Business Grammar Builder Coursebook

ltooGoo ooooGlt loooeot oooocoo loooooo oooooo книга выложена группой vk.com/create_your_english Business Paul Emmerso" Gfammaf Builder n MACMIII,AN книга выложена группой vk.com/create_your_english Contents LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS V E R BT E N 5 E 5 continuous. timeexprcssions simple,present I Presenttime 1: present pedect prcsent or present continuous simpleor continuous?, 2 Pr€senttime 2: present tenses, stateverbs otherusesof present continuous?, pastsmpleorcontinuous timeexpressions, 3 Pasttime 1: pastsimple,pastcontinuous, l0 pastperfectcontinuous, usedtol!'l,ould timeexprcssions, 4 Pasttime 2r pastperfect, + nfinitive perfect, be€t (to)andgone(to) timeexpressions, 5 Pastand present1: present 22 perfectT, perfect?, prcsentsimpeor present 6 Pastand present2: pastsimpleor present perfectcontinuous? present pertector present present perfectcontinuous, timeexpressions, 7 Eutute 1t wilt, going to, presentcontinuous,wil/ ot going to?, going ta ot ptesent continuous?, timeexDressons prcsentsimple/continuous, futurecontinLlous, futurep€rfect' 8 Future2i timeexpressions, wal goingto, otherwaysto talkaboutlhe futule 30 PASStVES sayinqwho does systems andprocesses, 9 passiveli fofm,focuson impo(antinformation, verbs intransitive and the action,transitive passive + infintive, information, beingfomal/impersonal, 10 Pasiive2: linkingto previoos verbswith two objects,havesomethingdone,to be bom VERBS MODAIS ANO RELATED 11 Modalsand relatedverbs l: form,ability,w;//andwillingness pemission, prohibition, oplnions no necessity, 12 Modalsand relatedverbs2i necessity, need lo andadvice, Dastcriticism, lncearanty, anddeduction, expectation, certainty 13 Modalsand relatedv€rbs3: probability, possibillty permiss on, offersand language, requests, I 4 Modalsand relatedverbs4: direct/indirect suggestons invltatlons, 14 18 26 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 QUESTIONS question phrases, question wordquestions, andanswers, 15 Questionsl: yeslnoquestions questions quesrion wordsaslhe subred,negative indiFctquestons,preposit onsln question5, tags,replyquenions, 16 Questions2: question what B it tor andwlal wasi lile 66 ia coNDtttoNAtS 74 17 Conditionals1:conditionsandresulls,fvvesel/...,/fwesold.,unlers,oihermodak 78 withouili wish,modalverbs 18 Conditionafs 2: /f we50ld .-., ff we hadsold...,.onditionals n conditionals. /f/ rvereYou... книга выложена группой vk.com/create_your_english CONTENTS 5 VERBS FOLLOWED BY -,,VG OR INFII{ITIVE 19 Verb+ -ing or intinitive I: ve|b+-r?g;verb+ to+ innnitive, verb+objecr+ fo+ infnitve, makeand /et, verb+ that clause 20 Verb+ ,hg or inJinitive2: ve.b+ -t g or infinitive, ve|bsof p-6rcepUon, passv-aforms: -lrg or infinitive a2 86 R E P O R T E DS P E E C H 2l Reportedspeech1: reported speech;tense peopl€,paces, changes, notensechange. timesandthings 90 22 Reportedspeech2: 5ayor te4 otherreporting vebs,/t + passve of a reporting verb, questions, reporting rcpodingcommands andrequests 94 PHRASAL VERB5 phrasalvelbs, 23 Phrasalverbsl: undeGtanding phrasal separable verbs,inseparable phraralverbs 98 24 Phrasalverbs + p€position. phrasalverbs, partcleme.nings 2: phrasalve|bs three-pan 1O2 OIHER VERB CONsTRUCIIONS 25 Verbsand obiectsrtransitive vebs,intransitive verbs,verb+ two objects, vefb+ two objedsusinglor 26 The 'ing form: asa noun,asan adjective, afterprcpositions, usedto b-cain a c ause 106 27 rhake,do, get, haverusesof fourcommonverbs 114 110 FELAIIV€ CIAUS€5 28 Relativeclau5$ 1: relative clauses, €lativepronouns, leaving out the reativepronou n n a definingrclative clause, non-defining reiative clauses, €lat ve prono!nsandprepostions 118 29 Relativeclauses2: combrning senten<es, structure of combined sentences, useof what, useol where,when andwhy, rclativeclauseswith a participle{-lngl-ed) 122 I{OUNS,PRONOUiIS AI\IDARTICLES 30 Countableand uncountablenouns:@untable nouns,uncountable nouns,singuar or p|nal?,alan/a bt of, anylsone,nanylnuch, few,liftle,specific andgeneral meanings prcr,ouna, 3l Pronouns:indefinite someonelanyone, eye4lonelno pronouns one,reflexive 'everything' 'th€ 32 Determiners: a///most/nanylsomela few,all meaning or on y ih ng', 126 130 134 no/none, ea.hlevery,bothI elherl neithel 's (aposirophe 33 Possessiv€s and compoundnouns:possessive adjectives andpronouns, s), ot compound nouns 138 34 Articles1: basicusesol artides,a/a4 a of an?,tle noarticle 142 35 Articles2: placenamesandno article,placenamesandrhe,speci.lsesof the, spFcrtr( specdl use!of'ro ddi(le.gener.land rredrrngs 146 6 CONTEI{IS A D J E C T I V EA5N D A D V E R B S g€dableandnongradab€ adj€ctves 36 Adiectivesand adverbs:types,formof adverbs, -ed -t ending g and adiedives oder of adjectives, equalthings,comparng actions comparinq andsuperlatives, 37 Comparing1: comparaiives phGseswth with cornparatives, otherstructures 38 Comparing2: lalgeandsmalldiffercnces. nouns compannq advelbs, comparing supeatives, w th too ande'ough'50 39 Adverbsof degrce:toolenoughlnotenough,orherstuctut€s ad such,quite,lail\, PrctlYot Gtherl 40 Time adverbs:inlon /af, no prepositionon time ot in tinel ' farlsincelduringlago, duing ot whtlel, by ot untin, thenlafterwatds/ after/ later,calenderreferences l 50 154 158 162 166 III{KING WORDS AND PHRASES 17o 4l Linkingwor& l: addition\and,both, too' atsa,etc)'.or[astlbut,yet,althaughthaugh, eventhough,whereas,despitelinspiteol) althoughot wheteas? 174 (to andftr, 50 thaf), (becausq at since)rcsut (5o),purpo5e 42 Linkingwords 2: te3son manner(as,asifand ,ke) 174 (forexamp/e' and,butand50,exarnples 43 Developingan argument1: wordsmeaning (lilst (in ofail fad, acTua//r, sequence for nstance.sucha5),additional/rcalinformation (ingereralon therviole),surnmarsing generalising Go'to sumup, as weltas,this,finally), in sumnary),eithet... ot .., insteadof, exceptfor 142 comment, othetlinkingwordsandphrases, 44 Developingan argument2: pelsonal otherwse' af t/reend,in theend,at last,if, unless, to ioclison importantinformation, structures in writtenEnglith abbrcviations PREPOSITIONs / below,ovet/ under, with at in andon,above of pfa<e:ai or ,ir?,exprcssions 45 Prepositlons o1qosite,nextta/beside,neatlbY verb+ different verb+ obje( + preposition, 46 Verb+ preposition:velb+ preposition, prcpositions use5of different oreoositons, + adjective feelings, otheradlectives, + prcposition, 47 Adjective+ preposition:adjective choiceof oreoosition + reatlonship rise,fal/+ ofllr, connection, 48 Noun+ preposition:noun+ preposition. phrases wkh/bef een,need,wish,reguest+ for' prepositional 186 190 194 194 IRENDS. GRAPH5 AND FIGURES .dverbsand 49 Tr€nd5,graphsand figures:qraphsandfiqures,trends,verbsandobjects, linkingwordsandphEses adjecuves, 242 PUNCTUATIOI{ marks,questlon colon,speech 50 Punctuation:capitallettets,fullstop,comma,semi-colon, mark mafkandexclamation )46 co[tENTs 7 Test bank (for diagnosis or review) TcatI Test2 Test3 Tesl4 Tert 5 Test5 Test7 TestI Test9 Verbtenses:prgent (units1 2) Verbtens€s:past(unitsH) 210 Velbtens€s:pastand presem(unitst6) Verbtenses:future (units7-€) 214 (units9-10) Passives Modals(units1l-14) 218 (units15-16) Qr.i€stions (units17-18) Condhionals Verbs+ -,iagor inlinitive(units 19-20) 222 212 220 224 226 Test l0 Reportedspeech(units21-22) Test11 Phrasal verbs(unils23-24) .rest12 nakel dolgetl have(unit 271 Ten t3 Relatjveclauses(units28-29) 221 Test 14 Nount pronounsand anicles(units30-35) Ten 15 Adjectivesandadv€ftE(units36-40) 232 228 231 (units45-48) T€st16 Prepositions Appendices Appendlr1 Regular v€rh6:alltoms Appendlx2 kregulaa verbs Appendlx 3 Spelling Appendlx 4 Diagram of theEnglish velbsystem App€ndlx 5 Eriti5h andAmerican English 244 Answer key 249 Index 263 List of grammar terms Theactrv€form of a verbis when the pe6on orthlng doingthe a'tion |5the 'parsivefo'm' on page9' subjectof the verb:, Mote the reporr.Comparewith An adjectivehelpsto d€sc be a nounor pronoun:/t3 a small' modem starage An adverb addsinfomatioti abo'r\when,whercat haw sornethinghappens:/d'd it yeneday. I did it qui.klY. Article5.rc the wsd the (= th€ definteartice)ora/an (= the indefn te altcle) An auxiliaryverb (be do and have)is usedwith alher verbsto maketenses'no passi\eforme:He it vnrking in Milan where did vou go? Iwa hundred peapte have beennade redundant. Clause A clauie i5a groupof wods that contans a subjectand a verb lt may b€ a sentenceor only pan or a sent€nce. conditional i, unlessetc, and naressomethlngthat A .onditional is a sentencelhat incLud€s mustbe t.ue (the condition)beforesomethinqelte can be tnre or can happen{the result). Thecontinuous is the lom of the velb lh.t luggeststhat an actbn s in progress Thecontinuousform endsin -rng A determiner is a wod like lhe, son]eand everv lt is usedbeiorea noun or adjecrNero showwh(h tr' .g yo- nean Gerund A gerund is an ',ng form of a verbusedlikea noun:Smoking is not allowed My haw is sailing An imperarivei5when we tellpeope what to do we usethe baseform of the \et6: Come hete. Swilth off the lbht lnfinitive The infinitive is lhe basefoffn ot the verb(wort, qo, €tc) lt s usedwith or without to: I hape to see you next week. I must go naw. The-ioqform The -ing lorm is the form oi the verbthai endsln'ing When it s usedas a verbor calleda'presentparticipe:/saw hin leaving' Abo ng adjectiveit is sometimes 'qerund' 6ee above) meetrEr.When it is usedas a nouf it i5 sometmes.alleda An intransitiveverb is a vetbthat do€snoi takean obiect Forexample,the vem / atrived here/astweek ln this sentencethereis no object arive ir iniransitlve: 'vansiliveve.b' on paqe9. comparewlth A modaf verb is a verblike can,wi , night andshould lt g vesa me'nlnq like permsson,etc abiliry,obligation,prcbability, A noun is a word that is the nam€of an object,idea,pace or person:a car, demo(acy SingaPorc, Robett. a noLrn'wh ch can act as a subledor A noun phrase is a groupof words.lncLuding object of a senienc€:p€aple, sane peapte,sane people wha werc hetevestetday object the peBonor lhing lhat is aff€ctedby the The object is the wod that descrlbes vetb: t innalled tone new softwarc on ny PC LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS 9 Passiveform Thepassiveform is usedto showhow rh€ subj€clof the v€rbis atfectedby the actionof the velb: Ihe reportwas wfitten W n,e.Compaewlth the activeforrn on page8. Pastparticiple Yc, A pan paiticipleistheformusedin the perfect tenseor passive structr.rres. pan it in is canfind thethtrdcolumnof tensetables.Forexample: worked the pastparticiple). participle gonelsthe pastparticipe of 90 of lvolk(thisis d regular (thisisan iregularpastparticipie). Possessive A possessive isa formthatshowswhoor whatsomething belongs to: my4lour (possessive (possessive pronouns), adjectivet. m,loelyours etc.lt isa sousedto show othertypesof €lationships:my hthet my hometown; ny enployer. Phrasalverb A phrasalverb isa verbwithan adverb or prepositon thathasa d ffe€nt meanng plane Ihe f.om the verbusedalone: too& off. Preposition A preposition is a word likeaa behind,in, thtough,to, wth u5edb€for€a nounor pronoun to showpla.e,time,direcrion, etc. Pronoun A pronounisa wod likelCme,you,hin, her,e.