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<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <i>nucleoid region</i> is found in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""prokaryotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[eukaryotes or prokaryotes]</span> and contains <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DNA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
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<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <i>nucleoid region</i> is found in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">prokaryotes</span> and contains <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Prokaryote.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/v/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The nucleolus makes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ribosomes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The nucleolus makes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ribosomes</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleolus.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/the-nucleus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
Peroxisomes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""break&#x20;down"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> material
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
Peroxisomes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">break down</span> material
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Peroxisome.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rough"" data-ordinal=""1"">[smooth or rough]</span> ER makes proteins from mRNA
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">rough</span> ER makes proteins from mRNA
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Endoplasmic Reticulum.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""smooth"" data-ordinal=""1"">[smooth or rough]</span> ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">smooth</span> ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Endoplasmic Reticulum.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Golgi&#x20;Apparatus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[organelle]</span> modifies and distributes proteins
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Golgi Apparatus</span> modifies and distributes proteins
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Eukaryotes only<div><br /><div><img src=""Golgi Apparatus.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
In the <u>Vesicular Transport Model</u>, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""static"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;structures
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
In the <u>Vesicular Transport Model</u>, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">static</span>&nbsp;structures
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The <u>contents</u> are <u>physically shuttled</u> from each cisterna to the next</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vesicular Transport (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/WCc57iFPwjk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
In the <i>Cisternal Maturation Model</i>, cisternae <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""evolve&#x20;and&#x20;mature"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
In the <i>Cisternal Maturation Model</i>, cisternae <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">evolve and mature</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The cis-Golgi matures and becomes the medial-Golgi, then eventually, the trans-Golgi</div><div><br></div><div>Vesicles move in <b>retrograde</b> motion</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cisternal Maturation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/WCc57iFPwjk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lysosomes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are the demolition and recycling center
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lysosomes</span> are the demolition and recycling center
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Made by <b>Golgi</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Lysosome.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
<u>Centrioles</u> contain 9 groups of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""microtubules"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and they pull <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""chromosomes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> apart
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
<u>Centrioles</u> contain 9 groups of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">microtubules</span> and they pull <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">chromosomes</span> apart
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Centriole (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microtubules-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plasmid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate&nbsp;from chromosomal DNA
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">plasmid</span> is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate&nbsp;from chromosomal DNA
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with <i>genetic advantages</i>, such as antibiotic resistance</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Plasmid.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-biotechnology/v/dna-cloning-and-recombinant-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div>
Microfilaments make up part of the cell's&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cytoskeleton"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div>
Microfilaments make up part of the cell's&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cytoskeleton</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>
<div>Polymers of<font color=""#5fce19"">&nbsp;</font><i><b>actin</b></i></div><div><i><b><br></b></i></div><div><img src=""Microfilaments.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microfilaments-and-intermediate-filaments-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div>
Microtubules help the cell&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""resist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> compression&nbsp;forces
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div>
Microtubules help the cell&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">resist</span> compression&nbsp;forces
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Made of&nbsp;<u>tubulin</u> proteins<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Microtubules (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microtubules-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""simple&#x20;squamous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">simple squamous</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue (1).jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""simple&#x20;cuboidal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue (1).jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">simple cuboidal</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""simple&#x20;columnar"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">simple columnar</span> epithelial tissue</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pseudostratified&#x20;columnar"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pseudostratified columnar</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stratified&#x20;squamous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stratified squamous</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stratified&#x20;cuboidal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;epithelial tissue</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stratified cuboidal</span>&nbsp;epithelial tissue</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stratified&#x20;columnar"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stratified columnar</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Transitional Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""transitional"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
<img src=""Transitional Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">transitional</span> epithelial tissue</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
Bone, cartilage,&nbsp;tendon, and blood are examples of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""connective"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;tissue
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
Bone, cartilage,&nbsp;tendon, and blood are examples of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">connective</span>&nbsp;tissue
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Connective Tissue.jpg"" /></div><div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
Epithelial tissue covers <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""internal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""external"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> surfaces of the body
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div>
Epithelial tissue covers <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">internal</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">external</span> surfaces of the body
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<img src=""Bacillus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bacilli&#x20;&#x28;rod&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span> bacteria</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<img src=""Bacillus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bacilli (rod)</span> bacteria</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<img src=""Coccus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cocci&#x20;&#x28;sphere&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span> bacteria</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<img src=""Coccus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cocci (sphere)</span> bacteria</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<img src=""Sprillus Bacteria Shape.png""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spirilla&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;spiral&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span> bacteria</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<img src=""Sprillus Bacteria Shape.png""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirilla&nbsp;(spiral)</span> bacteria</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;aerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[type of microorganism]</span> require O₂
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate aerobes</span> require O₂
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>_{<a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a>}</div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;anaerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[type of microorganism]</span> die in O₂
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate anaerobes</span> die in O₂
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>_{<a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a>}</div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Facultative&#x20;anaerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[type of microorganism]</span> toggle between aerobic and anaerobic
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Facultative anaerobes</span> toggle between aerobic and anaerobic
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Aerotolerant&#x20;anaerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[type of microorganism]</span> do not use O₂&nbsp;but tolerate it
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Aerotolerant anaerobes</span> do not use O₂&nbsp;but tolerate it
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
Gram +&nbsp;is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;font&#x20;color&#x3D;&quot;&#x23;ad52da&quot;&gt;purple&lt;&#x2F;font&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[color]</span> and has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""thick"" data-ordinal=""1"">[thick or thin]</span> wall
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
Gram +&nbsp;is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><font color=""#ad52da"">purple</font></span> and has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">thick</span> wall
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b>/lipoteichoic acid</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gram Positive.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/prokaryotes-bacteria/v/bacterial-characteristics-gram-staining"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
Gram -&nbsp;is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;font&#x20;color&#x3D;&quot;&#x23;ee7ec9&quot;&gt;pink&#x20;&#x2F;&#x20;red&lt;&#x2F;font&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[color]</span> and has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""thin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[thick or thin]</span> wall
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
Gram -&nbsp;is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><font color=""#ee7ec9"">pink / red</font></span> and has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">thin</span> wall
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gram Negative.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/prokaryotes-bacteria/v/bacterial-characteristics-gram-staining"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transformation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transformation</span> is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Griffith experiment with mice (<b>R strain safe</b>, <u>S strain deadly</u>)</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Transformation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<u>Conjugation</u> is the transfer genetic info via a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""conjugation&#x20;bridge"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<u>Conjugation</u> is the transfer genetic info via a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">conjugation bridge</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conjugation 2.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transduction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the transfer genetic material using&nbsp;a&nbsp;bacteriophage
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transduction</span> is the transfer genetic material using&nbsp;a&nbsp;bacteriophage
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><img src=""Transduction.png"" /></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br /></span></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transposons"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are&nbsp;DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transposons</span> are&nbsp;DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>This sometimes <b>creates</b> or <b>reverses</b> mutations<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Transposon (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div>
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;inner&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;mitochondrial&#x20;membrane"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cellular component]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div>
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>inner</b>&nbsp;mitochondrial membrane</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""ETC in Mitochondria.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div>
In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cell&#x20;membrane"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cellular component]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div>
In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cell membrane</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""ETC in Prokaryotes.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5soSpVWMT8"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
Eukaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mitosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
Eukaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mitosis</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mitosis (3).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-types-of-reproduction/v/asexual-and-sexual-reproduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
Prokaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""binary&#x20;fission"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
Prokaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">binary fission</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Binary Fission.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-types-of-reproduction/v/asexual-and-sexual-reproduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Prions"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Prions</span> are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Causes&nbsp;<b>Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</b></div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Prions.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Viroids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are&nbsp;plant pathogens&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Viroids</span> are&nbsp;plant pathogens&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Viroids.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bacteriophages"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are bacteria viruses that use a <u>tail sheath</u> to inject DNA / RNA
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bacteriophages</span> are bacteria viruses that use a <u>tail sheath</u> to inject DNA / RNA
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bacteriophage.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""capsid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the protein shell of a <u>virus</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">capsid</span> is the protein shell of a <u>virus</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Capsid (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biology-of-viruses/virus-biology/v/viruses"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Virions"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are individual virus particles that are found extracellular
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Virions</span> are individual virus particles that are found extracellular
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Virion.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Viral"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Viral</span> genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Viral genomes.png"" /><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biology-of-viruses/virus-biology/v/viruses"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
Retroviruses are single stranded <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""RNA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
Retroviruses are single stranded <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">RNA</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Reverse transcriptase</i> is needed to&nbsp;make DNA</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Retrovirus.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/translation/v/retroviruses"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<div>In a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lytic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<div>In a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lytic</span> bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Viruses enter cells and use the cell to <i>make copies of themselves</i>, often destroying the cell in the process</div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Lytic vs Lysogenic (1).png"" /></font></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
During the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;phase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cell cycle phase]</span>, cells synthesize&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> and <b>proteins</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
During the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G₁&nbsp;phase</span>, cells synthesize&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> and <b>proteins</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>This is to prepare for subsequent steps leading to mitosis<div><br /></div><div>G1 stands for ""Gap 1""</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
A cell will enter&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;phase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cell cycle phase]</span> if it <b>does not</b> need to divide
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
A cell will enter&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G₀&nbsp;phase</span> if it <b>does not</b> need to divide
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
At the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
At the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G₁</span> checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><b>P53</b>&nbsp;is in charge<div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Checkpoints.jpg"" /></div></div><div><br /></div><a href="""">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
DNA is replicated in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""S&#x20;phase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cell cycle phase]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
DNA is replicated in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">S phase</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>S = <i>synthesis</i> phase</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
In the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;phase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cell cycle phase]</span>, cells grow and make&nbsp;<b>organelles</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
In the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G₂&nbsp;phase</span>, cells grow and make&nbsp;<b>organelles</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
At the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has <b>replicated correctly</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
At the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G₂</span>&nbsp;checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has <b>replicated correctly</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Checkpoints.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/stem-cells-and-cancer/a/cell-cycle-checkpoints-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
<b>Mitosis</b>&nbsp;and <b>cytokinesis</b> occur in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M&#x20;phase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cell cycle phase]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
<b>Mitosis</b>&nbsp;and <b>cytokinesis</b> occur in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">M phase</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
The four phases of <i>Mitosis</i>:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Prophase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Metaphase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Anaphase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Telophase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
The four phases of <i>Mitosis</i>:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Prophase</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Metaphase</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Anaphase</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Telophase</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Acronym: PMAT</div><div><br /></div><div>Note: Interphase&nbsp;<i>precedes</i>&nbsp;mitosis, it is not part of mitosis</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /><div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
Interphase includes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&#x2C;&#x20;S&#x2C;&#x20;and&#x20;G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;phases"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cell cycle phases]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div>
Interphase includes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G₁, S, and G₂&nbsp;phases</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Phase where the cell spends most of its life<div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div></div>
<div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-the-cell-cycle-and-mitosis/v/interphase"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""prophase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[mitosis phase]</span>, the DNA <b>condenses</b>, centrioles <i>migrate</i> to opposite poles, and&nbsp;<u>microtubules</u> form
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">prophase</span>, the DNA <b>condenses</b>, centrioles <i>migrate</i> to opposite poles, and&nbsp;<u>microtubules</u> form
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""metaphase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[mitosis phase]</span>, chromosomes <b>meet in middle</b> of the cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">metaphase</span>, chromosomes <b>meet in middle</b> of the cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Metaphase = ""meet in middle""&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<b>metaphase plate</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""anaphase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[mitosis phase]</span>, sister chromatids separate and <u>move to opposite poles</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">anaphase</span>, sister chromatids separate and <u>move to opposite poles</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Anaphase = ""<u>Apart</u>""<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""telophase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[mitosis phase]</span>,&nbsp;<b>chromosomes decondense</b>, the nuclear membrane forms, and <u>cytokinesis</u>&nbsp;occurs
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
In <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">telophase</span>,&nbsp;<b>chromosomes decondense</b>, the nuclear membrane forms, and <u>cytokinesis</u>&nbsp;occurs
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
The number of <b>complete sets</b> of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ploidy"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of a cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
The number of <b>complete sets</b> of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ploidy</span> of a cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ploidy (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/intro-to-cell-division/v/fertilization-haploid-diploid-gamete-zygote-homologous"">Khan Academy</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
The phases of <u>meiosis</u>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Prophase&#x20;I&lt;div&gt;Metaphase&#x20;I&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Anaphase&#x20;I&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Telophase&#x20;I&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prophase&#x20;II&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Metaphase&#x20;II&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Anaphase&#x20;II&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;Telophase&#x20;II"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
The phases of <u>meiosis</u>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Prophase I<div>Metaphase I</div><div>Anaphase I</div><div>Telophase I</div><div><div>Prophase II</div><div>Metaphase II</div><div>Anaphase II</div></div>Telophase II</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>PMAT x 2</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Meiosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://youtu.be/rB_8dTuh73c"">YouTube Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nondisjunction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when sister chromatids <b>don’t separate&nbsp;</b>properly during <b>anaphase</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nondisjunction</span> is when sister chromatids <b>don’t separate&nbsp;</b>properly during <b>anaphase</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Results in <i>aneuploidy</i></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Nondisjunction Mitosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Nondisjunction Meiosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/sex-linkage-non-nuclear-chromosomal-mutations/a/aneuploidy-and-chromosomal-rearrangements"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Crossing&#x20;over"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair <u>exchange segments</u> with each other
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Crossing over</span> is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair <u>exchange segments</u> with each other
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Crossing Over.gif"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-meiosis/v/chromosomal-crossover-in-meiosis-i"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
Crossing over occurs in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""prophase&#x20;I"" data-ordinal=""1"">[meiosis&nbsp;phase]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
Crossing over occurs in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">prophase I</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Crossing Over.gif"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-meiosis/v/chromosomal-crossover-in-meiosis-i"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""The&#x20;law&#x20;of&#x20;segregation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> states&nbsp;that two alleles of each gene become separated and <i>only one allele from each parent</i> will be passed to the offspring
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">The law of segregation</span> states&nbsp;that two alleles of each gene become separated and <i>only one allele from each parent</i> will be passed to the offspring
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Law of Segregation.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/a/the-law-of-segregation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
The law of segregation occurs in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""anaphase&#x20;I"" data-ordinal=""1"">[meiosis phase]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div>
The law of segregation occurs in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">anaphase I</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Law of Segregation 2.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/a/the-law-of-segregation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
<b>Female</b> chromosome pairs are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""XX"" data-ordinal=""1"">[XX or XY]</span>&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
<b>Female</b> chromosome pairs are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">XX</span>&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><font color=""#0d73ff""><img src=""Feamle vs Male Chromosomes.jpg""></font><div><font color=""#0d73ff""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
<u>Male</u> chromosome pairs are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""XY"" data-ordinal=""1"">[XX or XY]</span>&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
<u>Male</u> chromosome pairs are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">XY</span>&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><font color=""#e12727""><font color=""#0d73ff""><img src=""Feamle vs Male Chromosomes.jpg""></font><div><font color=""#0d73ff""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""X&#x2D;linked&#x20;recessive&#x20;inheritance"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;refers to <b>genetic conditions</b> associated with mutations in genes on the <b>X chromosome</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">X-linked recessive inheritance</span>&nbsp;refers to <b>genetic conditions</b> associated with mutations in genes on the <b>X chromosome</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
In <i>males</i> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""will"" data-ordinal=""1"">[will or will not]</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
In <i>males</i> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">will</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div>This is because males only have one X chromosome</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
In <b>females</b> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""will&#x20;not"" data-ordinal=""1"">[will or will not]</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
In <b>females</b> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">will not</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div>Females have two X chromosomes, so the mutation is&nbsp;<i>carried</i>&nbsp;but <i>not expressed</i>. The normal X chromosome will be expressed because this is a <u>recessive trait</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""SRY&#x20;gene"" data-ordinal=""1"">[gene]</span> is responsible for initiation of <i>male</i> <i>sex determination</i> and codes for&nbsp;testicles
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">SRY gene</span> is responsible for initiation of <i>male</i> <i>sex determination</i> and codes for&nbsp;testicles
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>""Sorry you're a male""<div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""SRY Gene.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/v/sex-linked-traits"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
Semen is a combination of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sperm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""seminal&#x20;fluid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
Semen is a combination of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sperm</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">seminal fluid</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Semen.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bulbourethral&#x20;gland"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bulbourethral gland</span> makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Seminal&#x20;vesicles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""prostate&#x20;gland"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> make <u>alkaline</u> fluid to help sperm survive the&nbsp;<i>acidic</i>&nbsp;environment of the female reproductive tract</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Seminal vesicles</span> and the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">prostate gland</span> make <u>alkaline</u> fluid to help sperm survive the&nbsp;<i>acidic</i>&nbsp;environment of the female reproductive tract</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;div&gt;SEVE&#x28;N&#x29;&#x20;UP&#x20;mnemonic&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><div>SEVE(N) UP mnemonic</div><div></span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Seven Up Mnemonic.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4nEzMxgZaA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ovaries"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> have follicles that produce ova
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ovaries</span> have follicles that produce ova
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ovary.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/the-ovarian-cycle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oogenesis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the production of female gametes&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Oogenesis</span> is the production of female gametes&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oogenesis (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/basics-of-egg-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Estrogen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> <b>develops</b> the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Estrogen</span> <b>develops</b> the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>“<b>E</b>strogen&nbsp;<b>e</b>stablishes and&nbsp;<u>p</u>rogesterone <u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Estrogen</b> responds to <b>FSH</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Progesterone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>maintains and protects</u> the endometrium
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Progesterone</span> <u>maintains and protects</u> the endometrium
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>“<b>E</b>strogen&nbsp;<b>e</b>stablishes and&nbsp;<u>p</u>rogesterone&nbsp;<u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div><div><br /></div><div><u>Progesterone</u> responds to <u>LH</u></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyT6IJb6Wbk"">YouTube Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
Female egg pathway:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;img&#x20;src&#x3D;&quot;Egg&#x20;Pathway&#x20;&#x28;1&#x29;&#x2E;jpg&quot;&#x20;&#x2F;&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
Female egg pathway:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><img src=""Egg Pathway (1).jpg"" /></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Note: If <i>unfertilized</i>, the egg will leave through the cervix and vagina, otherwise it implants into the uterus as an <u>embryo</u></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/basics-of-egg-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Luteinizing&#x20;Hormone&#x20;&#x28;LH&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;<i>induces ovulation</i> in females and, in males, it initiates the production of <u>testosterone</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</span>&nbsp;<i>induces ovulation</i> in females and, in males, it initiates the production of <u>testosterone</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""LH.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FFFYnr-69w"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>GnRH</b> stimulates the&nbsp;anterior pituitary&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""FSH"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""LH"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>GnRH</b> stimulates the&nbsp;anterior pituitary&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">FSH</span></b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">LH</span></b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone</div><div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
Fertilization occurs in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""fallopian&#x20;tube"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
Fertilization occurs in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">fallopian tube</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Fertilization.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/egg-sperm-and-fertilization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""morula"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized <b>ovum</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">morula</span> is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized <b>ovum</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Morula.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""blastula"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that <i>implants</i> in the endometrial lining
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">blastula</span>&nbsp;is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that <i>implants</i> in the endometrial lining
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Blastula.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ectoderm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Germ layer]</span> develops into the <i>nervous system</i>, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ectoderm</span> develops into the <i>nervous system</i>, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>“Atract-oderm”: Skin and hair are things people are <i>attracted</i> to</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mesoderm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Germ layer]</span> develops into&nbsp;<u>muscoskeleton</u>, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mesoderm</span> develops into&nbsp;<u>muscoskeleton</u>, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>“Move-oderm”: Involved in <u>moving things</u> such as muscles, RBC, steroids</div><div><div><br><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Endoderm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Germ layer]</span> develops into the <b>GI tract</b>, <b>respiratory tract</b>, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Endoderm</span> develops into the <b>GI tract</b>, <b>respiratory tract</b>, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>“In-doderm”: Things that are <b>inside</b></div><div><div><br><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
The CNS and PNS derive from the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ectoderm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[germ layer]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
The CNS and PNS derive from the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ectoderm</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ectoderm Path.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Totipotent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stem cells&nbsp;have the potential to develop into <u>any cell</u> found in the human body
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Totipotent</span> stem cells&nbsp;have the potential to develop into <u>any cell</u> found in the human body
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pluripotent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stem cells can be any cell <i>except</i> those found in <i>placental structures</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pluripotent</span> stem cells can be any cell <i>except</i> those found in <i>placental structures</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Multipotent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stem cells can&nbsp;develop into <b>multiple</b> specialized cell types
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Multipotent</span> stem cells can&nbsp;develop into <b>multiple</b> specialized cell types
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Most adult stem cells are multipotent stem cells</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<u>Fetal hemoglobin</u> has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""greater"" data-ordinal=""1"">[greater or lesser]</span> affinity for O₂&nbsp;than adult hemoglobin
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<u>Fetal hemoglobin</u> has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">greater</span> affinity for O₂&nbsp;than adult hemoglobin
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Fetal Hemoglobin.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrit"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Blood in the <u>umbilical artery</u> is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""deoxygenated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Blood in the <u>umbilical artery</u> is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">deoxygenated</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Umbilical Blood.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Blood in the <i>umbilical vein</i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oxygenated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Blood in the <i>umbilical vein</i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">oxygenated</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Umbilical Blood.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Fraternal twins are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dizygotic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Fraternal twins are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dizygotic</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Twins (1).png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/behavior-and-genetics/v/twin-studies-and-adoption-studies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Identical twins are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""monozygotic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
