation, and the ability to navigate diverse work environments. Lifelong learning will be paramount in staying relevant in the job market. As automation and AI continue to evolve, routine tasks are likely to be automated, emphasizing the need for uniquely human skills such as creativity, empathy, and complex problemsolving. Professionals must be prepared to upskill and reskill throughout their careers to adapt to changing industry demands. While the future job market may seem uncertain, it also presents unprecedented opportunities for innovation and personal growth. By cultivating a growth mindset, embracing technological literacy, and developing a diverse skill set, today's students can position themselves for success in the dynamic career landscape of tomorrow. (https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future...) Question 1. The opposite of "obsolete" as used in the first paragraph would be: A. outdated B. unnecessary C. ancient D. advanced Question 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of future careers? A. the need for continuous learning B. the importance of adaptability C. the guarantee of job security D. the rise of the gig economy Question 3. Which of the following best paraphrases the last sentence of the passage? A. Students should focus solely on technological skills to succeed in the future job market B. The future job market is too uncertain to prepare for effectively C. Success in future careers requires a combination of adaptability, tech-savviness, and varied abilities D. Personal growth is more important than professional development in future careers Question 4. The word "paramount" in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to: A. optional B. secondary C. crucial D. irrelevant Question 5. The phrase "This shift" in the third paragraph refers to: A. The importance of soft skills B. The rise of STEM disciplines C. The reshaping of traditional employment models D. The need for a strong educational foundation Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. The concept of a linear career path is becoming more relevant in modern times. TRANG 84 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật B. Emotional intelligence and communication are less important in the gig economy. C. Lifelong learning is essential to stay competitive in the evolving job market. D. Automation and AI are reducing the need for uniquely human skills like creativity. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention the factors that influence future job creation? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer discuss the shift in traditional employment models? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about powering and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. TikTok is a popular social media app where people can create and share short videos [I]. It started in China in 2016 as Douyin [II]. The app is known for its easy-to-use tools that let users add music, effects, and filters to their videos [III]. People of all ages enjoy making and watching TikTok videos, which can be funny, educational, or creative [IV]. One of the reasons TikTok is so popular is because of its algorithm, which shows users videos that match their interests. When you open the app, you see a personalized feed called the "For You" page. This page is different for everyone and updates with new videos all the time. Users can also follow their favorite creators to see more of their content. TikTok has become a platform for trends and challenges. Many users participate in dance challenges, lip-syncing, and other viral activities. These trends can spread quickly, reaching millions of people in a short time. Because of this, TikTok has influenced music charts, fashion, and even language. Songs that go viral on TikTok often become hits on other platforms too. The app is also a space for education and advocacy. Many creators use TikTok to share knowledge about various topics, such as science, history, cooking, and fitness. Others use the platform to raise awareness about social issues and promote positive change. In addition to individual creators, many brands and businesses use TikTok for marketing. They create content to engage with their audience, often using popular trends and challenges to promote their products. However, TikTok has faced some criticism and challenges. Concerns about privacy and data security have led to scrutiny from governments. Despite these issues, TikTok still remains one of the most downloaded apps in the world. (Adapted from Bright) Question 9: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? But became TikTok when it launched internationally in 2018 TRANG 85 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The phrase match their interests in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______. A. ignore their preferences B. fit their needs C. oppose their opinions D. reduce their choices Question 11: The word their in paragraph 2 refers to ______. A. creators’ B. videos’ C. everyone’s D. users’ Question 12: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true about TikTok's algorithm? A. It personalizes the feed for each user. B. It updates with new videos frequently. C. It prohibits hot content from all creators. D. It helps users discover content they enjoy. Question 13: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3? A. TikTok trends often fail to gain popularity on other platforms. B. TikTok trends quickly influence music, fashion, and language. C. TikTok challenges are mainly focused on educational content. D. TikTok trends are limited to dance and lip-syncing music videos. Question 14: The word viral in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________. A. infectious B. unpopular C. famous D. catchy Question 15: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. TikTok’s algorithm shows the same content to all mobile users. B. Many creators use TikTok to share knowledge on various topics. C. TikTok trends rarely influence music or fashion outside the app. D. Brands avoid using TikTok for marketing due to privacy concerns. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Many creators use TikTok to share basic entertainment content. B. TikTok is mainly a platform for dance and music videos. TRANG 86 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Creators on TikTok can also share educational content. D. TikTok is used mostly for promotional and advertising purposes. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. TikTok’s growth continues despite facing criticism and challenges. C. TikTok’s popularity is declining gradually due to privacy concerns. B. TikTok’s influence on music and culture is limited to Southeast Asia. D. The algorithm of TikTok makes it difficult for trends to spread quickly. Question 18: Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. Although popular among the teenagers, TikTok is a platform known mainly for its privacy issues and lack of engaging content. B. TikTok's popularity is due entirely to its effective marketing strategies and brand collaborations because its contents are heavily criticised. C. Because of the trending content, TikTok is primarily focused on providing educational and beneficial content for its users. D. TikTok has become a significant platform for trends, education, and marketing, despite facing some criticism. Đề 25 Cultural diversity refers to the presence of multiple cultural groups and their practices within a society. It encompasses various aspects such as language, traditions, beliefs, and values. Embracing cultural diversity can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious society, where individuals appreciate and respect differences. This diversity enriches communities by introducing new perspectives, fostering creativity, and promoting mutual understanding. One significant benefit of cultural diversity is the exchange of ideas and knowledge. When people from different cultural backgrounds interact, they share their unique experiences and insights. This exchange can lead to innovative solutions and improvements in various fields such as science, art, and business. Moreover, cultural diversity can enhance social cohesion by encouraging people to work together and learn from one another. Education plays a crucial role in promoting cultural diversity. Schools and universities can create inclusive environments by incorporating diverse perspectives into their curricula and encouraging students to engage with different cultures. By doing so, educational institutions help students develop a global mindset and prepare them for a multicultural world. Additionally, exposure to diverse cultures at a young age can reduce prejudices and promote tolerance. In the workplace, cultural diversity can boost productivity and creativity. Diverse teams bring together individuals with different skills, viewpoints, and problem-solving approaches. This variety can enhance decision-making processes and lead to more effective and innovative solutions. Companies that prioritize cultural diversity also tend to have a more positive work environment and higher employee satisfaction. TRANG 87 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Despite its benefits, cultural diversity also presents challenges. Misunderstandings and conflicts can arise when people from different cultural backgrounds interact. To address these challenges, it is essential to promote open communication and cultural competence. By fostering an inclusive culture, societies and organizations can maximize the benefits of cultural diversity while minimizing potential conflicts. Question 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an aspect of cultural diversity? A. Language B. Traditions C. Technology D. Values Question 2. The word "encompasses" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. excludes B. includes C. diminishes D. separates Question 3. The word "its" in paragraph 5 refers to: A. cultural diversity B. interaction C. exchange of ideas and knowledge D. unique experiences Question 4. The word "enhance" in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. strengthen B. lessen C. ignore D. simplify Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? A. Education should avoid addressing cultural diversity B. Education plays no role in promoting cultural diversity C. Schools and universities should incorporate diverse perspectives D. Educational institutions should focus solely on local cultures Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Cultural diversity always leads to misunderstandings. B. Cultural diversity has no impact on creativity. C. Cultural diversity can reduce prejudices and promote tolerance. D. Cultural diversity is irrelevant in the workplace. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer mention the role of cultural diversity in the workplace? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer discuss the challenges of cultural diversity? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage about the benefits and challenges of remote work and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. TRANG 88 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật [I] The rise of remote work has transformed the modern workplace, offering flexibility and a better work-life balance for employees around the world (Bloom et al., 2015). [II] This trend, accelerated by technological advancements and the COVID-19 pandemic, allows employees to work from home or any location with internet access (Gajendran & Harrison, 2007). [III] While remote work provides numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that organizations and employees must address to remain productive and engaged. [IV] One of the main benefits of remote work is increased flexibility. Employees can manage their time more effectively, which often leads to higher job satisfaction and reduced stress. Furthermore, remote work eliminates the need for daily commutes, saving time and reducing transportation expenses. Many employees report feeling more empowered to control their schedules, allowing them to better balance personal and professional responsibilities. However, remote work also comes with significant challenges. Isolation is a common issue, as employees miss out on face-to-face interactions and team bonding, which are important for mental well-being and collaboration. Studies have shown that prolonged isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness, reducing job satisfaction and affecting mental health (Ozcelik & Barsade, 2018). Additionally, remote workers may struggle to maintain boundaries between work and personal life, leading to overwork and burnout. To make remote work successful, companies need to implement strategies that support employee well-being and productivity. Providing tools for virtual collaboration, setting clear work-life boundaries, and encouraging regular team check-ins can help mitigate the challenges of remote work. By balancing flexibility with structured support, organizations can create a sustainable remote work environment that benefits both employers and employees (Larson & DeChurch, 2020). (Adapted from Remote Work and Employee Well-being by Bloom, Ozcelik, and others) Question 9. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? Remote work has become more popular due to advancements in digital communication tools. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10. The phrase "work-life balance" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ____. A. career advancement C. equilibrium between work and personal life B. professional success D. job security Question 11. The word "their" in paragraph 2 refers to ____. A. employees B. responsibilities C. schedules D. expenses Question 12. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of remote work? A. Increased flexibility C. Improved work-life balance B. Higher transportation costs D. Reduced stress TRANG 89 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Remote work challenges employees with isolation and blurred boundaries, leading to potential overwork and mental health concerns. B. The advantages of remote work significantly outweigh any challenges employees might face and this is the fact in every interprise nowadays. C. Isolation is easily managed by virtual collaboration tools in a remote work setting on account of the attempt of both employees and their bosses. D. Remote work eliminates work-related stress and improves collaboration, which resulted in highly-stimulated workers and employers. Question 14. The word "mitigate" in paragraph 4 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____. A. worsen B. intensify C. reduce D. acknowledge Question 15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Remote work reduces social interactions, which can lead to feelings of loneliness. B. Daily commuting is essential for remote workers to maintain productivity and enthusiasm in their work. C. Companies are not responsible for supporting remote employees' well-being. D. Remote work always leads to overwork and burnout. Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Companies must avoid setting boundaries for employees' work-life balance in order to foster not only their ability but also their productivity. B. Employers should support remote work by providing resources and encouraging a structured environment. C. Employees need minimal guidance from companies to manage remote work challenges regardless of their employers’ behaviors. D. Employers should prevent remote employees from accessing collaboration tools so that they have no choice but work for them. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Remote work completely eliminates the need for personal life boundaries. B. The lack of face-to-face interaction is a minor issue in remote work. C. Effective remote work requires a combination of flexibility and organizational support. D. Remote work only benefits employees, not organizations. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Remote work offers flexibility and convenience but can cause isolation and work-life imbalance, which companies must address to ensure employee well-being. B. Remote work requires employees to spend more time commuting to improve productivity, which leads to widespread worker resignations across most private enterprises. C. Companies benefit from remote work as employees are more isolated and less engaged and they have no need for a raise despite working extremely hard. D. Remote work allows complete freedom for employees without any challenges, which TRANG 90 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật strengthens the relationship between business owners and their employees, at work as well as in everyday life. Đề 26 ASEAN’s diversity showcases an incredible variety of traditional dances, each with fascinating histories and cultural significance. Among these, Cambodia’s ancient Apsara dance stands out as a prime example of a tradition that has endured for more than 1,000 years. Originating from animistic beliefs, this dance was influenced by Hindu forms introduced during the era of Indian cultural influence, which began in the 1st century. Over time, particularly between the 12th and 15th centuries, the Apsara dance evolved to reflect a distinctly Khmer identity. Through the addition of unique movements and deeper meanings, it became a cultural symbol during the early Angkor era. Indonesia, with its vast size and diverse cultural influences, is home to a remarkable array of traditional dances. While dozens of these dances can be found across the archipelago, a few have gained prominence for their uniqueness and storytelling. Traditional Indonesian dances vividly reflect the nation's rich cultural diversity. In Bali, three famous dances - the Sanghyang (Trance), Kecak (Monkey Dance), and the Fire Dance - stand out. Each of these tells captivating stories of bringing peace, unity, and harmony to local villages. Visitors to Laos who explore ethnic villages will often find themselves immersed in the basics of local dances, which play a key role in the cultural life of the community. Lamvong, for instance, is a well-known dance where men form an inner circle surrounded by women in an outer circle, moving gracefully in rhythm. Each ethnic group in Laos has its distinct dances, shaped by their unique beliefs, legends, and traditions. In Viet Nam, traditional dance is a profound expression of the nation’s culture and history. Featuring graceful and fluid movements, these dances often depict elements of nature, such as flowing rivers and blooming flowers, or daily activities like boat rowing and silk washing. Popular dances include the conical hat dance, the fan dance, the royal lotus dance, and the ancient drum dance. Question 1: The word “prime” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. inferior B. excellent C. rough D. rigid Question 2: The word “these” in paragraph 2 refers to: A. Three traditional dances of Bali B. The unique cultural elements of Indonesia’s islands. C. Stories of peace and harmony shared through dance. D. Ritual practices rooted in Indonesia’s history. Question 3: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3? A. Tourists visiting rural villages in Laos can observe and participate in local dances, which are important to the culture. B. Exploring Laotian ethnic villages gives visitors insight into the historical significance of traditional dances. C. Local dances in Laos offer visitors a deeper understanding of ancient legends and beliefs, preserving cultural traditions. D. People traveling to ethnic villages in Laos have the opportunity to learn advanced techniques of traditional dance. Question 4: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor shaping Laotian ethnic dances? A. unique beliefs B. legends C. historical events D. traditions Question 5: The word “depict” in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by: A. represent B. resemble C. mark D. symbolize. TRANG 91 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The Apsara dance reflects a blend of Hindu and Khmer influences over centuries. B. Lamvong is a type of traditional Laotian dance performed only in rural areas. C. Vietnamese dances are characterized solely by depictions of nature. D. Indonesian traditional dances have little connection to religious practices. Question 7: In which paragraph is the influence of Hindu culture on the Apsara dance discussed? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph is the role of natural elements in Vietnamese traditional dances mentioned? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. A New Capital When Pakistan was established as a new state in 1947, Karachi initially served as its capital. However, maintaining Karachi as the capital proved to be a challenge due to several disadvantages, such as its climate and the condition of the existing infrastructure. Rather than attempting to improve these issues, the government opted to create a completely new capital city. In 1959, a commission was formed to explore potential locations for this new capital. Dr. Doxiadis, a renowned architect and city planner, was appointed as the chief advisor to the commission. Dr. Doxiadis and his team explored several possible sites for the new capital, considering both geographical and environmental factors. After a thorough evaluation, they narrowed the options down to two locations: one just outside Karachi and the other located north of Rawalpindi. Both sites had their own sets of advantages and drawbacks, making the decision a complex one. The final choice was made after carefully considering a range of factors such as transportation, water availability, economic implications, and national interests. Ultimately, the area north of Rawalpindi was selected. On February 24, 1960, the new capital city was named Islamabad, and a comprehensive master plan for its development was created. The plan divided the area into three distinct sections: Islamabad itself, neighboring Rawalpindi, and a national park. Each section was designed to serve a specific purpose. (I) Islamabad would function as the country’s political and cultural center, meeting the administrative needs of the nation. (II) Rawalpindi, located nearby, would continue as the regional hub for industry and commerce. (III) The national park area was intended to provide space for education, recreation, and agriculture, enhancing the quality of life for residents. (IV) Today, Islamabad is a vibrant city with a population of around 1 million people. Known for its clean and healthy environment, it offers a pollution-free atmosphere, abundant water resources, and ample green spaces. Tree-lined streets, elegant public buildings, and well-planned shopping centers make the city a model of successful urban planning. With its efficient design and flourishing urban life, Islamabad stands as a prime example of wellexecuted city planning and growth. Question 9. Where in paragraph 4 does the following sentence best fit? "The city has become a model of well-executed urban planning." A. (I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 10. The word " they " in paragraph 2 refers to: TRANG 92 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Dr. Doxiadis and his team B. geographical and environmental factors C. several possible sites D. two locations Question 11. The phrase "narrowed the options down" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by: A. limited the choices B. made a final decision C. extended the alternatives D. rejected some possibilities Question 12. Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when choosing the new capital city? A. availability of water B. economic implications C. proximity to other countries D. transportation Question 13. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. The decision to locate the capital near Rawalpindi included a plan with three distinct sections. B. Economic implications and national interests were key in choosing the new capital city. C. Islamabad was selected as the capital in 1960, based on transportation and water availability. D. The area north of Rawalpindi was chosen after considering various factors and named Islamabad. Question 14. The word "vibrant" in paragraph 5 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. quiet B. dull C. peaceful D. dynamic Question 15. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5? A. Islamabad is known for its impressive architecture and dynamic urban life. B. Islamabad has proven that if a city is well-planned, it will soon collapse. C. Islamabad serves as an example of how cities can be developed effectively. D. Islamabad’s growth is resulted from its efficient design and flourishing urban life. Question 16. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Karachi's climate was the primary reason for selecting a new capital. B. Rawalpindi was chosen as the capital instead of Islamabad. C.The national park area is primarily used for government buildings. D. Islamabad was planned to have both administrative and cultural functions. Question 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above? A. The creation of Islamabad was essential to Pakistan's growth and development. B. Changing the capital is necessary for a country to build urban areas and develop economy. C. Pakistan’s development is a result of every effort of both government and individuals. D. The government of Pakistan faced challenges due to environmental factors. Question 18. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Islamabad is the new capital of Pakistan, designed through careful urban planning. B. Pakistan has several cities, and Islamabad was chosen to be a hub for government services. C. The initial plan for Islamabad was to serve only as a cultural center. D. Islamabad was developed as a city to support both industry and agriculture Đề 27 TRANG 93 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật The 22nd Southeast Asian Games were held in Vietnam from December 5th to 13th, 2003. It marked the first time Vietnam hosted such a significant sporting event, yet the Games were a great success. They became a grand festival that impressed sports enthusiasts with their spirit of solidarity, cooperation for peace, and development. The event demonstrated Vietnam's capability to unite the region through sports. Athletes from 11 participating countries competed in 32 sports, winning a total of 444 gold medals. Teams in table tennis, badminton, karate, volleyball, basketball, and wrestling showcased some of the region’s top competitors. Notably, many records set during the Games were close to international standards. Vietnam emerged victorious, securing 158 gold medals and finishing at the top of the medal standings. Thailand came second with 90 golds, while Indonesia ranked third with 55. Singapore and Vietnam were the only nations with participants honored as the Most Outstanding Athletes in Swimming and Shooting events. In football, the Vietnamese Women's Football team successfully defended their SEA Games title, a moment of pride for the host nation. In the Men's Football Final, Vietnam faced Thailand but lost, with the Thai team taking home the gold medal. Other sports, such as karate, athletics, bodybuilding, and wushu, saw young and talented Vietnamese athletes delivering exceptional performances and securing numerous gold medals. The strong performance of the athletes reflected Vietnam's growing prowess in the regional sports arena. Vietnam’s first-place finish was not surprising. To prepare for the 22nd SEA Games, the country implemented an intensive training program for its athletes, involving both domestic and international facilities. Furthermore, the enthusiastic support from the Vietnamese people inspired the athletes to compete in high spirits. This success solidified Vietnam’s reputation as an excellent host for international sporting events. With this achievement, Vietnam has demonstrated its potential to host even larger competitions, such as the Asian Games, in the future. Question 1: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? A. The Games united the region through athletic competition and cultural values. B. The Games’ aim is to unit the countries in the Southeast Asian region. C. The Games achieved success by emphasizing individual achievements. D. The Games focused on setting new international records for the region. Question 2: The word “showcased” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by: A. performed B. demonstrated C. achieved D. highlighted Question 3: The word “their” in paragraph 3 refers to: A. athletes. B. facilities C. training programs. D. team Question 4: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the sports that Vietnam won gold medals in? A. athletics B. karate C. wushu D. basketball Question 5: The word “intensive” in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. light B. rigorous C. exhaustive D. thorough Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Thailand won 158 gold medals and successfully defended its second position. B. Vietnamese Men’s Football Team successfully defended their SEA Games title. C. Vietnam’s success proved its potential to host larger international events. D. The 22nd Southeast Asian Games took place for more than two weeks in 2003. Question 7: In which paragraph is the Vietnamese Women's Football team’s performance mentioned? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph is the preparation for the Games discussed? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 94 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. In an era of increasing global awareness, debates around sustainable practices such as fair trade, organic farming, and recycling are gaining prominence. Farmers in developing countries are among the most vulnerable people, dependent on world commodity markets, middlemen, and unpredictable weather. (I)Fair trade arrangements aim to support cooperative groups by guaranteeing prices above the world market rate and additional bonuses. (II). However, critics argue that fair trade may not lift a country out of poverty. (III)They claim that most of the money generated from sales goes to wealthy countries that promote these products. (IV)In fact, only about 5% of the sale price of a fair-trade chocolate bar (retailing for £1.73 in the UK) reaches the poor country. Another significant trend is the rise of organic food, marketed as being free of chemicals, which appeals to consumers concerned about the dangers of chemicals in food. These chemicals are suspected of causing various health problems, including cancer and developmental issues in children. Despite these concerns, British farmers have not converted to organic farming in large enough numbers to meet the demand. As a result, supermarkets often import organic vegetables from distant countries, contributing to higher greenhouse gas emissions due to transportation. Environmentalists are now urging consumers to buy locally grown vegetables, even if they are pesticide-treated, suggesting a good wash can minimize the risk. In recent years, a shift has occurred in how we handle waste. Once content to bury it in landfills or dump it at sea, we are now encouraged to recycle and treat waste as a resource. This shift has led to more widespread kerbside collections for various materials like paper, plastic, and metal. However, recycling has unintended consequences. Most of the UK's recyclables are sent to China or India, which incurs additional environmental costs from transportation. In these countries, workers often sort waste under dangerous conditions. Sometimes, materials that are sorted at home still end up in landfills because the market for them fluctuates. While efforts to promote sustainability are commendable, they require constant evaluation to ensure they truly benefit people and the environment, rather than creating new inequalities or environmental harm. Question 9: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit? "This growing fair-trade market has distributed hundreds of millions of pounds to over 50 million people worldwide." A. (I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 10: The phrase "gaining prominence" could be best replaced by: A. gaining popularity B. being ignored C. becoming less significant D. rising in price Question 11: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge faced by farmers in developing countries? A. dependence on world commodity markets B. reliance on middlemen C. exposure to unpredictable weather D. lack of access to modern technology Question 12: The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. environmentalists B. greenhouse gas emissions C. consumers D. locally grown vegetables Question 13: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Environmentalists encourage individuals to buy locally grown vegetables to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. TRANG 95 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật B. One of the reasons why consumers prefer organic food is because it is perceived as healthier and free from chemicals. C. The popularity of organic food in Britain exceeds local supply, which leads to imports and environmental issues. D. Due to environmental issues, British farmers are unable to fully meet the increasing demand for organic vegetables. Question 14: What is the opposite of " incurs " as used in the passage? A. exposes B. secures C. avoids D. experiences Question 15: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Organic food is always produced locally to reduce environmental impact. B. Fair trade practices aim to help organic farmers to sell their produce more effectively. C. Recycling efforts in the UK have resulted in better environmental outcomes. D. Critics argue that fair trade may not effectively reduce poverty in developing countries. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence? A. There has been an increase in recycling services for materials like paper and plastic. B. More people are now using kerbside bins for waste collection instead of burying it . C. The process of recycling has become more expensive due to modern technology. D. Waste management programs have been reduced in the UK because of organic produce. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above? A. Fair trade has no significant impact on the global economy. B. Local farming is less harmful to the environment than organic farming. C. Environmentalists prioritize local food production over global sustainability efforts. D. Sustainable practices can lead to environmental harm if not carefully evaluated. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Consumers should focus on buying organic products to protect their health and plastic waste should be treated properly so that it can be turned into helpful products. B. Fair trade and organic farming have not yet reached their full potential in global markets because they are so expensive for consumers to buy. C. Sustainability practices, such as fair trade, organic food, and recycling, are essential for the environment, but they require further evaluation to avoid unintended consequences. D. Recycling is a futile effort that creates more harm than good because it takes a long time to transport waste,which results in a large amount of carbon footprint. Đề 28 Technology in Education [I] Education, as a cornerstone of societal progress, has undergone significant transformations with the advent of technology. While traditional teaching methods relied heavily on direct teacher-student interactions, modern classrooms are now enriched with digital tools and platforms that facilitate an immersive learning experience. [II] However, the integration of technology into education brings both challenges and opportunities, necessitating a balanced approach to ensure equitable and effective learning outcomes for all students. [III] [IV] One of the most notable benefits of technology in education is the accessibility it offers. Online learning platforms, such as Khan Academy and Coursera, enable learners to access quality education regardless of their geographical location. Additionally, adaptive learning technologies tailor educational content to suit individual students' needs, fostering a more personalized learning experience. Despite these advantages, over-reliance on technology can exacerbate inequalities, as not all students have equal access to devices and high-speed TRANG 96 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật internet. This digital divide remains a pressing issue, particularly in underprivileged communities. Furthermore, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has gained significant attention. AI-powered tools, such as virtual tutors and automated grading systems, have revolutionized the way students learn and teachers manage classrooms. For instance, chatbots can provide instant feedback to students, while data analytics help educators identify struggling learners and address their needs proactively. Nevertheless, critics argue that such innovations might reduce the importance of human interaction, which is crucial for developing critical thinking and emotional intelligence. Finally, the effectiveness of technology in education hinges on proper implementation and training. Teachers must be adequately equipped to navigate digital tools and integrate them into their teaching practices. Moreover, fostering digital literacy among students is vital to ensure they can use these resources effectively and responsibly. As education systems worldwide embrace digital transformation, policymakers must prioritize inclusivity, ensuring that technological advancements benefit everyone. Question 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of an online learning platform? A. Coursera B. Khan Academy C. Virtual tutors D. Adaptive technologies Question 2. The word accessibility in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. remoteness B. Simplicity C. approximation D. availability Question 3. The word their in paragraph 3 refers to: A. data analytics B. chatbots C. learners D. educators Question 4. The word integrate in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by: A. merge B. interruptions C. regressions D. segregate Question 5. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? "The effectiveness of technology in education hinges on proper implementation and training" A. Technology in education is effective regardless of how it is implemented or whether users are trained. B. The success of educational technology depends on how well it is implemented and whether users are properly trained. C. Proper training in education is more important than using technology effectively. D. Technology in education eliminates the need for proper implementation or training. Question 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Online platforms make education accessible to everyone, regardless of location. B. AI-powered tools have fully replaced teachers in modern classrooms. C. The digital divide affects students equally across all communities. D. Proper teacher training is critical for the successful use of educational technology. Question 7. In which paragraph does the writer discuss the potential of artificial intelligence in education? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 97 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 8. In which paragraph does the writer explore the necessity of digital literacy for students? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Pollution and Its Global Impact [I] Pollution is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world, affecting not only the environment but also public health and global economies. [II] While urbanization and industrialization have brought significant progress, they have also introduced severe environmental challenges. [III] Reducing pollution requires a comprehensive approach that includes public awareness, technological innovation, and stricter environmental policies. [IV] Air pollution is among the most widespread forms of environmental degradation. It stems from emissions by vehicles, factories, and deforestation, leading to harmful effects on both human health and the climate. According to the United Nations, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) causes millions of premature deaths annually. Water pollution, caused by untreated waste, agricultural runoff, and oil spills, destroys marine ecosystems and threatens human water supplies. Similarly, soil pollution—often overlooked—results from pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial waste, severely impacting agriculture and biodiversity. While governments worldwide have implemented measures to combat pollution, individual action is equally essential. Reducing plastic consumption, opting for sustainable transportation, and recycling waste can significantly lessen environmental harm. Moreover, industries must adopt cleaner production methods, such as renewable energy and green technology. However, these solutions are effective only when paired with robust educational campaigns that encourage people to understand and address pollution’s consequences. Despite these efforts, the problem persists, especially in developing nations, where economic constraints hinder environmental policies and waste management systems. At the same time, wealthier countries often export waste to poorer regions, exacerbating the issue. Experts stress that international cooperation is essential to tackle pollution on a global scale. Unless all nations contribute, the planet’s resources and ecosystems may face irreversible damage. Question 9: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit? "Pollution significantly threatens global biodiversity and ecosystems, pushing many species toward extinction." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The word constraints in the final paragraph most likely means: A. pressures B. freedoms C. solutions D. priorities Question 11: Which of the following statements is NOT true about pollution? A. Air pollution affects both human health and the climate. B. Soil pollution only impacts agricultural practices. C. Developing nations face challenges in managing pollution effectively. D. Plastic consumption reduction is a way to mitigate pollution. Question 12: The word robust in paragraph three could best be replaced by: A. strong B. weak C. flexible D. informal Question 13: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Governments are solely responsible for tackling pollution. B. Individuals and industries must adopt sustainable practices and educate the public to TRANG 98 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật combat pollution. C. Recycling programs alone are enough to address pollution problems. D. The use of green technology is the only solution to reduce pollution globally. Question 14: The word persists in the last paragraph is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. ends B. continues C. increases D. rises Question 15: According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. Water pollution has no long-term effects on human populations. B. Education plays an important role in reducing pollution. C. Developing countries have solved their pollution issues effectively. D. Pollution does not affect biodiversity. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in the first paragraph? "Reducing pollution requires a comprehensive approach that includes public awareness, technological innovation, and stricter environmental policies." A. Pollution reduction depends on combining various solutions and involving society. B. The public alone is responsible for solving pollution problems. C. Technology and stricter policies are enough to reduce pollution. D. Addressing pollution requires governments to act alone. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Economic challenges make pollution management harder in some countries. B. Wealthier nations generate less waste than poorer countries. C. Global cooperation is unnecessary in solving pollution issues. D. Recycling has little to no impact on pollution levels. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Pollution is a severe global issue that requires combined efforts from individuals, governments, and international cooperation to address its impacts. B. Wealthier nations are entirely responsible for pollution due to their industrial practices. C. Pollution’s effects are limited to developing countries lacking proper management systems. D. Recycling programs and renewable energy have solved most pollution problems globally Đề 29 The job market is evolving rapidly, and while technical expertise remains important, soft skills are increasingly becoming key factors in hiring decisions. Employers often look for candidates with communication, teamwork, and problem-solving abilities. These skills not only improve workplace efficiency but also foster better relationships among colleagues. According to a 2022 LinkedIn survey, 92% of recruiters stated that soft skills are as important as, if not more important than, technical skills. Effective communication is one of the most sought after soft skills. Being able to convey ideas clearly and listen actively contributes to a collaborative work environment. For example, employees who can explain their thoughts effectively during meetings or through written reports tend to drive projects forward successfully. Moreover, good communication prevents misunderstandings, saving time and resources. Teamwork is another essential skill that employers highly value. In today’s interconnected workspaces, many tasks require collaboration. Successful teams often consist of individuals TRANG 99 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật who can share responsibilities, offer constructive feedback, and adapt to group dynamics. For instance, a software development team needs programmers, designers, and testers to work seamlessly together to deliver a product efficiently. Problem-solving, meanwhile, allows employees to navigate challenges effectively. This skill involves analyzing a situation, identifying potential solutions, and implementing the best one. Employers appreciate candidates who demonstrate initiative and creativity in resolving issues. For example, when a supply chain disruption occurs, a proactive approach can minimize delays and maintain customer satisfaction. Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a highly valued soft skill? A. Communication B. Leadership C. Problem-solving D. Teamwork Question 2: The word foster in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _______. A. nurture B. hinder C. challenge D. complicate Question 3: The word their in paragraph 2 refers to _______. A. employees B. projects C. communication D. meetings Question 4: The word collaborative in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by _______. A. solitary B. cooperative C. antagonistic D. productive Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the italicized sentence in paragraph 1? A. Soft skills are more important than technical expertise in the workplace. B. Both soft skills and technical skills are essential for workplace success. C. Technical expertise is less critical than soft skills in modern jobs. D. Employers prioritize soft skills over technical skills in hiring decisions. Question 6: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Recruiters rank technical skills higher than soft skills in most cases. B. Good communication saves time and reduces misunderstandings. C. Teamwork is only important in creative industries. D. Problem-solving focuses solely on technical issues. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer emphasize the significance of group collaboration? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer provide the significance of presentation skill? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. [I] Social media has become a dominant force in modern communication, offering a range of benefits and challenges. [II] It has revolutionized the way people interact, share information, and even form relationships. [III] While these platforms offer opportunities for connection and expression, they also have their drawbacks. [IV] For instance, excessive use of social media has been linked to a range of negative effects, including mental health issues, social isolation, and decreased productivity. [V] However, when used responsibly, social TRANG 100 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật media can also offer a variety of positive outcomes, such as the ability to stay connected with loved ones, network professionally, and access valuable information and resources. One of the major benefits of social media is its ability to keep people connected. For example, individuals who live far apart can maintain close relationships through regular communication on these platforms. Social media also facilitates professional networking, allowing users to connect with potential employers or clients, and enabling companies to promote their products and services to a global audience. Additionally, platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram provide a space for people to share ideas, opinions, and creative work, fostering a sense of community and collaboration. Despite these advantages, there are serious concerns about the negative impact of social media, particularly on mental health. Studies have shown that excessive social media use can contribute to feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. This is often attributed to the unrealistic portrayals of life that are commonly shared on these platforms, leading to comparisons that can make individuals feel inadequate or left out. Furthermore, constant exposure to negative news or online bullying can exacerbate these feelings and contribute to long-term psychological stress. Another issue with social media is its potential to distract people from their daily responsibilities. With notifications constantly popping up and endless streams of content to scroll through, individuals may find it difficult to focus on tasks such as work, school, or personal obligations. This can result in decreased productivity and a lack of attention to important matters. Ultimately, the impact of social media depends on how it is used. If individuals are mindful of their usage patterns and take steps to limit their time on these platforms, they can enjoy the benefits of staying connected and informed without the negative consequences. Parents, educators, and mental health professionals can also play a role in helping young people develop healthy habits and manage their social media use effectively. Question 9: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? "Social media has transformed how individuals communicate and engage with each other." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The phrase "stay connected with " in paragraph 1 is CLOSEST in meaning to _______. A. maintain a relationship with B. communicate briefly with C. share information with D. break up with Question 11: The word "these" in paragraph 3 refers to _______. A. platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram B. professional networks C. potential employers or clients D. ideas, opinions, and creative work Question 12: According to passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of social media? A. Staying connected with friends and family B. Networking for professional purposes C. Sharing personal experiences and opinions TRANG 101 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật D. Decreased productivity and mental well-being Question 13: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Social media causes widespread loneliness, anxiety, and depression. B. Negative portrayals on social media lead to psychological harm. C. Online bullying is the primary cause of mental health issues. D. Social media has no impact on mental health if used correctly. Question 14: The word "exacerbate" in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _______. A. alleviate B. intensify C. ignore D. worsen Question 15: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Social media has no impact on personal relationships. B. Social media use should be avoided entirely to ensure mental well-being. C. Social media can positively influence communication when used appropriately. D. Social media networks primarily benefit young people. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? “Social media has become a dominant force in modern communication." A. Social media has lost its influence in modern communication. B. Social media is a minor factor in how we communicate today. C. Social media plays a crucial role in how people communicate today. D. Social media is no longer relevant in modern communication. Question 17: What can be inferred from the passage? A. Social media has more negative effects than positive ones. B. Proper social media use can offer both personal and professional benefits. C. The more time spent on social media, the more productive a person becomes. D. Social media should be completely avoided to maintain good mental health. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Social media offers both advantages and risks, but with mindful usage, individuals can minimize its negative effects and reap its benefits. B. Social media has no real benefits, as it always leads to negative mental health consequences. C. Social media is an essential tool for communication but should be used sparingly to avoid harm. D. The more time people spend on social media, the less they are affected by its negative consequences. Đề 30 Climate Change and Its Impacts on Earth Our Earth remains breathtakingly beautiful. The sky is blue, clouds are fluffy, the wind blows gently, and rain continues to fall. This serene image of our planet is something we all cherish. Yet, behind this calm and majestic exterior, undeniable evidence points to rapid and alarming environmental changes. Scientists around the world have observed that climate change and global warming are accelerating at a rate never before seen in Earth's long history. TRANG 102 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Global warming poses a serious and significant threat to the health of our planet and all living beings that call it home. Over the last century, the average surface temperature of the Earth has risen by nearly 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit. At first glance, this might seem like a minor rise, but its impact has been far-reaching and profound, altering the delicate balance of the global climate. Recent data reveals that 11 out of the past 12 years were the hottest on record, emphasizing how quickly warming has advanced in just a few decades. The consequences of this warming are becoming increasingly apparent. Polar ice caps and glaciers are melting at unprecedented rates, leading to rising sea levels that endanger coastal cities and small island nations. Meanwhile, extreme weather events—such as prolonged droughts, catastrophic floods, and violent storms—are becoming not only more frequent but also more severe. These changes are disrupting human lives, threatening agricultural systems, and putting countless ecosystems and species at risk of extinction. To combat this crisis, everyone must take responsibility. Simple actions, such as reducing carbon emissions, adopting renewable energy, and conserving natural resources, can make a significant difference. Addressing climate change requires collective effort and immediate action to prevent its impacts from worsening. By working together, we can protect our planet and create a sustainable future for generations to come. (Adapted from Readworks.org..) Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the beautiful characteristics of the Earth in paragraph 1? A. The wind blows gently. B. The clouds are fluffy. C. The oceans are calm. D. The rain continues to fall. Question 2: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? A. Despite the outward beauty of our planet, there is strong proof that serious environmental changes are occurring. B. The Earth is absolutely beautiful, but there are still many problems that need to be solved to preserve its appreance. C. The natural world appears rather serene and well-preserved, but its peaceful appearance hides no significant threats. D. Although our planet looks extremely tranquil, there is evidence suggesting that everything is in perfect balance. Question 3: The word "profound" in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. minor B. extreme C. significant D. alarming Question 4: The word "severe" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: A. mild B. manageable C. harsh D. expected Question 5: The word "its" in paragraph 4 refers to: A. collective effort B. climate change C. immediate action D. significant difference Question 6 : According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Climate change is slowing down due to increased global efforts. B. Polar ice caps are melting at an unprecedented rate. C. Only extreme weather events threaten biodiversity. D. The Earth’s surface temperature rose by 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit in a decade. Question 7: In which paragraph does the passage discuss the effects of climate change on human and ecological systems? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8 : In which paragraph is the urgency of taking action emphasized? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 TRANG 103 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Read the following passage about smart energy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. SMART ENERGY The coming decades will bring significant changes in energy supply and consumption. With concerns about global warming and diminishing oil reserves, nations are shifting toward low-carbon economies, prompting major changes in electricity supply and usage. Firstly, electricity demand will increase as consumers transition from oil and gas to electricity for homes and vehicles. Secondly, power generation will rise, focusing on renewable sources. To tackle these challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology, which aims to optimize the electricity network by understanding power generation and demand, thereby improving efficiency. (I)Smart Grid technology integrates computer systems with electricity networks. (II)These systems gather data on supply and demand, enhancing engineers’ management capabilities. (III)This leads to better energy utilization, reduced fuel needs, and lower carbon emissions. Additionally, operational and maintenance costs are minimized. For consumers, smart technology provides real-time data on energy usage and variable tariffs, encouraging energy use during off-peak hours to reduce costs. For instance, appliances like washing machines can be run at night. Smart meters connected to the Internet or phone networks allow remote control of appliances. (IV) However, challenges accompany these advancements. Managing supply and demand is difficult with renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and wave power, which are unpredictable. Unlike oil and gas, these sources cannot easily meet peak demands, risking blackouts or system failures. Solutions include improving energy storage and promoting offpeak electricity use. Another issue is the remote location of many renewable energy sources, such as coastal and upland areas, which often lack infrastructure. Building new networks is necessary, though smart technology can reduce costs through efficient planning. Smart Technology is still in development, with pilot projects testing its feasibility. Consumers are experimenting with smart meters to manage their home electricity use, and trials are underway for new infrastructure. Implementation will likely occur in phases, starting with simple methods to achieve quick carbon savings before advancing to more complex systems. Urban areas, with their high energy demand, are the primary focus for initial investments. Cities will adopt sustainable power solutions, transportation systems, and electric vehicle charging networks. By 2050, these innovations will go a long way toward revolutionizing energy supply, transforming homes, transportation, and lifestyles. (Adapted from Ielts testonline.com) Question 9: The word “diminishing” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. reducing B. surprising C. expanding D. demanding Question 10: Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit? “This provides the opportunity to make better use of available electricity and reduce energy waste.” A. (I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 11: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of Smart Grid technology? A. improving energy utilization B. reducing cost of energy resources C. diminishing the demand for fuel D. reducing carbon emissions Question 12: The phrase “These sources” in paragraph 3 refers to: A. oil and gas B. smart meters C. computer systems D. renewable energy sources Question 13: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence? A. New technologies will first reduce emissions and later address more complicated tasks. TRANG 104 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật B. Smart energy systems will immediately address carbon emissions in complex ways. C. Quick fixes will improve efficiency while advanced systems will take time to develop. D. Gradual implementation will only focus on lowering emissions before solving all challenges. Question 14: The phrase "go a long way" in paragraph 4 can be best replaced by______ A. travel a great distance B. be very helpful C. take a long time D. cost a lot of money Question 15: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4? A. Smart technology is solving storage and supply problems for renewable energy by the year 2050. B. New energy infrastructure is necessary to integrate renewable sources into urban energy system. C. Smart technology is being developed and tested to revolutionize urban energy systems and lifestyles. D. Remote renewable energy sources require additional infrastructure and Smart Grid technology. Question 16: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Cities will implement advanced systems before testing smart meters. B. Smart meters allow appliances to be controlled from a distance. C. Most renewable energy sources are located near major cities. D. Pilot schemes are delayed due to the high costs of infrastructure. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Smart technology will eliminate the need for fossil fuels entirely. B. Consumer behavior plays a key role in managing energy demand. C. The success of smart grids depends solely on urban adoption. D. Renewable energy will soon replace nuclear power in most regions. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Smart Grid technology is a solution to the unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources, offering operational benefits and reducing costs. B. The transition to a low-carbon economy will rely heavily on renewable energy, advanced infrastructure, and the adoption of smart technologies. C. Smart energy systems provide a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to current energy supply methods, addressing both consumer needs and energy challenges. D. Cities will be at the forefront of energy innovation, driving the adoption of renewable energy sources and new grid technologies. Đề 31 The Singapore Science Centre, situated on a sprawling six-hectare site in Jurong, offers a captivating way to explore the wonders of science and technology. Here, visitors can engage with interactive exhibits that make learning both fun and memorable. Clap your hands, and colorful bulbs will light up; spin a wheel, and it will activate a fan. This engaging environment sparks curiosity and fuels the imagination of both children and adults. The centre boasts more than four hundred exhibits across various fascinating topics, including solar radiation, communication, electronics, mathematics, nuclear energy, and evolution. These exhibits are designed to foster interest in science and technology among the public, making the centre a hub for educational exploration. Notably, it is the first science centre to be established in Southeast Asia. Officially opened in 1977, the centre now welcomes an average of 1,200 visitors daily, highlighting its enduring popularity and educational value. TRANG 105 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật The exhibits are thoughtfully arranged across four main galleries: the Lobby, Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Aviation. To ensure a fresh and engaging experience, the exhibits are renewed annually, encouraging repeat visits. Visitors are encouraged to interact with the exhibits, as opposed to traditional “hands-off” policies in most museums. Here, pushing buttons, turning cranks, or pedaling mechanisms are all part of the fun and learning experience. The Discovery Centre, added in 1985, is specially designed for children aged three to twelve, providing an exciting space for young minds to explore and experiment. Most recently, a stone-age exhibit was introduced, showcasing extinct animals and early human life, offering insights into prehistoric times. With its interactive displays and immersive environment, the Singapore Science Centre continues to inspire a love for science and discovery, making it an unforgettable destination for learners of all ages. (Adapted from tuyensinh24/7.com) Question 1: The word captivating in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. boring B. fascinating C. disappointing D. interesting Question 2: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence? A. The Science Centre provides activities that entertain children and adults alike. B. This setting inspires both young and older visitors to think creatively and be curious about science. C. The exhibits at the Science Centre are designed to teach scientific concepts in an engaging way. D. This environment encourages visitors to explore hands-on activities and enjoy learning. Question 3: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the topics covered in the exhibits in paragraph 2? A. solar radiation B. nuclear energy C. animal behavior D. evolution Question 4: The word hands-off in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by______. A. interactive B. avoidable C. restricted D. permitted Question 5: The word its in paragraph 5 refers to______. A. The Singapore Science Centre B. The Discovery Centre C. The average number of visitors D. The new exhibits Question 6:According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The Singapore Science Centre officially opened in 1985. B. The centre features only static, non-interactive exhibits. C. The Discovery Centre is designed for children at a certain age. D. Visitors are not allowed to touch the exhibits in the center . Question 7: In which paragraph is the Discovery Centre first mentioned? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph is the annual renewal of the exhibits mentioned? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. My father was an enthusiastic traveller, but as he got older, he increasingly suffered from what he called “travel fever,” a vivid term for the acute anxiety felt before a journey, essentially due to uncertainty about all the things that could go wrong. Sadly, this eventually stopped him from going on holiday. Then I, too, started to suffer similar apprehension, so I consulted a psychotherapist. She recommended a small piece of cognitive behavioural therapy, which involved acknowledging the mental and physical symptoms of anxiety, but TRANG 106 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật telling myself that these were essentially indistinguishable from feelings of excitement about the prospect of a journey. This reframing of my feelings has been reasonably effective – it’s one way of dealing with uncertainty. It’s not just the uncertainty of travel that we all have to face. None of us knows what is going to happen, or what is currently going on outside our immediate knowledge, or the vast majority of what has happened in the past. Uncertainty has been called the “conscious awareness of ignorance,” and there is a lot we are ignorant about. We must navigate through life without complete information, and this fundamental uncertainty is an inescapable aspect of human existence. We all have to live with this uncertainty and, as a statistician, it’s been my job to try to analyse data and assess some of the risks we face. (I)But some deal with uncertainty with more equanimity than others. (II) Psychological studies, as well as our own experience, reveal a wide variation in people’s responses, including those that are cognitive (how we think), emotional (how we feel), and behavioural (what we do). (III)For example, when faced with uncertainty, do you deny it or acknowledge it, does it put the wind up you or make you courageous, do you try to avoid it or approach it?(IV) Of course, your response may depend on the context, just as an individual’s appetite for risk-taking can vary across different areas of their lives. I have known people who seemed to take huge physical risks, yet were very cautious with money. Numerous scales have been developed to measure how well people can deal with uncertainty, based on responses to statements ranging from “Unforeseen events upset me greatly” to “When it’s time to act, uncertainty paralyses me.” Those who score highly, and find it difficult to tolerate uncertainty, may also be at increased risk of clinically significant anxiety and depression. (Adapted from The Guardian.com) Question 9: The word “vivid” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. feeble B. intense C. remarkable D. crucial Question 10: The word “these” in paragraph 1 refers to: A. symptoms of anxiety and excitement B. feelings of excitement C. mental and physical symptoms of anxiety D. travel fever and apprehension Question 11: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? A. Being uncertain means realizing we don’t know everything. B. Ignorance and uncertainty are completely unrelated concepts. C. Awareness of uncertainty only applies to the past and present. D. Most of our knowledge comes from ignoring uncertainties. Question 12: Where in paragraph 3 would the following sentence best fit? "This variation reflects the complexity of human psychology when facing unknown outcomes." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 13: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor influencing people’s responses to uncertainty in paragraph 3? A. cognitive thinking patterns B. emotional reactions C. behavioral actions D. professional expertise Question 14: The phrase "put the wind up you" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by_______ A. assist you B. calm you down C. make you nervous D. reassure you Question 15: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4? TRANG 107 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Responses to uncertainty depend on the circumstances, with low tolerance linked to mental health problems. B. People who dislike uncertainty are at a much higher risk of developing anxiety disorders and depression. C. Scales used to measure uncertainty tolerance highlight individual differences. D. An individual’s response to uncertainty undeniably reflects their appetite for taking risks in various situations. Question 16: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The author’s father completely overcame his fear of travel. B. Cognitive behavioural therapy involves denying feelings of anxiety. C. Reframing anxiety as excitement can help manage pre-travel apprehension. D. People’s responses to uncertainty are primarily shaped by their professions. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Travel anxiety is a universal experience for all individuals. B. People’s responses to uncertainty are shaped by both internal and external factors. C. High tolerance for uncertainty guarantees lower levels of anxiety. D. The concept of uncertainty has little relevance in modern life. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Anxiety about uncertainty is common but can be managed with the right strategies. B. Travel anxiety highlights the broader issue of uncertainty in life. C. Individual responses to uncertainty vary widely and impact mental health. D. Uncertainty is an inevitable part of life that challenges everyone differently. Đề 32 How Green Are Our Festival Traditions? Festivals are a time of celebration, bringing happiness and joy through various traditions. However, many of these traditions are not environmentally friendly and could harm our planet. To ensure a sustainable future, it is important to reconsider some of these practices and explore more eco-friendly alternatives. One common festival tradition is the release of balloons and sky lanterns, especially in countries like China, India, and Japan. These beautiful sights are believed to bring good luck and carry wishes to the sky. Unfortunately, the environmental impact is significant. Balloons and lanterns often end up as litter, which is difficult to decompose. The frames of sky lanterns can harm wildlife, and animals often mistake balloons for food, putting them at risk. Furthermore, lanterns have been known to cause wildfires, endangering both nature and human safety. Another tradition that raises concerns is fireworks. In countries like Australia and the US, fireworks displays are a staple during festivals. While they are visually stunning, fireworks release harmful chemicals into the air, contributing to pollution and poor air quality. Similar to sky lanterns, fireworks can also cause fires, which can be devastating to both the environment and communities. Lastly, Christmas trees, whether real or artificial, are a central part of holiday decorations in homes and businesses worldwide. Real trees, when discarded, release methane and carbon dioxide, two harmful greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Although artificial trees can be reused for several years, their production involves harmful pollutants, and when they end up in landfills, they take centuries to decompose, further burdening the environment. In conclusion, while festival traditions bring joy and excitement, many of them have negative environmental consequences. By choosing more sustainable practices, we can TRANG 108 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật celebrate in ways that are both enjoyable and environmentally responsible, ensuring that future generations can also enjoy these traditions. (Adapted from Global Success 12) Question 1: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? A. It is necessary to adjust some of the festival activities to comply with environmentally friendly standards. B. Festive customs which take place every year far and near bring joy and excitement without causing harm. C. A wide range of traditions need to be completely eliminated due to several environmental concerns. D. Festivals always prove to support sustainability through their unique traditions at all time. Question 2: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the traditions discussed in the passage? A. Releasing balloons and sky lanterns. B. Using fireworks for celebrations. C. Lighting candles during festivals. D. Displaying Christmas trees. Question 3: The word decompose in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. break down B. combine C. dissolve D. decay Question 4: The word staple in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by: A. common tradition B. optional practice C. rare event D. harmful custom Question 5: The word their in paragraph 3 refers to: A. greenhouse gases B. real trees C. fake trees D. pollutants Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Fake Christmas trees do not harm the environment. B. Sky lanterns always bring good luck and cause no harm. C. Real Christmas trees can release harmful gases when discarded. D. Fireworks are only harmful because of their noise. Question 7: In which paragraph are the environmental effects of releasing balloons and sky lanterns discussed? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph can you find information about the harmful effects Christmas trees? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about inventions and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. A large number of inventions require years of arduous research and development before they are perfected. For instance, Thomas Edison made more than 1,000 attempts before successfully inventing the incandescent light bulb. (I) History is replete with examples of inventors failing repeatedly before eventually succeeding. (II) However, not all inventions are the result of relentless effort. (III) Indeed, some inventions come about entirely by accident, often when inventors are attempting to create something else. (IV) These accidental discoveries have profoundly impacted the world, proving that innovation sometimes relies as much on luck as on determination. In the 1930s, chemist Roy Plunkett was trying to create a new substance for refrigeration. He mixed chemicals, placed them in a pressurized container, and cooled the mixture. The result was not a refrigeration material but Teflon, a substance now widely used to make nonstick cookware. Decades earlier, John Pemberton, a pharmacist in Atlanta, sought to create a tonic to relieve headaches. Though unsuccessful in his original goal, he inadvertently invented Coca-Cola, which became one of the most popular beverages in the TRANG 109 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật world. Both Plunkett and Pemberton demonstrate how unintended outcomes can lead to groundbreaking products. Accidental discoveries have also played a critical role in scientific advancements. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, when he noticed that mold in a petri dish killed surrounding bacteria. This groundbreaking discovery has saved millions of lives and revolutionized medicine. Similarly, in 1946, Percy Spencer was experimenting with microwaves when he realized that a candy bar in his pocket had melted. Investigating further, he developed the microwave oven, a device that forever changed the way people prepare food. These stories highlight the unpredictable nature of innovation. While persistence and hard work are often necessary, chance can also play an important role in shaping the modern world. Whether through deliberate effort or serendipity, accidental inventions have transformed industries, improved daily life, and opened new possibilities for the future. (Adapted from https://oureverydaylife.com/) Question 9: The word "they" in paragraph 1 refers to: A. inventions B. inventors C. discoveries D. experiments Question 10: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? “Instead, some inventions are the result of spontaneous, unintended incidents.” A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 11: The phrase "come about" in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by: A. turn out B. take place C. result from D. put aside Question 12: Which of the following is NOT an invention made by accident, according to the passage? A. teflon B. Coca-Cola C. penicillin D. the incandescent light bulb Question 13: Which of the following is OPPOSITE in meaning to the word " inadvertently " in paragraph 2? A. deliberately B. temporarily C. persistently D. effortlessly Question 14: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. Scientists always rely on persistence to make discoveries. B. Accidental scientific discoveries have led to groundbreaking advancements. C. Penicillin was the most important accidental invention in history. D. Innovations in science are usually the result of experimentation and effort. Question 15: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Thomas Edison invented the microwave oven after many attempts. B. Roy Plunkett invented Teflon while trying to improve refrigeration. C. Coca-Cola was originally created as a cure for mold infections. D. Percy Spencer discovered penicillin during an experiment with microwaves. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? A. Success is always the result of hard work and determination. B. Innovation requires both consistent effort and unexpected luck. C. The most important inventions in history were accidental. D. Hard work guarantees successful outcomes in modern science. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Accidental inventions are often more useful than deliberate ones. B. Most scientific discoveries result from careful experimentation. C. Some inventions are discovered when inventors are attempting unrelated tasks. D. Serendipity plays a minor role in the history of innovation. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? TRANG 110 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. Many important inventions come about through persistence and dedication. B. Both effort and serendipity have contributed to groundbreaking inventions. C. Accidental discoveries have been the most important in shaping human history. D. Most scientific progress relies on experimentation and rigorous research. Đề 33 Ha Noi Then and Now The 'Ha Noi Then and Now' exhibition has drawn thousands of visitors this week. The photos evoke childhood memories for older residents while giving younger generations a glimpse into how the city has transformed over time. Through the exhibition, people from all walks of life can connect with the essence of Ha Noi, whether they are locals or newcomers curious about its history and development. In the 'Then' hall, pictures vividly depict 20th-century Ha Noi. In 1954, the city had about 530,000 residents in an area of 152 sq km. The Old Quarter, dating back hundreds of years, comprised streets dedicated to specific trades and crafts that shaped the city's economy. Life was simpler; most people traveled by bicycle or on foot, as motorbikes and cars were luxuries that only a few could afford. Trains, starting in 1901, were the primary mode of public transport until 1991, as buses were infrequent and inconvenient. People lived and worked in low-rise buildings, creating a close-knit community atmosphere. The city was a fascinating mixture of French colonial buildings and traditional Eastern architecture, blending the influences of its history and culture. In contrast, the 'Now' hall showcases a dynamic and modern Ha Noi with over 8 million residents and an urban area exceeding 3,000 sq km. Many rural villages have been incorporated into the expanding city, transforming its landscape. To accommodate the growing population, the government is building affordable housing and high-rise apartments. Transport has improved significantly with the construction of new roads, bridges, and electric buses. The Ha Noi Metro, launched in 2021, represents a major step forward in public transit and is set to expand further by 2030, connecting more areas of the city. Despite these advancements, urbanisation has introduced challenges. "The city is becoming overcrowded as people move in for job opportunities," said a 21-year-old student. This growth has caused traffic congestion, rising unemployment, and worsening air pollution, which are major concerns for residents. Through this exhibition, visitors can appreciate Ha Noi's rich history while grappling with the complexities of its rapid development, understanding both its past and its future trajectory. (Adapted from Global Success) Question 1: The word “residents” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by: A. workers B. tourists C. inhabitants D. visitors Question 2: Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence? A. Ha Noi’s architecture was primarily Western with some Eastern influences. B. The city’s architecture blended elements from both French and traditional Eastern styles. C. Ha Noi’s buildings were designed by both French and Eastern architects. D. The city’s architecture reflected the French colonisation period exclusively. Question 3: The word “rural” in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. urban B. remote C. agricultural D. suburban Question 4: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the consequences of urbanisation in Ha Noi Now? A. traffic congestion B. increasing unemployment rates C. improved public transport D. rising air pollution Question 5: The word “its” in paragraph 5 refers to: TRANG 111 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. the Old Quarter B. Ha Noi C. the exhibition D. the Metro Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Ha Noi Metro first opened to the public in 1991. B. Buses were the most common mode of public transport in Ha Noi before 1991. C. Ha Noi’s urban area now includes parts of former rural villages. D. The Old Quarter was established in the 20th century. Question 7: In which paragraph is the Ha Noi Metro mentioned? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the author describe the challenges brought by urbanisation? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions. Taking Home the World Cup Standing just 36 centimeters tall, the FIFA World Cup Trophy symbolizes the pinnacle of football achievement. Every four years, teams worldwide compete for it, but no one ever takes the trophy home. Made of 18-carat gold, the original trophy remains under FIFA's protection, with winners receiving only a replica. This measure safeguards it from theft, as the trophy has been stolen twice in its history. The original trophy was made by a French sculptor, Abel LaFleur, and was called the “Jules Rimet Cup,” in honor of the founder of the World Cup tournament. Sometime during the first three World Cup events (1930, 1934, and 1938), the name changed to simply the “World Cup.” Then during World War II, not much was seen or heard of the trophy. It was being kept hidden in a shoe box under the bed of Dr. Ottorino Barassi, the Italian vicepresident of FIFA, to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Nazi army. In 1966, the Cup was stolen during a public showing of the trophy prior to the World Cup tournament in England. Luckily, it was found a short time later, none the worse for wear, in a trash container by a little dog named Pickles. Four years later, Brazil earned permanent possession of the original trophy by winning its third World Cup title. Unfortunately, the trophy was stolen a second time in 1983 and was never recovered. The Brazilian Football Association had to have a duplicate trophy made. (I) After the first trophy became the possession of Brazil’s football association, a new World Cup Trophy for FIFA was designed by an Italian artist, Silvio Gazzaniga, in 1974. (II) This trophy cannot be won outright, but remains in the possession of FIFA, and rest assured they are watching it very closely. Today, World Cup winners are awarded a replica of the trophy that is gold-plated, rather than solid gold like the real one. (III) Gazzaniga’s World Cup trophy weighs almost five kilograms. (IV) Its base contains two layers of a semiprecious stone called malachite, and has room for seventeen small plaques bearing the names of the winning teams---enough space to honor all the World Cup champions up to the year 2038. After that, a new trophy will have to be made. (Adapted from Reading Challenge 3) Question 9: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence? A. Although small, the FIFA World Cup Trophy is a prestigious symbol of football success. B. The FIFA World Cup Trophy represents an achievable goal for most football teams. C. The FIFA World Cup Trophy's size reflects the scale of football excellence in the world. D. The FIFA World Cup Trophy is a modest yet iconic award in football tournament. Question 10: The word "it" in paragraph 1 refers to: A. FIFA B. the replica C. the original trophy D. the competition TRANG 112 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 11: Which of the following is NOT a reason for FIFA keeping the original trophy under protection? A. Its significant monetary value B. Its history of being stolen twice C. The risk of it being lost in transit D. The fact that it is made of 18-carat gold Question 12: The phrase "none the worse for wear" could best be replaced by: A. slightly damaged B. completely intact C. entirely replaced D. barely noticeable Question 13: Where in paragraph 3 does the following sentence best fit? "It was a decision made to prevent the trophy from being stolen again." A. (I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 14: The word "outright" in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. temporarily B. partially C. gradually D. indefinitely Question 15: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. The original trophy was stolen and replaced by a duplicate. B. A new trophy designed in 1974 cannot be won outright. C. Gazzaniga’s design includes features ensuring its long-term use. D. FIFA now awards winners a replica to protect the original. Question 16: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The original trophy was never recovered after it was stolen in 1966. B. Brazil permanently kept the original trophy after winning their third World Cup. C. The current World Cup Trophy has space for plaques up to 2040. D. Pickles was the name of the dog that found the trophy in 1974. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. The current trophy is more secure than the original. B. The replica trophies are also made of 18-carat gold. C. FIFA plans to redesign the current trophy before 2038. D. Brazil no longer competes for the World Cup trophy. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. The FIFA World Cup Trophy is a highly valued and carefully protected prize, symbolizing the pinnacle of football achievement. B. FIFA's decision to create a replica trophy highlights the history of the history of the trophy surrounding the World Cup. C. The World Cup Trophy has undergone numerous changes to prevent theft and then accommodate more and more winners. D. The history of the FIFA World Cup Trophy reflects its importance and ongoing legacy in international football tournament Đề 34 Robots are useful for exploring and working in space. In particular, many robots have been sent to explore Mars. Such robots have usually looked like a box with wheels. Though these robots are useful, by their very nature they are unreliable, extremely expensive, and they break easily. Also, they cannot do very many tasks. Because of these problems, scientists have been developing a new and unusual kind of robot. These new robots move like snakes, so they have been given the name “snakebots.” But how can such a robot shape be made? A snakebot is built like a chain made of about thirty parts, or modules. Each module is basically the same in that they all have a small computer and a wheel to aid movement. The large computer in the “head” of the snake makes all of the modules in a snakebot work together. The modular design of the snakebot has many TRANG 113 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật advantages. If one module fails, another can be added easily. Snakebot modules can also carry different kinds of tools, as well as cameras. Since each module is actually a robot in itself, one module can work apart from the rest if necessary. That is, all the modules can separate and move on their own, and then later, reconnect back into a larger robot. Overall, the snakebot design is much simpler than that of common robots. Thus, snakebots will be much less expensive to build. For example, a robot recently sent to Mars cost over a hundred million dollars, whereas snakebots can cost as little as a few hundred dollars. With their versatility and affordability, snakebots seem to be the wave of the future, at least as far as space robots are concerned. (Adapted from Reading Challenge 1 by Casey Malarcher and Andrea Janzen) Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the problems with traditional robots? A. They are expensive to build. B. They are difficult to control. C. They cannot perform many tasks. D. They are prone to breaking easily. Question 2: The word "unreliable" in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. expensive B. trustworthy C. complex D. fragile Question 3: The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. robots B. modules C. wheels D. computers Question 4: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence "Snakebot modules can also carry different kinds of tools, as well as cameras”? A. Each module of a snakebot can transport equipment like tools and cameras. B. Tools and cameras must be attached to the head of the snakebot. C. Snakebots require cameras and tools to function properly. D. Only the head module of the snakebot can carry tools and cameras. Question 5: The word “versatility” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: A. simplicity B. adaptability C. durability D. efficiency Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Snakebots cannot work without all modules connected. B. Snakebots are cheaper to build than traditional robots. C. Each module in a snakebot must be replaced frequently. D. Traditional robots are more flexible than snakebots. Question 7: In which paragraph does the passage explain how snakebots can be repaired? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the passage compare the cost of snakebots to that of traditional robots? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Working on Your Workout (I) Although appreciating a balanced diet and regular exercise, most people do not know how to exercise properly. Consequently, they usually rush through their workouts, or they make the same common workout mistakes. (II) Exercising the right way is important for people who are worried about their health and their appearance. (III) However, if someone is not working out properly, they will not see the results they want. Therefore, training experts have devised tips to teach people how to exercise correctly in order to achieve the greatest health benefits. (VI) One of the most common workout mistakes is doing the same routine over and over again. This does not challenge your muscles, and it can actually prevent muscles from TRANG 114 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật growing and repairing themselves. Instead of always sticking to the same old workout, it is important to change your routine every six to eight weeks. It is also important to add a variety of workouts to your routine, such as swimming, yoga, or biking, to make sure your whole body stays fit. This will help make your workouts more interesting, and benefit your health and muscle development as well. Another mistake people tend to make is to work out too hard, too often. Your body needs to rest between workouts; otherwise, no progress will be made. It is best to keep the number of hard workout routines to no more than two per week. Then, for those who don’t want to get off schedule by skipping a day, shorter workouts of about twenty minutes can be used on other days. For more variety in workouts, you could also plan an easier routine for forty to sixty minutes between days of shorter, more intense workouts. Experts recommend, however, taking at least one day off completely each week, especially after several hard workout days in a row. In reality, no one is perfect. However, if you want to make a difference in your overall health, there are some things you can do. Stretch before and after every workout. Do not rush your routine, and do not work out too little or too much. Remember not to make these common workout mistakes, and always have fun while exercising! (Adapted from Reading Challenge 3 by Casey Malarcher and Andrea Janzen) Question 9: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit? " If you want to achieve the best workout results, here are a few helpful tips to bear in mind.” A.(I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 10: The word "they" in paragraph 1 refers to: A. training experts B. most people C. health benefits D. workout results Question 11: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence: "Instead of always sticking to the same old workout, it is important to change your routine every six to eight weeks"? A. Avoid repeating the same workout and include variety to ensure effectiveness. B. Maintain the same routine for at least six to eight weeks to see progress. C. New exercises should only be introduced every two months. D. Consistency in workout routines is definitely the key to success. Question 12: The phrase "get off schedule" could be best replaced by: A. delay partly B. stay on track C. break routine D. stop completely Question 13: The phrase "in a row" is OPPOSITE in meaning to_____: A. continuously B. intermittently C. randomly D. separately Question 14: Which of the following is NOT a factor that can prevent muscles from growing and repairing themselves? A. Sticking to the same workout routine B. Working out too hard, too often C. Adding a variety of workouts to your routine D. Not giving the body enough time to rest Question 15: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 2? A. It emphasizes the importance of including a variety of workouts in your exercise routine. B. It highlights how to create a strict exercise schedule for muscle growth. C. It discusses why people should avoid making any changes to their workouts. D. It explains how yoga and swimming can prevent injuries during workouts. Question 16: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? TRANG 115 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. It is advisable for everyone to work out hard every day for better results. B. It is necessary for us to do workouts without taking rests between sessions. C. Shorter workouts can be used on days between intense exercise sessions. D. Taking one day off per week is discouraged by both experts and trainers. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Most people find workouts challenging because they lack proper guidance. B. Yoga is one of the most effective exercises for overall muscle development. C. Training experts believe that intense workouts are harmful to our health. D. Working out too little can have the same negative effects as overworking. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. To achieve the best health results, avoid common workout mistakes and follow expert advice. B. Consistency in workout routines is really essential for our muscle growth and overall health. C. Regular stretching and shorter workouts are the keys to physical fitness and good health. D. Exercise routines should only include low-intensity workouts in order to prevent injuries. Đề 35 Katê Festival Cultural diversity is a vital aspect of any society, and festivals of ethnic groups play an essential role in preserving the cultural identity of a community. Embracing cultural values through festivals is an important way of staying connected with one community as well as its history and traditions, and a well-known Katê Festival of the Chăm people in Vietnam is an example to prove so. The Katê Festival, also known as Mbăng Katê, is the biggest yearly festival for the Chăm people in Vietnam. It is a special time of year when they honour important figures in their history and the dead in their families. The Kate Festival takes place on the first day of the seventh month in the Chăm calendar, usually in September or October. It lasts for three days and takes place around three important ancient structures in Ninh Thuận Province: the Po Klaung Yăgrai Tower, the Po Romé Tower and the Po Inû Nagar Temple. All of these places are very important to Champa culture and history. On the morning of the first day, Cham families take part in processions as they travel to the towers and temple, bringing gifts of fruit, meat and rice. In a special ceremony, the Cham people receive the costumes of the Goddess Po Nagar from the Raglai people, a cultural group with close connections to Champa culture. The Chăm carry the costumes to the temple to celebrate Po Nagar, then they open the gates. Inside the temple, they start bathing the statues of important figures and watching sacred dances. After those performances, people enjoy lively parties until the evening of the festival's second day. On the last day, people make special offerings to their gods at community houses in their villages and pray for luck and good health for the coming year. Once this is over, there are traditional music performances, and then people do fun activities like playing football and participating in weaving competitions. (Adapted from Bright 12) Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the key locations where the Katê Festival is celebrated? A. Po Klaung Yăgrai Tower B. Po Romé Tower C. Po Inû Nagar Temple D. Cham Museum in Da Nang Question 2: The word “diversity” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: TRANG 116 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật A. variety B. similarity C. difference D. multiplicity Question 3: The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to: A. The Chăm people B. The Raglai people C. The important figures D. The costumes Question 4: The word “lively” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by: A. cheerful B. noisy C. boring D. dull Question 5: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The Katê Festival is only celebrated at the Po Inû Nagar Temple. B. The festival is held at the beginning of the seventh month in the Gregorian calendar. C. The Chăm people receive costumes from the Raglai people during the festival. D. The last day of the festival is focused on sacred dances and bathing statues. Question 6: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? "Cultural diversity is a vital aspect of any society, and festivals of ethnic groups play an essential role in preserving the cultural identity of a community." A. Festivals are important for maintaining cultural identity and society’s diversity. B. Societies depend on ethnic groups to preserve their own cultural diversity. C. Cultural festivals are the only way to preserve a community’s identity. D. Ethnic groups organize festivals to improve society’s cultural identity. Question 7: In which paragraph does the passage describe how the festival begins? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the passage mention activities that take place in villages on the last day of the festival? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Mountain Lions Amid Wildfires: A Struggle for Survival Beth Pratt, the California director for the National Wildlife Federation, has spent her career protecting Los Angeles’ mountain lions. These top predators live in a rocky area surrounded by fancy houses and many roads. When wildfires destroy vast stretches of open land, the survival options for these animals become critically limited. “This is the LA area— these mountain lions can’t just move into the Kardashians’ backyard,” Pratt says, her voice filled with concern for the animals in such a difficult situation. (I) The chaparral vegetation, covering about 10% of California, is one of the world’s most flammable ecosystems. (II) In Los Angeles, suburban sprawl intrudes on these areas, blocking wildlife escape routes. (III)Fires strip the land of food and shelter, transforming vibrant ecosystems into barren landscapes. (IV) Pratt highlights the urgency of the situation, explaining how areas that once supported life are now “taken out of commission,” leaving many species to starve or struggle for survival. The consequences extend beyond wildlife. Wildfires have caused devastating human losses, with 88,000 people evacuated and a rising death toll of 25. Meanwhile, the non-human world suffers equally, particularly endangered species with limited ranges. Red-legged frogs, reintroduced into Santa Monica streams in 2014, are among the most affected, with their habitats repeatedly destroyed. The Woolsey Fire of 2018 was followed by mudslides that wiped out much of the region's delicate ecosystem, and scientists fear similar outcomes this time. California newts, reptiles, and snakes are also at high risk, while mammals and birds, although more likely to escape, face challenges in finding food and shelter as the ecosystem bounces back. Despite the devastation, hope remains. The chaparral is a fire-adapted ecosystem, and life often endures beneath the soil. Seeds can survive and germinate quickly, with grasses TRANG 117 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật sprouting weeks after the first rain. Shrubs may take up to a decade to recover, depending on rainfall. Prof. Stefan Doerr, an expert on wildfires, emphasizes the resilience of this landscape, noting its evolutionary adaptation to high-intensity fires occurring every 30 to 100 years. While the aftermath looks bleak, these fires play a role in maintaining biodiversity, offering a glimmer of hope for recovery. (Adapted from the Guardian.com) Question 9: Which of the following is OPPOSITE in meaning to “critically” in Paragraph 1? A. slightly B. urgently C. severely D. carefully Question 10: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit in paragraph 2? “Composed of grasslands, shrubs, and woody species that regenerate after intense wildfires, this habitat faces escalating threats.” A.(I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 12: Which of the following is NOT a factor threatening chaparral vegetation? A. suburban sprawl B. high-intensity fires C. loss of food and shelter D. excessive rainfall Question 12: The phrase “taken out of commission” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by: A. set up B. broken down C. put forward D. taken after Question 13: The word “their” in Paragraph 3 refers to: A. mountain lions B. red-legged frogs C. endangered species D. mammals and birds Question 14: Which of the following best summarizes Paragraph 2? A. Wildfires destroy chaparral vegetation, causing wildlife to flee to urban areas. B. The chaparral ecosystem faces increasing threats from wildfires and human expansion. C. Mountain lions struggle to survive due to suburban sprawl and lack of food. D. Grasslands and shrubs are easily regenerated after intense wildfires. Question 15: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Mountain lions frequently inhabit suburban backyards. B. The Woolsey Fire of 2018 caused mudslides that devastated the ecosystem. C. California’s chaparral ecosystem cannot recover after wildfires. D. Wildfires have little impact on endangered species. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4: “Seeds can survive and germinate quickly, with grasses sprouting weeks after the first rain.”? A. Seeds thrive under dry conditions and only sprout after wildfires. B. Seeds endure fires and grow soon after the rains begin. C. Grasses grow rapidly before the first rainfall, due to seed survival. D. Wildfires prevent seeds from sprouting despite heavy rainfall. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Human intervention is necessary for the chaparral ecosystem to recover after wildfires. B. The chaparral’s ability to regenerate after fires depends on its evolutionary adaptations. C. Suburban sprawl has a minimal impact on the long-term recovery of the chaparral. D. Without wildfires, the chaparral ecosystem would lose its biodiversity entirely. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Wildfires are a natural part of the chaparral ecosystem, but suburban sprawl exacerbates their impact on wildlife and humans. B. The chaparral vegetation in California is an invaluable resource that requires immediate human intervention to prevent destruction. TRANG 118 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật C. Mountain lions and other species are at greater risk from wildfires due to increasing suburbanization and declining biodiversity. D. Despite the devastating effects of wildfires, the chaparral ecosystem’s resilience ensures a quick recovery. Đề 36 Vietnamese Women’s Achievements Women have always played an important role in Vietnam’s history. Some fight for their country, some inspire others, and some make positive changes to society. Their contributions have shaped the nation in various ways, leaving a lasting impact on culture, politics, and the arts. Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị are famous examples of women who fought for their country’s freedom. Known in Vietnamese as “Hai Bà Trưng,” the Trưng sisters successfully led their people in a rebellion against foreign invaders in 40 A.D. After their victory, they ruled the country for three years, demonstrating remarkable leadership and bravery. As the first female rulers of Vietnam, the Trưng sisters have become symbols of patriotism and resilience. Their significance is even greater considering that Vietnamese women at the time had very limited access to education and politics. Their story continues to inspire generations. Sương Nguyệt Anh is another example of an influential Vietnamese woman. As the daughter of the patriotic poet Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, she mastered literature from a young age. She worked as a teacher before becoming the editor-in-chief of Nữ Giới Chung, the first women’s newspaper in Sài Gòn, in 1918. As the first female editor in Vietnam, she made significant contributions to the press, feminism, and poetry. Through her work, she promoted women’s rights and encouraged female empowerment. A third example is Điềm Phùng Thị. She graduated from Hà Nội Medical University in 1946 and earned a PhD in dentistry in France in 1954. However, she later pursued a career in sculpture, creating artworks that reflected her love for Vietnam. She exhibited her work throughout Europe and became the first female Vietnamese member of the European Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. Her name was later recorded in the Larousse Dictionary of Painters, recognizing her as a remarkable artist. (Adapted from Explore New World) Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the important roles of Vietnamese women in the passage? A. fighting for their country B. making scientific discoveries C. inspiring others D. bringing positive changes to society Question 2: The word lasting in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by: A. short-term B. temporary C. enduring D. instant Question 3: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence Through her work, she promoted women’s rights and encouraged female empowerment.? A. She helped women become stronger and fought for their rights. B. She introduced new laws to protect women in the workplace. C. She focused on journalism and wrote about social issues. D. She worked in politics and advocated for female leadership. Question 4: The word remarkable in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. ordinary B. outstanding C. impressive D. extraordinary Question 5: The word their in paragraph 2 refers to: A. The invaders B. The Vietnamese people C. The Trưng sisters D. The rulers TRANG 119 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 6: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The Trưng sisters ruled the country for more than ten years. B. Sương Nguyệt Anh was Vietnam’s first female newspaper editor. C. Điềm Phùng Thị studied medicine but later became a sculptor. D. Nguyễn Đình Chiểu was well known as a patriotic female poet. Question 7: In which paragraph does the passage mention the first female rulers of Vietnam? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph is Điềm Phùng Thị’s artistic career discussed? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Biting into a ripe, juicy fruit brings a smile to many people’s faces. But eating that same fruit a week before it is ripe probably wouldn’t be as enjoyable! Unripe fruits are often hard and bitter, but that serves a purpose. The hard exterior of an unripe fruit protects the developing seed inside. After a seed fully develops inside the fruit, the fruit changes color, softens, and gets sweeter to become more attractive to animals and humans. These organisms eat the fruit and spread its seeds, ensuring the plant’s survival and regrowth. But how does a fruit ripen? The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. When a fruit ripens, it goes through a chemical change. A chemical change happens when bonds within molecules break, and the atoms that once formed them regroup into new molecules. Chemical changes are irreversible. Once a fruit ripens, it cannot become unripe again. One molecule responsible for this chemical change is ethylene. Ethylene (C2H4) is a colorless gas made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (I). It is a naturally occurring molecule in the atmosphere. (II). It is also an important plant hormone. (III). Plants release ethylene through the growing tips of roots, flowers, and ripening fruit. (IV). Although ethylene serves other purposes in plants, one of its main purposes is to trigger the chemical reactions that cause fruits to ripen. As the fruit matures, oxygen in the air helps stimulate the production of ethylene. This ethylene production is a signal that begins fruit ripening. For that reason, unripe fruits have low levels of ethylene, while ripe fruits have higher levels of ethylene. Most fruits produce ethylene and respond to ethylene in the atmosphere. Although fruits require ethylene to ripen, different types of fruits respond to this molecule in two distinct ways: non-climacteric fruits and climacteric fruits. Non-climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting. They produce very little ethylene of their own. Climacteric fruits, on the other hand, continue to ripen after they are picked. These fruits produce a large amount of ethylene. Climacteric fruits can also speed up the ripening process of other fruits nearby since they release high levels of ethylene into the air. (Adapted from Readwork.org) Question 9: Which of the following is OPPOSITE in meaning to exterior in paragraph 1? A. surface B. inside C. outer part D. shell Question 10: The phrase These organisms in paragraph 1 refers to... A. Fruits and seeds B. Plants and trees C. animals and humans D. Fruits Question 11: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence: The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. A. Fruit ripening happens through simple chemical processes. B. The process of ripening includes multiple complicated chemical changes. C. Fruits ripen in a physical way without involving chemistry. D. Ripening occurs when fruits are exposed to external conditions. TRANG 120 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 12: The phrase made up of in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by: A. composed of B. broken into C. taken from D. mixed with Question 13: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit in paragraph 3? “Plant hormones are chemicals produced by plants that control their growth, reproduction, maturation, and decay.” A.(I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV) Question 14: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4? A. Ethylene is a plant hormone that plays a key role in fruit ripening. B. Oxygen is the most important element in the ripening process. C. Plants use different methods to protect their fruit from ripening too soon. D. The ripening process depends only on external environmental factors. Question 15: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a factor in fruit ripening? A. ethylene gas B. oxygen in the air C. chemical changes D. the amount of water in the fruit Question 16: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Fruits can return to their unripe state if stored correctly after ripening. B. Ethylene is a natural gas that plays a key role in making fruits ripen. C. Unripe fruits generally contain higher levels of ethylene than ripe ones. D. Every type of fruit will continue to ripen even after being harvested. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Climacteric fruits can cause nearby unripe fruits to ripen more quickly. B. Non-climacteric fruits naturally have more ethylene than ripe fruits. C. The ripening process of fruits is mainly influenced by sunlight exposure. D. Farmers always use artificial ethylene gas to speed up fruit ripening. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Fruits ripen because of natural chemical reactions mainly triggered by ethylene. B. Fruits become sweeter and softer when exposed to sunlight and high temperatures. C. Ethylene is a chemical that speeds up ripening but also causes quick decay. D. All fruits respond to ethylene the same way and ripen at a similar rate Đề 37 Urbanization is the movement of people from the country to cities and the growth of urban areas. It happens because there are often more opportunities in cities. However, when a city's population grows too quickly, it causes problems. Here are a few persistent problems caused by urbanization and some ideas to solve them. Poverty: Urban areas have a higher cost of living, which means many people have to live in slums. These areas have high crime rates and only basic sanitation, and the people living there often have no access to healthcare. A solution for these issues would be to increase the number of social workers and police and have them provide service to these areas. A better, but more expensive one, would be to remove all the old buildings and houses, and have the city government build better quality, low-cost housing. Pollution: Large populations create lots of waste. This can be too much for sanitation services to handle, so some areas can get very dirty. One option is to have volunteers clean up these places and have more trash cans installed. Another might be to have police give large fines to people who throw litter on the ground. Traffic: People in cities often use private cars to get to work and school. This leads to heavy road congestion and causes lots of air pollution. To solve this problem, many cities TRANG 121 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật don't let people drive private vehicles in the city center. This can reduce the amount of traffic by making people use public transportation. In conclusion, urbanization can cause a lot of problems for people living in cities. Poor living standards. unclean environments, and congested traffic are just some of the issues. Solving the problems of urbanization is one of the biggest challenges for modern society. (Adapted from iLearn Smart) Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the problems caused by urbanization? A. poverty B. pollution C. overpopulation D. traffic Question 2: The word "persistent" in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. momentary B. severe C. constant D. ongoing Question 3: The word "them" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. social workers and police B. people living in slums C. old buildings and houses D. these areas Question 4: The word "handle" in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by: A. ignore B. manage C. avoid D. overlook Question 5: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. All urban problems can be easily solved with government policies. B. Removing old buildings is the cheapest way to improve living standards. C. Traffic congestion can be reduced by limiting private vehicles in city centers. D. Pollution in urban areas is caused only by industrial activities. Question 6: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence: "Solving the problems of urbanization is one of the biggest challenges for modern society." A. Urbanization has improved modern society in many ways. B. Finding solutions for urban issues is a difficult task today. C. Cities do not experience many problems due to urbanization. D. Modern society has already solved all problems of urbanization. Question 7: In which paragraph does the author discuss possible solutions to poverty? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the author mention how private cars affect urban life? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 3 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 5 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. Who are you? On 6 June 2011, the media reported the kidnapping of a female Syrian-American blogger called Amina Arraf. Regarded as a daring political rebel, the 35-year-old had gained popularity for her blogs protesting the lack of freedom in Syria. Yet, only two days later, it was discovered that Amina had never existed. She was a fictional character created by Tom MacMaster, a forty-year-old American PhD student at the University of Edinburgh. MacMaster's invention is an example of sock puppetry: the use of false identities to deceive others. (I). The false identity is known as a sock puppet, and its creator, a puppet master. (II). MacMaster created Amina to express his views on Middle Eastern affairs without offending other Americans. (III). Writing as Amina gave him the authority to say what he wanted. (IV). At the turn of the millennium, Debbie Swenson created Kaycee Nicole, a fictional teenage girl suffering from terminal cancer. Her blog, Living Colours, described Kaycee’s TRANG 122 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật struggle, attracting millions of readers. When Kaycee 'died' on 14 May 2001, her fans were devastated. Their distress turned to anger when they discovered that Kaycee was not real. Swenson had developed the character to gain attention and sympathy. While Amina and Kaycee were used to meet their creators' needs, other identities have been invented for profit. American gun advocate John Lott made up a fake student, Mary Rosh, to defend his writing online and give him positive reviews. Mystery writer RJ Ellory fabricated a team of sock puppets to praise his own books and tear into those of his rivals. British historian Orlando Figes lost credibility when he had to publicly apologise for doing the same. Yet none of these stories compare to large-scale sock puppetry today. The New York City Police Department has false identities on social media to catch criminals. The US military is believed to use sock puppets to track potential terrorists. It is clear that the internet is a minefield today and we all have to step very carefully in order not to get hurt. (Adapted from Global Friends) Question 9: Which of the following is OPPOSITE in meaning to "fictional"? A. imaginary B. authentic C. created D. unreal Question 10: Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit? " But this is not the only reason for sock puppetry." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 11: The word "Their" in paragraph 3 refers to: A. Readers’ B. Fans’ C. Authors’ D. Sock puppets’ Question 12: The phrase "tear into" could best be replaced by: A. criticize harshly B. encourage strongly C. support actively D. imitate skillfully Question 13: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3? A. The emotional impact of a fabricated online identity B. The ethical implications of false online personas C. How online deception can be emotionally manipulative D. The rise of sympathy-driven online hoaxes Question 14: Which of the following is NOT a reason for creating sock puppets? A. expressing controversial opinions anonymously B. gaining public sympathy C. protecting national security D. earning financial profit Question 15: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Some sock puppets serve illegal purposes, while others are harmless. B. The US military primarily uses sock puppets to spread misinformation. C. Some sock puppets are designed to manipulate public perception for profit. D. Fake online identities are almost always discovered quickly by scientists. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence: "It is clear that the internet is a minefield today and we all have to step very carefully in order not to get hurt." A. Only those with expertise can navigate online risks effectively. B. People should stay away from the internet to avoid potential harm. C. Online security measures have made the internet a much safer space. D. The internet is full of dangers, requiring constant awareness and caution. Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Sock puppetry is mostly harmless and has minimal impact on people. B. False identities online can lead to significant real-world consequences. C. Government agencies rarely engage in the use of sock puppets. D. Bloggers are the primary users of fake online identities. TRANG 123 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? A. Governments must take stricter measures to ban online anonymity and deception completely. B. Online anonymity has significantly increased deception, creating risks that are difficult to eliminate. C. Fake identities on the internet are mostly harmless, providing entertainment for users and managers. D. Sock puppetry is used for self-expression, manipulation, financial gain, and even law enforcement. Đề 38 Vocational education plays a critical role in modern education systems around the world. Unlike traditional academic routes, it focuses on providing students with practical skills and specialized knowledge that are directly applicable in various industries. For many students, vocational education serves as a gateway to careers in high-demand fields such as healthcare, construction, information technology, and hospitality. This form of education offers students a more hands-on approach compared to traditional academic programs. One of the key benefits of vocational education is its ability to combat unemployment. By equipping students with marketable skills, they are more likely to find stable employment. Moreover, vocational education plays a crucial role in addressing the skills gap in industries that require specialized technical expertise. For example, sectors like healthcare and technology have witnessed rapid growth in demand for skilled professionals, and vocational programs are essential in producing a workforce capable of meeting this need. Despite its numerous advantages, vocational education often faces criticism for being perceived as less prestigious than a university degree. Some people argue that academic degrees offer broader career opportunities and greater versatility. However, this perception is gradually changing as more people recognize the value of vocational training. In fact, vocational education not only provides a clear path to employment but also offers long-term career prospects, including the potential for career advancement and higher salaries. With the constant evolution of technology, vocational education programs are continuously adapting to prepare students for emerging industries and trends. By incorporating the latest technologies and innovations into their curricula, vocational programs ensure that their graduates remain competitive in an ever-changing job market, making vocational education a valuable and future-proof investment for both students and employers alike. Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a field for vocational education? A. healthcare B. construction C. IT D. law Question 2: The word prestigious in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to: A. unimportant B. expensive C. traditional D. valuable Question 3: The word This form of education in paragraph 1 refers to: A. a modern education system B. traditional academic programs C. vocational education D. practical education Question 4: The word hands-on in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by: A. special B. theoretical C. practical D. unnecessary TRANG 124 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? A. Teaching students practical skills ensures they will always have high-paying jobs. B. Providing students with employable skills increases their chances of securing stable jobs. C. Students will find jobs easily if they focus on theoretical knowledge rather than marketable skills. D. Giving students marketable skills guarantees they will never face unemployment. Question 6: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Vocational education is always more prestigious than university education. B. Vocational education is increasingly being recognized for its value. C. Only academic education can provide stable employment. D. Vocational education does not offer career advancement. Question 7: In which paragraph does the writer mention the benefits of vocational education in the job market? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 8: In which paragraph does the writer discuss the changing nature of vocational education? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about Asia’s culture and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions [I] Chemicals are present everywhere in our environment, some of which occur naturally, while others are the result of human activities. [II]. They are found in the air, water, and soil, and can have both positive and negative impacts on the ecosystem. Some chemicals, like nutrients, help support life by promoting plant growth [III]. However, others, especially synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, and industrial waste, can be harmful to both the environment and human health. [IV] The widespread use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture has been a major cause of chemical pollution. When these chemicals are used improperly or excessively, they can wash into rivers, lakes, and oceans, leading to water pollution. This runoff can also contribute to the depletion of oxygen in water bodies, a process known as eutrophication. Eutrophication harms aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and causing the death of fish and other organisms that rely on oxygen. Toxic chemicals such as heavy metals (e.g., mercury and lead) pose additional threats to the environment and human health. These substances can accumulate in the food chain, starting from plants and animals in contaminated areas and eventually reaching humans. Long-term exposure to these chemicals can lead to serious health issues, including neurological disorders, cancer, and other chronic conditions. Many countries have established regulations to limit the use of harmful chemicals, but enforcement remains a challenge. Efforts to reduce chemical pollution involve a combination of government regulations, technological innovations, and public awareness. Governments worldwide have introduced stricter rules on the use of hazardous chemicals and encouraged the development of ecofriendly alternatives. These regulations aim to limit the harmful impact of chemicals on the environment, encouraging industries to adopt safer practices. Environmental organizations play a vital role in monitoring chemical pollution, raising awareness, and advocating for TRANG 125 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật cleaner technologies. They work closely with policymakers to ensure effective enforcement of environmental laws. While progress has been made, ongoing efforts are needed to address emerging challenges and ensure a safer and healthier environment for future generations.) Question 9: Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit? "These substances vary in their sources and effects, depending on whether they are naturally occurring or man-made." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Question 10: The phrase "eutrophication" in paragraph II is CLOSEST in meaning to _______. A. a process that helps increase oxygen in water bodies B. the accumulation of toxic substances in aquatic life C. the depletion of oxygen in water bodies due to chemical runoff D. a method of treating industrial waste in water bodies Question 11: The word "others" in paragraph I refers to ____. A. nutrients B. chemicals C. impacts D. human activities Question 12: According to paragraph II, which of the following is NOT a consequence of chemical pollution? A. Water pollution C. Disruption of aquatic ecosystems B. Depletion of oxygen in water D. Increased plant growth Question 13: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph IV? A. Governments are the only entities responsible for reducing chemical pollution. B. The reduction of chemical pollution relies on regulations, innovations, and awareness. C. The most effective way to reduce chemical pollution is through technological innovations. D. Public awareness is the only solution to chemical pollution. Question 14: The word "depletion" in paragraph II is OPPOSITE in meaning to ____. A. accumulation B. reduction C. disruption D. diminishment Question 15: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Heavy metals in the environment do not pose a risk to human health. B. Only synthetic chemicals cause environmental harm. C. Chemicals are always harmful to the environment. D. Toxic chemicals can accumulate in the food chain and affect human health. Question 16: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph III? "These substances can accumulate in the food chain, starting from plants and animals in contaminated areas and eventually reaching humans." A. Toxic chemicals can be stored in plants and animals, making their way to humans. B. Substances accumulate in the food chain, causing no harm to the ecosystem. C. Plants and animals are immune to the harmful effects of toxic chemicals. D. Humans are unaffected by the accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain. TRANG 126 HP VSTEP – nhà luyện VSTEP – học thật thi thật Question 17: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Chemical pollution has been completely controlled by government regulations. B. Public awareness has had no effect on reducing chemical pollution. C. Governments and organizations must work together to reduce chemical pollution. D. The use of synthetic chemicals has increased without any consequences. Question 18: Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. The environment is safe from chemical pollution if strict regulations are enforced. B. Chemical pollution is a major environmental issue that requires global cooperation and action. C. The use of chemicals in agriculture has no significant environmental impact. D. Technological advancements have completely solved the issue of chemical pollution TRANG 127
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