(,rhattakesthe placeof a noun: Haveyou beento Wa6aw?L haschangeda lot averthe lastfewyeaE. Questiontag A queniontag isa sho( quenionlike/snt i2 or don't,ou7thatyouaddai the endof a sentence to checkinfomationor askit someone aqr€€s wth vour/ts hol isnt It? Reflexivepronoun A reflexivep.onounismainlyusedto showthatthe person whodoestheactonis alsothe oersonalfectedbv ir: Sheintroducedherselfto ne at the cofleebreak. Relative.lause A relativeclauseis usedto identii/someone of someth ng,or givemor€ infomationaboutthem.lt beginswith who, which,that, eL. Thesfmpfe Thesimpleisthe basicfom of thevetb:I agrcewithyou(pr€sent simple), He agre€dr14thme (pastsimple). Th€subj€ct lhe subjectisthewordthatshowswho isdoingtheactonof theverbr.rea,works lt usuallvcomesbeforethe verb. hereoara-,lme, Tense A t€nsei5thefom of theverb.lt helps!s to knowthet meat whichanactionof (past,present or f!tufe).A(ademcssometmeshavea moreimited eventhappened 'tense'and ot the word'tense', and rheymakea distincton betw€€n definition 'aspecr' . I work in the na*eitng ar€a(pres€ntsimpl€teffe), t wo*ed in the marketlngr area(pastsimpletense). Transitiveverb A transitiveverb isa v€rblhat hasanobject.Thevelbmakes tr.nstve,and n thissentence a m,lrtakeis the obled: lhey've madea ndake. Compar€wih 'inlrdn<irive verb on page€. Verb A verb expresses an actiono( stare:Hea ived at 103A.He knows the naftet книга выложена группой vk.com/create_your_english 10 resent time 1 A Present simple: form I The p€sent slmpl€is fomed with th€ nf nitiveform of the verb We add sforthethlrd person sinqularhelrh€l/t. l/you /we / they work here. He/ she/ it works here. a Negatvesarefomed with doldoer rot. In speechand informawitlng we ueecontractons t/yaulwelthey do not (don't) wo* herc. Hetshe/ it does not (doesn't) wotk herc. a verbdoldoer and th€ nflntve.shortanswe6to Quenionsarc forrnedwith the auxiliary yeslno queetionsrep€atthe auxiliary A: Does she work herc? A: Do tou work here? B. )€5 ih€ doei./No, she doeiDl. B: Yes,ldo./No,I don't B Present simple: uses facts. a We usethepresent simplefor permanent Thisnachinecuts the netal. ln finance,'p/e' ttands fot priceleaningsrcna'. simplefor actions andsituations thataregeneray true. a Weusethe presenl prcduc1s. Weoffet a full rangeof flnancial Lizwo*s in the Matketingdepannent. reg!ary overa longpeiodoi t me, which.rerepeated a We usethepr€senl simplelor aclions for example habitsandroutin€s. a lat{. Ftd klrt jukl h4mlet,dbo halfrf ttu dBtone\iwesrd ftrular AtU,ionl Est,'ent, anhr,t.!c\' ,'otth. (Wrll StreetJouanlEurcpewebsite) C Present simple: time expressions a We often ule frcqu€ncyadverbswirh the presentsirnpe Exarnpesinc ude: alwavs,often, usually,nomaly, sametines, occasionaly,ftrely, not aften, hardly eve, never Ibq Shith, tha .hieJe\edti,e ol Colli's Sku4tt, cswllt ises dt 6 d,h. H. tdk6 the ttdin ta Iinnok a d afti"e! at his ofie hy I an. LMcll k tt alb a tand.ptehuith sanaJapaneterrcea le{trel. (sund.yTines websire) a Notethe positlonof fiequencyadv€rbs: I often .3ke (l don't of€n |j,ke) the Eurostatto Erussels Belorc the main velb: I'n usua y (l'n not usualy) nervausbefatea ptesentattan. a Adverbphr.seslikee!€ryday,onG a yeaanost af the tine, frcn time ta time,now and then comeat the beginningo. end ot th€ senten.e: Ttrf St'tith ta"els to hit NeuYa'k ofre ofe dflonth. (SundayTiEes website) when,aftecbefare unless, seeunfta a We alsolse the prcsentsimpleaft€rthes€futuretime expressions: in case,as saan as,until, by the tine, the next ti|r,e IIME I 1 PRESENT 1I D Present<ontinuous:form a Thepresent isformedw th the auxiliary verbbe andthe hg forrnof the mainverb. continuous mingsdrealsol'!sy at Dea\the Pon,ehichJosfldedits E-ConftLereSetui( IECS)htemel divisiotii nlid-1999.ECS Lr settingry odin. stoq,hsndliagproductdelivetyanderet d.lministding lrEnet a6tonE6'ftdit cotd ,nbe6. (FT.comwebsite) seeappendix 3 we Lrse In sp€ech andin{ormalwriting convactions. Negatives areformedwth theverb t an (t'n) warkins here. Youarc (you"e) wo*ing here. she is (she's)warking here we arc (we're) warking here. They ate (they'rc) workins here I'n not working herc. You'renot/You arcn't vr'a*ing here. She'snot/She isn't wotking here. we'rc not/we arcn't wo*ing here. They'rcnot/They arcn't wo*ins herc. for the negatives Notcethattherear€two alternatives oI you/ he/ she/it lwelthey I arefomed by inverting thesubj€ct andthe auxiarybe.ShortansweG toyes/no Quenions qLrenions repeat theauxiliary A: Ate you workinghere? A: ls he workinghere? S: Yes,I amlNo, l'm notB: Yes,he is/^ta, he isn't. E Ptesent continuous: usei a Weusethep€sent.ontinuous to talkabouttemporary actions andsituations thatarc now nappenrng a Theactonor situation maybe in progress now,at the mornent of speaking: SarryW Oa* cant seeyou at the nanent. He'sElking ta a ustoner 'aroundnow',evenf il s not happen a Theactonor rituatio.maybe happening ng exactly at ngl themomenloi speak A e o\ powefuloklnr rttha,lt are movinzca*ua , to lrc ar Nethtarketh Ewope. 'Ihey're openiry ofi.csin lindo"\ Canatf Whaf ... andbulng biLlb.adti Bamlo a. (Businessweek websire) a Theactionof situation maybea current trend: Codp et San'Barcgettirg bettetercryyearTlE applnatianoJphy\i6is nakins htouenet htorc &lni. anddnifuialihtcllircneir .a6ing pky{s to buou. 'karceuotianalltintulred. (Econonntwebsite) F Presentcontinuousitime expressions a The presentcontinuousis often usedwith theseiime exprcssions: now ar ihe momeni, nowadays,tunently, thesedays,right now. Ftunthnitg ii lnc UtiErl Std?sh6 beet go|ing steadilysine th. 1950s dnd thk @ftept is nov p@iding husiflssopponunitiesi" not kan ?5 difetent indunri.s. (worldtndeonlile 12 I PiEE|'T T|ME 1 I Practice Exercise1 ff g words. Undeineth€corr€ct 1 Youoften vnrk / DQJgllgfteltwork at the weekend? hdsn'tbeenpaid.' try to f nd out. 2 | dant knowlnot knowwhyyourinvoice 3 Excuse me,does)ou knowldoyou knowll Ihisisthe wdyto the lT sernin.r? 4 sorrythatpojectordon'two*ldoesn'twork.Userhisone nstead. repMarta? 5 A: Doyouknowou. newsales B: Yes, Ido-lYes,I know. 6 a: lsthatLindaNapie.overth€rc? B: Yes,shewpks/ shedo work he.e. I I writing/I'm writingIhe €pon at the moment lt shouldbe rcadyiomorrow a Theynot replying/They'renot repting to myemaib.l'll haveto phonethem 9 why is thercsucha long delay?whar is hawening?lis happenl 1A YouareenjayinglAreyou enioyhgthisconference? on anotherne. 11 CanKaren callyouback?Shesspeatlsie3spea/o)rg me? 12 A: lsSarahKennedy expecting sheis. B: Yes,she'sexpeding.lYes, Exercise2 8g: Matchsentences 1-5 withtheirlsesa)-€). facts a) permaneni actions b) habtsandrepeated at themomentot speaking c) actonsin progress 'aroundnow' d) temporary adionshappening situations e) current trendsandchanging ta abroad I These dayswete sellingmoreandmoreoi olr products ireel dscounlin dLrty 2 LooklTh€yte sellingmaltwhiskyat 20olo have in rightnow L ] new model, but we don't any stock 3 we reselling the at Ch stmast me. 4 we usualy sellarcund40%ol ourannualtotal electronics, from TVsto cameras. 5 we sella fullrangeof consumer I n n Exercise3 lFl Decidewhichwod orderis the mostusual,.) or b). Puta tick (/) by the coff€ctanswer. J a) | everydayarriveat t6eofiiceat aboulnine. n b) Every dayI arriveat theofficeat aboutnine. else. n a) lawars checkmyemailbeforedoinqanylhing n else. b) AlwaysI checkmyemailbelo.edoinqanythinq n as| rcceive somany. a) Thisiakesa lot of timeusually somany. L.l b) rhlsusu.llyrakesa Lotof timeasI re(eive arenotveryurgent. n a) Mostof thetim€the emarls n b) Theemalk.remostofthe timenotveryurgent. I don'tknowabout.n a) quiteoftengetjunkemailfrcm.ompanies I don'tknow.bour ! b) qetquiteoftenjunkemailfrcmcompanies ] a) abor.rt oncea monthdeleteallmyjunkemail. ] b) deleteallmyjunkemailaboutoncea month. TIMEI 1 PRESENT 13 Exercise4 A 3 @ 0 . lane introducesClaudeto lo;o in London.compet€ the dl.logLreby punnq eachof the verbs n brdckers into the coffectform oJthe prcs€nts mple. . .!...(1.} o " / k " o * ) J o i o ?J o i o ( 2 ) . C h u d . . ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . Q P . . 1 Q { . . K $. 9 f r o n B r : z r l .b u t h e s o r k e d $ i r h m e h P a r i sh n y e i r 'H e ( 3 ) . . . . rAM .....------ (t'.) ....---- (tro\, a lot abourlour Lineof\rork. R e a I \ ' l W c l lI ( . + ). . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.b. .e. ).v. .e.r. l. .p. l e r s e dt o m c c t y o u , J o i o Plelsedto ,neet ),ou roo-Chude. r.rio (]ou/do)? . .. . CL UD!, So.Nhrr exictly (5) .......... ( \ o r k ) I ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .i n t h e o n l n d t s t r l . s r n r a r k eitm l y s r . lono, . . . . . (nmke)de.nio's about level\ ofprcductio'1? .LAUDE oh, $ )ou (7) .ia!Dr N o . l ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.I.r.o t' n . k e ) a n yd e c s i o n sr c i l l YM Y J o b . . (nrvolve)studvmgmrket tends and sivins.dvicc on levch 'f (r) ....................... roô Productron. {tr^!r)1, StiI, rh.ti: lot of rcsponsibiht\l \Vell.-lcs.butB..zil (10) r(),i() 0rot/be) x t]xior prcducs likc Stdl Anbir. What about \oo? ( ' ! p p l y )s P c c i x l i s e d . . . .... .. I r v r k f o r r F r c n . h. o D r y a n rd r 3 t( l l ) . c q u i p n e n tt o d r c o i l ! ! t o s t r ( w c ( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (. .b. e. )o n e o f t h c b i s s e s i:uurr conrprnies!r our nlfket. ( v o ! / o f t e n/ c o n r c )b L o r d o r ? ..... O h , r c i l l l ?A n d ( 1 3 ) r()^() ( 1 { ) ( , ^ u r n , Y c s q, u i t eo f i e DM . . . . . . . . . . 0 u r c ) r n o l i i c eh c r c l t ......... . ! conlp.Dy ( 1 s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........(. .l t. x / t . k c ) l o D sr o g t t h e r en o r vi,f y o ! t r i v c l b y E u r o s t x r ' (inrld I givc )ou D1! cirda Exercise 5 D E 02 aboui the Braz an cornpanyCerdauby usingthe wordsfrom lhe Lisi CompLeie this newspaperartcle beow Eachset of wods f Llslwo spaces slrare i5+€€6rFi€€l€€mpa€ie5is making/flexibe s altractinq/attention is approaching/market n9/Law is getting/rghi s raisifg/plan6 ie beginning/expectationsi5 rnodernis story success Gerdau:a Brazilian G€dau, th. Bdilid st€el Erk€r, (4b)--......-.......-,.....,,,,.....,,,... InvetoE (6bl----------- ---- of ctd€, th€ kri" wat a 6tu ihlgs fods€d and o")....it-...be..!.9x11.X.....'"'.r Am.rica's dott tFnspent, 3ud€ssful {$).......S-o..}re*.}i.-e:......Ir with . .impl. sh.re structurc, ad th.l3 €scdy what (2.).,....,,,,,....,,,,,..............,,, !rcduclivity in fts l2t ) .,,,,,,..,,,,,.........-......,,,....j ft (3a) dil -"" - timing oi cobpad6 - 6 r.keor6 th'Pri@ TIE o! y ptubld in ih. snon rem is . prebl€F of succ63. G€rd.u --. 3ttu.tue,it(7a),,.......,,.,....,,,,,,...... ti€ labou mrk€t mor. (7b)..--.........,.....,,.,...,,,,,,,.... by charying rhe rstncfv.lalou t5b) dom6ri. (4a),,......,..,..............,,-...,,,, io hsiness ir B.