Identical twins are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">monozygotic</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Twins (1).png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/behavior-and-genetics/v/twin-studies-and-adoption-studies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cell&#x20;determination"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when a cell <u>commits</u> to becoming a certain type of cell&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cell determination</span> is when a cell <u>commits</u> to becoming a certain type of cell&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Cell Determination.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cell&amp;nbsp&#x3B;differentiation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a <i>specialized</i> cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cell&nbsp;differentiation</span> is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a <i>specialized</i> cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell Differentiation.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Induction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when a group of cells <b>influence</b> the fate of nearby cells
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Induction</span> is when a group of cells <b>influence</b> the fate of nearby cells
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Mediated by&nbsp;<b>inducers</b>, which are commonly <b>growth factors</b></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""Induction.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Autocrine&#x20;signaling"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor <u>on itself</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Autocrine signaling</span> is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor <u>on itself</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Autocrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Paracrine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in <i>nearby cells</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Paracrine</span> signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in <i>nearby cells</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Paracrine (4).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Juxtacrine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is <b>directly adjacent</b> or <b>attached</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Juxtacrine</span> signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is <b>directly adjacent</b> or <b>attached</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Juxtacrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Endocrine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> signaling&nbsp;releases signals into the <i>bloodstream</i>, which carries them to target cells in <i>distant</i> parts of the body
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Endocrine</span> signaling&nbsp;releases signals into the <i>bloodstream</i>, which carries them to target cells in <i>distant</i> parts of the body
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Endocrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""shunt"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <b>hole</b> or a <b>small passage</b> which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">shunt</span> is a <b>hole</b> or a <b>small passage</b> which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Example: Shunt vessels connect an artery directly to a vein so the blood skips the capillaries</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Shunts (1).png"" /><div><br /><div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/cyanotic-heart-diseases/v/shunting-in-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Patent&#x20;Foramen&#x20;Ovule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the <i>fetal</i> <i>lungs</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Patent Foramen Ovule</span>&nbsp;is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the <i>fetal</i> <i>lungs</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>In the wall between the left and right atria of a fetus<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Patent Foramen Ovale (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Patent&#x20;ductus&#x20;arteriosus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the <u>fetus's non-functioning lungs</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Patent ductus arteriosus</span> is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the <u>fetus's non-functioning lungs</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>It connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta in a fetus<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Ductus Arteriosus.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Afferent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> neurons <b>ascend&nbsp;</b>the spinal cord and carry sensory information to the brain
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Afferent</span> neurons <b>ascend&nbsp;</b>the spinal cord and carry sensory information to the brain
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Afferent and Efferent.png""><br></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Efferent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;neurons&nbsp;<i>exit&nbsp;</i>the spinal cord and bring signals from the brain to the muscles and glands
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Efferent</span>&nbsp;neurons&nbsp;<i>exit&nbsp;</i>the spinal cord and bring signals from the brain to the muscles and glands
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Afferent and Efferent.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
Neurons that transmit impulses&nbsp;<i>between&nbsp;other neurons</i>, especially as part of a&nbsp;<u>reflex arc</u>, are called <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""interneurons"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
Neurons that transmit impulses&nbsp;<i>between&nbsp;other neurons</i>, especially as part of a&nbsp;<u>reflex arc</u>, are called <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">interneurons</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Interneurons.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When&nbsp;<i>one </i>presynaptic neuron<strong>&nbsp;</strong>releases multiple neurotransmitters&nbsp;<b>over a&nbsp;period of time</b>&nbsp;and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""temporal&#x20;summation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When&nbsp;<i>one </i>presynaptic neuron<strong>&nbsp;</strong>releases multiple neurotransmitters&nbsp;<b>over a&nbsp;period of time</b>&nbsp;and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">temporal summation</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Summations.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When&nbsp;<i>multiple</i><strong> </strong>presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at the <b>same time</b> and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spatial&#x20;summation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When&nbsp;<i>multiple</i><strong> </strong>presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at the <b>same time</b> and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">spatial summation</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Summations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Action&#x20;potential"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the mechanism by which <u>electrical signals</u> <u>travel</u> through the nervous system
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Action potential</span> is the mechanism by which <u>electrical signals</u> <u>travel</u> through the nervous system
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The <i>amplitude</i> of an action potential is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""independent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[dependent or independent]</span>&nbsp;of the amount of <b>current</b> that produced it
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The <i>amplitude</i> of an action potential is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">independent</span>&nbsp;of the amount of <b>current</b> that produced it
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""All or None Signals.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
Na⁺ concentration is <u>higher</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""outside"" data-ordinal=""1"">[inside or outside]</span> the cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
Na⁺ concentration is <u>higher</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">outside</span> the cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
K⁺&nbsp;concentration is <b>higher</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""inside"" data-ordinal=""1"">[inside or outside]</span> the cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
K⁺&nbsp;concentration is <b>higher</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">inside</span> the cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
A <b>polarized</b> membrane has an electrical <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""potential&#x20;difference"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> across the cell membrane<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
A <b>polarized</b> membrane has an electrical <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">potential difference</span> across the cell membrane<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Electrical potential difference =&nbsp;<i>voltage</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When a membrane is <u>depolarized</u>, the membrane <b>potential</b> becomes more <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[positive or negative]</span> compared to its resting potential
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When a membrane is <u>depolarized</u>, the membrane <b>potential</b> becomes more <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> compared to its resting potential
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Membrane&#x20;potential"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an&nbsp;<b>electrical potential difference</b>&nbsp;between the inside and outside of a cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Membrane potential</span> is an&nbsp;<b>electrical potential difference</b>&nbsp;between the inside and outside of a cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Imagine taking two electrodes and placing one on the <u>inside</u> and the other on the <u>outside</u> of the plasma membrane. If you did this, you would measure an <b>electrical potential difference</b>, or <i>voltage</i>, between the electrodes</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Membrane Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The <b>resting</b> membrane potential (voltage) of a cell is approximately&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;70"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> mV
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The <b>resting</b> membrane potential (voltage) of a cell is approximately&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">-70</span> mV
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Different Potentials (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When the membrane potential is <i>depolarized</i> during an action potential, it reaches a peak of around <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2B;40"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> mV
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
When the membrane potential is <i>depolarized</i> during an action potential, it reaches a peak of around <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">+40</span> mV
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Different Potentials (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<i>Depolarization</i> occurs when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Na&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;ions flow in
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<i>Depolarization</i> occurs when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Na⁺</span>&nbsp;ions flow in
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>This <i>increases</i> the charge inside the cell and results in depolarization of the cell membrane<div><br><div><img src=""Na Channel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
Na⁺&nbsp;ions enter the cell through <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""voltage&#x2D;gated&#x20;Na&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;channels"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
Na⁺&nbsp;ions enter the cell through <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">voltage-gated Na⁺&nbsp;channels</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The Na^+&nbsp;<b>concentration gradient&nbsp;</b>is what drives the movement of Na⁺&nbsp;ions</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Na Channel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<u>Repolarization</u> occurs when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""K&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;ions exit the neuron
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<u>Repolarization</u> occurs when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">K⁺</span>&nbsp;ions exit the neuron
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Voltage Gated K Channel.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hyperpolarization"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when the&nbsp;membrane potential&nbsp;dips <u>below</u> <u>the</u> <u>resting potential</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hyperpolarization</span> is when the&nbsp;membrane potential&nbsp;dips <u>below</u> <u>the</u> <u>resting potential</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>While hyperpolarized, the neuron is in a <b>refractory period</b> during which&nbsp;another stimulus given to the neuron (no matter how strong) will <i>not</i>&nbsp;lead to a second action potential<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
Hyperpolarization occurs because <b>K⁺&nbsp;channels</b> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""slow&#x20;to&#x20;close"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
Hyperpolarization occurs because <b>K⁺&nbsp;channels</b> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">slow to close</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>K⁺&nbsp;continues to <u>exit</u> the cell even though resting potential was already reached<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The <i>Na</i><sup style=""""><i>+</i></sup>/&nbsp;<u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u><i>&nbsp;</i>Pump&nbsp;moves <i>Na⁺</i> and <u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u> in the following amounts and directions<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""3"" data-ordinal=""1"">[amount]</span> <i>Na</i>^{<i>+</i>&nbsp;}<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""out&#x20;of"" data-ordinal=""1"">[direction]</span> the cell</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2"" data-ordinal=""1"">[amount]</span> <u>K</u>^{<u>+</u>&nbsp;}<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""into"" data-ordinal=""1"">[direction]</span> the cell</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The <i>Na</i><sup style=""""><i>+</i></sup>/&nbsp;<u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u><i>&nbsp;</i>Pump&nbsp;moves <i>Na⁺</i> and <u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u> in the following amounts and directions<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">3</span> <i>Na</i>^{<i>+</i>&nbsp;}<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">out of</span> the cell</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">2</span> <u>K</u>^{<u>+</u>&nbsp;}<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">into</span> the cell</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Mnemonic:</div><div>3-2-1 NOKIA</div><div><i>3 Na⁺ Out</i></div><div><b>2 K⁺ In</b></div><div>1 ATP used</div><div><br></div>Pumps ions <i>against</i> their concentration gradient<div><br></div><div>Helps to restore the <u>concentration gradient</u> and restore the&nbsp;<u>resting potential</u> across the cell membrane<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Na K Pump.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/sodium-potassium-pump"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The cell membrane is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""highly"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> permeable to <u>K⁺</u>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""slightly"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> permeable to <i>Na⁺</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The cell membrane is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">highly</span> permeable to <u>K⁺</u>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">slightly</span> permeable to <i>Na⁺</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Movement through the leak channels is controlled by <i>concentration gradients</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/correction-to-sodium-and-potassium-pump-video"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""synapse"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a junction&nbsp;between&nbsp;two nerve cells
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">synapse</span> is a junction&nbsp;between&nbsp;two nerve cells
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>
<div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Synapse 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
At a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the&nbsp;<b>presynaptic</b> neuron&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""neurotransmitters"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
At a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the&nbsp;<b>presynaptic</b> neuron&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">neurotransmitters</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>These molecules bind to receptors on the <i>postsynaptic </i>cell and make it <u>more or less</u> likely to fire an action potential<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ca&lt;sup&gt;2&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;enters the <b>presynaptic</b> cell and allows&nbsp;<i>vesicles</i>&nbsp;with neurotransmitters inside to <u>fuse</u> with the axon terminal membrane
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ca²⁺</span>&nbsp;enters the <b>presynaptic</b> cell and allows&nbsp;<i>vesicles</i>&nbsp;with neurotransmitters inside to <u>fuse</u> with the axon terminal membrane
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The neurotransmitters release into the <b>synaptic cleft</b></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""chemical&#x20;synapse"" data-ordinal=""1"">[type of synapse]</span> communicates using chemical messengers (<u>neurotransmitters</u>)
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">chemical synapse</span> communicates using chemical messengers (<u>neurotransmitters</u>)
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
Ca²⁺ enter the <b>presynaptic</b> cell through&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""voltage&#x2D;gated&amp;nbsp&#x3B;calcium&#x20;channels"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> in the cell membrane
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
Ca²⁺ enter the <b>presynaptic</b> cell through&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">voltage-gated&nbsp;calcium channels</span> in the cell membrane
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Ca²⁺ is at a much higher concentration outside the cell. This <u>concentration gradient</u> forces Ca²⁺ to move into the cell<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
An <i>excitatory postsynaptic potential</i> (EPSP) <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""depolarizes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[depolarizes or hyperpolarizes]</span> the cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
An <i>excitatory postsynaptic potential</i> (EPSP) <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">depolarizes</span> the cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>It makes the inside of the cell <i>more positive</i>, bringing the membrane potential <b>closer to its threshold</b> for firing an action potential<div><br></div><div><img src=""EPSP IPSP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
An <u>inhibitory post-synaptic</u> <u>potential</u> (IPSP)&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hyperpolarizes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[depolarizes or hyperpolarizes]</span> the cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
An <u>inhibitory post-synaptic</u> <u>potential</u> (IPSP)&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hyperpolarizes</span> the cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>It keeps the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron <u>below threshold</u> for firing an action potential<div><br><div><div><img src=""EPSP IPSP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
Give 3 ways the signal in a synapse can be <i>terminated</i><div><br></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Breakdown"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;by enzymes</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Reuptake"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;by&nbsp;presynaptic neuron</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Diffusion"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;out of cleft</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
Give 3 ways the signal in a synapse can be <i>terminated</i><div><br></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Breakdown</span>&nbsp;by enzymes</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Reuptake</span>&nbsp;by&nbsp;presynaptic neuron</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Diffusion</span>&nbsp;out of cleft</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Signal Terminated.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The cells in an <b>electrical</b> synapse are connected by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gap&#x20;junctions"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The cells in an <b>electrical</b> synapse are connected by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gap junctions</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>There is a <u>direct physical connection</u> between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron through which <b>ions</b> flow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electrical Synapse (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<b>Electrical</b> synapses are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""faster"" data-ordinal=""1"">[faster or slower]</span> than <u>chemical</u> synapses
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<b>Electrical</b> synapses are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">faster</span> than <u>chemical</u> synapses
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neurotransmitters"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are stored in <u>synaptic vesicles</u> and are released when <i>Ca²⁺</i>&nbsp;enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neurotransmitters</span>&nbsp;are stored in <u>synaptic vesicles</u> and are released when <i>Ca²⁺</i>&nbsp;enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Acetylcholine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Acetylcholine</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Acetylcholine (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The main <i>excitatory</i> transmitter in the CNS<i>&nbsp;</i>is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Glutamate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The main <i>excitatory</i> transmitter in the CNS<i>&nbsp;</i>is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glutamate</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glutamate and GABA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The main <u>inhibitory</u> neurotransmitter in the <b>brain</b> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""GABA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The main <u>inhibitory</u> neurotransmitter in the <b>brain</b> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">GABA</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glutamate and GABA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The main&nbsp;<u>inhibitory</u>&nbsp;neurotransmitter in the&nbsp;<i>spinal cord</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""glycine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
The main&nbsp;<u>inhibitory</u>&nbsp;neurotransmitter in the&nbsp;<i>spinal cord</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">glycine</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glycine Inhibitory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div>
<i>Ionotropic</i> receptors operate via <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""direct"" data-ordinal=""1"">[direct or indirect]</span> neurotransmitter action
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div>
<i>Ionotropic</i> receptors operate via <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">direct</span> neurotransmitter action
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Membrane-spanning <i>ion channel</i> proteins that open <i>directly</i> in response to <i>ligand</i> binding<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ionotropic and Metabotropic (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/v/ligand-gated-ion-channels"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div>
<u>Metabotropic</u> receptors operate via <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""indirect"" data-ordinal=""1"">[direct or indirect]</span> neurotransmitter action
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div>
<u>Metabotropic</u> receptors operate via <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">indirect</span> neurotransmitter action
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Neurotransmitter binding triggers a <u>signaling pathway</u>, which may <u>indirectly</u> open or close channels<div><br></div><div>Metabotropic receptors are <b>not themselves</b> ion channels<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ionotropic and Metabotropic (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitter-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Glial&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>surround neurons</b> and provide support and insulation
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glial cells</span> <b>surround neurons</b> and provide support and insulation
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glial Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/overview-of-neuron-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Astrocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form the blood-brain barrier
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Astrocytes</span> form the blood-brain barrier
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>They help control <i>solutes</i> moving&nbsp;from bloodstream to nervous tissue<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Astrocyte.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Astrocyte 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/astrocytes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ependymal&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form the barrier between&nbsp;<u>cerebrospinal</u> <u>fluid</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>interstitial fluid</b>&nbsp;of the <i>CNS</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ependymal cells</span> form the barrier between&nbsp;<u>cerebrospinal</u> <u>fluid</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>interstitial fluid</b>&nbsp;of the <i>CNS</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ependymal Cells.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/ependymal-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Microglia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> digest waste in <i>CNS</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Microglia</span> digest waste in <i>CNS</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Microglia.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/microglia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Schwann&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<u>PNS</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Schwann cells</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<u>PNS</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Schwann Cells (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/schwann-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oligodendrocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<i>CNS</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Oligodendrocytes</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<i>CNS</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oligodendrocytes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/oligodendrocytes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<b>Myelinated&nbsp;sheaths</b> make up the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""white"" data-ordinal=""1"">[white or grey]</span> matter in the brain
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
<b>Myelinated&nbsp;sheaths</b> make up the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">white</span> matter in the brain
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Grey and White Matter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/gray-and-white-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
Cell bodies and dendrites (<i>unmyelinated</i>) make up the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""grey"" data-ordinal=""1"">[white or grey]</span> matter in the brain
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
Cell bodies and dendrites (<i>unmyelinated</i>) make up the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">grey</span> matter in the brain
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Grey and White Matter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/gray-and-white-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <i>bran</i> and <i>spinal cord</i> make up the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""central"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> nervous system
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <i>bran</i> and <i>spinal cord</i> make up the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">central</span> nervous system
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The nervous system <i>outside</i> the brain and spinal cord is the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""peripheral"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;nervous system
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The nervous system <i>outside</i> the brain and spinal cord is the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">peripheral</span>&nbsp;nervous system
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sympathetic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> nervous system controls our <i>fight or flight response</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sympathetic</span> nervous system controls our <i>fight or flight response</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Fight or Flight.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""parasympathetic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> nervous system controls our <u>rest and digest</u> functions
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">parasympathetic</span> nervous system controls our <u>rest and digest</u> functions
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Remember <b>P</b> for <b>P</b>arasympathetic: ""Relaxing and having a&nbsp;<b>P</b>iña colada on beach""<br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Hormones</u>&nbsp;can be grouped into&nbsp;<b>three main types</b>:<div><b><b><br></b></b></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Peptide&#x20;hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amine&#x20;hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Steroid&#x20;hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Hormones</u>&nbsp;can be grouped into&nbsp;<b>three main types</b>:<div><b><b><br></b></b></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Peptide hormones</span><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amine hormones</span></div></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Steroid hormones</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Classes of Hormones.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""peptide&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormone]</span>&nbsp;is a hormone that consists of <i>amino acids</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">peptide hormone</span>&nbsp;is a hormone that consists of <i>amino acids</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Water soluble</u></div><div><br></div><div>Examples:&nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><b>Insulin</b></div><div><b>Glucagon</b></div><div><b>Leptin</b></div><div><b>ADH</b></div><div><b>Oxytocin</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Peptide Hormone.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""steroid&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormone]</span> is a <u>steroid that acts as a hormone</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">steroid hormone</span> is a <u>steroid that acts as a hormone</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><i>Derived from</i>&nbsp;<i>lipids</i> and are lipid soluble<div><br></div><div>Examples</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Estrogen</u></div><div><u>Progesterone</u></div><div><u>Testosterone</u></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Steroid Hormone.jpeg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""amine&amp;nbsp&#x3B;hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormones]</span>&nbsp;are relatively small hormones derived from the&nbsp;amino&nbsp;acids<b>&nbsp;tyrosine&nbsp;</b>and<b> tryptophan</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">amine&nbsp;hormones</span>&nbsp;are relatively small hormones derived from the&nbsp;amino&nbsp;acids<b>&nbsp;tyrosine&nbsp;</b>and<b> tryptophan</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Examples include: &nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Catecholamines</u></div><div><u>Thyroid hormones</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Amine Hormones.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Insulin and glucagon are</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""peptide&#x20;hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormones]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Insulin and glucagon are</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">peptide hormones</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Insulin and Glucagon.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&#x2D;Protein&#x20;Coupled&#x20;Receptor&#x20;&#x28;GPCR&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>transfers a signal from outside the cell to the inside of the cell</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>transfers a signal from outside the cell to the inside of the cell</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>About 50% of all modern drugs target GPCRs<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&#x2D;protein&#x20;coupled&#x20;receptor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>interacts with a special protein called a&nbsp;G-protein</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G-protein coupled receptor</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>interacts with a special protein called a&nbsp;G-protein</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>GPCRs</u>&nbsp;are integral&nbsp;membrane<b>&nbsp;</b>proteins that possess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""seven"" data-ordinal=""1"">[#]</span><b> membrane-spanning domains&nbsp;or&nbsp;transmembrane&nbsp;helices</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>GPCRs</u>&nbsp;are integral&nbsp;membrane<b>&nbsp;</b>proteins that possess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">seven</span><b> membrane-spanning domains&nbsp;or&nbsp;transmembrane&nbsp;helices</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR 7 transmembrane.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <b>G-Protein</b>&nbsp;is classified as a <i>heterotrimeric</i> <i>protein</i> because <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""it&#x20;is&#x20;made&#x20;up&#x20;of&#x20;3&#x20;subunits&#x3A;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;α&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x2C;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;β&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x2C;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;γ&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <b>G-Protein</b>&nbsp;is classified as a <i>heterotrimeric</i> <i>protein</i> because <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">it is made up of 3 subunits:&nbsp;<b>α</b>,&nbsp;<b>β</b>,&nbsp;<b>γ</b></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>The G-Protein is made up of&nbsp;<div><br></div><div><img src=""Heterotrimeric G Protein.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
In the term <u>G-protein</u>, the ""G"" refers to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;fact&#x20;that&#x20;they&#x20;bind&#x20;GTP&#x20;and&#x20;GDP&amp;nbsp&#x3B;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
In the term <u>G-protein</u>, the ""G"" refers to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">the fact that they bind GTP and GDP&nbsp;</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>GTP = guanosine triphosphate</div><div>GPD = guanosine diphosphate<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""G Protein and GTP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Give the steps in the <b>GPCR</b> sequence:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;div&gt;1&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;Ligand&#x20;binds&#x20;to&#x20;GPCR&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;GPCR&#x20;undergoes&#x20;conformational&#x20;change&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;Alpha&#x20;subunit&#x20;exchanges&#x20;GDP&#x20;for&#x20;GTP&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;Alpha&#x20;subunit&#x20;dissociates&#x20;and&#x20;regulates&#x20;target&#x20;proteins&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;Target&#x20;protein&#x20;relays&#x20;signal&#x20;as&#x20;2nd&#x20;messenger&#x20;and&#x20;triggers&#x20;cascade&#x20;response&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;GTP&#x20;is&#x20;hydrolyzed&#x20;to&#x20;GDP&#x2C;&#x20;everything&#x20;returns&#x20;to&#x20;its&#x20;original&#x20;place&#x2C;&#x20;ready&#x20;to&#x20;repeat&#x20;the&#x20;sequence&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Give the steps in the <b>GPCR</b> sequence:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><div>1 - Ligand binds to GPCR</div><div>2 - GPCR undergoes conformational change</div><div>3 - Alpha subunit exchanges GDP for GTP</div><div>4 - Alpha subunit dissociates and regulates target proteins</div><div>5 - Target protein relays signal as 2nd messenger and triggers cascade response</div><div>6 - GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, everything returns to its original place, ready to repeat the sequence</div></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Adrenergic&#x20;receptors"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... receptors]</span> are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targeted by&nbsp;catecholamines&nbsp;like <i>norepinephrine</i> and <i>epinephrine</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Adrenergic receptors</span> are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targeted by&nbsp;catecholamines&nbsp;like <i>norepinephrine</i> and <i>epinephrine</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
In an adrenergic receptor sequence, <u>adenylyl cyclase</u> <b>removes 2</b> <b>phosphates</b> <b>from&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ATP"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;to produce&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cAMP"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
In an adrenergic receptor sequence, <u>adenylyl cyclase</u> <b>removes 2</b> <b>phosphates</b> <b>from&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ATP</span>&nbsp;to produce&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cAMP</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>cAMP is a second messenger<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
In the GPCR sequence, <i>cAMP</i> is a&nbsp;second messenger and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""triggers&#x20;a&#x20;response&amp;nbsp&#x3B;inside&amp;nbsp&#x3B;the&#x20;cell"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
In the GPCR sequence, <i>cAMP</i> is a&nbsp;second messenger and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">triggers a response&nbsp;inside&nbsp;the cell</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<i>cAMP</i>, <i>Ca²⁺</i>, and <i>inositol phosphates</i> are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""common&#x20;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;&#x20;messengers"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<i>cAMP</i>, <i>Ca²⁺</i>, and <i>inositol phosphates</i> are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">common 2^nd messengers</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""GPCR.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
cAMP signaling is <i>turned off</i> when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""phosphodiesterase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[enzyme]</span>&nbsp;breaks the ring of&nbsp;cAMP&nbsp;and <b>turns it into AMP</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
cAMP signaling is <i>turned off</i> when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">phosphodiesterase</span>&nbsp;breaks the ring of&nbsp;cAMP&nbsp;and <b>turns it into AMP</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>It is no longer cyclic</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phosphodiesterase.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ATP cAMP AMP (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Direct&#x20;hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormones]</span> act&nbsp;<i>directly</i>&nbsp;on the target tissue or organ
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Direct hormones</span> act&nbsp;<i>directly</i>&nbsp;on the target tissue or organ
