KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT: FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
GROUP MEMBERS
ABDULLAH ABUBAKAR JUMA
CHRISANTO ALOYCE MMASI
LAILA NASSOR SHAHA
MARIUM ALLY RIDHIWAN
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT
Piers (used in bridge), piers, drilled shaft, single pile and pile group.
Book name: Soil Engineering Practice, 3rd edition.
As explained by Terzagh, Peck, & Mesr, 1996, “piers are prismatic or cylindrical that
have essentially the same function as piles or pile clusters. If piers are constructed to
support bridge their sole purpose may be transfer the loads to a level below that of the
deepest scour. In semiarid region with highly plastic clays piers are used to transfer the
loads to a level below the zone of the periodic shrinking and swelling. In most others
instances piers serve like piles to transform the loads onto or into firm stratum located
beneath softer one.”
Furthermore, he explained the distinction between piers and piles is based in the method
of installation. A pile is installed in a drilled hole, although often called a cast in place
pile, would in this text be regarded as a small-diameter pier
He explained caisson as a shell within the excavation is made. The shell descends into
the ground to the level of the base of the foundation eventually becomes an integral part
of the pier.
Here are also the explanations in which drilled shaft has been explained “in the past,
piers for the buildings were constructed in hand dug shafts and hand excavation is still
required in locations not accessible to drilling equipment. However, in the
Industrialized countries most piers are now constructed as plan or reinforced concrete
shafts cast in cylindrical holes drilled hand by mechanical equipment. Significant
progress has been made in means to cope with diverse soil and waste conditions. In as
much as the success and economy of drilled-shaft construction depend greatly on
selecting equipment and procedures appropriate to the subsurface conditions at the
specific site.
Book name: Building construction, 8th edition
According to Patel, 2019, “in case of deep foundation the piles are used to transmit the
load of structure to the soil. The term pile foundation is used to describe a construction
for the foundation of a well or a pier which in turn is supported on the piles. The piles
may be separately or they may be placed in the form of a cluster through out the length
of the wall. This construction is adopted when a loose soil extends to a great depth. The
land of the structure is transmitted by the piles to hard stratum below or it is resisted on
the sides of the piles. Piles are relatively long slender member and are either driven into
the ground or bored cast in situ. The pile foundation become one of the choices when
shallow foundation is not able to meet the required objectives.
Book name: Theory and Practice of Pile Foundations
According to Guo, 2013, piles are commonly used to transfer super structure load into
subsoil and a stiff bearing layer. Piles are designed to ensure the structural safety of the
pile body, an adequate geotechnical capacity of the piles, and tolerable settlement or
displacement of the piles. Under vertical loading, the design may be achieved by
predicting nonlinear response of the pile using shaft friction and base resistance. In
practice pile capacity is routinely obtained, assuming a rigid pile and a full mobilization
of shaft friction.
Book name: Single Piles and Pile Group Under Lateral Loading
According to Reese, 2011, After selectin material for the pile foundation to make sure
of the durable, the designer begins with the components of loading on the single pile or
the group pile. With the axial load, lateral loads and overturning moments, the engineer
must ensure that the single pile or the critical pile in the group is safe against collapse
and does not exceed movements set by serviceability. If the loading is purely axial, the
design of the pile can frequently be accomplished by solving the equation of static
equilibrium. The design of the single pile or group piles under lateral loading on the
other hand requires the solution of the nonlinear differential equation.
Furthermore, he explained that with regard on their use in practice, horizontally loaded
piles may be termed active or passive. An active pile has loading applied principally at
its top in supporting a superstructure, such as bridge. A passive pile has loading applied
principally along its length due to earth pressure, such as for pile in a moving slope or
for a secant-pile wall.