& . Th€ gov€lm€n! is 3implilying th€ .6nPmy-td of smaller (3b) - -, - * - - - * - - - - - - - * ; Th6€ days it'3 much easi€rto do ndk€l ald so it (5.),,....,-.....,,*......,*....--lh€ lawt, dd il .......-......... ........comPdv resent time 2 A Present simple or continuous? It lhe prcsentsimpe and pres€ntconlinuousare expa n€d nuftl Compare factsthat are dlw.ysirue eventshappenn9 at the mome.t l rive in Audapesa (all the time) Thisplane lands in rtankfurt (rculine) t'm living in Budapest. (fo. a lew rnonths) Lookt we'rc landing. (in prcgrcssnow) NTL dortint6 th. UK 6bl. tcl.ritia" tztket (Aenetllsituation).1t ir doilg ,.t, r,.ll t, rr. t st t{ Entup.,ta., vith rbour4tr,.rrro,e^ (rt the moment). (lntcrD.tioml HcraldTribune Cd ddacoiti'i'6 to b. th. poprlar onnt Ju|idt.h lic .rpd{rnri dr!,{.q L,S-rdr../ "tost (general .o,?d,ni srtuatiorl),blt thdt is .hanging (tJe.d in progrcs). (worldtradconlmc B Present continuous or ptesent perlfect continuous? a Thepresent is usedior a temporary continuous acrionhappen n9 now periectcontinuous Thepresent dercribes anactionn progress fiom thepastup to thepresent. (inprogress 'ue is wo*ing an thenew desiqn. now .nd wrllconnnue) 'ue hasbeenworking on thenewdesign.(in prog€sslrp to now andmayor rnaynot contnue) C Other usesof presenttenses P R E S E NS TIMPLE seeunirB . The presentsimpe can be us€dio referto tmelablesandschedul€sWh€nw€ speakabout t metableswe are ofien ihinkingaboutthe futurc. BritlshAiMays flight 8A729 leaves Genevaat 16.40and anives in Landon at 17.20. a Thepretentsimplecan be usedto makea sroryappearmoreimmedrate Th s is and iniereeting. common n journalism. OD d srcy No,eh'bet dq, h Nev E,sld"d lE na.d i$ine EMC'\ heddqraneab \nry nnd bnstu. Eftcatires aJthe dataJtotdte,wkct leadu ye ha liuits ta the wold\ expadin! dppetite.fot thehtonge t&chinet. CEO Michael Rrcttrcrs tulls EMC rete\\iatptuoJ (Busin6sWeek iveblite) P R E S f NCTO N T I N U O U S seeunit7 a The preseniconiinuouscan be usedto descrlbea fxed Juiurearrangement. Thereis usuay a tuturetime exprcssion. HSBCarc moving to new premises nextyeat a Wecanusea/war.s withthe prcsent continuous. Ths isoft€nusedfor exdqgeratinq or complaining. Weemphasise a/wdr.s in speechn thiscase. Thisphotacopieris always breakingdawn! TIME2 2 PSESENT 15 D State verbs notacdons. Nothinghappeni.Vetbslikethisarenot normay Somevebsdescibestates, formof anytense usedin thecontinuous I notice thatyou'venovedJr'ourdesk (NOTljn-i€{€ing) SotryI don't undedhnd. (NOTFr*-r€+rrnC€€€nd*g) Hawmuchdoesit con? (NOTH€.fl-rat€hi5++€+ii€+ It weighs 4kg with thepackaging.(NOTl+i5*e€*iEd These ev€mples arein the present simpleeventholghwe areta kingabouttemporary Stateverbsinclude: the senset: appearhearr/ook like,notice,see,seem,snel, sound,laste(= hav€a flavou, feelings: dislike,feat,hate,like,IovE,prefe, want,wish thinklng: agtee,believedoubt,expect(= believe)fee/(= believe),foryet,imagine,know, suppose, suspect,t lnk (= beieve) unde6tand rcalise,rccognise, (= possession:belongto, cortain,have possess), indude,own, passess being: be,consistof. eist othefverbs: coscdependon, fit, involve,nattet, neasure(= havelengtht meaa nee4 satBFy sutqise wetgh Andlystsdp..t that tha/eti, tlr d.hEryedPGO Piness Cntiss tril thdeinitia y at lhott Haue'ersoncakalyststhinh thal 400t o shaq whichtn .ns that PEO is c"rektly utdetuahrcd. th. afti%l oI kctutt'1itcshi.6ai th hh at toilltbdu@dtll i" pro,'ia.(Telegraph{ebsite) istcanhavea Staie'meaning andan 'acton'meaning. Someof theverbsin lhe prcvious Examples includebe, /ra!€,taste,tiirk. out supplie/Jarc usuallyveryhelpful. \9".\eJ out supplieE ate belng vetyhelpfulat the nanent. (actian) I have n^/oiiste6. (state) I'm having prcblenswith thr5computer (action) Ih6 souptaner sa/Ol(state) I'm tasting thesoupto seeif li needsmorera/t (action) I think you'retight. lsrae) t'm thinking aboutchangingny hb. (acrion) usedin the imperative. Statev€rbsarcnot normally "Whrt do you think . . , lhould w. 9a! sbrled on th.t motivationrcearch or notr 16 2 DRESET 'IME 2 2 Practice Exercise I ! Underlinethe cored words1 A. Whatdo voudolateyou doing1 B: l'm an executive secretary 2 A, Whatdo tau dol aretou doing2 B: l'm lookingfor the detailson lhe computer. 3 A: whete doyou wo*l areyou wotking? B: Paisthi5month.then Eonnthe next. 4 A: whete do you wo*larc you woking? B: At our headofficein Paris. 5 N,lynameSwalter,and/ cortel/ m comingfrom F€nkfurt. - | cancallin to yourofflce. 6 | conell'n comingto FtanHurtnextThursday 7 | dealwithll'n dealiry with Andrcw! dientswhilehe! on holiday. A I dealwithll'n dealirqwith the papeMorkandgeneraladministration. 9 At Who do you golareyou9o,in9to the TradeFairwithT B: Thisyearwith Stefano. '10 a: who do you goleft you grorir,g to the TladeFairwith? 8: Usually withStefano. Exercise2 Il intothe present contnuous. Completethe sentences by puttingtheverb5in brackets simpleor present 1 | ...4|d..19eki4t...4t.. (looka0 the deiailson the screenright now. (lookat)thesales results in detaileverymonth. 2 L............................... (nol wo*) at w€ekends. 3 Theproductton line................................ (noLwo*) 6t themoment. line................................ 4 Thep|oduction (think)itl a goodidea. 5 Yes,I agree.| .......-........................ (think) 6 | ................................aboutit. l'll letyouknowtomorow (stay) at theAnodawhileshe! in Madridthismonth. 7 Helen................................ (stay) whenshesin lradrid. 8 Helen................................ at theAstoria (take)asample for testingoncea day. 9 We ................................ (take)abigriskif we go aheadwiththe pfoject. 10 We .-................'.-'.-... (be)usually 11 They..-.........-....-.............. veryflexjbl€ if we needto change theord€r (b€) giving 12 They..-...................-..-.,.... flexible about uscr€ditfor a few moremonths. Exercise3 I arerightandsomearewrong.Puta ti.k (/)next to therlghtones,and Someof thefollowing sentences corect the wong ones. I Whichwineareyougoingto have? do vou orefer 2 Whichwinee€.y€r+p#ngt it! 3 ]hats ridiculousI m not believing - l'm not doingbusiness 4 Thatsridiculous withthemagainl............................................ whatyou'resaing. 5 l'm sorryl'm notIollowinq 6 l'm sorry,l'm not undeFtandingwhat you'r€saying. allthepfintingmachines. 7 Thisbuilding isconlaining S Ihis building isqettingveryold- soonwe'llhaveto move.-............-.........................-... TIME2 2 PRESENT 'I7 Exercise4 A D unit 1 !- 03 Cornpeteih s dr. ogle by putnngeachof the verbsin bracketsinto the correcrform of the presents mple or presentcontinuous. ()ou/Look) fo. someone? 0) ...Ars...y.et..leo..Ei^4.... j E N N T E RY e s I ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. .n. e. .e. .d. .)r .o. .s p c a kt o K i n r t s r y a nbt o t \ h e l s n t n h e r o n c c . ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.!.o. .u. /. k. .n o \ ! ) N h e r es r r es ? o h . I n s o r m s h es D t h e r et o d N S h c ( , + ). . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . .......... . . . ( l v o r k ld t h o r k t , l h r g r o f i D s ha n u r s c n !. e p o r r . I ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( .t .h. h . .k. .).s. .h e ' l lt e b r c k a t h e r d e s k . n r o r n o r r o slla h J p . l hclp\ou: .....(!iork) for PrirchaftlE!2ns.we JENNtrrROh, thhks. I (6) ...................................... ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.o. .r.g. .r .n. i.i.e. .)o r p o r a r eh o s p i r a l i n. . . Oh,,r'er' IENNTFRWeil, Knn IlDlrt .odte.ted us hst *tck Apprrcntl_v)o! ( 8 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G . . .x. p . .c. c t ). v i s i rb v r K o r e r nr r a d ed e l e s J t i o n e \ t t r r o n t h . Ycs.thrti right r NNrrEr(yln rskcd mc to cill in rDd givc hcr someinlbrmton on our seNicc.Um, I ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... .(.h i v c )x l i s i . f s u s s e s t x nrav i t h n r e .I t (10) . . ......(give))o! nlfornurior ou rvhcrc vou couLtttrkc _vou!\ ^,(!\, rDd .le ilr ofert servicesdut s,e cf olTcr.likeour pick{,p s$vic. Iiou dic hotcl in r .hx!ffc!.-drileD ltrDousine. L N N !r wcll, drrt nnnlds srext.Iln mre Kinr wo!ld bc rc.lly inrcrcsredro seerhis Ho\r l(rrs (l l) .............................? . . (. .] ., .o.u rv s i r o $ / s r . y ) ? . . .o r / k D o w e ) \ i . t l , v Y r r c . l l y n e c dt o s p c r k O h . 1 D rs o . n rI ( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........(. D t o K u ! r ,d i c ( 1 3 ) G l c i l )w u h r h i \ c o n r i r . i . c . I ' l l t c l l h c r o , $ i v e ) , , u r ring tonoroslwhat\ dre bcsr Inlc to crll? ... ... ('u/\ork) ii th. oftl.c ir thc rlNNtrlL I (1+) o n 1 No. Or sh. .rn .xll lrc ! r ! n r ) b i l ( .o, n ) 7 7 7 . . . onil\lr\ ... rnytrDe rftcr Exercise 5 A D 04 C o m p l e lteh 6 . r t c e . b o ! r t h e m a g . zn e I i m e O d b y ! s n g w o r d sf r o mt h e l l s tb e l o wD e c d ew h e t h etro plt the verbsinlo the presentsimpe o. prcsenlconiinuous €v/F look ior move want Time Oufi time to e><1>a Tine Ott, tlr. Loldon .nl€rrairmeni nagazine, h$ plan. lor €rpansion. Ii alre.dy (1) .............q.b-.1;.......-..... tn€ no nly magazirc P.ds ?adi6n, anil now it (2) other markels 3!.h I Arg.ntina and Japan, Tory Elliott, Titu O!f'r fou.ler, eF he (3),...,,...,,...,,..,,...,,...,........ local people to iriliat€ and m th. mtein6, as ?iru Ort's London of6.€ doedn't haye the casho. provde try 1o rrd- managem€.ttime. Elliotr J$ h.s plds for 3P..e on ih€ Int€rret site. ALo, he rh€ w€isit€, Tiheout-co6, which wag 11).,................................... the poddibility of laun.h€di!1e95ed(a)..--.-....,....-..,-...,,...,,,... .h.rAing viditoB t6 th€ 3it. f6r a..€36 to infomation about hoe tha 30 .iti€s. Ir some inJonation. Derpite lh$€ e1pdsion plds, o! adv€rrising Elliot saF that {5).,....,........--........-........... a fotation on the stock @€nui: d.l a sEaI uoDt of morcy fren mark€t i3 out of th. qledtion. H€ ti.&et sal6 lo 3wiv€. But as lir. OIl' {3)..,,,,......,......................-. ao ke.p .onhol of qpanils, .hanges d.t To.y Elliotr th. b8in$6 he lu3 built upin the printed v€Bion 10 tak€ more ast time 1 A Pastsimple: form a T h ep a s t s i m p l e or fe g u l a r v e . bi ssf o r m € db y d d d n g e d t o t h e n f n t v e V e f t s e n d i n gn € simplyadd -d. common nrcgularvefbsdre listedon page240. check-checked: I decked the t'iqures tike liked: rhey liked his idea dtink dnnk ga lrfegul.r: eat-6te a went etc arefor.nedwith dlcl,ot dnd the infint ve Thisis contractedto ddn't n speechand Negatives nformalwflting tdidn't like his idea. l didn't 90 ta the neeting. a Qu€nionsarcformedwth the auxili.ryvelb dLl and the infintve Sho.tansweEto /es/ro quenionsrepeatthe arx ary A: Did you .heck the ftgures? B: Yes,I did.lNa tdidn't. a Th€verbto be 6 rreguar and fo ows a differentpattern n negatvesthereis no d/d n questions and verbarc nverled: thereis no d/d and the sLrbject t/ he/ shet lt wasn't late. wat l/he/she/nlaE? YauI we/ they wercn't lale. Weteyou/v\/elthey late? Yaulweltheywerc tate. B Past simple: uses s n ds t a t e sn a c o m p l e t e d p e r o d o f t i m e . W e k n o w a W e L r s teh e p a n s i m p l et o d e l c r i b ae c t i o n a when the actlonhappened,and this may be meniionedor cear from the stualion. l.hecked the ligurcs very carcfuly iast week. I n sorry I wasn't in the aflice yestetday. Akrtuan ISPJno design.d .al taa6. ohail vtuk. a nv rtulA( nDdtlu ontsonrccd rritrhi,tt dse.h lcased/br. li'xt.fto t d do.. t.updrk! d d hhed ort d5toitrt !.tui.c (BDsinesweeklvebs'te) a T h ep a n s m p l ei s a l s ou s e dt o d e s c r i bhea b i t u a l a c l o nnst h e p a n Everyevening we went out and ate in a different rcstaurant. c Past simple: time exptessions r,, r..: seeunir40 a T me expressons lsed with the pan simple ncludel '. !r,.i ji! ar tuelvea,ctock/theend of theyeal in the narning llune / 1998/ the sixttes on Friday/the sercnd of Aqtil no prcposition last week/yenetday I ago tuk t n', 4ie rq d i@ t e d4td. owttu. 