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Example: <i>Insulin</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Insulin Action.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tropic&#x20;hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormones]</span>&nbsp;are hormones that <u>act on endocrine glands</u>, <b>usually</b> <b>inducing them to secrete other hormones</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tropic hormones</span>&nbsp;are hormones that <u>act on endocrine glands</u>, <b>usually</b> <b>inducing them to secrete other hormones</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Examples:<font color=""#195ab3""> </font><i>GnRH</i> and <i>LH</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Tropic Hormone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Type <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[#]</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces <i>little or no insulin</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Type <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">1</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces <i>little or no insulin</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Glucose is not able to enter cells<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diabetes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/diabetes/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Type <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2"" data-ordinal=""1"">[#]</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which <b>insulin receptors become desensitized</b> and are not responsive to insulin
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Type <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">2</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which <b>insulin receptors become desensitized</b> and are not responsive to insulin
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Glucose is not able to enter cells</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diabetes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/diabetes/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hypothalamus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[brain structure]</span> is in charge of <i>homeostasis</i> and the <i>4 F’s</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hypothalamus</span> is in charge of <i>homeostasis</i> and the <i>4 F’s</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Regulates the autonomic nervous system via the endocrine&nbsp;system<br></u></div><div><br></div><div>Hormone pathway: <b>Hypothalamus</b> →&nbsp;<b>hypophyseal portal</b> →&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gonadotropin&#x2D;releasing&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>FSH</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>LH</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>FSH</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>LH</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>GnRH<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Produced by the</u>&nbsp;<u>hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Growth&#x20;hormone&#x2D;releasing&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;of <b>GH</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Growth hormone-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;of <b>GH</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>GHRH&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u><br><div><br></div></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Thyrotropin&#x2D;releasing&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>TSH</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>TSH</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>TRH<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Corticotropin&#x2D;releasing&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>ACTH</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>ACTH</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>CRH</div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Prolactin‐release&#x20;inhibiting&#x20;factor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> also known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dopamine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>inhibits&nbsp;prolactin release</b> from the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Prolactin‐release inhibiting factor</span> also known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dopamine</span> <b>inhibits&nbsp;prolactin release</b> from the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>A catecholamine<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Dopamine is a&nbsp;neurohormone</u>. In the endocrine system it regulates the release of hormones. In the brain, it&nbsp;functions as a neurotransmitter</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>Antidiuretic hormone</b>&nbsp;(ADH) promotes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increased"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increased or decreased]</span> water retention and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""deceased"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increased or decreased]</span> plasma osmolarity
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>Antidiuretic hormone</b>&nbsp;(ADH) promotes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increased</span> water retention and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">deceased</span> plasma osmolarity
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Increases&nbsp;blood pressure</i><br></div><div><br></div><u>Produced in the hypothalamus</u><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the posterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><img src=""ADH (1).png""></span></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oxytocin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>stimulates uterine contractions and breast milk production </i>among other functions
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Oxytocin</span> <i>stimulates uterine contractions and breast milk production </i>among other functions
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Produced in the hypothalamus</u><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the posterior pituitary</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Oxytocin.png""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""anterior&#x20;pituitary"" data-ordinal=""1"">[brain structure]</span>&nbsp;releases hormones that regulate&nbsp;<i>stress</i>, <i>growth</i>, <i>reproduction</i>, and <i>lactation</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">anterior pituitary</span>&nbsp;releases hormones that regulate&nbsp;<i>stress</i>, <i>growth</i>, <i>reproduction</i>, and <i>lactation</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><b>Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland</b></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""FSH"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> has the following effects:<div><br></div><div><div><i>In males, it triggers&nbsp;spermatogenesis and&nbsp;stimulates Sertoli cells</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>In females, it stimulates the development of ovarian follicles</u></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">FSH</span> has the following effects:<div><br></div><div><div><i>In males, it triggers&nbsp;spermatogenesis and&nbsp;stimulates Sertoli cells</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>In females, it stimulates the development of ovarian follicles</u></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone</div><div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""FSH.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Follicle Stimulating Hormone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""LH"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> is a gonadotropin that <i>induces&nbsp;ovulation</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">LH</span> is a gonadotropin that <i>induces&nbsp;ovulation</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Luteinizing Hormone<div><div><br></div><div><div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""LH.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ACTH"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> stimulates the production and&nbsp;release of&nbsp;<b>cortisol</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ACTH</span> stimulates the production and&nbsp;release of&nbsp;<b>cortisol</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone</div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""ACTH.jpeg""></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><br></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26);""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"" style="""">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""TSH"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> stimulates the thyroid to produce&nbsp;<i>Thyroxine</i>&nbsp;(T4) and&nbsp;<i>Triiodothyronine</i>&nbsp;(T3), which will stimulate metabolism
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">TSH</span> stimulates the thyroid to produce&nbsp;<i>Thyroxine</i>&nbsp;(T4) and&nbsp;<i>Triiodothyronine</i>&nbsp;(T3), which will stimulate metabolism
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone</div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><br></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><img src=""TSH.png""></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><br></span></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Prolactin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> <u>stimulates milk production</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Prolactin</span> <u>stimulates milk production</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Endorphins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are released from the&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b> and<b>&nbsp;</b><u>decrease&nbsp;pain</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Endorphins</span> are released from the&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b> and<b>&nbsp;</b><u>decrease&nbsp;pain</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Growth&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> stimulates growth and cell&nbsp;reproduction</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Growth hormone</span> stimulates growth and cell&nbsp;reproduction</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Also known as <i>somatotropin</i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""posterior&#x20;pituitary"" data-ordinal=""1"">[brain structure]</span>&nbsp;releases&nbsp;<i>oxytocin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>antidiuretic hormone</i>&nbsp;<i>(ADH)</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">posterior pituitary</span>&nbsp;releases&nbsp;<i>oxytocin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>antidiuretic hormone</i>&nbsp;<i>(ADH)</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>It is the posterior&nbsp;lobe of the pituitary gland</div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <b>pancreas</b> secretes digestive enzymes into the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""duodenum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <b>pancreas</b> secretes digestive enzymes into the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">duodenum</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>α-islet cells release glucagon</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>β-islet cells release insulin</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pancreas (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<i>alpha-islet cells</i> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""glucagon"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<i>alpha-islet cells</i> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">glucagon</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Beta-islet cells</u> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""insulin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Beta-islet cells</u> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">insulin</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Insulin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> signals liver, muscle, and fat cells to <b>take in&nbsp;glucose&nbsp;</b>from the blood
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Insulin</span> signals liver, muscle, and fat cells to <b>take in&nbsp;glucose&nbsp;</b>from the blood
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Peptide hormone secreted by <u>beta-islet cells</u> of pancreas</div><div><br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181)""><img src=""Glucagon and Insulin.png""></span></div></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181)""><br></span></div><div><img src=""Blood Glucose Concentration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/bioenergetics/v/insulin-and-glucagon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Glucagon"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> causes the liver to <b>convert stored glycogen into&nbsp;glucose</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glucagon</span> causes the liver to <b>convert stored glycogen into&nbsp;glucose</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Peptide hormone secreted by <i>alpha-islet cells</i>&nbsp;of pancreas<div><div><br><img src=""Glucagon and Insulin.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Glucose Concentration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/bioenergetics/v/insulin-and-glucagon"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Somatostatin&#x20;&#x28;GHIH&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> <i>inhibits GH</i> and also leads to <u>lower insulin and&nbsp;lower glucagon</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Somatostatin (GHIH)</span> <i>inhibits GH</i> and also leads to <u>lower insulin and&nbsp;lower glucagon</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone<div><br></div><div>Peptide hormone&nbsp;secreted by <b>delta-islet</b> cells of pancreas</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Soamtostatin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>delta-islet cells</b> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""somatostatin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>delta-islet cells</b> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">somatostatin</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gonads"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are glands that <u>produces&nbsp;gametes&nbsp;(sex cells) and&nbsp;sex hormones</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gonads</span> are glands that <u>produces&nbsp;gametes&nbsp;(sex cells) and&nbsp;sex hormones</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Males: testicles<br></div><div><br></div><div>Females: ovaries</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gonads.svg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Testosterone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> is the <b>primary male sex hormone</b> and is an anabolic steroid
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Testosterone</span> is the <b>primary male sex hormone</b> and is an anabolic steroid
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Produced by the testes in men and ovaries in women with a small&nbsp;amount produced by the <i>Adrenal Cortex</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Testosterone (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div><div>Testosterone Function:</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Testosterone 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/testosterone"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Estrogen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span>&nbsp;is the <u>primary female sex hormone</u>&nbsp;and leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Estrogen</span>&nbsp;is the <u>primary female sex hormone</u>&nbsp;and leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Produced by the ovaries</div><div><br></div><div>Regulates the menstrual cycle and decreases milk production</div><div><br></div><div>“<u style="""">Estrogen&nbsp;establishes</u>; <i>progesterone protects the endometrium</i>”</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Estrogen (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""thyroid&#x20;gland"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is in the neck, below the Adam’s Apple, and <u>secretes T₃ and T₄ hormones</u> that&nbsp;regulate&nbsp;metabolism
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">thyroid gland</span> is in the neck, below the Adam’s Apple, and <u>secretes T₃ and T₄ hormones</u> that&nbsp;regulate&nbsp;metabolism
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div>T₄&nbsp;= Thyroxine</div><div>T₃&nbsp;= Triiodothyronine</div></div><div><br></div><div>Also helps regulate calcium homeostasis</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thyroid Gland.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""T&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Thyroid hormone]</span>&nbsp;is a <b>precursor</b> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""T&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[thyroid hormone]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">T₄</span>&nbsp;is a <b>precursor</b> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">T₃</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>T₄&nbsp;= Thyroxine</div><div>T₃&nbsp;= Triiodothyronine</div><div><br></div><div>Regulates metabolism</div><div><br></div><div>Created from Iodine and Tyrosine</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""T4 and T3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hormone-concentration-metabolism-negative-feedback"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Calcitonin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> is released by the thyroid gland and <u>builds bone</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Calcitonin</span> is released by the thyroid gland and <u>builds bone</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Increases Ca²⁺&nbsp;in bone<br></div><div>Increases Ca²⁺&nbsp;excretion from kidneys</div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;in blood</div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;absorption in gut</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Calcitonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <u>parathyroid gland's</u> primary&nbsp;function is to&nbsp;maintain&nbsp;the body’s <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ca&lt;sup&gt;2&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""K&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;levels&nbsp;so that the nervous and&nbsp;muscular systems can function properly
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <u>parathyroid gland's</u> primary&nbsp;function is to&nbsp;maintain&nbsp;the body’s <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ca²⁺</span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">K⁺</span>&nbsp;levels&nbsp;so that the nervous and&nbsp;muscular systems can function properly
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>It is a collection of four parathyroid glands located on the back of the thyroid</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Parathyroid Glands.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Parathyroid&#x20;hormone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> <i>stimulates bone breakdown</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Parathyroid hormone</span> <i>stimulates bone breakdown</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;in bone<br></div><div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;excretion from kidneys</div><div>Increases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;in blood</div><div>Increases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;absorption in gut</div></div><div><br></div><div>Activates vitamin D (Calcitriol)</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Calcitonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <b>pineal gland</b> secretes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""melatonin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[hormone]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <b>pineal gland</b> secretes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">melatonin</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Located in the <u>epithalamus</u>, tucked into a groove between the two thalamus halves<div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Pineal Gland.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0VPDd0JwCE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Melatonin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> <i>regulates sleep / wakefulness</i> and controls the circadian rhythm
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Melatonin</span> <i>regulates sleep / wakefulness</i> and controls the circadian rhythm
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Released by the <b>pineal gland</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Melatonin.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0VPDd0JwCE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <i>adrenal cortex</i> releases <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cortisol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aldosterone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <i>adrenal cortex</i> releases <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cortisol</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aldosterone</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Sits along the perimeter of the adrenal gland (top of kidney)<div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Gland.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/intro-to-the-endocrine-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Glucocorticoids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a class of <b>corticosteroids</b> and include the hormone <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cortisol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glucocorticoids</span> are a class of <b>corticosteroids</b> and include the hormone <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cortisol</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Released by adrenal cortex</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cortisol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a stress hormone released in response to stress and <u>low blood-glucose concentration</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cortisol</span> is a stress hormone released in response to stress and <u>low blood-glucose concentration</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><b>Released by the&nbsp;<font style="""">adrenal cortex</font></b><br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Cortisol.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mineralcorticoids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a class of&nbsp;<b>corticosteroids</b>&nbsp;and include the hormone <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aldosterone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mineralcorticoids</span> are a class of&nbsp;<b>corticosteroids</b>&nbsp;and include the hormone <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aldosterone</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Released by adrenal cortex</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#df5d26""><div><i><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></font></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Androgens"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are a group of hormones that play a role in <i>male traits and reproductive activity</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Androgens</span>&nbsp;are a group of hormones that play a role in <i>male traits and reproductive activity</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>They are steroid hormones and are converted to <b>testosterone</b> and <u>estrogen</u> in the gonads</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Androgens.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djqqao2Uebo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""adrenal&#x20;medulla"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the principal site of the conversion of&nbsp;<u>tyrosine</u>&nbsp;<u>into the&nbsp;catecholamines</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">adrenal medulla</span> is the principal site of the conversion of&nbsp;<u>tyrosine</u>&nbsp;<u>into the&nbsp;catecholamines</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The adrenal medulla is located at the center of the adrenal&nbsp;gland, surrounded by the adrenal cortex which sits on top of the kidneys<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Gland.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></font></div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tyrosine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Amino acid]</span> is the <u>precursor to catecholamines</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tyrosine</span> is the <u>precursor to catecholamines</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Tyrosine&nbsp;is converted into&nbsp;catecholamines in the <i>adrenal medulla</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phenylanlanine to Epinephrine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system/v/endocrine-system-and-influence-on-behavior-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<div><u>Epinephrine</u>,<i> </i><u>norepinephrine</u>, and<i> </i><u>dopamine</u>&nbsp;are examples of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""catecholamines"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<div><u>Epinephrine</u>,<i> </i><u>norepinephrine</u>, and<i> </i><u>dopamine</u>&nbsp;are examples of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">catecholamines</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>They are neurohormones important in the <b>stress response</b><br><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><i>Released by the adrenal medulla</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Catecholamines.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Epinephrine</u> is a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""catecholamine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Epinephrine</u> is a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">catecholamine</span>&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Also known as adrenaline</div><div><br></div><div><i>Produced by the&nbsp;adrenal medulla</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>Increases HR</b></div><div><b>Increases BP</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Epinephrine.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEnPql9dcs4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Norepinephrine</u> is a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""catecholamine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and is considered a hormone that serves as a neurotransmitter
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<u>Norepinephrine</u> is a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">catecholamine</span> and is considered a hormone that serves as a neurotransmitter
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><b>Increases HR</b></div><div><b>Increases BP</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Epinephrine.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEnPql9dcs4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Give the ""<b>four F's</b>"" that are <i>regulated by the hypothalamus</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fighting"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fleeing"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Feeding"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fucking"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Give the ""<b>four F's</b>"" that are <i>regulated by the hypothalamus</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fighting</span><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fleeing</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Feeding</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fucking</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Give the <u>airway pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nasal&#x2F;oral&#x20;cavities"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pharynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""larynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""trachea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bronchi"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bronchioles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""alveoli"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Give the <u>airway pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nasal/oral cavities</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pharynx</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">larynx</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">trachea</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bronchi</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bronchioles</span> →&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">alveoli</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pharynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;larynx →&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pharynx</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;larynx →&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div>Pharynx is the ""<u>throat</u>""</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""larynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">larynx</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Larynx is the ""<b>voice box</b>""<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""trachea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">trachea</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Trachea is the ""<i>windpipe</i>""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bronchi"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bronchi</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bronchioles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;alveoli<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bronchioles</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;alveoli<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ bronchioles&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""alveoli"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ bronchioles&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">alveoli</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pharynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems and it is called the ""<u>throat</u>""
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pharynx</span>&nbsp;is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems and it is called the ""<u>throat</u>""
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Both food and air pass through the pharynx<br></div><div><br></div><div>Air is warmed and humidified</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pharynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""larynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, also called the&nbsp;<b>voice box</b>, is a hollow, tubular structure connected to the <u>top of the windpipe (trachea)</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">larynx</span>, also called the&nbsp;<b>voice box</b>, is a hollow, tubular structure connected to the <u>top of the windpipe (trachea)</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Only air passes through the larynx<br></i></div><div><br></div><div>Epiglottis covering</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Larynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""trachea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is also called the <i>windpipe</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">trachea</span> is a hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is also called the <i>windpipe</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><b>Ciliated epithelium</b>&nbsp;collect debris in the trachea and bronchi<div><br></div><div><img src=""Trachea.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The <i>trachea</i> branches into two primary&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bronchi"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
The <i>trachea</i> branches into two primary&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bronchi</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>One bronchus leads to the <u>left lung</u>, the other bronchus leads to the <u>right lung</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><b>Ciliated epithelium</b>&nbsp;collect debris in the trachea and bronchi</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bronchi.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/the-bronchial-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bronchioles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are the&nbsp;<u>smallest of the branches&nbsp;of the bronchi</u> and they end in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""alveoli"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bronchioles</span> are the&nbsp;<u>smallest of the branches&nbsp;of the bronchi</u> and they end in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">alveoli</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bronchiole.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Alveoli"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are sacs where&nbsp;<b>gas exchange&nbsp;occurs</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Alveoli</span> are sacs where&nbsp;<b>gas exchange&nbsp;occurs</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bronchiole.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<b>Surfactant</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""reduces"" data-ordinal=""1"">[reduces or increases]</span>&nbsp;surface tension in the alveoli
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div>
<b>Surfactant</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">reduces</span>&nbsp;surface tension in the alveoli
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Low surface tension</i> <i>is required</i> to prevent collapse of the alveoli</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Surfactant.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVxsfWW273g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pleurae&#x20;membranes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> allow the lungs to easily move within the body cavity with&nbsp;<u>minimal friction&nbsp;from other organs</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pleurae membranes</span> allow the lungs to easily move within the body cavity with&nbsp;<u>minimal friction&nbsp;from other organs</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Plural Membrane (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pleural&#x20;cavity&#x20;&#x28;or&#x20;space&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a thin&nbsp;fluid-filled space&nbsp;<b>between the two pleurae</b> of each lung
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pleural cavity (or space)</span> is a thin&nbsp;fluid-filled space&nbsp;<b>between the two pleurae</b> of each lung
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pleural Membrane.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
The <i>outside</i> <i>pleural membrane</i> is the known as the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""parietal&#x20;membrane"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... membrane]</span><div><br></div><div>The <b>inside</b> <b>pleural membrane</b> is the known as the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""visceral&#x20;membrane"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... membrane]</span>&nbsp;</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
The <i>outside</i> <i>pleural membrane</i> is the known as the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">parietal membrane</span><div><br></div><div>The <b>inside</b> <b>pleural membrane</b> is the known as the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">visceral membrane</span>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pleural Membrane 2.png"">&nbsp;</div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
During <i>inspiration</i>, lung volume <b>expands</b>&nbsp;as a result of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""contraction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[contraction or relaxation]</span> of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, this expands&nbsp;the thoracic cavity
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
During <i>inspiration</i>, lung volume <b>expands</b>&nbsp;as a result of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">contraction</span> of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, this expands&nbsp;the thoracic cavity
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Due to this increase in volume, the <u>pressure is decreased</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>The pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the thoracic cavity allows air to rush into the lungs; inhalation occurs</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inspiration Pressure Gradient.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
During <u>exhalation</u>, the diaphragm muscles <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""relax"" data-ordinal=""1"">[contract or relax]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
During <u>exhalation</u>, the diaphragm muscles <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">relax</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>There is&nbsp;an <i>elastic recoil</i> of the lung tissue which causes a decrease in volume<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Inspiration Pressure Gradient.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<i>Inhalation</i> is considered a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""active&#x20;process"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... process]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<i>Inhalation</i> is considered a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">active process</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Because the diaphragm must <i>contract</i> for inhalation</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diaphragm Contraction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spirometer"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> measures the&nbsp;volume of air&nbsp;being&nbsp;<b>exhaled</b> or <b>inhaled</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirometer</span> measures the&nbsp;volume of air&nbsp;being&nbsp;<b>exhaled</b> or <b>inhaled</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>It cannot measure total volume<br></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Spirometer.jpeg""></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Total&#x20;lung&#x20;capacity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the amount of air in the lungs&nbsp;after taking the <i>deepest breath&nbsp;possible</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Total lung capacity</span> is the amount of air in the lungs&nbsp;after taking the <i>deepest breath&nbsp;possible</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Residual&#x20;volume"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs&nbsp;after <u>fully exhaling</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Residual volume</span> is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs&nbsp;after <u>fully exhaling</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Some air must stay in the lungs to <b>keep the alveoli from collapsing</b><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Vital&#x20;capacity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the difference between <u>minimum</u> and <i>maximum</i>&nbsp;volume of air in the lungs
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Vital capacity</span> is the difference between <u>minimum</u> and <i>maximum</i>&nbsp;volume of air in the lungs
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>This is the maximum amount of air a person can <b>expel</b> from the lungs after a maximum inhalation<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tidal&#x20;volume"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a&nbsp;<b>normal breath</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tidal volume</span> is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a&nbsp;<b>normal breath</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Expiratory&#x20;reserve&#x20;volume"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the volume of additional air that can be&nbsp;<u>forcibly&nbsp;exhaled</u>&nbsp;following normal exhalation</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Expiratory reserve volume</span> is the volume of additional air that can be&nbsp;<u>forcibly&nbsp;exhaled</u>&nbsp;following normal exhalation</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Inspiratory&#x20;reserve&#x20;volume"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the volume of additional air that can be<i>&nbsp;forcibly&nbsp;inhaled</i>&nbsp;following normal inhalation</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Inspiratory reserve volume</span> is the volume of additional air that can be<i>&nbsp;forcibly&nbsp;inhaled</i>&nbsp;following normal inhalation</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cilia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;function together using their&nbsp;<u>wave-like motion</u>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>move mucus&nbsp;up and away from the lungs</b> and back into the throat
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cilia</span>&nbsp;function together using their&nbsp;<u>wave-like motion</u>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>move mucus&nbsp;up and away from the lungs</b> and back into the throat
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>This is the <i>mucociliary escalator&nbsp;</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mucociliary Escalator.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMB6flEaZwI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<b>Vibrissae</b> are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""nose&#x20;hairs"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
<b>Vibrissae</b> are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">nose hairs</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>They trap large particles of dust that might otherwise be inhaled<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vibrissae.jpg""><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bicarbonate&#x20;buffer"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is by far the most important <i>buffer for&nbsp;maintaining acid-base balance</i>&nbsp;in the blood
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bicarbonate buffer</span> is by far the most important <i>buffer for&nbsp;maintaining acid-base balance</i>&nbsp;in the blood
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div>
If the <u>blood pH is too&nbsp;low</u>, respiration will <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increase or decrease]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div>
If the <u>blood pH is too&nbsp;low</u>, respiration will <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increase</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Respiration goes up&nbsp;to <u>blow off CO₂&nbsp;</u></div><div><br></div><div>Based on <b>Le Châtelier’s Principle</b>, the bicarbonate buffer will <u>shift left </u>to remove H⁺&nbsp;which will raise the pH back to normal levels</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div>
If the <i>blood pH is</i> <i>too</i>&nbsp;<i style="""">high</i>, respiration will <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""decrease"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increase or decrease]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div>