3 PASTTIME1 19 D Past continuous: form isformedwiththe pastofbe andthe-irg formof the mainv€rb. seeappendix 3 O Thepan continuous lorsper nerues and nfo.malwritingwe us€ Negatives arcformedwiththeverbbe + ,rot.Inspe€ch comraftons l/ he/ shelit was w)*ing yesterday. Youlwe/theywerc wofing yesterday. ll helsheI it wasn't warkingyesterday. Youlweltheyweren't waking yestetday. verbbe.shortansw€6to thesubject andtheauxiliary a Quenions arcformed by inverting quenions auxiliary repedtthe )€slno A: Washe wotkingtesterclay? B: res,he was.lNo,he watn't. A: Werethey waking yestet)ay? B: Yes,theYwerc-lNo, theY wercn't. E Pastcontinuous:uses in progress in th€ pan islsed to describe a situdtion a Thepastcontinuous fot hous. in the depafture lounge nore than wo I was waiting at thes.metirne: situations rnprogress, happening a Therecanbe several Tl'e edtly1970tMs a tih. ukcn IBM uas belinning to loseitsMy a hd y lkiLltdNaplc wetelearing to setry thcnoM l,vliftltc!. Contpfiin{uds dtering a kewd.q( (The'f ines Theseparate, aboutth€ backgrcund situation. a Thepastcontinuous is usedto giveinformation thathappen duing or afterthi5periodare n the pastsimple: completed actions 'I catn in to Otulc 6 it u'asfteoo.rinzron the&ssion oJthced y 1990!Ttc busie!! ittit I joircd ha.lat1azei'gptudtctlincthat uas d.ellning by 30 pu ,entd yat i saletWlthi a y?at website) thotun aro,id.' (Eurobusincss uEcafiplctcu tsrneal actions arein the pastsimple the background situation thenthesepafate lf we do not mention in th€ normalway: hall. WhenI a ved I rcgisEred at rcceplonand went straightto the confercnce F Pastcontinuous:time expressions a Wecanusewhe4 wh,leoraswithihe pan cort nuousto mean'durng thetimethat washaPPening': something Whilc Platnerand DietnarHW ud. devclopingthei6t redl-tineo 4 loesing tftteu 4l sAe aaus Wellent herpB Mitins thcjndntial sotware.(xurobusineswebsite) Butif we mean'atthetimethat'thenwe onlyus€whe, withthe pa( sirnpe: Hewasnt veryhapry when I told hirr'thenevvs.(NOT*Hel-+d*hh ...) G Past simple or continuous? .an be usedThepasisimp e slggestra a Sometimes thepastsimpleor pastcontinuols oi theacion. emphasises th€duration aciionor event.Thepastcontinlous separate, complete we discustedtherepoftandaqreedthat Petershouldprcparelr.ne detailedflgurcsbefore the nert neenng. we agreedthat Petetshauld we wete discussingtherepott for overan hour Eventually preparesone detailedfiguresbefotethenext '],eeting. 20 :' PAST TIi'E T 3 Practice Exercise1 ff underlinethe correctword/s. 1 A: Did you ge!/got the €maillsentyou yesteday? B: Yes,thank, I oidlgot 2 Hc\Nyou feltldid you fed when they to/d/did te// you about movinq offlces? 3 a: Did you tel//io/dhim aboutthe changeof plans? B: Yes,l t lti.lldid. 4 1didn't see/ didn' t saw rhe eason fof the delay,so I got I did get argry. Exer<iie 2 H @05 Completethe diaogueusingthe velbsfrom the li5tbelowin the pastsimple.Thereis a m xtlre of affirmative,negaliveand questionforms.Therei9one negativeqoeslion. 9€ take think sell lik€ have(x2) make(x2) be (x4) buy to the Milan FashionShow iast week.didnt you? DALEHi,Jill.You (1) .......*q^J........ ( 2 )- - , - - - - - - y o u - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .g. .o o dn i p ? lrll, Yes,it'tv3sgrcat. you ......................... :rny usetulcontacts? D LE (3) ......................... ',igel,therc (4) ......................... . lot ofgood loids ofpeopie at the sho\ d I (5) ......................... lrr!, rly $ many orde.saslastyerr. contict but we (6) -.......... rhey ......................... our new styles? DALEoh, why was thrt? (7) ......................... rhe p.oblen.The shoes(9) ......................... rcallywell, but we Iu, No, no, rhat (8)......................... (10) ......................... wnh someofour other products.likehandbrgs.for exanrple,ind so successtul much more comperirionrhis year there (11) ......................... lrLL we[, the Paul smith srand wa5 real]y busy. peopleat the show DrE Oh, but his clorhesare expeniive... Um, (12) ...-..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . .o.u. .r. p . .r.i.c. .e sw e r et o o h i g h ? ....-.........-....-..-.. the authoriry ro lower them .t the rime. ILL, Po$iblJrBur we (13) ...............-..-....-. DrE Oh, whar a shame.So it was a sEste ofa trip th€n? this glEatpan ofPnda shoesand this Cucci h.ndbag IILL wel, not exactly... I (14) ..................-...... Exercise3 gg Unde ine the bestcontinuationof the conve6ations. I A: What was shedoingthis morning? B: SheinANiewed/wat!fu?!!!!l4149 candidatesfof the lales job. 2 A: How did Erendaspendher holiday? B: Most dayssh€ !rcntlwas goitg to the beach. 3 A: What happenedafteryou laun.hedth€ prcduct? B: while we promot€dlwere qonolng iI" ov main compelilot dropped/was droppirg their prices. 4 A: ldidn t seeyou ln the officelastweek. B: Na,l wotkedlwas wo*ittg at home for a few dala. 5 A: What did Patdo when shesawthe artlvork? B: Shecalledlwas (alling the designersand sa/itlwas saylhEit wasn t suitable. 5 A: Why did Renatatake so long to g€t here? Bi Shesaid they mendedlu!€re merd,ing the rcad and so the rtaffi( noved/was naving \ery s owly. 3 PASTIIME 1 21 Exer.ise4 A G1o"Completethi5articleaboutVN€ndiby pLrtlnq e.ch of the verbs n bracketsnto the pan ! mpe. \.4ostoi the verbsare rreqllar(seeAppendix2) Vivendi: 1-50years of history I 7i\endi, th. Fr.n.h utiliti€s .nd I. th. 1960sand 1970sth. compmy communi.'tion! Amup, hs . lonB (beAin)actiYities (6).......-.......---,, in th€aRa He (13)...........--.--,(sell) $5 biuion in (cut) the ass€ts and (14)-...,-,,,..,,,..,..... oI ciwil .onstru.tion a.d (7)--........--....--. workforceby10%.All thie (151.-----.---- (hild) lnean) thal an annuallossof S600mmion (ttrm)into a Prcfitof$320 (16)...,,,.,.............. Y historygoingba.k to r3$,ln tlat y€arli€ covd"-e"r (1) -..S.I:-44''1.94... kr€ire) compagni€ Generale det Eaui (hrv.) founders (2).,,...,...-........... a l.r8e tow€r hlock in th€ The La Defenspb8incas dislrict ot P,ris. rwo Du.ing lh. 1930sC€neral€des Eaur (join) with the Hav,5 (3)..,,,.,,.............- obj€ctives:ro irigate rhe countrysid.for faming and to srpply wnterlo townsand nedia gro{p io .r€al. Cdal Plus, r Pay Tv .hannel. Th€y alto (9)--------- In ',1330 a tRiry (3)-..,,,,,,...,,,,,.... G've) ( t a k € )a . o n l ' o l l i n g s l . k € i n l h t c i v i l Cen€raledes Eaur tha righl lo suPP,y engir€erin88iant, SGE.In the 1990sthcy (wir) majo. .ontrads in (10),,,...........,,,,,... water ro Venice,and th.n Consl.nlinople (con€) soon ind Oporto (4)............--..-iitei By the tine th€ Asia P.cifj. region ,nd in Lati. million, In 1993 h€ (17)..,.......-...---, (.hange)th€ nameor the grelP lo vivendi (nake) a and soon ailcr (13)........-........,,,,, sdes of p.rtn€ships and a.quisilionsin lhe tele.onn!ni.alions indnstry Operations in (buy) Seasrad lo of tha .entcnary North Americr (8row)very qui.kly ilter (19).................--... tiis and in 2000Viv€n.ti (20)-------.. become . trury ccl€brrtions in 1953 Ge.ettl. d.s Eaut (supply) wtter to .iaht (s).,,,,,...,,,,,,....,,, intemalionll m€dii and cohmuni.rtions Jcan-Mari€ Messter (11t.- .- . . (becom€) ....--................ in 1995 a.d o2) CEo mitlion peoplcin Fran.€. (n.l the codp,.y along Americanliner' Exercise 5 B E by pltl ng the verbs!n bracketsin|o e ther ihe p.st srmpe or pan contnuoLrs Compleleihe senlences Sometmeslhe sarnelense s lsed tw ce; sometmesd flerentlensesare used ( q o )t o P a r s ) !,q^1.. I whar .. dld you eAt (ea0whe. yo! (phone)me 12 vth e w\t. ,'a4s-+..i1!]!t^4(negotaie)rhe convact,my boss.... Fhcêd saythal he wanled .ompleteyd flerentconditions. , e. . . . . . . .(.h a p p e ns) h n q k el h s 3 T h e a n t r n es o m e t h prcssconleren(emmediately. .. w h e nP e d r o. . . . . . .( e x p .n ) h e rp r o p o q a 4 Anne ( c a) a . . . . . . . . .(.i . t e r r ! p t ) h e r ( n v e ng a t e ) t h e n c d e n tr,r e 5 W e n e v e r q o l l h e c h a n c e t o r n t e r v eW w h iml e w e . . . . . . . . . . ( | e t 9 n ) . .. ......... (f n sh) readnq rhe adicle,he ....... ... 6 W h e nh e (wa0 for ihe rneetingto beg n when he ...... saythat he wds stLr.kin. trdfficjarn. 8 lclean)the pece ( n n d l)h e m i s s i nlgl e w h e 9 1 0 W h e nT l m. .......... ... . . . .( a r v e ) ,w (g ve) i to me (call)to ... ldrop) t by nrstake ..... ( t e ) h r nw h a th a dh a p p e n e d . ast time 2 A Past perfed: form seeapp€ndix2 n L, rhep*r pad. pes.i r€qua, ve,bs The pastperfectisfomed wth the auxiliaryhadand the pastpartcpe.In speechand informa 'd. writingnad is contractedto (l'd) aheady de.ided what to do befote he called rr,e. I had a Negatvesarefomed with notand contracrions dre used(radr'i). Questions.reformedby lnvertng the sublectand had. At that tine I still hadn't decided what to da. Had you aheady decided what to do before he calledyou? B Past perfect us€s past a Thepastperfectisusedto showdearlythatonepaneventhappened beforeanotlrer event.We usethep.5tperfectfor theearliefevent: l"de' hadopn.d hirh.t,hn Jell bd.kto 1,578n1 O" /n. NhrYorksro.l Er.r'dir. th. Nasdatl na 'nE tudi't.* (Ylhoo News Se.vicesebsite) whichdesc.rbe exacty thesamerituation: Compare theseexamples 1 Sueleft at 2 pn. Weaftivedat heraffkeat 23A. (bothverbsin pasts mpe) (earer actlonin pastp€rfect) 2 when wp aftived at Sue'soffice shehad left. in themindof thespeaker In example 2 thercis a n example I th€h4oactonsareseparate emphasises whichhappened co.nection betlveen thetwo.ctonsandlhe pan perfect stronger a lt maynot be necessary lo lse thepastperfectif we usebeforeor afterto rnakethetimeclear past for bothaclions simpe Wecanuselhe (bothfoms possible) Suelelt/had left hetofficebelote we arived. we affivedat suesafficeaftet sheleft/had left. (bolhfoms possible) ManyspeakeE stillprefe.to usethe pastperfectin thi9case,to show. ltrongconnectlon lhe two events. between renenbetbe sure, a Thepastperfecis oftenusedwithverbso{ thinkingketnoq reallJe, Davidknew he'd seenhersanewherebeforc,but he cauldn'trcnenbet $herc. When1gat to theoffi.e t rcalisedI'd lelt allny pape6behind. Ellenwat swe they hadnt rcceivedthe invarce,but shecheckedonemorc tlme. I thought we'd aheady dtosen the nane for the newproduct! c Past perfect r time expressions The time expressionsaftet, once by, aheady,just, neve4meanwhl/eare oflen usedwth the pan perfecl.Theword stl/ is often usedwith negatvetorms. Aftu"d 1993 Koreu cotpotdtion\ttd etl tniiiq to Pdrk to aqtie tunpdni.s in the US ot E tope.By this tine, he hait b,ih up etfr.ient tunta \ td ,elp rren. (Asi, Inc website) 4 PASTTIME2 23 D Pastperfect continuous:form phras€had beenand the -,ng lorm of a The pan perfectcontinuousis fomed with th€ duxiLiary the mainverb.Contractions are used. I'd been waking on the project for tuo nonths befare they decidedto cancelit. a Negatives arc formedwith had not beenand the 'ing forrnof the ma n verb arefomed by invedinqthe subjectand had. Questions I hadn't been sleeping wel, so I was quite tied. Had you heen vr'aking ftn a long tine on the projecl before they cance ed it? E Past perfect continuous: uses is usedto describe !p to a certan a Thepastperfect continuous a situation th.t was n progress polntin rhepast.lt oftenemphasises the duratiofof lime. BeJot he l.Jt IBM Pktnd hctl hen pclin! togethqd soliuupI'd.kdr.Jot th. UK'bard tCI. He hddbeetwo*ing on thkptoje.tdwr\ I97 t dhd1972. clgnitdl.onvany (Eurobusiness {ebsite) a Thepastperfect andthepan perfedcontinuous bothlookbackfiom a po nt in ihe pan The pastperfectlooksbackat an earller event.Thepattperfect coniinuous looksbackai a situaton n prcgress. Theeconomksituatbnwasquitehealthy.Thecenttalbankhad lowered intercst'atesbecause inflatbnhad beenfa ing steadilyfot sevetalyea6. F Usedtolwould + infinitive habitswe a uied to describes a habitor statein the past.Thercis no present form(forpresent simple). usethe present 'hha dictat.suhdt ttotoritt ptt itto leir pettulk ks.btt gfpeoplt!,lLonsedto hare trcil doubtsaboutdicrl Iron biolori.dltowcesnrercr, reg rces', !oy! DietetE en,r'|to orus ar indep.hd.ntjling adtionid solthet Ce niy. (FrankfurterRundschauwebsite) . contrast u5edto normally suggests thaltheactionor situation isno longertrueandsornakes withthepresent: (= bLrtnowI workrnanother I usedto wDfuin na*elng area) He usedto be realy enthusiastic about hisjob. (= but now he sn't) no(5'9 e eve Ls O Noret1arusedto is Jsedfor hab.tsandrepedted d(1iont. I went to the Milan Fashion Showlar the fist tine lastmorth. (NOT|u5€++€e) a Withnegatives andquestions usedto becornes u5eto. Did you useto workin matketing? I didnt ute to warkin natketing. repeated a wouldis usedii thesamewayasusedto, but it onlydescribes actonsiri the past, In theold dayswe used to/wodd make threecapiesaf a dacunentstor the files. our canpanyusedto belong to an Americanmultinatiaraf (NOT,i^,€{ld$eeg) Wouldis morecommonin descriptive wriiinglhan n speech. 24 4 PASTTIME2 4 Practice Exer<ise l EEFro includ€s underinethecorrect words.Thisex€rcis€ examples of the pastperfect, usedto, thepasts mpl€and 1 while I lookedl@@kirg for myke!s,lsuddenlyr€membered | /eitliaClht them at home. 2lnthosedaystheunionsuredto/hadusedrogoonnikewhenevertherewas/wasbeing 3 Ailet theywerebuyinglhadboughtthecompany,the\Jstaftedlwetestaftingra makea lot of people ra aPc. 4 )ackusedb havelwashacirga Maq but then he uied to changelchanged package in reception, but they sardlrcr€ salng that it still hadr't anived/wasn't 5 | askedaboutmy 6 | wassulethat I usedto l6kl hadleked rhe dootlo myoffice art night,but it wa5lrad beenopenthis mornin9. 7l'msu€thatthewinteEusedlobelhadbeen<olderwhenlwasachild.lrememberthatw walklwerewalkingto s<hoolin the snoweverywinter 8 | hadgonelwent backto th€ €staurantto lookfor my umb'€lla,bul loundlwas findlhgthat som€one took/hadtakenit. Dianeat the seminar,he knewlwasknowinglhalhe metlhad n,etnel 9 WhenGeorgesawlevas5ee,hg somewhere before. 10 WhileI hadlwas haing hEakfastl loakedlwaslookingat the financialpagesio seethe sharep ces. grewlhadgrown by ovet4O%. | sawlwasseeingthat my originalinvestment Exercise 2 tr!J withthebenformof thev€A tn brackets, In eachsentence oneverbwillbe in ihe Complete thesentences pastsimple(unit3)andtheotherin the pan perfect. (m6ke) (start)writrng a fewnotes,she............tJa1::tCd........... 1 Aftershe...........14d...Y4d.e-......... the introduction to theAnnualRepod. ..(besure) thathe .-....................--................ 2 Gary............................... alarmbefore Get)the leaviogthe office. 31........................................(call)mywifeonmymobilebecausethemeeting... {nillnotfinish). (speak)to 4 Once| ..............-......................... him,| ..... ........................ ...(realise)there hadbeena mis!nderstanding. (give) 5 Afte'Jrll.. . ................................... herfid presentation, s1e............... .............. ('ee rnlcnressnervous. (become) Michael Edwad3personaassistant she 6 EeforeEdite..........-----......................... -. (already work)in thecompany for two years. 7 | ......(nois€e)thefigur.sbefoFihe nFFring, sorr (p!t) meat a disadvantaqe the discussion. during (haveto) go downto thestorcrcombeca!se we I Sorryit iooksolonq.| ..............-.............-..----..... (run paper photocopier. .-. out oD for the 9Iherain...-....----............................(stop)byihetimel---.---.................-.......... (bp)surpnsed (akeady l0 | ...-.-----....................----...... to findthaishe......................-................. eave). 4 PASTTIME 2 25 Exercise3 B unit3 07 "- completeth,s maqaznearlrcleby p!tl ng the verbin bracketsnto eiiherthe pan s mpleor p.n perrect In one caseon y ihe pan perfeclcan be !sed, in fve caseson y ihe pasts nrpe can be useddnd n t x case5 both are possible SAY'NO' IHEDAI{ES (be) On 28 Seplember?000 rhe peopleor ro keeping the value of lhc kronc slable tbe USA md Japan (8)................... ('ote) No ro aeainstthe Geman 'nark. md this policy toiced ro inteNene in th€ foreign exchange Demark (l)....-v-D;!eQ.... joinine {re single Europeancurency. the (i).....................(be) very succe$rul in Bur rhe No ca'npaien(9).......... ... euro.All rhe main polilicalparlies.the nainlainin-q nability ald pros!€riry. Then (f@us) sas in tanuary 1999. In on nlrional idcnrity.not economic launchcd lrades uDions,lhc cmployersdnd $e $c eurc penod lhe countnes in issues. ln theendrhc Dan€s(10)................. (2).................. afier rhe launch media kanPaisn) lbr a thc 'Yes'lorc bcioE rhereleiendud.So Nly r h e e u r c z o n e ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.p. .€. d o m ) (make) ihcn decision becausc theY (3)................... (he Danes/rqect) rheeu'o? relatively well in econonic lems. How ( l l ) .................. (feu) ihar cconodic Ler's look lirn al $e econoDic €Yer by rhc time oi fie rclerendun the inlcgmtionBould eventuillyleadto polilicaL (wintl to backgrolnd.For nmy yeas the Dehh c u r o ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( .f .r.U ) s i S n i f i c a n l l y inrcsfttion.Tley (12) .................. freedon. and (bd conrDined aS.insrrhc dollar,and nE cenrEl banksor keepthen indepeddence ceneal b&k (4)..................... E x e r c i s e 4A B u n i t 3 tf,Ot a u n s t a l k l n ga b o u lh , sI r s tl o b t o m p e l e w h . t h e s a y s w t h t h e b e n f o m o f t h e v e r b i n b r a . k e cC h o o e e betweenthe pan r rnpe (!n 1 l). palt continuouslunil 3) or pastpedect S o . A l r ) .$ 1 , \ d i J \ o t r ( l u i t \ o u r h . t . t ( n r : A r ^ N : W c l l . . ni l l e t i . I ( 1 ) ! 4 t W - o , C K l ^ 4h v d r k )i s r i n , r . . 1 r l . r U . e r i b r i r , l , r t t , , i r t i o r r . r l ( b c )i i d l t s r ) r . . o r r \ r l r v t ( ' $ i a e v c , r \ . A ( . o u r r r , ! , . \l n n ' n i . o n d o n | ( l ) (!ou/s.Othcl(nr? . r Nr L r ( \ r \ r r . R l l o s ( l ) nri;r,Driior (9) (rlcd.lo $l,rt I\rnk\t {rnd\ fur r l.,rsc nt.rdrriodil I wi\ i,,t.R\rc(l to rc. $4ri't xc.otrDr,rtre) ti n. nt!.onc (qno nr. iD .,pplid.trD lirrdr ro tlll rn. I droughr !hi\ nlqhr b. x goo.l c r r e e ro p r l o r t n n i f il a r n t c . n I ( l r ) ) .. n)r nrv .legrcc.So | (l l) (icnd) ,r on:Thev (1-']) Ar tir\r,I {11) (15) ....... n) d..!!l (bc) r dr. thtr.Whilc I (s) on oDe ofrlt ....... . (so)t{) i roh (iiD,nt u.tr.$itr I (5) ,\r^\: J!\r ,'herI (.1) ftn. I (,ll (.t k,Ddol Jobsrherc(7) . (.ne'rdv/r.ikc)u!c '.,1rI . (intcnie$) ..... icornrin.-v c\.urs r l .' L r , ' " 1 : Dre dre ibllo\!.!rg \!.ck rnd I goljob. . . . . . .(.i.i . l ) s [ s i ] . d $ r r h r h c j o b .b u t r s t n ) . ! v . n r b \ ' ,t l u r $ (ch.!gc) Dd I b.gin to h!t. \'orkins rhcre So Nhrt (16) ... AL{N: wel, dre sirurrion Nrs rhs: I (17) .- -.......... (work) lbr,, peôr vho NJs ver-v 'o d a , , , . | . . \ c r r d , , _' . i r r r . . . . t . c, 'F. l, L u \ r , ' r o , t \ r ^ l ' (becoDle)too rcperrd! dd I rcalh \r.n!ed lo do $nerhtrg rrorc crcxlik. So,d[rt wlry I r e s i s D e d. . I ( 1 9 ). . . 0 r o ! h a \ t ) a D o l h e t j o bt o g o r o , b u r l k D c \ \ ' l (20) (hre) to !nk.. chtrDs.. Exer<ise5 F wilh osedta ot use.Jtalwoutd Complerethe sentences haveneet ngseeveratim€sa week I wth my old bosswe. $r.sd...:to-1rro..{1d.. n o w h a v ea n M G . a B M W b l t o w n 2 ................................ 3 Befo.elhey built the new motorwayi . .............. ....... .......take rnean hour1oqet to worK 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r h n k I w a n t € d t o w oar kr g f oeor ar 9 . n5 a t i o nN o w w a n tt o b e s e f ' e r n p o v e d ast and present 1 A Present perfecti form a The prcsentperfectisformedwith the presentrenseof the auxitiary verbhayeand rhe pasr padiclpe.In speechand infomalwriringw€ usecontrdcrions (,ye.nd 's). lltjau/we/thev have ('vd 'oone. HAtshelit ha;(s) sone see appendi! 