If the <i>blood pH is</i> <i>too</i>&nbsp;<i style="""">high</i>, respiration will <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">decrease</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Respiration goes<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font>down, <i>trapping CO<sub style="""">2</sub></i><div><br></div><div>Based on <b>Le Châtelier’s Principle</b>, the bicarbonate buffer will <i>shift right</i> to add more H⁺ which will lower the pH<br><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""medulla&#x20;oblongata"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <u>primary respiratory control center</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">medulla oblongata</span> is the <u>primary respiratory control center</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>It is part of the <u>brainstem</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Medulla Oblongata.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/brainstem"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the <i>blood pathway</i>&nbsp;(including valves) starting in the <b>right atrium</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""right&#x20;atrium"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tricuspid&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> → <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""right&#x20;ventricle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pulmonary&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pulmonary&#x20;artery"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lungs"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pulmonary&#x20;veins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""left&#x20;atrium"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mitral&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""left&#x20;ventricle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aortic&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aorta"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""arteries"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""arterioles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""capillaries"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""venules"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""veins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""venae&#x20;cavae"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""right&#x20;atrium"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the <i>blood pathway</i>&nbsp;(including valves) starting in the <b>right atrium</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">right atrium</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tricuspid valve</span> → <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">right ventricle</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pulmonary valve</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pulmonary artery</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lungs</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pulmonary veins</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">left atrium</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mitral valve</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">left ventricle</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aortic valve</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aorta</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">arteries</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">arterioles</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">capillaries</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">venules</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">veins</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">venae cavae</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">right atrium</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Oxygenated blood</i> from the pulmonary veins enters the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""left"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> atrium of the heart
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Oxygenated blood</i> from the pulmonary veins enters the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">left</span> atrium of the heart
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Deoxygenated blood</u> from the venae cavae enters the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""right"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> atrium of the heart
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Deoxygenated blood</u> from the venae cavae enters the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">right</span> atrium of the heart
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tricuspid&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... valve]</span> is between the <u>right atrium</u> and the <b>right ventricle</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tricuspid valve</span> is between the <u>right atrium</u> and the <b>right ventricle</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Deoxygenated blood passes through</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mitral&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... valve]</span> is between the <i>left atrium</i> and the <b>left ventricle</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mitral valve</span> is between the <i>left atrium</i> and the <b>left ventricle</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Oxygenated blood passes through</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Pulmonary veins</i> are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oxygenated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Pulmonary veins</i> are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">oxygenated</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pulmonary Veins and Arteries.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Deoxygenated vs Oxygeanted Colors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/blood-vessel-diseases/v/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Pulmonary arteries</u> are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""deoxygenated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Pulmonary arteries</u> are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">deoxygenated</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Pulmonary Veins and Arteries.png""><div><br><div><img src=""Deoxygenated vs Oxygeanted Colors.png""></div><div><br><div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/blood-vessel-diseases/v/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the pathway of <i>electrical conduction in the heart</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;img&#x20;src&#x3D;&quot;Electrical&#x20;Conduction&#x20;in&#x20;the&#x20;Heart&#x2E;png&quot;&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the pathway of <i>electrical conduction in the heart</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><img src=""Electrical Conduction in the Heart.png""></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>“<i>S</i>tab <i>A B</i>ig <i>P</i>ickle” acrostic<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""SA&#x20;node"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the heart's <b>natural&nbsp;pacemaker</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">SA node</span> is the heart's <b>natural&nbsp;pacemaker</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div><div>The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""AV&#x20;node"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that <b>coordinates the top of the heart</b>. It <i>electrically connects the atria and ventricles</i></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div><div>The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">AV node</span>&nbsp;is the part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that <b>coordinates the top of the heart</b>. It <i>electrically connects the atria and ventricles</i></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bundle&#x20;of&#x20;his"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> transmits impulses <b>from the AV node to the ventricles</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bundle of his</span> transmits impulses <b>from the AV node to the ventricles</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Purkinje&#x20;fibers"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> carry the contraction impulse <u>from both the left and right bundle branch to the&nbsp;myocardium of the ventricles</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Purkinje fibers</span> carry the contraction impulse <u>from both the left and right bundle branch to the&nbsp;myocardium of the ventricles</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Arteries"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <i>away the heart</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Arteries</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <i>away the heart</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Thick muscular tube</i></div><div><br></div><div>Elasticity allows for recoil and&nbsp;helps propel blood forward</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Veins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <u>toward the heart</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Veins</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <u>toward the heart</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><u>Thin walls with few elastic fibers</u><div><br></div><div>Pulsation is absent in veins<div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Arterioles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are <u>tiny branches of arteries</u> that lead to capillaries
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Arterioles</span> are <u>tiny branches of arteries</u> that lead to capillaries
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Capillaries"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are&nbsp;<b>1 cell thick</b> and make up the endothelial wall
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Capillaries</span> are&nbsp;<b>1 cell thick</b> and make up the endothelial wall
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Easy diffusion of&nbsp;gases (O₂,&nbsp;CO₂) and waste (NH₃, urea)</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Venules"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are very small&nbsp;blood vessels that bring blood from <u>capillary beds to the veins</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Venules</span> are very small&nbsp;blood vessels that bring blood from <u>capillary beds to the veins</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Systole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart muscle <b>contract</b> after refilling with blood
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Systole</span> is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart muscle <b>contract</b> after refilling with blood
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><i>AV valves are closed</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Semilunar valves are open</u></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Blood pumps from the chambers into the arteries</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Systole and Diastole.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lub Dub Graph.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/what-is-blood-pressure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Diastole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the period of the cardiac cycle that encompasses <u>ventricular relaxation</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Diastole</span>&nbsp;is the period of the cardiac cycle that encompasses <u>ventricular relaxation</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><u>AV&nbsp;valves are&nbsp;open</u><br></div><div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Semilunar&nbsp;valves are closed</i></div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Chambers fill with blood</div><div><div><div><br><img src=""Systole and Diastole.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lub Dub Graph.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/what-is-blood-pressure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the <u>normal blood pressure range</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;img&#x20;src&#x3D;&quot;Normal&#x20;BP&#x2E;png&quot;&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the <u>normal blood pressure range</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><img src=""Normal BP.png""></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Blood pressure is <b>sensed and maintained</b> by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""baroreceptors"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""chemoreceptors"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Blood pressure is <b>sensed and maintained</b> by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">baroreceptors</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">chemoreceptors</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The main function of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""atrial&#x20;natriuretic&#x20;peptide&#x20;&#x28;ANP&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is to&nbsp;<u>lower the blood pressure</u>&nbsp;by promoting <b>excretion of water and sodium</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The main function of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</span> is to&nbsp;<u>lower the blood pressure</u>&nbsp;by promoting <b>excretion of water and sodium</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""ANP.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzeL1fcBwnE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Aldosterone</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""raises"" data-ordinal=""1"">[raises or lowers]</span> blood pressure
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Aldosterone</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">raises</span> blood pressure
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aldosterone.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>ADH</b> promotes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increased"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increased or decreased]</span> <u>water retention</u> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""decreased"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increased or decreased]</span> <i>plasma osmolarity</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>ADH</b> promotes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increased</span> <u>water retention</u> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">decreased</span> <i>plasma osmolarity</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)</div><div><br></div><div><i>Increases&nbsp;blood pressure</i></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""ADH (2).png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
If your&nbsp;<b>blood osmolarity</b> is<i>&nbsp;</i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""higher"" data-ordinal=""1"">[higher or lower]</span>&nbsp;than normal, your body reacts to replace this water loss by&nbsp;<i>releasing&nbsp;ADH</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
If your&nbsp;<b>blood osmolarity</b> is<i>&nbsp;</i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">higher</span>&nbsp;than normal, your body reacts to replace this water loss by&nbsp;<i>releasing&nbsp;ADH</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>ADH leads to <u>increased water resorption</u> by your kidneys</div><div><br></div><div>Osmolarity goes down and blood pressure goes up<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""High Blood Osmolarity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the <i>cardiac output equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;img&#x20;src&#x3D;&quot;Cardiac&#x20;Output&#x2E;png&quot;&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Give the <i>cardiac output equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><img src=""Cardiac Output.png""></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume<div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Blood is considered a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""connective&#x20;tissue"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> because it consists of <i>blood cells</i>, surrounded by a <b>nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Blood is considered a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">connective tissue</span> because it consists of <i>blood cells</i>, surrounded by a <b>nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Connective Tissue.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Red blood cells</i> are also known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""erythrocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Red blood cells</i> are also known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">erythrocytes</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""RBCs (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/red-blood-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hematocrit"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <i>percentage of blood&nbsp;composed of&nbsp;RBCs</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hematocrit</span> is the <i>percentage of blood&nbsp;composed of&nbsp;RBCs</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Normal hematocrit is about 45%<br></u></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hematocrit.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/what-s-inside-of-blood"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells</b> are also known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""leukocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells</b> are also known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">leukocytes</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""WBCs Called Leukocytes.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
RBCs&nbsp;and WBCs are <u>both formed in</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bone&#x20;marrow"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
RBCs&nbsp;and WBCs are <u>both formed in</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bone marrow</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/leukemia/v/hematopoiesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hematopoiesis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the process by which&nbsp;stem cells&nbsp;from bone marrow <b>develop into mature&nbsp;blood cells</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hematopoiesis</span> is the process by which&nbsp;stem cells&nbsp;from bone marrow <b>develop into mature&nbsp;blood cells</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/leukemia/v/hematopoiesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The three types of <u>granulocytes</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neutrophils"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Eosinophils"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Basophils"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The three types of <u>granulocytes</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neutrophils</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Eosinophils</span><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Basophils</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>-phil = granulocytes<br></div><div><br></div><div>Part of the<font color=""#195ab3""> </font><u>innate immune system</u></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <i>granules</i> in a granulocyte cause <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""inflammation&#x20;that&#x20;kills&#x20;bacteria&#x20;and&#x20;fungi"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <i>granules</i> in a granulocyte cause <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">inflammation that kills bacteria and fungi</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The two types of <i>agranulocytes</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lymphocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Monocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The two types of <i>agranulocytes</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lymphocytes</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Monocytes</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>agranulocytes have no granules</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Platelets"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, also called&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""thrombocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;are a component of blood whose&nbsp;function&nbsp;is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by <i>clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Platelets</span>, also called&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">thrombocytes</span>,&nbsp;are a component of blood whose&nbsp;function&nbsp;is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by <i>clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Platelets.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hydrostatic&#x20;pressure"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... pressure]</span> moves fluid&nbsp;out of a capillary&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>into the interstitial fluid</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hydrostatic pressure</span> moves fluid&nbsp;out of a capillary&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>into the interstitial fluid</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hydrostatic Pressure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B658Yn3INYc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Osmotic&#x20;pressure"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... pressure]</span> moves fluid&nbsp;<i>into the blood vessel</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Osmotic pressure</span> moves fluid&nbsp;<i>into the blood vessel</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hydrostatic Pressure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B658Yn3INYc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hemoglobin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is found inside&nbsp;RBCs and it <u>carries oxygen</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hemoglobin</span> is found inside&nbsp;RBCs and it <u>carries oxygen</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hemoglobin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>The <b>binding of oxygen_&nbsp;to&nbsp;hemoglobin</b> can be characterized as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cooperative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>The <b>binding of oxygen_&nbsp;to&nbsp;hemoglobin</b> can be characterized as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cooperative</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>When one O<sub style="""">2</sub>&nbsp;molecule binds to one of the four heme groups in a hemoglobin, <i>it becomes more&nbsp;likely</i> that the remaining sites will bind to O<sub style="""">2</sub></div><div><sub style=""""><br></sub></div><div>_{<img src=""Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Dissociation Curves.png"">}</div><div>_<br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Oxygen</u> binds to the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""iron"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> atom inside a <i>heme group</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Oxygen</u> binds to the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">iron</span> atom inside a <i>heme group</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Binding of Oxygen to a Heme.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div><b>CO₂ and H⁺ </b>will&nbsp;trigger the heme group to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""release"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> its <u>O₂</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div><b>CO₂ and H⁺ </b>will&nbsp;trigger the heme group to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">release</span> its <u>O₂</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>CO₂&nbsp;and H⁺<i>allosterically inhibit </i>hemoglobin</div><div><br></div><div><div>This means <u>O₂ is released near lots of CO₂</u> <u>or in acidic sites</u>,&nbsp;which is&nbsp;where respiration is happening and <b>O₂ is needed</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Factors Affecting Oxygen Binding.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
A <b>low pH </b>means a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[high or low]</span> <u>heme affinity for O₂</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
A <b>low pH </b>means a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">low</span> <u>heme affinity for O₂</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>H⁺ is an inhibitor of heme</i>, so it causes the heme to release its O₂</div><div><br></div><div>This is called the <u>Bohr Shift</u>. The oxygen saturation curve will <u>shift right</u> in response to a low pH (high H⁺ concentration)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bohr Shift.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/bohr-effect-vs-haldane-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>2,3-BPG </i>causes heme to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""release"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> O<sub style="""">2</sub>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>2,3-BPG </i>causes heme to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">release</span> O<sub style="""">2</sub>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Creates a<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font><u>right&nbsp;shift</u> just like a low pH would</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""2 3 BPG.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"" style=""vertical-align: sub;"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>If your body <i>needs more oxygen</i>, then&nbsp;<b>2,3-BPG</b>&nbsp;levels will <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increase or decrease]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>If your body <i>needs more oxygen</i>, then&nbsp;<b>2,3-BPG</b>&nbsp;levels will <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increase</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><b>2,3-BPG causes heme to release its O₂</b>. If your body is low on O₂, then 2,3-BPG is used to raise the O₂&nbsp;levels back to normal</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""2 3 BPG.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"" style=""vertical-align: sub;"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""P&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the <b>oxygen pressure</b> when&nbsp;<u>50% of hemoglobin has an oxygen&nbsp;bound</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">P₅₀</span>&nbsp;is the <b>oxygen pressure</b> when&nbsp;<u>50% of hemoglobin has an oxygen&nbsp;bound</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""P50.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/HYbvwMSzqdY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
In <i>sickle cell anemia</i>, the amino acid <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Glu"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is replaced by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Val"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
In <i>sickle cell anemia</i>, the amino acid <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glu</span> is replaced by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Val</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Hemoglobin <b>aggregates</b> into insoluble fibers<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sickel Cell Anemia 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sickel Cell Anemia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e67ZP2C3Pr4"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<u>Myoglobin</u> stores and releases oxygen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""muscle&#x20;tissue"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<u>Myoglobin</u> stores and releases oxygen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">muscle tissue</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Not pH sensitive</i></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Myoglobin</u> has a much <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""higher"" data-ordinal=""1"">[higher or lower]</span> oxygen affinity than <i>hemoglobin</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Myoglobin</u> has a much <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">higher</span> oxygen affinity than <i>hemoglobin</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div>This&nbsp;means it can <b>bind more securely to the oxygen</b>&nbsp;compared to hemoglobin</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""O2 Dissosociation Curves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <u>myoglobin oxygen saturation</u> curve is <i>hyperbolic</i> because <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""it&amp;nbsp&#x3B;only&#x20;has&#x20;one&#x20;heme&#x20;group&#x20;and&#x20;cannot&#x20;exhibit&amp;nbsp&#x3B;cooperative&amp;nbsp&#x3B;binding"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The <u>myoglobin oxygen saturation</u> curve is <i>hyperbolic</i> because <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">it&nbsp;only has one heme group and cannot exhibit&nbsp;cooperative&nbsp;binding</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
2,3-BPG has <i>no affect</i> on <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""myoglobin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[hemoglobin or myoglobin]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
2,3-BPG has <i>no affect</i> on <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">myoglobin</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>BPG works by binding in the space <b>between</b> <b>the subunits in hemoglobin</b>. Myoglobin has just one monomer, so BPG does not affect it</div><br><div><img src=""Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<b>Innate immunity</b> are defenses that are always active and are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""non&#x2D;specific"" data-ordinal=""1"">[specific or non-specific]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<b>Innate immunity</b> are defenses that are always active and are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">non-specific</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><b>Skin</b></div><div><b>Mucus</b></div><div><b>Stomach acid</b></div><div><b>Tears</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Innate Immunity 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<u>Adaptive immunity</u> are defenses that are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""specific"" data-ordinal=""1"">[specific or non-specific]</span> to the invader
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<u>Adaptive immunity</u> are defenses that are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">specific</span> to the invader
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Cell-mediated immune response</u></div><div><u>Humoral immune response</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Innate Immunity 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Skin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a physical barrier and secretes&nbsp;antimicrobial enzymes&nbsp;like&nbsp;<i>defensins</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Skin</span> is a physical barrier and secretes&nbsp;antimicrobial enzymes&nbsp;like&nbsp;<i>defensins</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Skin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mucous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;that is made in your nose, throat and lungs <b>traps bacteria, viruses, and dust</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mucous</span>&nbsp;that is made in your nose, throat and lungs <b>traps bacteria, viruses, and dust</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>In respiratory&nbsp;system, mucous is propelled upward by cilia via <i>mucociliary&nbsp;escalator</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Mucus 1.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Mucus 2.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lysozyme"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an <u>antimicrobial enzyme</u>&nbsp;that forms part of the <i>innate immune system</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lysozyme</span> is an <u>antimicrobial enzyme</u>&nbsp;that forms part of the <i>innate immune system</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Found in tears and saliva<div><br></div><div><img src=""Lysozyme (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXIe0jDTlT4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""complement&#x20;system"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... system]</span>&nbsp;is a part of the&nbsp;immune system&nbsp;that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to <b style="""">clear microbes and damaged</b> <b>cells from an organism</b>, <i>promotes inflammation</i>, and <u>attacks the pathogen's cell membrane</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">complement system</span>&nbsp;is a part of the&nbsp;immune system&nbsp;that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to <b style="""">clear microbes and damaged</b> <b>cells from an organism</b>, <i>promotes inflammation</i>, and <u>attacks the pathogen's cell membrane</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The complement system consists of three pathways:</div><div><br></div><div><u>Classical pathway<br></u></div><div><u>Alternative pathway<br></u></div><div><u>Lectin pathway</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Classical Pathway.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""interferon"" data-ordinal=""1"">[type of protein]</span> interferes with&nbsp;<i>viral&nbsp;replication</i>&nbsp;and dispersion
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">interferon</span> interferes with&nbsp;<i>viral&nbsp;replication</i>&nbsp;and dispersion
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Given off by virally infected cells</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Interferons.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2-LZ6LeqxA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
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<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Macrophages"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> ingest pathogens and present them on&nbsp;<i>MHC-II</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Macrophages</span> ingest pathogens and present them on&nbsp;<i>MHC-II</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Macrophages.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MHC&amp;nbsp&#x3B;I"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;glycoproteins are present in <i>all nucleated cells</i><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MHC&#x2D;II"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;glycoproteins are present on <b>specialized&nbsp;antigen-presenting cells (APCs)</b>, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MHC&nbsp;I</span>&nbsp;glycoproteins are present in <i>all nucleated cells</i><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MHC-II</span>&nbsp;glycoproteins are present on <b>specialized&nbsp;antigen-presenting cells (APCs)</b>, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>MHC = <i>Major Histocompatibility Complex</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""MHC II.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDAGxVxY-L8"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
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<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MHC&#x2D;II"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> displays&nbsp;exogenous&nbsp;antigen to&nbsp;<u>helper&nbsp;CD4⁺&nbsp;T-Cells</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MHC-II</span> displays&nbsp;exogenous&nbsp;antigen to&nbsp;<u>helper&nbsp;CD4⁺&nbsp;T-Cells</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""MHC II.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""MHC II 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/professional-antigen-presenting-cells-apc-and-mhc-ii-complexes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<div>The main function of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dendritic&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...cells]</span> is to process antigen material and <b>present it on the cell surface to the T cells</b> of the immune system. They act as <u>messengers </u>between the innate and the adaptive immune systems<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<div>The main function of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dendritic cells</span> is to process antigen material and <b>present it on the cell surface to the T cells</b> of the immune system. They act as <u>messengers </u>between the innate and the adaptive immune systems<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Dendritic Cell.gif"" style=""color: rgb(62, 127, 14);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/professional-antigen-presenting-cells-apc-and-mhc-ii-complexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Natural&#x20;killer&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a type of&nbsp;lymphocyte that can <i>recognize and kill</i>&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells or other cells that have been&nbsp;infected</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Natural killer cells</span> are a type of&nbsp;lymphocyte that can <i>recognize and kill</i>&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells or other cells that have been&nbsp;infected</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Natural killer cells&nbsp;<b>do not&nbsp;attack invading organisms&nbsp;directly</b>&nbsp;but instead, <u>they</u>&nbsp;<u>destroy&nbsp;the&nbsp;body's own cells&nbsp;that have either become cancerous or been infected with a virus<br></u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Natural Killer Cells 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Natural Killer Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<i>Humoral immunity</i> is immunity provided by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""antibodies"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<i>Humoral immunity</i> is immunity provided by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">antibodies</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Kills&nbsp;antigens while they are <u>floating around in the fluid </u>(humor)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Humoral vs Cell Mediated.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
Part of the <b>adaptive immune system</b>, or humoral immunity,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""B&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are&nbsp;responsible for&nbsp;<i>generating antibodies</i> to specific antigens<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
Part of the <b>adaptive immune system</b>, or humoral immunity,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">B cells</span>&nbsp;are&nbsp;responsible for&nbsp;<i>generating antibodies</i> to specific antigens<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>Require stimulation from helper T Cells</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""B Cells.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""antibody"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is&nbsp;a blood protein <b>produced in response to a specific antigen</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">antibody</span> is&nbsp;a blood protein <b>produced in response to a specific antigen</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Antibody (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hypermutation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the term used to describe mutation of the&nbsp;<i>antigen-binding site</i>&nbsp;(variable region) on an&nbsp;<b>antibody</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hypermutation</span> is the term used to describe mutation of the&nbsp;<i>antigen-binding site</i>&nbsp;(variable region) on an&nbsp;<b>antibody</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Results in <u>varying affinities</u> of antibodies for a specific microbe<br></div><div><br></div><div>5 different&nbsp;isotypes:&nbsp; <u>IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hypermutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Opsonization"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a term that refers to an immune process where <i>pathogens are targeted for destruction</i> by an immune cell known as a <b>phagocyte</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Opsonization</span>&nbsp;is a term that refers to an immune process where <i>pathogens are targeted for destruction</i> by an immune cell known as a <b>phagocyte</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Antibodies mark pathogens for destruction<div><br></div><div><img src=""Opsonization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Agglutination"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when <b>pathogens&nbsp;clump together</b>&nbsp;into insoluble complexes
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Agglutination</span> is when <b>pathogens&nbsp;clump together</b>&nbsp;into insoluble complexes
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Caused by <i>opsonizing</i> pathogens<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Agglutination.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Memory&#x20;B&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are a&nbsp;B cell&nbsp;sub-type that are formed following primary infection and are important in generating an <b>accelerated and more robust antibody-mediated immune response</b> in the case of <i>re-infection</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Memory B cells</span>&nbsp;are a&nbsp;B cell&nbsp;sub-type that are formed following primary infection and are important in generating an <b>accelerated and more robust antibody-mediated immune response</b> in the case of <i>re-infection</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Memory B Cells (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cell&#x2D;mediated&#x20;&#x28;cytotoxic&#x29;&#x20;immunity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... immunity]</span> produces an&nbsp;immune response that&nbsp;<u>does not involve&nbsp;antibodies</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity</span> produces an&nbsp;immune response that&nbsp;<u>does not involve&nbsp;antibodies</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>It involves the <i>activation of phagocytes</i>, <i>T-cells</i>, and the <b>release of cytokines</b> in response to an antigen</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Humoral vs Cell Mediated.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""T&#x2D;lymphocytes&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;t&#x2D;cells&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a type of white blood cell that <u>circulates around our bodies</u>, <i>scanning for&nbsp;cellular abnormalities&nbsp;and&nbsp;infections</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">T-lymphocytes&nbsp;(t-cells)</span> are a type of white blood cell that <u>circulates around our bodies</u>, <i>scanning for&nbsp;cellular abnormalities&nbsp;and&nbsp;infections</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Examples include:&nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><b>Helper T-cells</b></div><div><b>Cytotoxic T-cells</b></div><div><b>Suppressor T-cells</b></div><div><b>Memory T-cells</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""T-Cells.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
</div><div>No cloze 1 found on card.
Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://docs.ankiweb.net/templates/errors.html#no-cloze-filter-on-cloze-note-type'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card.
Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://docs.ankiweb.net/templates/errors.html#no-cloze-filter-on-cloze-note-type'>More information</a></div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Helper&#x20;T&#x2D;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>activate&nbsp;cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages</u> to attack infected cells, or they <i>stimulate B-cells to secrete antibodies</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Helper T-cells</span> <u>activate&nbsp;cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages</u> to attack infected cells, or they <i>stimulate B-cells to secrete antibodies</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><b>T_h or CD4⁺</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""B Cells.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cytotoxic&#x20;T&#x2D;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>respond to antigen on&nbsp;MCH-I </b>and kill virally infected cells
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cytotoxic T-cells</span> <b>respond to antigen on&nbsp;MCH-I </b>and kill virally infected cells
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>“<i>Killer cells</i>”<br></div><div><br></div><div>T_c, CTL, or CD8⁺</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cytotoxic T Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/cytotoxic-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Suppressor&#x20;T&#x2D;cells&#x20;&#x28;regulator&#x20;T&#x2D;cells&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>down regulate&nbsp;the immune response</i> after an&nbsp;infection and <u>promote self-tolerance</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Suppressor T-cells (regulator T-cells)</span> <i>down regulate&nbsp;the immune response</i> after an&nbsp;infection and <u>promote self-tolerance</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>T_reg</div><div><br></div><div>They help to <u>distinguish between self and nonself molecules</u>, and by doing so, reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Suppressor T Cells.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Memory&#x20;T&#x2D;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> serve a similar function to memory B-cells and, <b>at a</b> <b>second encounter</b> <b>with a pathogen</b>, will work to mount a&nbsp;<u>faster and stronger&nbsp;immune response</u> than the first time
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Memory T-cells</span> serve a similar function to memory B-cells and, <b>at a</b> <b>second encounter</b> <b>with a pathogen</b>, will work to mount a&nbsp;<u>faster and stronger&nbsp;immune response</u> than the first time
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The term <i>antigen-experienced T-cell</i> is also used<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Memory T Cells.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9g5PkwwzwY"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div>In the case of a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""autoimmune&#x20;condition"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... condition]</span>, a <u>self-antigen</u> is recognized as foreign, and the&nbsp;<i style="""">immune system&nbsp;attacks normal cells</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div>In the case of a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">autoimmune condition</span>, a <u>self-antigen</u> is recognized as foreign, and the&nbsp;<i style="""">immune system&nbsp;attacks normal cells</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Autoimmune Conditions.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/self-versus-non-self"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
A/an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""allergic&#x20;reaction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;occurs when the immune system <b>overreacts to a harmless substance known as an&nbsp;allergen</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
A/an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">allergic reaction</span>&nbsp;occurs when the immune system <b>overreacts to a harmless substance known as an&nbsp;allergen</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Allergic Reaction.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/inflammatory-response"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mast&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> release&nbsp;<u>cytokines</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>granules</u>&nbsp;that contain chemical molecules to create an&nbsp;<i>inflammatory cascade</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mast cells</span> release&nbsp;<u>cytokines</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>granules</u>&nbsp;that contain chemical molecules to create an&nbsp;<i>inflammatory cascade</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Important for wound healing and defense against pathogens via the inflammatory response<div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Mast Cells.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/inflammatory-response"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Histamine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is <u>released by&nbsp;mast cells</u> and causes <i>blood vessels to&nbsp;dilate</i>,&nbsp;increasing blood flow&nbsp;and cell trafficking to an&nbsp; area of infection
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Histamine</span> is <u>released by&nbsp;mast cells</u> and causes <i>blood vessels to&nbsp;dilate</i>,&nbsp;increasing blood flow&nbsp;and cell trafficking to an&nbsp; area of infection
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mast Cells.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/inflammatory-response"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<b>Immunization</b> induces <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""active&#x20;immunity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... immunity]</span>, the activation of&nbsp;B-cells&nbsp;that&nbsp;produce&nbsp;antibodies
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<b>Immunization</b> induces <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">active immunity</span>, the activation of&nbsp;B-cells&nbsp;that&nbsp;produce&nbsp;antibodies
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Immunization.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqtlbqB6jXQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
The <b>transfer of&nbsp;antibodies&nbsp;to an individual is</b> considered <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""passive&#x20;immunity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... immunity]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
The <b>transfer of&nbsp;antibodies&nbsp;to an individual is</b> considered <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">passive immunity</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>An example is <u>breast milk</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Passive Immunity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3w9ylCxFAa0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Lymphatic_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lymphatic&#x20;system"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>transports&nbsp;lymph</u>, a fluid containing infection-fighting <b>white blood cells</b>, throughout the body
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Lymphatic_System</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lymphatic system</span> <u>transports&nbsp;lymph</u>, a fluid containing infection-fighting <b>white blood cells</b>, throughout the body
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Equalizes fluid distribution</div><div><br></div><div>Transports fats and fat-soluble&nbsp;compounds in <i>chylomicrons</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Lymphatic System.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Lymphatic System 2.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lymphatics/v/lymphatic-system-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Lymphatic_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Edema"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> results when the <u>lymphatic system</u> is overwhelmed and can’t drain excess fluid from tissues</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Lymphatic_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Edema</span> results when the <u>lymphatic system</u> is overwhelmed and can’t drain excess fluid from tissues</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lymph Edema.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/I7orwMgTQ5I"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System</div>
A <i>virus</i> is a nonliving&nbsp;particle containing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DNA&#x20;or&#x20;RNA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;that can infect a living cell
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System</div>
A <i>virus</i> is a nonliving&nbsp;particle containing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">protein</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA or RNA</span>&nbsp;that can infect a living cell
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Virus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/a/hs-the-immune-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mechanical&#x20;digestion"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <i>physical breakdown</i>&nbsp;of large food molecules&nbsp;into smaller particles<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mechanical digestion</span> is the <i>physical breakdown</i>&nbsp;of large food molecules&nbsp;into smaller particles<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Mechanical vs Chemical Digestion.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTKjZOhq-_Q"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chemical&#x20;digestion"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the&nbsp;<u>enzymatic cleavage&nbsp;of chemical bonds&nbsp;</u>such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the&nbsp;glycosidic bonds of starches
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chemical digestion</span> is the&nbsp;<u>enzymatic cleavage&nbsp;of chemical bonds&nbsp;</u>such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the&nbsp;glycosidic bonds of starches
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mechanical vs Chemical Digestion.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTKjZOhq-_Q"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Peristalsis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the contraction and relaxation of muscles that&nbsp;<i>propels food down the gut tube</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Peristalsis</span> is the contraction and relaxation of muscles that&nbsp;<i>propels food down the gut tube</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Peristalsis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/esophagus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
Give the digestive pathway:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oral&#x20;cavity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pharynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""esophagus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stomach"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""small&#x20;intestine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""large&#x20;intestine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rectum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
Give the digestive pathway:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">oral cavity</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pharynx</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">esophagus</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stomach</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">small intestine</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">large intestine</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">rectum</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Digestive Pathway.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<div>Identify the missing item in the digestive pathway:<br></div><div><br></div><div>oral cavity&nbsp;→&nbsp;pharynx&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""esophagus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;stomach&nbsp;→&nbsp;small intestine&nbsp;→&nbsp;large intestine&nbsp;→&nbsp;rectum<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<div>Identify the missing item in the digestive pathway:<br></div><div><br></div><div>oral cavity&nbsp;→&nbsp;pharynx&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">esophagus</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;stomach&nbsp;→&nbsp;small intestine&nbsp;→&nbsp;large intestine&nbsp;→&nbsp;rectum<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Digestive Pathway.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
The oral cavity is where salivary&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""amylase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[enzyme]</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lipase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[enzyme]</span>&nbsp;start the <u>chemical digestion of food</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
The oral cavity is where salivary&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">amylase</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lipase</span>&nbsp;start the <u>chemical digestion of food</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Mastication</i> breaks the food down to small pieces which are formed into a <b>bolus</b> and swallowed</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oral Cavity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/mouth"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pharynx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> connects the <b style="""">mouth to the&nbsp;esophagus</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pharynx</span> connects the <b style="""">mouth to the&nbsp;esophagus</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The <i>epiglottis</i>&nbsp;prevents food from entering the larynx<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pharynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <i>esophagus</i> is under the following control:<div><br></div><div>Top third: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""somatic&#x20;control"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>Middle third:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""autonomic&#x20;control"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>Bottom third:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""autonomic&#x20;control"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <i>esophagus</i> is under the following control:<div><br></div><div>Top third: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">somatic control</span></div><div>Middle third:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">autonomic control</span></div><div>Bottom third:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">autonomic control</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Top third has&nbsp;skeletal muscle<br></div><div><br></div><div>Middle third has combo of both skeletal and smooth muscle&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div>Bottom third has&nbsp;smooth muscle</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Esophagus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
The <u>stomach</u> has the following four parts:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fundus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Body"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Antrum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pylorus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
The <u>stomach</u> has the following four parts:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fundus</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Body</span><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Antrum</span><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pylorus</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The enzyme <u>pepsin</u> chemically breaks down proteins<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stomach.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
Mucous cells produce <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bicarbonate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-rich&nbsp;mucus&nbsp;to protect&nbsp;<i>stomach wall from acid</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
Mucous cells produce <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bicarbonate</span>-rich&nbsp;mucus&nbsp;to protect&nbsp;<i>stomach wall from acid</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<b>Chief cells</b> secrete&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pepsinogen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gastric&#x20;lipase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<b>Chief cells</b> secrete&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pepsinogen</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gastric lipase</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<u>Parietal cells</u> secrete&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HCl"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""intrinsic&#x20;factor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<u>Parietal cells</u> secrete&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HCl</span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">intrinsic factor</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Intrinsic factor is needed for&nbsp;<i>vitamin B<sub style="""">12</sub></i>&nbsp;absorption</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<i>G-cells</i> secrete&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gastrin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<i>G-cells</i> secrete&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gastrin</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>A peptide hormone that <u>increases HCl&nbsp;secretion</u> and gastric motility</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<div>After <b>processing in the stomach</b>, food particles are now called&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""chyme"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<div>After <b>processing in the stomach</b>, food particles are now called&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">chyme</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Chyme exits through<i> pyloric sphincter </i>and enters the <u>duodenum</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Chyme.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
The <b>stomach</b> has a pH of about <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
The <b>stomach</b> has a pH of about <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">2</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stomach pH.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""duodenum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the first part of&nbsp;small intestine and the site of the&nbsp;<b>majority of chemical digestion</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">duodenum</span> is the first part of&nbsp;small intestine and the site of the&nbsp;<b>majority of chemical digestion</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Small Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The following enzymes are found in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""duodenum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>:<div><br></div><div><u>Disaccharidases</u><div><div><u>Aminopeptidase&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Dipeptidase</u></div></div><div><u>Enteropeptidase</u></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The following enzymes are found in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">duodenum</span>:<div><br></div><div><u>Disaccharidases</u><div><div><u>Aminopeptidase&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Dipeptidase</u></div></div><div><u>Enteropeptidase</u></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Small Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Disaccharidase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Enzyme]</span> is a brush-border enzyme that breaks down&nbsp;<i>maltose</i>,&nbsp;<i>isomaltose</i>,&nbsp;<i>lactose</i>, and&nbsp;<i>sucrose</i>&nbsp;into monosaccharides
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Disaccharidase</span> is a brush-border enzyme that breaks down&nbsp;<i>maltose</i>,&nbsp;<i>isomaltose</i>,&nbsp;<i>lactose</i>, and&nbsp;<i>sucrose</i>&nbsp;into monosaccharides
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Disaccharidases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Aminopeptidase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Enzyme]</span> is a brush-border enzyme that breaks apart&nbsp;<i>amino acids</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Aminopeptidase</span> is a brush-border enzyme that breaks apart&nbsp;<i>amino acids</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aminopeptidase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Enteropeptidase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Enzyme]</span> is a brush-border enzyme that <b>activates&nbsp;trypsinogen</b>&nbsp;to make <u>trypsin</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enteropeptidase</span> is a brush-border enzyme that <b>activates&nbsp;trypsinogen</b>&nbsp;to make <u>trypsin</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Also called <i>enterokinase</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Enterokinase.gif""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>
</div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Trypsin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Enzyme]</span> catalyzes the <u>hydrolysis of&nbsp;peptide bonds </u>which breaks&nbsp;down proteins into smaller peptides
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Trypsin</span> catalyzes the <u>hydrolysis of&nbsp;peptide bonds </u>which breaks&nbsp;down proteins into smaller peptides
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Enterokinase.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-2-digestion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Secretin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cholecystokinin&#x20;&#x28;CCK&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are hormones in the&nbsp;<b>duodenum</b> that&nbsp;stimulate the release of <u>pancreatic juices</u> and <u>bile</u>, which aid in digestion
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Secretin</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cholecystokinin (CCK)</span> are hormones in the&nbsp;<b>duodenum</b> that&nbsp;stimulate the release of <u>pancreatic juices</u> and <u>bile</u>, which aid in digestion
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Secretin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/control-of-the-gi-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Secretin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Hormone]</span> stimulates the release of&nbsp;<u>pancreatic&nbsp;juices</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>slows motility</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Secretin</span> stimulates the release of&nbsp;<u>pancreatic&nbsp;juices</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>slows motility</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Secretin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/control-of-the-gi-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cholecystokinin&#x20;&#x28;CKK&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stimulates&nbsp;<u>bile</u>&nbsp;release from the gallbladder, release of&nbsp;<u>pancreatic juices</u>, and <i>promotes&nbsp;satiety</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cholecystokinin (CKK)</span> stimulates&nbsp;<u>bile</u>&nbsp;release from the gallbladder, release of&nbsp;<u>pancreatic juices</u>, and <i>promotes&nbsp;satiety</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Secretin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/control-of-the-gi-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<div>The <i>jejunum</i>&nbsp;and <i>ileum</i>&nbsp;of the small intestine are primarily involved in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""absorption"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<div>The <i>jejunum</i>&nbsp;and <i>ileum</i>&nbsp;of the small intestine are primarily involved in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">absorption</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Small Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<div>The <b>small intestine is lined with</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""villi"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which are covered with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""microvilli"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<div>The <b>small intestine is lined with</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">villi</span>, which are covered with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">microvilli</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Villi 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Villi"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are small finger-like projections of tissue which&nbsp;<i>increase the surface area&nbsp;of the intestine</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Villi</span> are small finger-like projections of tissue which&nbsp;<i>increase the surface area&nbsp;of the intestine</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><u>The</u> <u>capillary bed</u> <u>absorbs water-soluble nutrients</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>The lacteal absorbs fat and&nbsp;sends it to the lymphatic system</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Villi 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Villi.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-3-absorption&quot;"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The fat soluble vitamins are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""A"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""D"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""K"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The fat soluble vitamins are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">A</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">D</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E</span>, and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">K</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>They are absorbed through the <b>lacteals</b> in the villi<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fat Soluble Vitamins.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-vitamins-and-minerals"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""large&#x20;intestine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> absorbs <u>H₂O&nbsp;and salts</u>, and forms feces
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">large intestine</span> absorbs <u>H₂O&nbsp;and salts</u>, and forms feces
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Large Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cecum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the first part of the&nbsp;large intestine and is an outpocketing that&nbsp;<b>accepts fluid&nbsp;from the small&nbsp;intestine</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cecum</span> is the first part of the&nbsp;large intestine and is an outpocketing that&nbsp;<b>accepts fluid&nbsp;from the small&nbsp;intestine</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Site of&nbsp;attachment of the <i>appendix</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Colon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <i>colon</i> has the following four segments:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ascending"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transverse"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Descending"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sigmoid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <i>colon</i> has the following four segments:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ascending</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transverse</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Descending</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sigmoid</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Colon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gut&#x20;microbiota"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a community of <u>microorganisms</u> that live in the digestive tracts
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gut microbiota</span> is a community of <u>microorganisms</u> that live in the digestive tracts
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>These microoganisms <b>produce vitamin K and biotin</b> (vitamin B₇)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gut Microbiota.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
The <i>GI tract</i> originates from the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""endoderm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[germ layer]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
The <i>GI tract</i> originates from the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">endoderm</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The pancreatic <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""acinar&#x20;cell"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... cell]</span> is&nbsp;the functional unit of the <u>exocrine</u>&nbsp;<u>pancreas</u>. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes <b>digestive enzymes</b><div><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The pancreatic <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">acinar cell</span> is&nbsp;the functional unit of the <u>exocrine</u>&nbsp;<u>pancreas</u>. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes <b>digestive enzymes</b><div><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Pancreatic juices contain&nbsp;<i>bicarbonate</i>, pancreatic&nbsp;<i>amylase</i>, pancreatic&nbsp;<i>peptidases</i>,&nbsp;and pancreatic&nbsp;<i>lipase</i><br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div>The juices flow into the duodenum</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acinar Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Pancreas 1.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/exocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
<div>As an&nbsp;<b>endocrine&nbsp;gland</b>, the pancreas secretes the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hormones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to control blood sugar levels</div><div><br></div><div>As an&nbsp;<u>exocrine&nbsp;gland</u>, the pancreas excretes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""enzymes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;to break down the&nbsp;proteins,&nbsp;lipids,&nbsp;carbohydrates, and&nbsp;nucleic acids&nbsp;in food</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
<div>As an&nbsp;<b>endocrine&nbsp;gland</b>, the pancreas secretes the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hormones</span> to control blood sugar levels</div><div><br></div><div>As an&nbsp;<u>exocrine&nbsp;gland</u>, the pancreas excretes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">enzymes</span>&nbsp;to break down the&nbsp;proteins,&nbsp;lipids,&nbsp;carbohydrates, and&nbsp;nucleic acids&nbsp;in food</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><b>Endocrine pancreatic hormones are insulin and glucagon</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pancreas Endo vs Exo.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link - Endocrine Pancreas</a></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/exocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link - Exocrine Pancreas</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The <b>pancreas</b> is connected to the <i>duodenum</i> via the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pancreatic&#x20;ducts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
The <b>pancreas</b> is connected to the <i>duodenum</i> via the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pancreatic ducts</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pancreas Connection.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ4zcrTzUjA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""liver"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> synthesizes&nbsp;<i>bile</i>,&nbsp;<i>albumin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>clotting factors</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">liver</span> synthesizes&nbsp;<i>bile</i>,&nbsp;<i>albumin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>clotting factors</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Liver.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Liver 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/liver"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<u>Bile</u> is made in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""liver"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and stored in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gallbladder"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<u>Bile</u> is made in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">liver</span> and stored in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gallbladder</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Liver Gallbladder.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<u>Bile</u>&nbsp;increases the&nbsp;absorption of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""fats"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<u>Bile</u>&nbsp;increases the&nbsp;absorption of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">fats</span>&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Bile is also an important part of the absorption of the <i>fat-soluble substances</i>, such as the&nbsp;vitamins A, D, E, and K<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Liver Gallbladder.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The&nbsp;<i>hepatic portal system</i>&nbsp;delivers&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""deoxygenated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span> blood&nbsp;to the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""liver"" data-ordinal=""1"">[organ]</span> to be detoxified further before it returns to the heart<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The&nbsp;<i>hepatic portal system</i>&nbsp;delivers&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">deoxygenated</span> blood&nbsp;to the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">liver</span> to be detoxified further before it returns to the heart<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>
<div><img src=""Hepatic Portal Vein.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/liver"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gallbladder"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>stores and concentrates&nbsp;bile</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gallbladder</span> <u>stores and concentrates&nbsp;bile</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Liver Gallbladder.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(62, 127, 14);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CCK"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>stimulates the gallbladder</i> to release&nbsp;<u>bile</u>&nbsp;into the biliary tree</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CCK</span> <i>stimulates the gallbladder</i> to release&nbsp;<u>bile</u>&nbsp;into the biliary tree</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>CCK =&nbsp;<i>Cholecystokinin</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>CCK is released by the duodenum</div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""CCK.jpeg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<i>ADH</i> and <i>aldosterone</i> will <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increase or decrease]</span> thirst
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<i>ADH</i> and <i>aldosterone</i> will <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increase</span> thirst
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>
<div><img src=""ADH and Aldesterone.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<i>Ghrelin</i> will <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increase or decrease]</span> hunger
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<i>Ghrelin</i> will <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increase</span> hunger
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Ghrelin increases hunger</i><br></div><div><br></div><u>Leptin decreases hunger</u><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Leptin vs Ghrelin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/hormonal-regulation/v/hormone-control-of-hunger"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<u>Leptin</u> will <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""decrease"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increase or decrease]</span> hunger
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<u>Leptin</u> will <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">decrease</span> hunger
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>Ghrelin increases hunger</i><br></div><div><br></div><u>Leptin decreases hunger</u><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Leptin vs Ghrelin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/hormonal-regulation/v/hormone-control-of-hunger"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div><div></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Episomes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are plasmids that integrate into the genome
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomes</span> are plasmids that integrate into the genome
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Episomes.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vQcYwW0Hrg"">YouTube Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
In a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lysogenic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteriophage life cycle, the virus DNA is <b>embedded</b> into the host DNA
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div>
In a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lysogenic</span> bacteriophage life cycle, the virus DNA is <b>embedded</b> into the host DNA
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39)""><img src=""Lytic vs Lysogenic (1).png"" /></span></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ovaries"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Organs]</span> are controlled by&nbsp;<u>FSH</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>LH</i>&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ovaries</span> are controlled by&nbsp;<u>FSH</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>LH</i>&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ovary.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/the-ovarian-cycle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>GnRH</b> is produced by the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hypothalamus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and released by the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anterior pituitary</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>GnRH</b> is produced by the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hypothalamus</span> and released by the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anterior pituitary</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone</div><div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>GnRH</b> is produced by the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">hypothalamus</span> and released by the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""anterior&#x20;pituitary"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<b>GnRH</b> is produced by the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">hypothalamus</span> and released by the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">anterior pituitary</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone</div><div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<div>K⁺&nbsp;leaves the cell through <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""voltage&#x20;gated&amp;nbsp&#x3B;K&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;channels"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""leak&#x20;channels"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
<div>K⁺&nbsp;leaves the cell through <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">voltage gated&nbsp;K⁺&nbsp;channels</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">leak channels</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Voltage Gated K Channel.png""><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The cell membrane's resting potential is maintained by the fact that there are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""more"" data-ordinal=""1"">[more or less]</span> <u>K⁺&nbsp;leak channels</u>&nbsp;than&nbsp;<i>Na⁺&nbsp;leak channels</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div>