2 lor the pi!r Fft( pe: il r€q! ir re b5 a Negatvesarefom€d with not t/ you I we/ they have not (havenj gone. He/shetit has not (hasn't)gone. . arefo.rnedby invertingrhe subj€ctand the.ux aryve.bhaye.Shortanswersto Quesrions yerlro quenions repedt theauxiliary B: Yes,they havelNo, they haven't. B: Yes,he has/No,he hasn't. B Present perfe<ft uses a Ingeneral, we usethepferentperfedto t. k abouta preseni 5tldt on whch s connecled to a lheremaybea present situation thalnaaredn thepast I've lived herefar about tenyeaE. l've known Mary sincewe warkedtogetherin Spain. a Theremaybea series of actions thathappened in ourtifeup ro now I've often been to Singapore. I've seena lot of chahgesarcundherc a Therem.y bea resuhin thepresent of a pasrevent. Sary,I thinkl've lost the file. lly conputet hascashed h ihiscasewe .re explaining rhecurrentirnporrance of the pasteveni.Wh€nt happened s not mporlant and s not mentroned. c Present perfect time expriessions a We lse everand,reyertoaskand talk aboutour generat Jeexperence. Have you ever spoken in frcnt of a brge audience? lin a your tife up to now) I've never wo*ed abroad, but next yeat I night be basedin paris. lf the answe.io ihe quenion s yesthen we contrnuero gv€ rnoreiniormatonaboutthe (pel IL eve^6 by u<ingvr'bs In I e p.sr {mp'e. A: Have yau ever spoken in front of a hrye audience? B: Yes,t have. Lastyeat 1 went ta a salescanfeten e in Berneand tgave a prcsentdtion. i Thepresentperfecti!often us€dwith a/readyandyer.A/.eadyis normay Lrs€dn affirmatve K]app, CEO aJ Us aLle .o,ryatry NTL, insis^ tltut NTL has dlrca4' ffiade 7j% o.fns ptdnned i',att"an b delivd btuadbd for liobile phonc ty^. (Tetegnph website) I 27 5 PASTAND PRESENT and suggeststhatsomethng hasnot happened, vetis usedin quenionsand negatives, it lo happen we expect aLthough Have yau finished the rePolt Yet? Sorry I haven't finished the .epott yet. (ll try to finish it this afternoon storksColt afld Eflctgis.adin e toJdll Neithethat yet ndnafeti ta Shaesik the nn big teleconts nttbctile et@Whto 4m n drcnt rctwh (Giardian conine i v6to6 thdt they cM Ptu ide seruices websire) we use./ustto descibesomethingthat happeneda sho( time ago Ite just spoken to him on the phone and he sals he'll be hercat 9 34 bnorrcw t time In oih_ar that referto unfinished a Thep.esentperfectis ofien usedwith time expressions ate:thisnaming, today this wordsthe time periodincludesthe prcsent.Commonexprcrsions month, so faa up to now re<ently,dutittglin the pastnonth aver the last few years, eI( n1e F:ussidnCennal tsonkdn'onft.d or'llu'day thdt ik rold a\d .une el Eset,.s ha"' in(nsed in the past u'e.h by t300 t tilio, (Delovoj Peterburg websitc) tn thc areoof Io"onn da.loph'.nt, th. Asia Padfu Erian hds rl.cecdedii ^thi.vi"r q)id rrar)th, uhkh hB ex?ed?d7% a' tnly t*iry th. pastf.w lu'r. (AsiaPrcific Econo,nj' Review website) can be usedwilh the presentp€riector the pastsimple,dependnq on a Somet me expressions when Youarespeaking: Haveyou sp*en to Suethis moning? (itis now 11am:the morninghasnot finsh€d) (it h now 3 pm:the morninghasi i shed) Did tou speakto Suethis noming? a We use for and s,hcewith the presentperiect to relef to pe ods of t me A: How long has lon wo*ed herc? * He'swo*ed here fot thrce months i B: He's wo*ed hete since the beginning of May the po ntwhen the tirneperod Fordesc beslhe lengthof the time peiod sinced€scribes unii40 seeareo started 'Wc ha1'ebe.t ir bdifest Jor 37 Yats, so tlft l tetnetto 4s n j'rst aNthcr av ofeolladi ! otdcts' vkeple'ide k mybt (CNBC Busjne$website) inteuational I'ndt Er.ts' says UPS be6k? a wdd ide Otympis sroksot i 1994, aid sinee thn it has ha led theAtlatia gonet i t 996 on.l tllc 1998Japor u'ktet ra'hct (wolldtladeonlinenngazine) a seeunh1 Frequency adverbsthat are usedwith the presentsimplecan alsobe usedwith the present perfect. Ihey've often given us good advke and we tend to laok nt non thdt cone Hollirfet has alpa$ b.d ideeeed if buyitg rcPsPApeR, ah to thetak t. (SundayTimd website) D Eeerr(to) ani gone (to) a lf we have been to a place,we went there and have now returned lf we havegone ro a pLace we went thercbut havenot vet Fturned (she has come back) She3 been to visit out supplies Eve!\thing seemsto be AK She's gone to vtst out supplie9 l hope evetything wil be OK Ghe is still there) 2A 5 PA9TAND PNESEI{TI 5 Practice Exercise1 n Complete thesenten€es byputtingtheveftsin bta*eti intoa formof thepresent perfect. Usecontraciions (youltry)it? 1 areyousureit isn'tworkins?.....1161e...)lSa...i{!Cd..... (never/see) 2 | ..-.-..-......-....-....-....-.............. sucha boing presentarion. 3 Luckily, ourcunomers ... .. .. ...... ......--- '. (not/complain) aboutihe prceI se. (already/spend) 4 We ......-......-....-............-............ quitea lot of moneyon thisproject. 5...........................-....-.......-...(they/reply)toyourlastemaii? (not/get) 6 L.....-..................................... thefigures to hand-can tcallyoubacktat€r? 7 Unemployment ............................................ {9o/up)by 2% sincelanuary 8 Irr sorry9he3nolhereShe..................,,..................... (Ln/leave) (fall)by 15%5ince 9 Theirshares............................................ the merger l0............................................{you/ever/take)theEurcstartoBrusselsT Exer<ise2 E Lookat the pakedsentences belowMatcheachonewithsituation a)or b), 1 lnflation hasfallenby 1%. 2 Inflation fellby1%. Lll L41 a) Twoyea6agoit was46,6.Lastyearit was:% b) Lastmonthit was4%.Thismonthit is3%. 3 l ihinkrvelostthefile. 4 Sorry| lostthefile. L-J L--l a) I can'tfindthefile.t wonderwheret pui tt? b) Thefilehasgoneaid t'll n€verfnd i. 5 HasJanecalledth6 morning? 6 DidJanecallthismorning? t-l Ll a) Janepromis€d ro cal thrsmor--g .t5 '1 ar1 b) Janepromised to ca thismomn9.lt3 2 pm. 7 Sales imprcved. 8 Sales haveimproved. L-l Ll a) Lastyearsales werepoor.Thisyeartheyarebetter. b) Sales werepoo.initialiy. A y€arlatertheywerebetter 9 Howlo19haveyouworledhere? L 10 Whendidyoustartwo inghe€? Lj a) In 1999. b) Since1999. Exercise 3 l; Complete thesentences witha suitabletime expression fromthe lin below ake€dy yet ever never just for sin<e always l Thegoodswllbewithybusoon.They've ........4!f9#dJ....... lefrourwarehouse. 2 l've........................-..-.... hada greatidea!Whydon'tw€ launch. newrangeof colours? 3 We'veknowneachother..-..-............-.......-.-... morethantwentyyears. 4 l've.....................-.......-.. usedmycreditcad on thetntemet_ | don'tthinkitt safe. 5 haven'thada.hanceto speakto Magda.........-...................-.., but l'm surcshe'lla9ree. 6 l've.-.........-.-....-....-..-..... workedin insurance, eversinceleaving unive6ity. 7l'msorryhehasn'tcalledyouback.HeSbeeninameetin9.................._.............lun 8 H.veyou....................-....-...... be€nro 560Paulo? lt3 completely different frornRio. I 29 5 PASTAND PRESENT E x e r c i s e 4 A BC aSot Readth r text aboutthe pe.formanceof the Fordcarcompany.Competethe iext with the verbsfrom the st beoW Lrsng the presentPerfecl rR.*e lall launch be have cut withdr.w spend iake periorm Ford: the road to recovery operati"g Althoush lord (1)........|ret-.............X4d9..... profits of over $Tbillion in its Ameri.u market this yed, v€ry the story in Europe (2).,...,..-'---- ------..*, the S.orpio $ hich was not selling wel1. But Ford ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .l.o. .t .m. .o. .r.e. .s.u c . e s s a l t h € higher end of the market. O!'er the last lew years it d i { f e r e n t l. r ' m r , l p r s h i r e ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hom 12% six yeas ago to only 9'1, nos. The truth is ihat rivals like volkswagen.nd Re.ault (4) ...................... (9)..'.''.'''.''-'- -.--.. . . .a l o t o f m o n € yb u y i n 8b r a n d s such as Jaglar, Aston Martin and Land Rovcr, and th€se models hale mu.h hiEhe. profit margins. k (10)....................... ....................... some time io sort out the prcblemsat Jaguarin pdticulat butit's nolv a su.cesshrl .......,..,..,...,..,. much betterover recentyeds. They (t ... ( . { ' d n d( 6 r ' ' . .............-.,..,,. exciting and hiShly suc.esstulnes'models ln its latge saloon, conh ast,lord (7) ..................-. ...................... Exercise 5 C D R € a dt h 6 e m a ifLr o mS t e v et .h e P u r c h ansg M € n a g eorf . U K m p o ( e t w h o , s n P o € n do n a b u en e s st r p Compete the emailby chooenqthe corre.l alterianvefrornA, B, C or D beow to: Sleve McGinLaY ..'.,l_1u r.u.- Mike ,. ".,[ soiiv havenl canlacredvou i1) P. laslweer., bot ve been verv blsv lve(2). . 1oKatowce in the south in Wa6aw rrom where Im sending th s west of Poand (3) ... . .. a rew days, a.d ive (4) email lvisiled severa nrms when lwas in Kalowce ' and one or rhem looks quite promisns lve (5) fa.lory. and Ive gol some product samples rd show you Unfortunatery Ihaven\ hel th€ suy in charse (6) .... .... He wasn r th€re - he s (7) td cdansk,nd should be ... b€6n lo cenlral Europe? Everyth ng rs .... Have yoL (s) so, the trip has been q! re successful(3) . going on. Anvwav L enaL vou aga n rsrer . rh6 ve (1o) ........... seen so much bullding wo.k chano ng very fasl week to lel you know what's happening. Regards, Steve B sin.e c jun C being 2 A qoinq B been 5 A yet B a ready 6 Atln 7 A going B a ready B gone B yei c lln C been C now c b-.ing c jun B sin.e C ever D sotar D gone D yet 1 30 A Past simple o. present perfect? a The pastsirnpleis usedto describe.ctonsin a compl€rediime perod. The presentperfectis lrsedwhen the time p€riod ncludeeth€ presentTh s can be a s tu€t on which5tartedin the pan and continlesto be rrue ln rhe p€sent, feexperenc€untitnowor the pfesentresultof a pan actron. (.ompleted:now I ve in anotherplace) I lived in Milan nany yea6 ago. (a stuaton that naded in the pan and cont nues n Ive lived in Milan since 1998 the prese.t:I nill ve rhere) ( ie experence:the tirnewhen I ved n theseclties I've lived in both Milan and Rame s not m€ntioneddnd s not irnportant) t've spoken to ny bass,and he'sasrced. (pretent rcsuh of past acriof) seeunit3 a T me phraseslsed wlth the part simplefeferto a part cularpoint n the pan: yesterda,/asr nonth, a few yeats ago, in 2042 T me phrasesusedwith rhe prcsentperlecr nk the pan 1othe presentthisnanth, evet,never alrcady,just, recently,since seeunir5 Lookat this example: LojasAwti6"ds, a cl'ii't oI tlill\a stots ,t Btd:il, hashod d;fii 1ti.!sincerhanid-1990s. Althaqh lr stotcs ttufr(,t)n)litdbility has beet had h1d.lrar h&,r. ol . hw .q(nak arnl6 dr.titc ptthasc pti... In 1998it begaad tutiondlkat\nc[ivt. It rcdr.ed th! tun[( oJuarcho$$ did sold 2-1t'pnntuitct !a6 to Cdn.fi\n (Fnrd. (ebusine$fonun$rbsn.) a Thetime wod for refersto a periodoi t me. t can be lsed w th eilhe.tense: 1lived in Milan for fou yea6 when I was at unive5ity (now donr ve there) ( stlll iv€there) thave lived in Milan fot fov yea's. a Thechoceof tenseoflendepends on thestualDnandwhereourattentio.is: We'vewon the.ontftctl (recent news:theevenis oresent in mvmind) Wewon thecantta(t. (te ng a nory:th€eventfeesdistantin myrnnd) B Present gimple or present perfect? a Thepresent simplels usedin two rnainwaysrfacts,andhabitsor staresn theprcsent. The prcs€nt perfectmakes pastandpresent. a connection between About t\,\onillion peoplelive in Milan. la la.I) I have lived in Milan far twa yeas. (a pemaneft st.te - alwaysliveihere) (l arrived there two yea6 aqo and si live there now) C Present perfect continuous: form a The presentperfe.l continuolsi5formedwith the presentperfectol be, and the -/hqform ol the veft. Negatives arc formedwth nor. t've heen (haven't been) waiting here far norc than an haur Sh.'s been (hasn't been) waiting he,F all normng a arc fo.medby inveriingthe subjectand hdye. Questions Im sotry I'm late. Have you been waiting long? 6 PASTAND PRESENT 2 3T D Present perfect continuous: qses I The prcs€ntp€rfectcontinuousdescribes an actionor sluation in progress frcm the pdn !p to 'ndde bet\Een slove!'iadfld the Ltkrainehas beeairqssing ju\t Us$9 klillion. (SloEnia Busine$ Week website) steadilr sint 1992,.lhen it tatalle'l a The pesent perf€ctcontinuousoften emphasises the lenqthoi t me of the action: Ive been trying ta contact her all day a Theactionmay b€ finishedor continuing,we on y know by th€ stLration: (the waitinq is f nished) I've been waiting for an hour! Wtryare you so late? t've been wainng for an hour and he hasn t anived yer (l will cont nue waiting) a The presentperfectcontinuouscan be Lrsed for r€p€atedactions: phoning her marnins, t've been aI but she'salways in a meeting. E Present perfe<t continuous: time expaeisions a Typca tirneexp.essions that are lsed with the presentperlectcontinuousinclude:a//dayfor manths, fot ages, lately, rccently,aver the last few yea6, sin.e, far ForeirkliJen\urcR hdre be.n expaadit! thenbBi'pssir Japar bt ahbut15% ainudllyoret tht p*st fo'E r.|rs. (Businesweek lvebsite) F Present perfect or present peife(t continuous? pedectandpresent perfect a Oltenthereisverylittledifference in meaning betlveen thepresent l've wotked/been working hetefot thteeyea6. perfectif ou" a Thechoceof ienseoftendepends on whereor.rallenton is,Welse the present attentions on the present res!.r t. (theiinished l've witten therepott. rcports in mymind) perfectcontinuous f ourattention ison theactonin progress. Weule th€presenl l've beenwiting thercport. (theact ol wr ting is in my rnnd) har. beeneteatedat dn astoblshitu Ih theslobaleaao'nnrbeh oJree,I yedtsia" eokryaties lata.Can?a esu,hnhhau bed opdatingJotflanf yats tuitha .ta ehi\ikrat. flawcxploinr theposribilitie'.(worldtndeorJinewebsite) a lf we givedetails of howrnanyor howmu.hwe do not usea contnuousform l've wdtten thfte rcpofts thisweek. l've done a lot of rcsearchan this.onpany. Natnaq indexh^ beaJalliisJot tlwe ueeh\,41d thd, iLt TheE haolog.hea'y b iou 3la.4lawet Math peak.ShnetoI .o,tpakiesafl,ont'd,gpaotfteLltrharefallefl bt a thM or a hd$ aft( paft warnkgs.(wshhgton Posrlvebsite) 32 6 PA5I AXD PNESEIIT2 5 Practice ExerciseI ! lh4lerliDethe correctwords. 1 yes'e.dayt phonedlI'vephonedthe bankaboutmyovedraft. 2 | wo* here/havewotkd heresincethe endof lastyear. 3 Yol.rrraxihasjust anivedIjun affieed. 4 We |e enjoyingou. trip- We tave nadel nade a lot of usefulcontacts. 5 /1€seen//sawHugh Hoppera fewdaysago- hes€ndshisregards. 5 We yv€ntlhaveb€ento an intercnings€minarlastweek. 7 Today hasbeehlwasreallybusy-andits onlylunchtimel 8 Today hai beefllwasreallyburjrlt3 7 pm- l'm goinghome. 9 I'.rl af?id Pattizialeftl has/e/ithe offacean hourago. 10 l'm afraidPatriziaisn'thete- she/eftlha5 /ertthe office. Exe.cise2 I ! Complete thesentences byputtingthevefusin b6€ket5intoeitherthepresent pastsimpleor simple, presentperfect, js doingverywell.Lastyearsales............*a..A-t-..$p......... (Soup)by15%,andsofar ihis I Thecompany (goup)another12%. yearthey.....h4y.9..4e1g..!r!0.... (op€rate) (setup) 2 We ...................................... allovertatinAme ca.Recently we ...................................... kenchesin PeruandEcuador (notlook)likethe ght block.Areyousurewe ......... 3 This...................................... (come) to the rightaddress? (you/see) (leave) 4 ......-............................... mylaptop?l'm sure| ---'--''--,---'.'.... lt hereearlier (ust/meoAndrewf.omSales. (you/know)him7 5 | ...................................... ...................................... (nev€r/speak) 5 | ...................................... to him,but | ...-..'.'--------.hisassistani on the Gpeak)to (wo*) for WorldCom (be)there 7 | ...................................... now- | ...................................... for morerhan (you/know) fiveyea|5....................................... Worldcom? 81......................................(work)forWorldComsincelastyear,butnowt............ jobs.....................-.........-....... (you/hear)of change anyvacancies? Exercise 3 !!l @to Complete eactrmini-d'alogue by puttingtheverbsin bGck€ts intothecorrect form.Oneverbwillbein the present perfect pedectcontinuous. andthe otherin theprcsent UsecontEctions wherepossible. 1 A: What3thematier?Youlookworriedl B: yes.I am.| .1.Ye...-he4t-\...k++!l{...41. and| .......:.y.*...|rP}if#-...... tuok at)the(ontractin derait, {notice)a lot of potentialproblems. A: oh, su.has? (phone) 2 A: l -....-......-.......-................ Ca.olallday,butthere3no.eply. (go)to HeadOffice. B: I expect she...................................... A: Oh,yes,I folgot. (yousee)it? I A: 'Tosca' iscomingto theOpetaHous€. ....-.......-..-...................... (lookfoMard)to itfor ages. B: No,notyet.shallwego?| .........................-..-......... A: 50 havel. Whataboutnextweek? (youprcduce) 4 A: Howlong..........-....-..-.................-. carsat thissite? yearsB: Aboutfour .-.-.....-..---'..--*We in plantandmachinery {inven)twentymilliondollars . A: Oh,andhowlongwillittaketo recoup yourinvestment, do youthinkT 6 PASTAND PRESENT 2 33 .A,, Exercise4 A Cor.peteth s dialogue by pultingtheverbsn br.cketsintothecoreclforrnofihe pans nrpeor present (ontracilons perJecr. Use wherepossible (ior. see)vou ii)r ascsl !r. roRrr Hi. suc.I (r) . ...114f.e1:t. tqql lti. r.'o.lrn sor\rI (2) . (nd/ire)in rouchNjrhanyone recenrly ...I ( b c ) ( - r .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .r . . n ! b u \ lrcroRri ()h. \'lDt hale \ou beer up to dE? \ V t l l .r o r k n o s I ( . r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . f l c c ) n r v J o br i J . r t r , x r _nv) t h r t I (5)........ .... . . . . . . ( . t r n )s o t i e c l a n cac sa g p h i . J c \ i s r e r ? ! r , ( x , A Y c sl r c n , c D r t cl or u ( . ) nr \ v c l l . , r( 7 ) . . . . . . . ..........tJ1k)rlt)trlrurthrtlsr_\tr.lloNij.sonrs? t . ) x r e r l l !d , r i . n l tv e r r\ o f t r I ( S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hr rnrthng lik. t).lbn' . . t\ nuch hrrder \rofk rh.rD1 (1)) lrNo/do) (1r)rsr'.) (lr)) ( \ o n . e v . r / b r ) 5 c r fc n + , l o ] c d l v ( r o r r ^ N o . . e \ e r r. l r l N u s hI ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. o r i c nd r ! ) k )r b o l r i t s o ,r v h . h! r \ i r b c c n \Vcll.rtthchcqinrin{l(l:) .. . ... r o ! k n o \ : r c o r l . t h t r rI ( l l ) . . . . A n d s i n . . r h c nI ( 1 1 ) bu xnic ofrh.r) (15) \ {' . . . l i r , r , , . . . . . ( h N e )r K , o r r h . . . q o o , cl h c n t s r r d , . . . . . ( k r d \ ) n , . n r x n !, v . r s . l i k c T n l J i c r . L . . . . . ( h . , ! e )x l ( , t o r ' i n r . r c sr.i o r nd i l T ( r . . t . o n i r . n i c s . . . . . ( l u o m . ) r . t U 1 . ,c, r \ r . . , . r ! . ( . r l r ( . ( h/ ( l ( , )d r . r l ( 1 7 ) . . . . . . . . h \ 1 r )i , i . r ( i v e |i'i(, .i (ls) I).!rr) Mord)h ., .o!fl. ! xrrh\ .rgo.l,ur I . ... (,ior/sro i|v rt|licr ( ) h . , 1 . . n\.. 1 1 .( l ' ) ) u t ) . , $ e h \ i r . $ i d ) c M ,||I.\ ()i!.r, \L{trk? t,ut) ( l 1 r ) Y.s.l . ( i u { / h , , t r h ) n \ V r , l , l ! { { 1 r i ! , ) , 1h r v , , i l rl l f , . k l ( n , kr r i l I(l()) .url tcllnrcsh.rtvou thirk ofit? Exercise 5 A ?a 12 Loot a1the qraph..ri readthe p.ssaqeabourtechnologyno.ks Compete the text by pltt f! nre veros ,r br.clels nlo rhe coiiectform of the pan ! mpleor presentpeiecl (watch)Us stockmarkeis Europea invetors (1).........h4-v,e...1,.4'tllPd........... neflously over the last few months. The preblems wirh US te.hnology dd (beCin)lasiMar.h, and sincethen teleco"trtlsstocks(2) ..............................-.-.....-.-................. sharepric6 at.ompdia like lntel,Appleand DeX(3).. (crash).ove! thesunner au thse gidts (4)........................................................ (annoluce) lower thd exp!.ted profits, md tnvesios fear that delldd for PCs in the higliy (peak).Now it's the turn of developedUS market(5) ..... . . ... . . . - . . ........... Edopem stftks. On Monday stock in companieslike Cemdy's SA? dd Finland'sNokia (6) .................... .... .. .....(falt)sharply.sAP (be)doM 3% in lrdkfln, md Nokia @.....................................................-.-.. (8)--............-.-....................................... (drop)7%in Helsinki But therc was $me ged nes s fo. invetoF vesreday Yah@l $295 mitioi! tp from $115 million a yed edlid. Yznel reIi6 on ornie advertising for most of iis ituome, dd this yed it (11)...................................................--. (gain) sig.i6@! Mrket share in E@pe ad (12) (manage)10achieve the ................... pGition ol top Web'navigationconpdy. Anatysts believe that the mdkei (13) ...-.-.........-..---*--,-.,..........(noi/hit) the bonom yet. Edlier this year jnvestore (1.1).-..................................................-. (buy) dy tntemet stels that wde available,catint a st@k mdket bubble-Now ifs jusr the opposite.Invstors (15) .............................-........................-.-. (beome) so nero6 that they are e]ling everythin& even if the company is soud md the siock lools cheap. 34 uture 1 a wi We can Lrsew// + the infinitiv€(w thout to) to rcferto the future.M// ls usualy shodenedn speechand informalwritingro'll.Ihe rcgariveol willis wan't We usewTto talk aboutfutureeventsth.t we seed5 rdcL5: ln June we will bring out twe new nadels. '11'. all cl..ttkity ',ppU atnpdkas to buy a spe.A.d sovonnut aill soot impose an oblirdtior p(entds. oJthcit poln Jron rcfleunbt. sonrte'. (cua.dian websrlc) We useM// to talk aboutfuture be efsl Lyrth bdi.as tlnt fkbolsatioi aid .otsolidatio in th. tihiolosy sc.tatwiII crcat! d .qrcdt.l dqrdd.fu kw d"1 pdrefil ha66.'Sto.k ,fldtkets uill hd,. tl .ow t lot nor nd'F.t .aptali$tion and t d .r itd']{ltJ oiU ha,e kss of d tok'jd),r Lr,.l,. (Obscrvcr wcbsrtc) We car add perhaps I naybe or probdblyto make the b€lief esscertan: Ttu .li6t lda afjob la$s futthn( ioh l'. ,nryetsi, (;unan bdslnq will prcbablyb. h tlt Cny oI lindot. @trsinsswecklvcbsire) Noticethai probabt come!afterwil/ bLrtbeforervon't He'llprchably agreewith yau. He probahly won't aqrce with you. We can usenil/ wth an introductoryphraseto 9 ve othermeanngs.Forexarnpe,a persona opinion(/ th,nk)or a hope(/ hope): I think we'll prcbably open a subsidiaryin Russianext yeal I hope he'll agtee with yau. ty,7 can be usedior instanldecisions and thoughisthat corneinto our headat the momentof sPeakng I' wait fat you outside. I' phone yau tamanaw. B Going to a We usethe ved be + gorngto + the i.finitiveto m.ke a conneclionbeiweenthe presentand a We usegolrg ta for plansand intentions. Thesearc thlngswe havealreadydecd€d io do. I belie,ethdt Cree'tpan is goins to lorpet bt.s.T'et dft tone tisr oJliqtidny ptuh1effiin the dedit ,1a*ets at hi\ pon tu 6ft, a i sntut enbal hanh ftspondsby easingoedit. Q'IewYotk Times $'ebsite) TLel|nc In rre fLlurecan be -ea or disunt. I'm going to call FionaCla*e this afternoon. We'te going to open a faatoty in Hungary nexryeat a We Lrsegoing to to makepredictions when thereis someevdencein the presentsiuationi (l can seeit) Be Grefult t* 9oin9 to fa . I think weTe going ao |oset/]lsdedl (l vejust he.rd somenews) 7 FUIUFE'I 35 C Presentcontinuous a We can us€rhe present.ontinuoustenseto ratkaboutth ngswe havearr.ngedto do in the future.Thereis nearlyalwaysa time exprcssion. Ann is leaving tonoffow norning HSBCare moving to new prenises nextyear seeunirs1 and2 Theaffangemenls areoft€n socidlarrangements or dppointmenB. What are you doing an Tuesdayafternoon? l'm seeing lackat tuw, and after that I'm meeting ny bank nanager D Wilt or going to? a Wll/s usedfor instantd€cisions Goingto isusedfor plansand nienrions. aK, t knowwhatto do.fll .a/lane (aninsiantdecision) Datou havetheinlornation for Jane?I'm going to catl her rhlsafternoon.