The cell membrane's resting potential is maintained by the fact that there are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">more</span> <u>K⁺&nbsp;leak channels</u>&nbsp;than&nbsp;<i>Na⁺&nbsp;leak channels</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>This means <b>more</b> <u>K⁺</u>&nbsp;<u>will leave</u> the cell compared to the amount of <i>Na+&nbsp;entering</i>. The cell maintains a negative charge inside<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/correction-to-sodium-and-potassium-pump-video"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
In a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""electrical&#x20;synapse"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... synapse]</span>, there is a direct physical connection (<i>gap junctions</i>) between the <b>presynaptic</b> neuron and the <b>postsynaptic</b> neuron<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
In a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">electrical synapse</span>, there is a direct physical connection (<i>gap junctions</i>) between the <b>presynaptic</b> neuron and the <b>postsynaptic</b> neuron<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Electrical current in the form of&nbsp;ions&nbsp;flow between the cells<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <b>somatic</b> nervous system is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""voluntary"" data-ordinal=""1"">[voluntary or involuntary]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The <b>somatic</b> nervous system is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">voluntary</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Associated with the&nbsp;<b>voluntary</b>&nbsp;control of body movements via <u>skeletal muscles</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Aldosterone</i> increases <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sodium"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>reabsorption</b> which causes&nbsp;increased osmolarity&nbsp;in the blood<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Aldosterone</i> increases <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sodium</span> <b>reabsorption</b> which causes&nbsp;increased osmolarity&nbsp;in the blood<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>This forces more fluid into the blood and <i>raises BP</i><br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Aldosterone.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>ADH</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increases"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increases or decreases]</span> blood pressure
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>ADH</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increases</span> blood pressure
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""ADH (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Red blood cells</i> are formed in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bone&#x20;marrow"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Red blood cells</i> are formed in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bone marrow</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Both red and white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/the-life-and-times-of-rbcs-and-platelets"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>The <b>primary function</b> of red blood cells is to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""carry&#x20;oxygen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>The <b>primary function</b> of red blood cells is to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">carry oxygen</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>RBCs contain <u>hemoglobin</u>&nbsp;to carry oxygen<div><br></div><div><img src=""RBCs Carry Oxygen.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/red-blood-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Red&#x20;blood&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... blood cells]</span> have <b>no nucleus,&nbsp;mitochondria, or&nbsp;organelles</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Red blood cells</span> have <b>no nucleus,&nbsp;mitochondria, or&nbsp;organelles</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""RBCs No Nucleus.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/red-blood-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells</b> are formed in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bone&#x20;marrow"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells</b> are formed in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bone marrow</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Both red and white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-hematologic/v/blood-cell-lineages"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells</b> are primarily involved in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immune&#x20;responses"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells</b> are primarily involved in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">immune responses</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Recognizing and neutralizing invaders such as <i>bacteria and viruses</i><br><div><br></div><div><img src=""White Blood Cells Immune System.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells (leukocytes)</b> come in five major types that are divided into the following&nbsp;<u>two groups</u>:&nbsp;<div><i><br></i></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Granulocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Agranulocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>White blood cells (leukocytes)</b> come in five major types that are divided into the following&nbsp;<u>two groups</u>:&nbsp;<div><i><br></i></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Granulocytes</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Agranulocytes</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Hemoglobin</i> has four polypeptide chains (tetramer), each combined with an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""iron"" data-ordinal=""1"">[element]</span>-containing heme group<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<i>Hemoglobin</i> has four polypeptide chains (tetramer), each combined with an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">iron</span>-containing heme group<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hemoglobin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The&nbsp;<i>hemoglobin dissociation curve</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sigmoidal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span>&nbsp;<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The&nbsp;<i>hemoglobin dissociation curve</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sigmoidal</span>&nbsp;<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Sigmoidal because once a single&nbsp;O₂&nbsp;is bound, <i><b>the other 3 hemes quickly bind their own&nbsp;O<sub style="""">2</sub>&nbsp;molecule</b></i><div><br></div><div><div>_{<img src=""Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Dissociation Curves.png"">}</div><div>_<br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b style="""">Fetal hemoglobin</b> has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""higher"" data-ordinal=""1"">[higher or lower]</span> affinity for oxygen compared to <i>adult hemoglobin</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b style="""">Fetal hemoglobin</b> has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">higher</span> affinity for oxygen compared to <i>adult hemoglobin</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>The result is <u>fetal hemoglobin carries more O₂</u>&nbsp;than adult hemoglobin<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fetal Hemoglubin More Affinity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMArOG94H3E"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>Fetal&nbsp;hemoglobin (HbF)</b>&nbsp;does not have a β&nbsp;subunit&nbsp;so&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2&#x2C;3&#x2D;BPG"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>has</i> <i>less of an affect</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<b>Fetal&nbsp;hemoglobin (HbF)</b>&nbsp;does not have a β&nbsp;subunit&nbsp;so&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">2,3-BPG</span> <i>has</i> <i>less of an affect</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>This is why fetal hemoglobin has a <u>greater affinity for O₂&nbsp;</u>compared to adult hemoglobin<div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Fetal Hemoglubin More Affinity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMArOG94H3E"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Fetal hemoglobin</u>&nbsp;has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lower"" data-ordinal=""1"">[higher or lower]</span>&nbsp;P₅₀&nbsp;because of its high affinity for oxygen<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Fetal hemoglobin</u>&nbsp;has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lower</span>&nbsp;P₅₀&nbsp;because of its high affinity for oxygen<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>P₅₀&nbsp;is the oxygen pressure when&nbsp;<b>50% of hemoglobin has an oxygen&nbsp;bound</b><div><div><b><br></b></div><div><img src=""P50 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMArOG94H3E"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Myoglobin</u> contains <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""one"" data-ordinal=""1"">[#]</span> heme group
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<u>Myoglobin</u> contains <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">one</span> heme group
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Myoglobin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The&nbsp;<i>hemoglobin </i>dissociation<i> </i>curve&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sigmoidal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span> and the <u>myoglobin</u> dissociation curve is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hyperbolic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
The&nbsp;<i>hemoglobin </i>dissociation<i> </i>curve&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sigmoidal</span> and the <u>myoglobin</u> dissociation curve is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hyperbolic</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MHC&#x2D;I"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> displays&nbsp;endogenous&nbsp;antigen to <i>cytotoxic&nbsp;CD8<sup style="""">+&nbsp;</sup>T-cells&nbsp;cells</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MHC-I</span> displays&nbsp;endogenous&nbsp;antigen to <i>cytotoxic&nbsp;CD8<sup style="""">+&nbsp;</sup>T-cells&nbsp;cells</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""MHC I.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""MHC II.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/cytotoxic-t-cell-mhc-i-complexes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div><img src=""Antibody (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <i>antigen-binding region</i> of an <b>antibody</b> is the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tip&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;variable&#x20;region"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div><img src=""Antibody (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <i>antigen-binding region</i> of an <b>antibody</b> is the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tip of the variable region</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Antigen Binding Region.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div><i>B cells</i> mature into <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plasma&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> that <b>produce antibodies</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<div><i>B cells</i> mature into <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">plasma cells</span> that <b>produce antibodies</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Antibodies Produced by Plasma Cells.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Helper&#x20;T&#x2D;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;<i>stimulate B-cells to secrete antibodies</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Helper T-cells</span>&nbsp;<i>stimulate B-cells to secrete antibodies</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""B Cells.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<i>Cortisol</i> increases blood sugar by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""activating&amp;nbsp&#x3B;gluconeogenesis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
<i>Cortisol</i> increases blood sugar by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">activating&nbsp;gluconeogenesis</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cortisol.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Identify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tricuspid&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Identify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tricuspid valve</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Identify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mitral&#x20;valve"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Identify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mitral valve</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Identify the missing item in the blood pathway:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pulmonary&#x20;artery"" data-ordinal=""1"">[pulmonary ...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pulmonary&#x20;veins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[pulmonary ...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
Identify the missing item in the blood pathway:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pulmonary artery</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pulmonary veins</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>Identify the missing item in the blood pathway:<br></div><div><br></div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""right&#x20;ventricle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>Identify the missing item in the blood pathway:<br></div><div><br></div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">right ventricle</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>Identify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<br></div><div><br></div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""left&#x20;ventricle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div>
<div>Identify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<br></div><div><br></div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">left ventricle</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mastication"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the process by which <i>food is crushed and ground by teeth</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mastication</span> is the process by which <i>food is crushed and ground by teeth</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Mastication.jpg""><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/mouth"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pepsin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Enzyme]</span><b>&nbsp;</b>breaks down proteins in the <i>stomach</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pepsin</span><b>&nbsp;</b>breaks down proteins in the <i>stomach</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Pepsin.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Dipeptidase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Enzyme]</span>&nbsp;is a brush-border enzyme that breaks apart <b>dipeptides</b> (bound pairs of&nbsp;amino acids)<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Dipeptidase</span>&nbsp;is a brush-border enzyme that breaks apart <b>dipeptides</b> (bound pairs of&nbsp;amino acids)<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aminopeptidase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""liver"" data-ordinal=""1"">[organ]</span>&nbsp;<i>detoxifies chemicals</i> and converts NH₃ to urea
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">liver</span>&nbsp;<i>detoxifies chemicals</i> and converts NH₃ to urea
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Liver.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Liver 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/liver"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div>
<div>Unlike microfilaments and microtubules, <b>intermediate</b> <b>filaments</b> such as keratin and desmin <i>do not</i> participate in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cell&amp;nbsp&#x3B;motility"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div>
<div>Unlike microfilaments and microtubules, <b>intermediate</b> <b>filaments</b> such as keratin and desmin <i>do not</i> participate in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cell&nbsp;motility</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Intermediate Filaments.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microfilaments-and-intermediate-filaments-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Give the <u>excretory (urine) pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bowman&#x27;s&#x20;space"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""proximal&#x20;convoluted&#x20;tubule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""descending&#x20;limb&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;loop&#x20;of&#x20;Henle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ascending&#x20;limb&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;loop&#x20;of&#x20;henle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""distal&#x20;convoluted&#x20;tubule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""collecting&#x20;duct"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""renal&#x20;pelvis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ureter"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bladder"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""urethra"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Give the <u>excretory (urine) pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bowman's space</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">proximal convoluted tubule</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">descending limb of the loop of Henle</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ascending limb of the loop of henle</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">distal convoluted tubule</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">collecting duct</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">renal pelvis</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ureter</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bladder</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">urethra</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Identify the missing item from the <u>urine pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Bowman's space&nbsp;→&nbsp;proximal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""descending&#x20;limb&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;loop&#x20;of&#x20;Henle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;ascending limb of the loop of henle&nbsp;→&nbsp;distal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;collecting duct&nbsp;→&nbsp;renal pelvis&nbsp;→&nbsp;ureter&nbsp;→&nbsp;bladder&nbsp;→&nbsp;urethra<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Identify the missing item from the <u>urine pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Bowman's space&nbsp;→&nbsp;proximal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">descending limb of the loop of Henle</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;ascending limb of the loop of henle&nbsp;→&nbsp;distal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;collecting duct&nbsp;→&nbsp;renal pelvis&nbsp;→&nbsp;ureter&nbsp;→&nbsp;bladder&nbsp;→&nbsp;urethra<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Identify the missing item from the <u>urine pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Bowman's space&nbsp;→&nbsp;proximal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→ descending limb of the loop of Henle →&nbsp;ascending limb of the loop of henle&nbsp;→&nbsp;distal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""collecting&#x20;duct"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;renal pelvis&nbsp;→&nbsp;ureter&nbsp;→&nbsp;bladder&nbsp;→&nbsp;urethra</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Identify the missing item from the <u>urine pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Bowman's space&nbsp;→&nbsp;proximal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→ descending limb of the loop of Henle →&nbsp;ascending limb of the loop of henle&nbsp;→&nbsp;distal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">collecting duct</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;renal pelvis&nbsp;→&nbsp;ureter&nbsp;→&nbsp;bladder&nbsp;→&nbsp;urethra</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The&nbsp;<b>kidneys</b>&nbsp;are two bean-shaped organs that help the&nbsp;body pass waste as urine and also help <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""filter&#x20;blood&#x20;before&#x20;sending&#x20;it&#x20;back&#x20;to&#x20;the&#x20;heart"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The&nbsp;<b>kidneys</b>&nbsp;are two bean-shaped organs that help the&nbsp;body pass waste as urine and also help <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">filter blood before sending it back to the heart</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Kidneys.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""nephron"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <i>functional unit of the kidney</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">nephron</span> is the <i>functional unit of the kidney</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>There are <b>1.3 million nephrons</b> per kidney</div><div><br></div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The&nbsp;<b>kidney</b>&nbsp;is the only organ of the body which has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""two&#x20;capillary&#x20;beds&amp;nbsp&#x3B;in&#x20;series"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>. They connect the arteries to the veins inside the nephron
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The&nbsp;<b>kidney</b>&nbsp;is the only organ of the body which has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">two capillary beds&nbsp;in series</span>. They connect the arteries to the veins inside the nephron
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>The two capillary beds are the <i>glomerular</i> and <i>peritubular</i>&nbsp;capillaries</div><div><br></div><img src=""Renal Portal System.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/OsJMh7nTLlo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""glomerulus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a <u>network of&nbsp;capillaries</u>&nbsp;located at the beginning of each nephron&nbsp;in the&nbsp;kidney
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">glomerulus</span>&nbsp;is a <u>network of&nbsp;capillaries</u>&nbsp;located at the beginning of each nephron&nbsp;in the&nbsp;kidney
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glomerulus (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZhYTnRiPaA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <b>kidney</b> regulates pH by adjusting the levels of excreted <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;and reabsorbed <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bicarbonate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <b>kidney</b> regulates pH by adjusting the levels of excreted <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">H⁺</span>&nbsp;and reabsorbed <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bicarbonate</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Kidney pH.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzEEs00v-JU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div><i>Aldosterone</i> is a hormone synthesized in the adrenal cortex in response to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""angiotensin&#x20;II"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or high <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x5B;K&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;&#x5D;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div><i>Aldosterone</i> is a hormone synthesized in the adrenal cortex in response to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">angiotensin II</span> or high <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">[K⁺]</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Renin Angiotensin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div><i>Aldosterone</i> increases Na⁺&nbsp;reabsorption in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""distal&#x20;convoluted&#x20;tubule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""collecting&#x20;duct"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, thereby increasing H₂O reabsorption and <i>raising blood pressure</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div><i>Aldosterone</i> increases Na⁺&nbsp;reabsorption in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">distal convoluted tubule</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">collecting duct</span>, thereby increasing H₂O reabsorption and <i>raising blood pressure</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Aldosterone.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<b>ADH</b> is a hormone that increases permeability of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""collecting&#x20;duct"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to <u>H₂O</u>, which <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""increases"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increases or decreases]</span> <u>H₂O</u> reabsorption
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<b>ADH</b> is a hormone that increases permeability of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">collecting duct</span> to <u>H₂O</u>, which <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">increases</span> <u>H₂O</u> reabsorption
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Results in&nbsp;<i>higher BP</i> and <u>lower blood osmolarity</u>. The urine will be concentrated</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ADH (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/adh-effects-on-blood-pressure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Urine passes from the <b>kidneys</b>, through the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ureters"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, then into the <u>bladder</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
Urine passes from the <b>kidneys</b>, through the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ureters</span>, then into the <u>bladder</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Bladder.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/urination"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""detrusor&#x20;muscle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the muscular lining of bladder. It <u>relaxes to store</u> urine and <i>contracts during urination</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">detrusor muscle</span> is the muscular lining of bladder. It <u>relaxes to store</u> urine and <i>contracts during urination</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Parasympathetic control<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Detruser Muscle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2AgZE5kTUU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""internal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[internal or external]</span> urethral sphincter is made of <u>smooth muscle</u> and is under <u>parasympathetic control</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">internal</span> urethral sphincter is made of <u>smooth muscle</u> and is under <u>parasympathetic control</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Urethral Sphinctors.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/urination"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""external"" data-ordinal=""1"">[internal or external]</span> urethral sphincter is made of <i>skeletal muscle</i> and is under <i>voluntary control</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">external</span> urethral sphincter is made of <i>skeletal muscle</i> and is under <i>voluntary control</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Urethral Sphinctors.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/urination"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""proximal&#x20;convoluted&#x20;tubule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> is the site of bulk <b>reabsorption </b>of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and H₂O
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">proximal convoluted tubule</span> is the site of bulk <b>reabsorption </b>of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and H₂O
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""proximal&#x20;convoluted&#x20;tubule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> is the site of <i>secretion&nbsp;</i>for H⁺, K⁺, NH₃, and urea
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">proximal convoluted tubule</span> is the site of <i>secretion&nbsp;</i>for H⁺, K⁺, NH₃, and urea
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""descending&#x20;limb&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;loop&#x20;of&#x20;Henle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> is <u>permeable to H₂O</u> but <i>not salt</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">descending limb of the loop of Henle</span> is <u>permeable to H₂O</u> but <i>not salt</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""vasa&#x20;recta"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""loop&#x20;of&#x20;Henle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> flow in opposite directions, creating a <i>countercurrent multiplier system</i> that allows maximal reabsorption of water</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">vasa recta</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">loop of Henle</span> flow in opposite directions, creating a <i>countercurrent multiplier system</i> that allows maximal reabsorption of water</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Vasa Recta.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/a/renal-physiology-counter-current-multiplication"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ascending&#x20;limb&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;loop&#x20;of&#x20;Henle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> is <u>permeable to salt</u> but <i>not to H₂O</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ascending limb of the loop of Henle</span> is <u>permeable to salt</u> but <i>not to H₂O</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <u>diluting segment</u> of the nephron is in the outer medulla; because <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""salt"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is actively reabsorbed in this site</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <u>diluting segment</u> of the nephron is in the outer medulla; because <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">salt</span> is actively reabsorbed in this site</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""distal&#x20;convoluted&#x20;tubule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of <u>salt reabsorption</u> and <i>waste product excretion</i>&nbsp;just like the PCT</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">distal convoluted tubule</span> is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of <u>salt reabsorption</u> and <i>waste product excretion</i>&nbsp;just like the PCT</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""collecting&#x20;duct"" data-ordinal=""1"">[part of nephron]</span> has <b>variable permeability</b>, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of <u>H₂O</u> depending on the body’s needs
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Kidney</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">collecting duct</span> has <b>variable permeability</b>, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of <u>H₂O</u> depending on the body’s needs
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Responsive to both aldosterone and ADH<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div>Give the <i>three skin layers</i>:</div><div><br></div><div>Outer: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""epidermis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>Middle: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dermis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>Inner:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hypodermis&#x20;&#x28;subcutaneous&#x20;layer&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div>Give the <i>three skin layers</i>:</div><div><br></div><div>Outer: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">epidermis</span></div><div>Middle: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dermis</span></div><div>Inner:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Skin Diagram.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
Most of the skin can be classified as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""thin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[thick or thin]</span> skin
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
Most of the skin can be classified as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">thin</span> skin
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Thick Skin.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjULvHw7GvE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
“<i>Thick skin</i>” is found only on <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;palms&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;hands"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""soles&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;feet"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
“<i>Thick skin</i>” is found only on <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">the palms of the hands</span> and the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">soles of the feet</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Thick Skin.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjULvHw7GvE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div>""<u>Thin skin</u>"" epidermis has the following 4 layers:</div><div><br></div><div>Outer: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stratum&#x20;Corneum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stratum&#x20;Granulosum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stratum&#x20;Spinosum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div>Inner: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stratum&#x20;Basale"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div>""<u>Thin skin</u>"" epidermis has the following 4 layers:</div><div><br></div><div>Outer: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stratum Corneum</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stratum Granulosum</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stratum Spinosum</span><br></div><div>Inner: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stratum Basale</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Epidermis Layers.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4hnFf_jmvU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stratum&#x20;lucidum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the epidermis layer that is only found in <i>thick skin</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stratum lucidum</span> is the epidermis layer that is only found in <i>thick skin</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Thick Skin Layers.png""></div><div><img src=""Thick Skin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjULvHw7GvE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Langerhans&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a type of dendritic cells found in the <i>skin</i>. They present antigens to T cells</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Langerhans cells</span> are a type of dendritic cells found in the <i>skin</i>. They present antigens to T cells</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Langerhans Cells.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FM7Rgh_2Kmk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Melanin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is produced by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">melanocytes</span> and <i>protects skin</i> from DNA damage caused by UV radiation</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Melanin</span> is produced by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">melanocytes</span> and <i>protects skin</i> from DNA damage caused by UV radiation</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Melanin.png""><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Melanin</span> is produced by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""melanocytes"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <i>protects skin</i> from DNA damage caused by UV radiation</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Melanin</span> is produced by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">melanocytes</span> and <i>protects skin</i> from DNA damage caused by UV radiation</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Melanin.png""><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
Give the <b>two layers of the dermis</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Papillary&#x20;layer"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Reticular&#x20;layer"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
Give the <b>two layers of the dermis</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Papillary layer</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Reticular layer</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Dermis Layers.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/integumentary-system-introduction/v/what-lies-beneath-the-epidermis-dermis-and-hypodermis"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Merkel&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are <b>mechanoreceptors</b> essential for light touch sensation<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Merkel cells</span> are <b>mechanoreceptors</b> essential for light touch sensation<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Merkel Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/integumentary-system-introduction/v/pacinians-corpuscle-and-merkels-disk"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Free&#x20;nerve&#x20;endings"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;in the skin can detect <b>temperature</b>, <b>mechanical stimuli</b> (touch, pressure, stretch) or <b>pain</b> (nociception)<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Free nerve endings</span>&nbsp;in the skin can detect <b>temperature</b>, <b>mechanical stimuli</b> (touch, pressure, stretch) or <b>pain</b> (nociception)<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Free Nerve Endings.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZ8WOCU5jYw"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Meissner&#x27;s&#x20;corpuscle"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is<b>&nbsp;</b>a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to <u>light touch</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Meissner's corpuscle</span> is<b>&nbsp;</b>a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to <u>light touch</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Meissner's Corpuscles (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/integumentary-system-introduction/v/overview-of-sensation-and-meissners-corpuscles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ruffini&#x20;endings"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are&nbsp;responsible for the sensation of the <b>stretch</b> of your skin</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ruffini endings</span> are&nbsp;responsible for the sensation of the <b>stretch</b> of your skin</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Meissner's Corpuscles (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/integumentary-system-introduction/v/ruffinis-ending-and-hair-follicle-receptor-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pacinian&#x20;corpuscles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to <u>vibration and pressure</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pacinian corpuscles</span> are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to <u>vibration and pressure</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Meissner's Corpuscles (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/integumentary-system-introduction/v/pacinians-corpuscle-and-merkels-disk"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hypodermis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> lies between the dermis and underlying tissues and organs. It consists of mostly <i>adipose tissue</i> and is the storage site of most body fat<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hypodermis</span> lies between the dermis and underlying tissues and organs. It consists of mostly <i>adipose tissue</i> and is the storage site of most body fat<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Skin Diagram.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<i>Thermoregulation</i> is accomplished through:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sweating"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Piloerection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Shivering"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Vasodilation&#x20;&#x2F;&#x20;Vasoconstriction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<i>Thermoregulation</i> is accomplished through:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sweating</span></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Piloerection</span></div></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Shivering</span></div></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Vasodilation / Vasoconstriction</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Thermoregulation.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
Evaporation&nbsp;of&nbsp;sweat&nbsp;from the skin surface has a <u>cooling&nbsp;effect</u> due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""evaporative&#x20;cooling"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
Evaporation&nbsp;of&nbsp;sweat&nbsp;from the skin surface has a <u>cooling&nbsp;effect</u> due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">evaporative cooling</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>As each drop of&nbsp;sweat&nbsp;evaporates,<i> it</i> <i>takes a bit of&nbsp;body&nbsp;heat away with it<br></i><div><br></div><div><img src=""Evaporative Cooling.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Piloerection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <u>erection or bristling of hairs</u> due to the involuntary contraction of small muscles at the base of hair follicles that occurs as a reflexive response cold</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Piloerection</span> is the <u>erection or bristling of hairs</u> due to the involuntary contraction of small muscles at the base of hair follicles that occurs as a reflexive response cold</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Piloerection 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3pCJ7MdUIQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<b>Shivering</b> is when your <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""skeletal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[type]</span> muscles shake in small movements. This creates warmth by expending energy<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<b>Shivering</b> is when your <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">skeletal</span> muscles shake in small movements. This creates warmth by expending energy<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Shivering.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
Shrinking the diameter of blood vessels that supply the skin, a process known as&nbsp;<i>vasoconstriction</i>, reduces blood flow and helps <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""retain"" data-ordinal=""1"">[expel or retain]</span> heat<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
Shrinking the diameter of blood vessels that supply the skin, a process known as&nbsp;<i>vasoconstriction</i>, reduces blood flow and helps <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">retain</span> heat<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Vasoconstriction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<b>Vasodilation</b> increases blood flow to the skin and helps to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""expel"" data-ordinal=""1"">[expel or retain]</span> heat&nbsp;<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Thermoregulation</div>
<b>Vasodilation</b> increases blood flow to the skin and helps to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">expel</span> heat&nbsp;<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Vasodilation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Skeletal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Type]</span> muscle provides support and is involved with <i>movement</i>, <i>blood propulsion</i>, and <i>thermoregulation</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Skeletal</span> muscle provides support and is involved with <i>movement</i>, <i>blood propulsion</i>, and <i>thermoregulation</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Skeletal Muscle.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<u>Skeletal </u>muscle <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""is"" data-ordinal=""1"">[is or is not]</span> striated
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<u>Skeletal </u>muscle <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">is</span> striated
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Muscle Types 3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<b>Striated </b>muscle&nbsp;tissue<b> </b>is a&nbsp;muscle&nbsp;tissue that features repeating functional units called <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sarcomeres"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<b>Striated </b>muscle&nbsp;tissue<b> </b>is a&nbsp;muscle&nbsp;tissue that features repeating functional units called <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sarcomeres</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Striations.webp""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><u>Skeletal </u>muscle is under <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""voluntary&#x20;&#x28;somatic&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[voluntary or involuntary]</span> control</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><u>Skeletal </u>muscle is under <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">voluntary (somatic)</span> control</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Control.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<u>Skeletal</u> muscle is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""multinucleated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[nucleation]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<u>Skeletal</u> muscle is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">multinucleated</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Muscle Nucleation.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Antagonistic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> muscle pairs are those whose actions <i>oppose</i> each other
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Antagonistic</span> muscle pairs are those whose actions <i>oppose</i> each other
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Antagonistic Muscle Groups.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXPcWWyKJb8"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Red"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Color]</span> skeletal muscle fibers are <i>slow-twitch</i> and carry out <i style="""">oxidative phosphorylation</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Red</span> skeletal muscle fibers are <i>slow-twitch</i> and carry out <i style="""">oxidative phosphorylation</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>The red&nbsp;color is from&nbsp;<i>myoglobin</i>, which binds oxygen<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Red vs White Fibers 4.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-muscles/v/type-1-and-2-muscle-fibers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""White"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Color]</span> skeletal muscle fibers are <u>fast-twitch</u> and carry out <u>anaerobic metabolism</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">White</span> skeletal muscle fibers are <u>fast-twitch</u> and carry out <u>anaerobic metabolism</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Red vs White Fibers 4.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-muscles/v/type-1-and-2-muscle-fibers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Smooth"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Type]</span> muscle&nbsp;forms the supporting tissue of <b>blood vessels</b> and <b>hollow internal organs</b>, such as the stomach, intestine, and bladder<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Smooth</span> muscle&nbsp;forms the supporting tissue of <b>blood vessels</b> and <b>hollow internal organs</b>, such as the stomach, intestine, and bladder<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Smooth Muscle.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<i>Smooth</i> muscle is considered&nbsp;smooth&nbsp;because <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""it&#x20;does&#x20;not&#x20;have&#x20;the&#x20;striations&amp;nbsp&#x3B;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<i>Smooth</i> muscle is considered&nbsp;smooth&nbsp;because <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">it does not have the striations&nbsp;</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Muscle Types 3.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<i>Smooth</i> muscle is under <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""involuntary&#x20;&#x28;autonomic&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[voluntary or involuntary]</span> control
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<i>Smooth</i> muscle is under <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">involuntary (autonomic)</span> control
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Control.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<i>Smooth</i> muscle is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""uninucleated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[nucleation]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<i>Smooth</i> muscle is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">uninucleated</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Muscle Nucleation.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cardiac"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Type]</span> muscle is an involuntary, striated&nbsp;muscle&nbsp;that constitutes the main tissue of the walls of the&nbsp;<b>heart</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cardiac</span> muscle is an involuntary, striated&nbsp;muscle&nbsp;that constitutes the main tissue of the walls of the&nbsp;<b>heart</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Cardiac Muscle.webp""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<b>Cardiac</b> muscle is under <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""involuntary&#x20;&#x28;autonomic&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[voluntary or involuntary]</span> control<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<b>Cardiac</b> muscle is under <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">involuntary (autonomic)</span> control<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Control.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<b>Cardiac</b> muscle is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""uninucelated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[nucleation]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<b>Cardiac</b> muscle is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">uninucelated</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>It can sometimes be considered binucleated</div><div><br></div><img src=""Muscle Nucleation.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/three-types-of-muscle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><b>Cardiac</b> muscle cells are connected with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""intercalated&#x20;discs"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> that contain <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gap&#x20;junctions"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div><b>Cardiac</b> muscle cells are connected with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">intercalated discs</span> that contain <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gap junctions</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Cardiac Intercalated Discs.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/v/heart-cells-up-close"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The <i>skeletal system</i> is derived from the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mesoderm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[germ layer]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The <i>skeletal system</i> is derived from the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mesoderm</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""axial&#x20;skeleton"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... skeleton]</span> includes the <i>skull</i>, <i>vertebral column</i>, <i>ribcage</i>, and <i>hyoid bone</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">axial skeleton</span> includes the <i>skull</i>, <i>vertebral column</i>, <i>ribcage</i>, and <i>hyoid bone</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Axial vs Appendicular.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/skeletal-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""appendicular&#x20;skeleton"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... skeleton]</span> includes the <b>limbs</b>, <b>pectoral girdle</b>, and <b>pelvis</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">appendicular skeleton</span> includes the <b>limbs</b>, <b>pectoral girdle</b>, and <b>pelvis</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Axial vs Appendicular.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/skeletal-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Compact"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bone, also known as <b>cortical bone</b>, is a dense material used to create much of the <u>hard structure</u> of the skeleton<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Compact</span> bone, also known as <b>cortical bone</b>, is a dense material used to create much of the <u>hard structure</u> of the skeleton<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bone Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Spongy"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bone, also known as <u>cancellous&nbsp;bone&nbsp;</u>or <u>trabecular&nbsp;bone</u>, is a very <i>porous type of&nbsp;bone</i>&nbsp;located at the ends of the long&nbsp;bones&nbsp;(the epiphyses), with harder compact&nbsp;bone&nbsp;surrounding it<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Spongy</span> bone, also known as <u>cancellous&nbsp;bone&nbsp;</u>or <u>trabecular&nbsp;bone</u>, is a very <i>porous type of&nbsp;bone</i>&nbsp;located at the ends of the long&nbsp;bones&nbsp;(the epiphyses), with harder compact&nbsp;bone&nbsp;surrounding it<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bone Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Periosteum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a <u>thin membrane</u> that covers many of the bones in your body<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Periosteum</span>&nbsp;is a <u>thin membrane</u> that covers many of the bones in your body<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bone Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bone&#x20;marrow"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;produces the cellular elements of the blood, including <i>platelets</i>, <i>red blood cells</i> and <i>white blood cells</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bone marrow</span>&nbsp;produces the cellular elements of the blood, including <i>platelets</i>, <i>red blood cells</i> and <i>white blood cells</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Bone Marrow.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/skeletal-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Long&#x20;bones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... bones]</span>&nbsp;are hard, dense&nbsp;bones&nbsp;that provide strength, structure, and mobility<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Long bones</span>&nbsp;are hard, dense&nbsp;bones&nbsp;that provide strength, structure, and mobility<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Some&nbsp;bones&nbsp;in the&nbsp;fingers&nbsp;are classified as&nbsp;long bones, even though they are short in length<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Long Bones.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/skeletal-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ligaments"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>attach</b> <b>bones to other bones</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ligaments</span> <b>attach</b> <b>bones to other bones</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Ligaments vs Tendon.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/ligaments-tendons-and-joints"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tendons"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>attach bones to muscles</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tendons</span> <u>attach bones to muscles</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Ligaments vs Tendon.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/ligaments-tendons-and-joints"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<b>Bone&nbsp;tissue</b> is also known&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""osseous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> tissue<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<b>Bone&nbsp;tissue</b> is also known&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">osseous</span> tissue<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Bone.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RsFwgvNPP4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Osteon"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is&nbsp;the chief&nbsp;structural unit&nbsp;of <i>compact (cortical) bone</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Osteon</span> is&nbsp;the chief&nbsp;structural unit&nbsp;of <i>compact (cortical) bone</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Consist of concentric bone layers&nbsp;called&nbsp;<b>lamellae</b>, which surround a long hollow passageway, the&nbsp;<u>Haversian canal</u><br></div><div><br></div><img src=""Osteon.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://boxes.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<u>Osteon</u> consist of concentric bone layers&nbsp;called&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lamellae"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<u>Osteon</u> consist of concentric bone layers&nbsp;called&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lamellae</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Osteon 2.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://boxes.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""haversian&#x20;canals"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>surround blood vessels</i> <i>and</i> <i>nerve cells</i> throughout bones and communicate with bone cells through connections called <b>canaliculi</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">haversian canals</span> <i>surround blood vessels</i> <i>and</i> <i>nerve cells</i> throughout bones and communicate with bone cells through connections called <b>canaliculi</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Osteon 2.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://boxes.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""canaliculi"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are <b>small channels</b> that link together the lacunae in bones<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">canaliculi</span>&nbsp;are <b>small channels</b> that link together the lacunae in bones<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Canaliculi.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://boxes.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><b>Osteoblasts</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""build"" data-ordinal=""1"">[build or resorb]</span> bone</div><div><br></div><div><u>Osteoclasts</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""resorb"" data-ordinal=""1"">[build or resorb]</span> bone</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><b>Osteoblasts</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">build</span> bone</div><div><br></div><div><u>Osteoclasts</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">resorb</span> bone</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Osteoblast.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cartilage"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a connective tissue that is <i>firm but flexible </i>and connects bones together<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cartilage</span>&nbsp;is a connective tissue that is <i>firm but flexible </i>and connects bones together<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Cartilage.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/cartilage"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
Cartilage&nbsp;is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""avascular"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aneural"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
Cartilage&nbsp;is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">avascular</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aneural</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Avascular = no blood vessels<div><br></div><div>Aneural= no nerves<div><br></div><div><img src=""Cartilage.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/cartilage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Immovable"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> joints are <i>fused together</i> to form sutures</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Immovable</span> joints are <i>fused together</i> to form sutures</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Joints.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/ligaments-tendons-and-joints"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Movable"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> joints are strengthened by ligaments and contain a <u>synovial capsule</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Movable</span> joints are strengthened by ligaments and contain a <u>synovial capsule</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Joints.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/ligaments-tendons-and-joints"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Synovial"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> fluid&nbsp;<b>lubricates&nbsp;the joints</b> and permits&nbsp;smooth&nbsp;movement<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Synovial</span> fluid&nbsp;<b>lubricates&nbsp;the joints</b> and permits&nbsp;smooth&nbsp;movement<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Synovial Fluid 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/ligaments-tendons-and-joints"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ossification"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called <u>osteoblasts</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Bones</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ossification</span>&nbsp;is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called <u>osteoblasts</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Ossification.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXgZap0AvL0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sarcomeres"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are the <i>functional units of muscle</i> and are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sarcomeres</span>&nbsp;are the <i>functional units of muscle</i> and are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Sarcomere 2.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
Two of the important proteins in a <i>sarcomere</i> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""myosin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which forms the thick filament, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""actin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which forms the thin filament<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
Two of the important proteins in a <i>sarcomere</i> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">myosin</span>, which forms the thick filament, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">actin</span>, which forms the thin filament<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sarcomere Up Close (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Troponin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Protein]</span>&nbsp;is attached to the protein&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tropomyosin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[protein]</span>&nbsp;and the two <b>regulate</b> <b>actin-myosin interactions</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Troponin</span>&nbsp;is attached to the protein&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tropomyosin</span>&nbsp;and the two <b>regulate</b> <b>actin-myosin interactions</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Troponin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/tropomyosin-and-troponin-and-their-role-in-regulating-muscle-contraction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Z&#x2D;lines"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> define the boundary of each <b>sarcomere</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Z-lines</span> define the boundary of each <b>sarcomere</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sarcomere Up Close (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M&#x2D;line"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the middle of a <b>sarcomere</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">M-line</span> is the middle of a <b>sarcomere</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sarcomere Up Close (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""I&#x2D;band"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a light&nbsp;band&nbsp;on each side of the Z line comprising a region of the <b>sarcomere</b> where thin (actin) filaments are <i>not overlapped</i> by thick (myosin) filaments</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">I-band</span> is a light&nbsp;band&nbsp;on each side of the Z line comprising a region of the <b>sarcomere</b> where thin (actin) filaments are <i>not overlapped</i> by thick (myosin) filaments</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Sarcomere Bands.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <b>H-zone</b> contains only <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""myosin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> filaments</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <b>H-zone</b> contains only <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">myosin</span> filaments</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sarcomere Up Close (1).png""><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <i>A-band</i> contains both actin and myosin. It is the only part that <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""maintains&#x20;a&#x20;constant&#x20;size&#x20;during&#x20;contraction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>The <i>A-band</i> contains both actin and myosin. It is the only part that <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">maintains a constant size during contraction</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Sarcomere Bands.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>Sarcomeres attached&nbsp;<u>end-to-end</u> to become <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""myofibrils"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>Sarcomeres attached&nbsp;<u>end-to-end</u> to become <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">myofibrils</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Myofibril.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div>Each <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""myocyte"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> contains many <b>myofibrils</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<div>Each <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">myocyte</span> contains many <b>myofibrils</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Myocyte.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_tZne9ON7c"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sarcoplasmic&#x20;reticulum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> forms a cufflike structure surrounding a&nbsp;myofibril and its main function is to <u>store Ca²⁺</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sarcoplasmic reticulum</span> forms a cufflike structure surrounding a&nbsp;myofibril and its main function is to <u>store Ca²⁺</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/role-of-the-sarcoplasmic-reticulum-in-muscle-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sarcolemma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a cell membrane that <b>encloses each muscle cell</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sarcolemma</span>&nbsp;is a cell membrane that <b>encloses each muscle cell</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Sarcolemma.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
The&nbsp;<i>sarcolemma</i> maintains a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""membrane&#x20;potential"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> much like a neuron does<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
The&nbsp;<i>sarcolemma</i> maintains a/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">membrane potential</span> much like a neuron does<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Sarcolemma.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transverse&amp;nbsp&#x3B;tubules&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;T&#x2D;tubules&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are extensions of the cell membrane that <u>penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transverse&nbsp;tubules&nbsp;(T-tubules)</span>&nbsp;are extensions of the cell membrane that <u>penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Sarcolemma.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>Muscle contraction begins at the <u>neuromuscular junction</u>, where the efferent neuron releases <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""acetylcholine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> which binds to receptors on the sarcolemma and <b>causes depolarization</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>Muscle contraction begins at the <u>neuromuscular junction</u>, where the efferent neuron releases <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">acetylcholine</span> which binds to receptors on the sarcolemma and <b>causes depolarization</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Acetylcholine (2).jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-muscles/v/neuromuscular-junction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
In muscle contraction, <i>depolarization</i> spreads down the sarcolemma to the T-tubules, triggering the release of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ca&lt;sup&gt;2&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
In muscle contraction, <i>depolarization</i> spreads down the sarcolemma to the T-tubules, triggering the release of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ca²⁺</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Calcium.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-muscles/v/neuromuscular-junction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>During muscle contraction, Ca²⁺ binds to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""troponin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, causing a shift in tropomyosin and <u>exposure of the myosin-binding sites </u>on the actin filament</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>During muscle contraction, Ca²⁺ binds to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">troponin</span>, causing a shift in tropomyosin and <u>exposure of the myosin-binding sites </u>on the actin filament</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Calcium and Troponin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8iKzWqUU2s"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>During muscle contraction, <b>shortening of the sarcomere</b> occurs as myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on actin, forming <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cross&#x20;bridges"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and pulling the actin filament along the thick filament</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>During muscle contraction, <b>shortening of the sarcomere</b> occurs as myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on actin, forming <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cross bridges</span> and pulling the actin filament along the thick filament</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Muscle Contraction.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8iKzWqUU2s"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>Muscles relax when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""acetylcholine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is degraded by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""acetylcholinesterase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <i>terminating the signal</i> and allowing Ca²⁺ to return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>Muscles relax when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">acetylcholine</span> is degraded by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">acetylcholinesterase</span>, <i>terminating the signal</i> and allowing Ca²⁺ to return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Acetylcholinesterase.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GzN4p_xWj4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ATP"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> binds to the myosin head, allowing it to <u>release from actin</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ATP</span> binds to the myosin head, allowing it to <u>release from actin</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Muscle Contraction.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8iKzWqUU2s"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""single&#x20;twitch"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when only <b>one muscle fiber responds</b> to a brief stimulus<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">single twitch</span> is when only <b>one muscle fiber responds</b> to a brief stimulus<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Single Twitch.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80RVCa-4E7c"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><i>Frequency summation</i> is the addition of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""multiple&#x20;simple&#x20;twitches"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> before the muscle has a chance to fully relax</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div><i>Frequency summation</i> is the addition of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">multiple simple twitches</span> before the muscle has a chance to fully relax</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Single Twitch.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80RVCa-4E7c"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>In muscles, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""creatine&#x20;phosphate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is what <b>adds a phosphate</b> group to ADP, forming ATP</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
<div>In muscles, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">creatine phosphate</span> is what <b>adds a phosphate</b> group to ADP, forming ATP</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Creatine Phosphate.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-muscles/v/type-1-and-2-muscle-fibers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A/an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""allele"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a <b>variant form of a gene</b> located at the same position on a chromosome<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A/an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">allele</span>&nbsp;is a <b>variant form of a gene</b> located at the same position on a chromosome<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Alleles.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/alleles-and-genes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Dominant"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> alleles only require <u>one copy</u> in order to be expressed</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Dominant</span> alleles only require <u>one copy</u> in order to be expressed</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Dominant vs Recessive Alleles.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/introduction-to-heredity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Recessive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> alleles require <i>two copies</i> in order to be expressed</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Recessive</span> alleles require <i>two copies</i> in order to be expressed</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Dominant vs Recessive Alleles.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/introduction-to-heredity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Genotype"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <i>combination of alleles</i> one has at a given locus</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Genotype</span> is the <i>combination of alleles</i> one has at a given locus</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Genotype.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/introduction-to-heredity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div>A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""homozygous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> genotype has <b>two of the same alleles</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div>A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">homozygous</span> genotype has <b>two of the same alleles</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Genotype.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/introduction-to-heredity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""heterozygous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> genotype has <u>two different alleles</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">heterozygous</span> genotype has <u>two different alleles</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Genotype.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/introduction-to-heredity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A <i>recessive allele</i> is only expressed if an organism is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""homozygous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;for that trait both alleles are recessive&nbsp;<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A <i>recessive allele</i> is only expressed if an organism is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">homozygous</span>&nbsp;for that trait both alleles are recessive&nbsp;<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Genotype.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/introduction-to-heredity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Phenotype"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <b>observable</b> manifestation of a genotype</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phenotype</span> is the <b>observable</b> manifestation of a genotype</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Genotype.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/v/introduction-to-heredity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Complete&#x20;dominance"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... dominance]</span> is a form of&nbsp;dominance&nbsp;in heterozygous condition wherein the allele that is regarded as&nbsp;dominant&nbsp;<b>completely masks</b> the effect of the allele that is recessive
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Complete dominance</span> is a form of&nbsp;dominance&nbsp;in heterozygous condition wherein the allele that is regarded as&nbsp;dominant&nbsp;<b>completely masks</b> the effect of the allele that is recessive
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Complete Dominance.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-non-mendelian-inheritance/v/co-dominance-and-incomplete-dominance"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Incomplete&#x20;dominance"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... dominance]</span>&nbsp;is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is <i>not completely expressed over its paired allele</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Incomplete dominance</span>&nbsp;is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is <i>not completely expressed over its paired allele</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Complete Dominance.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-non-mendelian-inheritance/v/co-dominance-and-incomplete-dominance"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Codominance"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is&nbsp;in which <b>both alleles are simultaneously expressed</b> in the heterozygote<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Codominance</span> is&nbsp;in which <b>both alleles are simultaneously expressed</b> in the heterozygote<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Codominance.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-non-mendelian-inheritance/v/co-dominance-and-incomplete-dominance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Penetrance"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is&nbsp;the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene that <u>also express</u> an associated trait<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Penetrance</span>&nbsp;is&nbsp;the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene that <u>also express</u> an associated trait<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Penetrance.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYw0YQtweEE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Variable&amp;nbsp&#x3B;expressivity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is when a phenotype is expressed but to a <b>different degree</b> among individuals with the same genotype<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Variable&nbsp;expressivity</span>&nbsp;is when a phenotype is expressed but to a <b>different degree</b> among individuals with the same genotype<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Variable Expressivity.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYw0YQtweEE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Genetic&#x20;leakage"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when genes <i>flow from one species to another</i>&nbsp;via hybrid offspring</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Genetic leakage</span> is when genes <i>flow from one species to another</i>&nbsp;via hybrid offspring</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Example: zebra-horse</div><div><br></div><img src=""Zebra-Horse.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udZUaNKXbJA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Genetic&#x20;drift"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is when the composition of the gene pool changes <i>as a result of chance</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Genetic drift</span> is when the composition of the gene pool changes <i>as a result of chance</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Genetic Drift.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/v/genetic-drift-bottleneck-effect-and-founder-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""founder&#x20;effect"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a <u>very small number of individuals</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">founder effect</span> is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a <u>very small number of individuals</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Inbreeding<div><br></div><div><img src=""Founder Effect.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/v/genetic-drift-bottleneck-effect-and-founder-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div>Give the <i>7 taxonomic ranks</i> in order:</div><div><br></div><div>Most specific: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Species"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Genus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Family"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Order"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Class"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Phylum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Broadest: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Kingdom"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div>Give the <i>7 taxonomic ranks</i> in order:</div><div><br></div><div>Most specific: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Species</span></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Genus</span></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Family</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Order</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Class</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phylum</span><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Broadest: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Kingdom</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div><u>King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain</u></div></div><div><br></div><img src=""Taxonomic Rank.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-evolution/hs-phylogeny/v/taxonomy-and-the-tree-of-life"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
Mendel's&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""law&#x20;of&#x20;independent&#x20;assortment"" data-ordinal=""1"">[law of ...]</span>&nbsp;states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get<b> sorted into gametes&nbsp;independently</b>&nbsp;of one another<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
Mendel's&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">law of independent assortment</span>&nbsp;states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get<b> sorted into gametes&nbsp;independently</b>&nbsp;of one another<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Independent Assortment (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/a/the-law-of-independent-assortment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chromosomal&#x20;mutations"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... mutations]</span> are much larger than nucleotide mutations and affect <i>whole segments of DNA</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chromosomal mutations</span> are much larger than nucleotide mutations and affect <i>whole segments of DNA</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chromosomal Mutations.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEKQ1gQxR88"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Deletion"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a chromosomal mutation in which a large segment of DNA is <i>lost</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Deletion</span> is a chromosomal mutation in which a large segment of DNA is <i>lost</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chromosomal Mutations.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEKQ1gQxR88"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Duplication"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a chromosomal mutation in which a segment of DNA is <b>copied multiple times</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Duplication</span> is a chromosomal mutation in which a segment of DNA is <b>copied multiple times</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chromosomal Mutations.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEKQ1gQxR88"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Inversion"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a chromosomal mutation in which a segment of DNA is <u>reversed</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Inversion</span> is a chromosomal mutation in which a segment of DNA is <u>reversed</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chromosomal Mutations.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEKQ1gQxR88"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Translocation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>chromosomal inversion</u> in which a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA <b>from another chromosome</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Translocation</span> is a <u>chromosomal inversion</u> in which a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA <b>from another chromosome</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chromosomal Mutations.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEKQ1gQxR88"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <b>Griffith experiment</b> showed that bacteria can get DNA through a process called <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""transformation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <b>Griffith experiment</b> showed that bacteria can get DNA through a process called <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">transformation</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Griffith experiment with mice (<b>R strain safe</b>,&nbsp;<u>S strain deadly</u>)</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Transformation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/a/classic-experiments-dna-as-the-genetic-material"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Avery&#x2D;MacLeod&#x2D;McCarty&#x20;experiment"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... experiment]</span>, built upon Griffith's experiment and showed that <u>DNA is what caused the bacterial transformation</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment</span>, built upon Griffith's experiment and showed that <u>DNA is what caused the bacterial transformation</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>This brought us one step closer to proving that DNA holds our genetic material<div><br></div><div><img src=""Avery Experiment.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/a/classic-experiments-dna-as-the-genetic-material"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hershey&#x2D;Chase&#x20;experiment"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... experiment]</span> <i>confirmed DNA is what contains genetic material</i>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hershey-Chase experiment</span> <i>confirmed DNA is what contains genetic material</i>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Hershey Chase.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/a/classic-experiments-dna-as-the-genetic-material"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Punnett&amp;nbsp&#x3B;square"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular <u>cross or breeding experiment</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
A/an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Punnett&nbsp;square</span>&nbsp;is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular <u>cross or breeding experiment</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Punnet Squares.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1PCwxUDTl8"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<img src=""Punnet Squares Blank.png""><div><br></div><div>A <u>dihybrid cross</u>, shown above, will result in the following phenotypic ratios:<br><div><br></div><div>Expressed AB: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""9&#x2F;16"" data-ordinal=""1"">[.../16]</span></div><div>Expressed Ab: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""3&#x2F;16"" data-ordinal=""1"">[.../16]</span></div><div>Expressed aB: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""3&#x2F;16"" data-ordinal=""1"">[.../16]</span></div><div>Expressed ab: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""1&#x2F;16"" data-ordinal=""1"">[.../16]</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<img src=""Punnet Squares Blank.png""><div><br></div><div>A <u>dihybrid cross</u>, shown above, will result in the following phenotypic ratios:<br><div><br></div><div>Expressed AB: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">9/16</span></div><div>Expressed Ab: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">3/16</span></div><div>Expressed aB: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">3/16</span></div><div>Expressed ab: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">1/16</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><i>9:3:3:1</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>Dihybrid cross</u>&nbsp;means a cross involving two traits and each parent organism is <b>heterozygous</b> for both of the traits.</div><div><br></div><img src=""Punnet Squares.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1PCwxUDTl8"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
When two&nbsp;genes&nbsp;are <b>close together on the same chromosome</b>, they <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""do&#x20;not&#x20;assort&#x20;independently"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and are said to be&nbsp;<b>linked</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
When two&nbsp;genes&nbsp;are <b>close together on the same chromosome</b>, they <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">do not assort independently</span> and are said to be&nbsp;<b>linked</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Linked Genes.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/chromosomal-basis-of-genetics/a/linkage-mapping"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Recombination&#x20;frequency"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the likelihood of two alleles being <i>separated</i> during crossing over in meiosis</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Recombination frequency</span> is the likelihood of two alleles being <i>separated</i> during crossing over in meiosis</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Recombinant Frequency.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/chromosomal-basis-of-genetics/a/linkage-mapping"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""farther&#x20;apart"" data-ordinal=""1"">[closer together or farther apart]</span> two alleles are on the same chromosome, the more likely they are to <b>assort independently</b>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">farther apart</span> two alleles are on the same chromosome, the more likely they are to <b>assort independently</b>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Linked Genes.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/chromosomal-basis-of-genetics/a/linkage-mapping"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
Give the <i>Hardy-Weinberg</i>&nbsp;equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""P&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;&#x20;&#x2B;&#x20;2Pq&#x20;&#x2B;&#x20;q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;&#x20;&#x3D;&#x20;1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
Give the <i>Hardy-Weinberg</i>&nbsp;equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">P² + 2Pq + q² = 1</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Hardy-Weinberg Equation.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/v/hardy-weinberg"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div>The mechanism for <b>evolution</b> is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""natural&#x20;selection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div>The mechanism for <b>evolution</b> is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">natural selection</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Natural Selection.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/evolution-and-natural-selection/a/darwin-evolution-natural-selection"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
Several&nbsp;major ideas&nbsp;about&nbsp;evolution&nbsp;came together in the early 20th century to&nbsp;form the <b>modern synthesis model</b> of evolution, including <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""genetic&#x20;variation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""natural&#x20;selection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mendelian&#x20;inheritance"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
Several&nbsp;major ideas&nbsp;about&nbsp;evolution&nbsp;came together in the early 20th century to&nbsp;form the <b>modern synthesis model</b> of evolution, including <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">genetic variation</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">natural selection</span>, and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mendelian inheritance</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Modern Synthesis Model (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aax12eYKd4s"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""punctuated&#x20;equilibrium&#x20;theory"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... theory]</span> considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent <b>rapid bursts</b> of evolutionary activity</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">punctuated equilibrium theory</span> considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent <b>rapid bursts</b> of evolutionary activity</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Punctuated Equilibrium.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fik1u6O1Yc8"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stabilizing&#x20;selection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... selection]</span> is a type of&nbsp;natural selection&nbsp;in which the population mean&nbsp;stabilizes&nbsp;on a particular <u>non-extreme trait value</u></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stabilizing selection</span> is a type of&nbsp;natural selection&nbsp;in which the population mean&nbsp;stabilizes&nbsp;on a particular <u>non-extreme trait value</u></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Modes of Natural Selection.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/a/natural-selection-in-populations"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Directional&#x20;selection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... selection]</span>&nbsp;is a mode of natural selection&nbsp;in which <i>one extreme phenotype is favored</i> over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Directional selection</span>&nbsp;is a mode of natural selection&nbsp;in which <i>one extreme phenotype is favored</i> over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Modes of Natural Selection.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/a/natural-selection-in-populations"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Disruptive&#x20;selection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... selection]</span>&nbsp;will cause organisms with intermediate traits to reproduce less often, and will allow those organisms with extreme traits (multiple traits) to reproduce more often. <b>This drives a population apart</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Disruptive selection</span>&nbsp;will cause organisms with intermediate traits to reproduce less often, and will allow those organisms with extreme traits (multiple traits) to reproduce more often. <b>This drives a population apart</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Modes of Natural Selection.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/a/natural-selection-in-populations"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Adaptive&#x20;radiation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the <u>relatively fast evolution</u> of many species from a single common ancestor<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Adaptive radiation</span>&nbsp;is the <u>relatively fast evolution</u> of many species from a single common ancestor<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Adaptive radiation&nbsp;generally occurs when an organism enters a <b>new area</b> and different traits affect its survival<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Adaptive Radiation.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7mLxvNTSog"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div>The <b>molecular clock model</b> states that the degree of difference in the genome between two species is related to the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""amount&#x20;of&#x20;time"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> since the two species broke off from a<i> common ancestor</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<div>The <b>molecular clock model</b> states that the degree of difference in the genome between two species is related to the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">amount of time</span> since the two species broke off from a<i> common ancestor</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Molecular Clock Model.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nwWzB2BPP0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Divergent&#x20;evolution"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... evolution]</span>&nbsp;is the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor&nbsp;evolve&nbsp;and <i>accumulate differences</i>, resulting in the formation of <b>new species</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Divergent evolution</span>&nbsp;is the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor&nbsp;evolve&nbsp;and <i>accumulate differences</i>, resulting in the formation of <b>new species</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Evolution.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-XtZyHcck4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Parallel&#x20;evolution"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... evolution]</span>&nbsp;is the independent&nbsp;evolution&nbsp;of <b>similar traits</b>, starting from a similar ancestral condition<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Parallel evolution</span>&nbsp;is the independent&nbsp;evolution&nbsp;of <b>similar traits</b>, starting from a similar ancestral condition<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Evolution.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5llATiCgkI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Convergent&#x20;evolution"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... evolution]</span>&nbsp;is the process whereby organisms that are not closely related will independently&nbsp;<b>evolve&nbsp;similar traits</b> as a result of having to <u>adapt to similar environments or ecological niches</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Evolution</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Convergent evolution</span>&nbsp;is the process whereby organisms that are not closely related will independently&nbsp;<b>evolve&nbsp;similar traits</b> as a result of having to <u>adapt to similar environments or ecological niches</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Evolution.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-XtZyHcck4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Immune_System</div>
The<em>&nbsp;</em><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;em&gt;a&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;rachidonic&amp;nbsp&#x3B;acid&amp;nbsp&#x3B;pathway"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... pathway]</span>&nbsp;is a central <i>regulator</i> of the inflammatory response<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Immune_System</div>
The<em>&nbsp;</em><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><em>a</em>rachidonic&nbsp;acid&nbsp;pathway</span>&nbsp;is a central <i>regulator</i> of the inflammatory response<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><div>Arachidonic acid is the precursor to <b>eicosanoids</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Arachidonic Pathway.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSc9U8JaWYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<b>Skeletal muscle&nbsp;contraction</b> is initiated by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lower"" data-ordinal=""1"">[upper or lower]</span> motor neurons&nbsp;in the spinal cord and brainstem<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div>
<b>Skeletal muscle&nbsp;contraction</b> is initiated by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lower</span> motor neurons&nbsp;in the spinal cord and brainstem<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Low Motor Neurons.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-muscles/v/motor-neurons"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
In neurological terms,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""fasciculations"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are the <u>spontaneous firing of a motor unit</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System::Contraction</div>
In neurological terms,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">fasciculations</span>&nbsp;are the <u>spontaneous firing of a motor unit</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>With&nbsp;fasciculation, only one or few of these units fire<div><br></div><div>Fasciculations&nbsp;can be caused by something as simple as drinking too much caffeine<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fasciculations.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/motor-unit"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hypotonia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, commonly known as <u>floppy baby syndrome</u>, is a state of <i>low muscle tone</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hypotonia</span>, commonly known as <u>floppy baby syndrome</u>, is a state of <i>low muscle tone</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hypotonia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/motor-unit"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hyporeflexia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;refers to below normal or absent <b>reflexes</b>&nbsp;<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hyporeflexia</span>&nbsp;refers to below normal or absent <b>reflexes</b>&nbsp;<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>It can be detected through the use of a reflex hammer<div><br></div><div><u>It is the opposite of hyperreflexia</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hyporeflexia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/motor-unit"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hair&#x20;follicle&#x20;receptors"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> send and receive nerve impulses to and from the brain when&nbsp;<i>hair&nbsp;moves</i></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Skin</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hair follicle receptors</span> send and receive nerve impulses to and from the brain when&nbsp;<i>hair&nbsp;moves</i></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Hair Follicle Receptor.png""><br></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
When the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stretch&#x20;reflex"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... reflex]</span> is activated, the stretched&nbsp;muscles and the supporting&nbsp;muscles&nbsp;are <i>contracted</i> while the antagonist&nbsp;muscles&nbsp;are <u>inhibited (relaxed)</u>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
When the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stretch reflex</span> is activated, the stretched&nbsp;muscles and the supporting&nbsp;muscles&nbsp;are <i>contracted</i> while the antagonist&nbsp;muscles&nbsp;are <u>inhibited (relaxed)</u>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>The&nbsp;stretch reflex&nbsp;(myotatic&nbsp;reflex) is a&nbsp;muscle&nbsp;contraction in <u>response to&nbsp;stretching</u>&nbsp;within the&nbsp;muscle<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stretch Reflex.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/muscle-stretch-reflex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Muscle&#x20;spindles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are stretch receptors within the body of a&nbsp;muscle&nbsp;that primarily <i>detect changes in the length of the&nbsp;muscle</i><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Muscle spindles</span>&nbsp;are stretch receptors within the body of a&nbsp;muscle&nbsp;that primarily <i>detect changes in the length of the&nbsp;muscle</i><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Muscle Spindles.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/muscle-stretch-reflex"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""corticospinal&#x20;tract"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... tract]</span>&nbsp;is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, <b>controlling movements of the limbs and trunk</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">corticospinal tract</span>&nbsp;is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, <b>controlling movements of the limbs and trunk</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Corticospinal Tract.jpg""><div><br><div><img src=""Corticobulbar Tract.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/upper-motor-neurons"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""corticobulbar&#x20;tract"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... tract]</span>&nbsp;is a two-neuron path which <u>unites the cerebral cortex with the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem </u>involved in motor functions (apart from the oculomotor nerve)<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">corticobulbar tract</span>&nbsp;is a two-neuron path which <u>unites the cerebral cortex with the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem </u>involved in motor functions (apart from the oculomotor nerve)<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Corticobulbar Tracts 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Corticobulbar Tract.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/upper-motor-neurons"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clonus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a series of <i>involuntary</i>, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clonus</span>&nbsp;is a series of <i>involuntary</i>, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Clonus.jpg""><div><br><div><img src=""Clonus 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/upper-motor-neurons"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System</div>
In some patients, <b style="""">stroking the sole of the foot</b> produces extension (dorsiflexion) of the big toe, often with extension and abduction (""fanning"") of the other toes. <i>This abnormal&nbsp;response&nbsp;</i>is termed the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""extensor&#x20;plantar&amp;nbsp&#x3B;reflex"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Babinski&#x20;reflex"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System</div>
In some patients, <b style="""">stroking the sole of the foot</b> produces extension (dorsiflexion) of the big toe, often with extension and abduction (""fanning"") of the other toes. <i>This abnormal&nbsp;response&nbsp;</i>is termed the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">extensor plantar&nbsp;reflex</span>, or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Babinski reflex</span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Extensor Plantar Reflex.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/upper-motor-neurons"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Give the hormones that are produced by the <i>anterior pituitary gland</i>:<br><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;img&#x20;src&#x3D;&quot;FLAT&#x20;PEG&#x2E;jpg&quot;&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
Give the hormones that are produced by the <i>anterior pituitary gland</i>:<br><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><img src=""FLAT PEG.jpg""></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anterior Pituitary.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The&nbsp;<u style="""">posterior pituitary</u>&nbsp;stores the following two&nbsp;hormones&nbsp;which are secreted by the hypothalamus:<br><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oxytocin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Antidiuretic&amp;nbsp&#x3B;hormone&#x20;&#x28;ADH&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The&nbsp;<u style="""">posterior pituitary</u>&nbsp;stores the following two&nbsp;hormones&nbsp;which are secreted by the hypothalamus:<br><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Oxytocin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Antidiuretic&nbsp;hormone (ADH)</span><br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Posterior Pituitary.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""adrenal&#x20;glands"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;are endocrine&nbsp;glands located <i>above the kidneys</i> and they&nbsp;produce a variety of hormones<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div>
The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">adrenal glands</span>&nbsp;are endocrine&nbsp;glands located <i>above the kidneys</i> and they&nbsp;produce a variety of hormones<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Adrenal Glands.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
The&nbsp;process&nbsp;of&nbsp;fertilization&nbsp;involves the following 4 steps:<br><div><br></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sperm&#x20;binding"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Acrosome&#x20;reaction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cortical&#x20;reaction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>4. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Genetic&#x20;transfer"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div>
The&nbsp;process&nbsp;of&nbsp;fertilization&nbsp;involves the following 4 steps:<br><div><br></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sperm binding</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Acrosome reaction</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cortical reaction</span></div><div>4. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Genetic transfer</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Fertilization Steps.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-reproductive-system/v/egg-sperm-and-fertilization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Embryogenesis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the process by which the <u>embryo forms and develops</u><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Embryogenesis</span>&nbsp;is the process by which the <u>embryo forms and develops</u><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Embryogenesis.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gastrulation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the <u>single-layered blastula</u> is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the <b style="""">gastrula</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gastrulation</span> is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the <u>single-layered blastula</u> is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the <b style="""">gastrula</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Gastrulation.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neurulation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;results in the formation of the <u>neural tube</u>, which gives rise to both the <b>spinal cord</b> and <b>the brain</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neurulation</span>&nbsp;results in the formation of the <u>neural tube</u>, which gives rise to both the <b>spinal cord</b> and <b>the brain</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Neurulation.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvBBFOu9h1w"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<b>Implantation</b> begins with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""apposition"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;blastocyst&nbsp;at the uterine epithelium, generally about 2-4 days after the morula enters the uterine cavity<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<b>Implantation</b> begins with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">apposition</span>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;blastocyst&nbsp;at the uterine epithelium, generally about 2-4 days after the morula enters the uterine cavity<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>During&nbsp;apposition&nbsp;process, the&nbsp;blastocyst&nbsp;differentiates into an inner cell mass (embryo) and trophectoderm (placenta)<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Implantation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/implantation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gestation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the period of time<b> between conception and birth</b><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gestation</span>&nbsp;is the period of time<b> between conception and birth</b><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Gestation.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/gestation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<div>A&nbsp;pregnancy&nbsp;is&nbsp;divided into the following trimesters:</div><div><br></div><div><b>First</b> trimester&nbsp;is from week <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to the end of week <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""12"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><i>Second</i>&nbsp;trimester&nbsp;is from week <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""13"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to the end of week <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""26"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><u>Third</u>&nbsp;trimester&nbsp;is from week <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""27"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;end&#x20;of&#x20;the&amp;nbsp&#x3B;pregnancy"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<div>A&nbsp;pregnancy&nbsp;is&nbsp;divided into the following trimesters:</div><div><br></div><div><b>First</b> trimester&nbsp;is from week <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">1</span> to the end of week <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">12</span></div><div><br></div><div><i>Second</i>&nbsp;trimester&nbsp;is from week <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">13</span> to the end of week <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">26</span></div><div><br></div><div><u>Third</u>&nbsp;trimester&nbsp;is from week <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">27</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">the end of the&nbsp;pregnancy</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Trimesters.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/gestation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fine&#x20;motor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... motor]</span> skill&nbsp;is the coordination of <u>small muscles</u>&nbsp;in movements; usually involving the synchronisation of hands and fingers with the eyes<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fine motor</span> skill&nbsp;is the coordination of <u>small muscles</u>&nbsp;in movements; usually involving the synchronisation of hands and fingers with the eyes<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Motor Skills.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/motor-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gross&#x20;motor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... motor]</span> skills&nbsp;are large movements a baby makes with his or her arms, legs, feet, or entire body<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gross motor</span> skills&nbsp;are large movements a baby makes with his or her arms, legs, feet, or entire body<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Crawling, running, and jumping are&nbsp;gross motor skills<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""Motor Skills.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/motor-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Adolescence"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>begins with puberty</i> and is a two year long period of sexual maturation</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Adolescence</span> <i>begins with puberty</i> and is a two year long period of sexual maturation</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Adolescence.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/physical-development-in-adolescence"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Synaptic&#x20;pruning"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;refers to the process by which <i>extra neurons and&nbsp;synaptic&nbsp;connections are eliminated</i> in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain MileDown::Biology::Development</div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Synaptic pruning</span>&nbsp;refers to the process by which <i>extra neurons and&nbsp;synaptic&nbsp;connections are eliminated</i> in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><div>Synaptic pruning is thought to help the brain <b>transition from childhood to adulthood</b><br></div><div><br></div><img src=""Synaptic Pruning.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/brain-changes-during-adolescence"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<b>Gene–environment interaction</b> is when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""two&#x20;different&#x20;genotypes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> respond to environmental variation in different ways<br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<b>Gene–environment interaction</b> is when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">two different genotypes</span> respond to environmental variation in different ways<br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Gene-Environment Interaction.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/environmental-effects-on-phenotype/v/gene-environment-interaction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div>A study that looks at the <u>interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental</u> <u>events</u> is looking at <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gene&#x2D;environment&#x20;interaction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, not epigenetics</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div>
<div>A study that looks at the <u>interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental</u> <u>events</u> is looking at <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gene-environment interaction</span>, not epigenetics</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""Gene-Environment Interaction.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/environmental-effects-on-phenotype/v/gene-environment-interaction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>
</div>"