(anintention) a l4rl/is uledfor general beiefs,op nions,hop€!andth ngsthespeaker teesasfacts I n surethey'll like the new design ln the futurc,narc peoplewi wotk fromhone. a When'v/7s usedwitha ph€selike/ thirk and/orwordslikeprobab,rhenthe belief/op nion becomes lesscertain, likea prediction. I think you'll like thisidea. Thewo d wi prcbably endin aboutfi@billianyeaE. 8utif th€e isircng evid€nce in theprerenr situarion thengo,inq to is usuay usedfor (lcanreeblackclouds) Ithinkit'sgoing to Rin. We'rcgoing to nake a losson thisptoject. (t haverhe figuresn tront of me) a Thereareoccasions whenwe canuseeitherfonn: ]n ny presentation I'll talk/rm going to talk about threemaih arcasFitst,... Hercthespeaker couldseeit .s a fact(w/, or an ntention Golrg ro). a W;t s moreusualin w.tt^g. llandgoingta aE noreusuain speech. E GoDg to or present continuous? a Forfururepansand.nangements thereisofrenlirtled fference golngro andrhe between preeent.ontinuo!s. rm going to givelrm giving ny prcsentation on Friday. a Golngto canslqgenthatthe detaihof theafiangemenl havenotbeenfina sed.Thepresent continuous cansirqqest thatthearrangement is morefixed,wirha rirneanda pace. I'm goingto meethin nertweek.(justaplan iimeandpacearesiill! nknown) I'm meetinghin at tenin ny o#tce. (a definite,fixedarranqement) F Time expressions a Cornmontime exprcssionsfor ihe fLrtureinclude: tomoftaw, the day after tanarraw on Fiday, at the weel,end. nen w?pk. n a htu ddk ine. =-F :F rFnEl 7 Practice 1 llI Exercise 1-{ with their usesaFo. l/atch sentences d) a futureplanor intention a) a futurefact situation withevidence in thepresent b) an opinionaboutthefuture e) a prediction fl a futurearrangement c) an instantdecGion 1 l'm goingto askmy bosslor a payrisenextweek. E n isrightnow 2 l'm sorrytohearthat.l'll findoutwhattheproblem n 3 l'm sorrybut I won't be heretomorrc,w-l ll be in Paris. join you n want to ut for lunch.Do Angela 4 l'm meeting Ll 5 Theirsharepricewill probablyrisewhenthe marketre<overs going n dilticuh to increase sales it3 to be 6 with so mlch competition Exercise2 | | @,t underline thecorcctwordsin eachmini-dialogue. morning? 1 Ar Areyoufrce nextTuesday B. Sorry,1'llhavell'mhaing a meetingwith Sue. Thu6day? Ai oh, dght.well,,^hatabout 2 Ai Whatareyourplansfor nextyear? S: We'I open/We'rcgoingto ope, a newfactoryio Hungary interening. A: Thatsounds 3 A: Whatdo youthinkabouttheirnewma*etingcampaign? B: I think ,?'/ probabt suceed/ it! gobablysucceeding. Ar Doyoureally? 4 Ar Whatabouttomorrowat aroundlive thidy? gt OK,I'll seeyou then.ll'm seeingyou then. A: 8ye. quitea lol 5 A: Soasyoucan5e€,l'vebe€nthinkingaboutthisproblem you you going arc doing? to do?lwlEt 8i Yes,I see.So,#,at ate A: Resignl 6 a: ltwouldbe niceto se€younextweel, B: Yes,it would.Are,1,u doirg antrhinglwill you do anythtngon Wednesday? E x e r c i s3eI l l l l flture form Choose by puttingthe velbsin bracketsinto the mostapproprlate completethe sentences berweenw,4 goingto and lhe present(ontinuous. (buy)seasram vivendi.......it...4-o.ir4..Je..b4y....... 1 Haveyouheardthe news? (meet)Andrcaat ninenextThursday ihe station momingoutside 2 1.......-....-............-.-..-....-.............. (be) late .. . . . .. . .. . -.. . 3 l'vejusthada €allJromRichardhe ..................... (be) year ihe companyS centenary yea. -...........................................-....4 Next ..-... ...... . .. . . . (have) ana.cident 5 Thistaxidriveristerible-He .. ...... .....-.-. (probablv replace) manyintemational ... ...-.. .........-...-............. videcronfe.ences 6 ln thefuture meetings. (test)the newmachine sometime nextweek 7 We ........................................-......... (go) ro Manchener on Fdday. 8 | ........-...................-.......-.........-... . (notbe)lon9 . 9 wouldyoumindwaitingfor a momenl? | ..............-'.'.-....-................... 7 FI'TURE1 37 Exercise4 !!! @ 14 Completethis dialogueby puningeachof the verbsin bra€ketsinio the future.ChoosebetweenLail/and going io. Sometimeseither answer may be possible,but decidewhich form is the most natura . Use contractionswhere possible. IoANN^, Pleae, come in, h.E . se*.Would you like a dlirl? Cofee? Minenl water? (lne) a cos€eplease. oh, r (1) ...............:!!...b*ys.................. Jo NNA Lucy ... could )ru neke tm cotrees?(siglts)We , th3nk for comiry this morning. l (2) ................................................ GeD }lcu why I sked )ou here.Um, asyou know, thde (3) --------..... ..... ........Oe) sone bis chmgs itr the company.In facr,{€ (4) ................................................. (Gtructue) the whole depanment. (5) Yes.I ktrow.when ................................................ (n/happen)? (be) finihed by rhe sumer. Um, the thing n, lo NN^, Ererythiry (6) . Jo NN^ under the Ds structureyou!job o) ................................................ (probably/disappeu). Realy? Is that cEtain? well, we (8) ................................................ (have)a meeringn€xr wek ro linaliseall the plans, and ofcou.sc I (9) dont have to uorry . (leg you know what we decide.Anyway, you oh? Gotr€ealrives) (ofted Jo NN^, w€[, a! I w:! s.yingyou dont heveto worryWe 00) ...............................-.----you a newjob.You(11)................................................ (har€)morcresponsibiliry andrhesabry (12)................................................ O€) muchbcncr. Thatl wondertul, thrnk you verymuch.\v}lat€)acdy(13).............................................. (rhe nN job / involvc)? . (€xpand) the wholecustomcr scrvices arca.Ifyou JoANN^ Wc[, wc (14) acceptthejob.you (15) . (be)responsible for the new team.Um, (meen)a lot norc work,ofcoune.whardo you rhink? it (16)................................................ (n€cd)! dayor two ro rhink aboutu. It sound!gre.t, but I (17) . prcblem. (18) NN , Ofcoune, no Look,I . (nor/be)in the ogice6r Jo -I(19) the Dextfew d4 . (visir)our subsidi$yin Hungary. (20)................................................ (you,/ha!!)an aiswerfor me by nextweek? Yes,I(21)................................................ on Mondala Give)you lny decision Exercise 5 [ | Complete thisemailfrcma PAtoherbossby puttingtheverbsin brackets lntothefuture.Choose between !v,i/landthe presentcontinuous.Usecontractions wherepossible. I ve booked your flight to Slovenla. You (1) ..-.I_z,..le4y!.64._ (l€6) on Tuesday 3rd at A-45 in the mornlng, so you (2)........................ (arl€) in Ljubljanab€fo€ lunch.sonsn€ (3)........................ (be) at th€ €irportto me€r you. Yourfret meetlngis with AlekaanderP@kar, and you (4) .-,...--................ (s6€) him at 1 pm at our to@l otfie- He (5) ...-.....-.............. (prcbably/take)you out to luncr'-Afrer lunch you (6) -....................... (novdo) anythinquntll4 ph, so you (7) ...,....,....,....,..... (have)time to qo to ih6 hoter.You (8) ,,...-....-....-....-... (stay)al the Interconrhental,which is in a very @ntral lo€tion. | (9) ...,..-.-.--.--. (go) to the travel agents to pick up the ticketsrhis aftem@n, e I (10) -....--...--.........-., (give)them ro you tomo@. uture 2 A Future: time expressions a We usethe presenirmpl€ or the presenrperfecr(not w//) to referto th€ futureafterthese wotds. when, after, beforc, unless,in case,as soon as,until, by the tine, the next tine: when I see hec I'lltell het yau called. we I discussit again aftet you get back As soon as I've finished the rcpon, lllenall it to yau Yau can wait here until she comes back Notce that a {ulureform (wil, car) s u5edin the otherp. ( of the 5entence B Presentsimple/continuous a We olt€n usethe presentsimple(or presentcontinlout when we talk aboul evenls n the futurc basedon a fixedlimetabe,prcgrammeor caendar tim s planeleaves(is leavind at 12.15 Our bossrctires (is rctinnd nextyeat C Future continuous a Thefuturecontinuousis lormedwth w// + be + the -ing forrnol the verb: arryofi.\ tuill b. ii'cstibg i Chi n atli Ok. hn\ hdt is clct it lht tuat.aid larynkrhr.! (Asixrvcck vill dllo', r/r,x rd. wcbshc) thdt ttu na! lawn t't a Thefuturecontin!o!s de5crbesan activityin progre!5in the luture we often ure ii whenwe comparewhal we aredo ng now wth whal we w llbe do ng in the fulure.Thereis nearyalwaysa lime expression. Nextyeat I'll be working in aut SaoPaulooffice where will you be wo*ing in slxnonthl time? a Thefutureco.t nuous6 often uted to saythat somethingwill dei nitelyhappen: we'll be holding a meeting soon, sa we can makea decisianthen. D Future perfect a Thefuturc perJec(is formedwith w7 + have+ pastpaniciple: 8y the tine I retirc, nl have been in banking far ovet thirty yeaa. ptodted by hadniotdlhantfadwinr ootdtide Mll By theyetu2a20 fu ,ol ,tc o.fsoods prcboblybeat led\tluie ,t' it n hday.Brt ih tfu US, IIE nMreo.fna {a,tu s in CDe tuhnh n sill oroundlioA or so,will ha"e sh nh to 5%. (lndusrrvweekwebsite) a we lse the future perf€ctio look backfrom one poift in th€ futureto an ear er evenlor periodof time.We oftef usebyor by the tme with the futureperfect: By the tine we prepareour proposal they' have found anothet supplier. By the end af the yeat we'll have sold arcund 1,AAOunits. a r is commonto lse. simplew;flform in pl.ce of the future perfect,athough somep€ople th nk th s is not grammaiic.lly.orrect: By the tine we've preparcd ou prcpasal thel find another suppliet By the end of the yeat we'll sell arauntl 1,000 units. t We usethe continuousfom of the future perfed to look b.ck from one polnt in th€ future.t an aaviy in proqrcss: Nextyear we' have been nanufactwing the sane nodel for ten yeats. A FUIURE2 39 E Was going to goingra 1snota futue form.We useitto referto somerhing a Waslwerc tharwepannednthe pastbut didnotdo: I'n sorry lwas going to phone you thisnorning, but I had to seeaneal out clients. Other ways to talk about the future a We often usemodalsandrelatedvelbslikeshou/d,be likelyA could,may,miqhtro rclet ta thefuture.seeunit13. O W-Ausethe verbs pect, hope,intend,wouldIikq pla4 warafollowedby an nf nitive(ro do) to referto thefuturc: Cettflan dutot dketBMW b pldnniry to hciE a Wdftt ai pla in Cehtal .r Eatem Ewope by the hiddle of2001- aid the Czecl' Republnis ho ng to get the oitb.t. (pegnepost Noticethe negativeforms: lexpedlhope I won't ... We don't inEftllplanlwant to ... a We.an usethe velb t,rinkfollowedby '/l I think/don't think I' changeny htenet Se"/i(€ tuavider We can usebe due to for thi.gs that w€ expectto happen: Mrwckh, utb hit' CE\ 'flandatory rcfie,nettdgeof 65 nert no th, hatbtilt CE intnAnerna\ Nd1o'npony in stock'natketlalMtian.Hc k dle to nan thr ctt chdhhdnd thiclexc uit? 9f CE i the ncrtItu ddys.(WallStreetJourn.l Eurcpe websirc) We can usebe about io for thingsthat will (will not) happenverysoon: A laok dt It sto.knia'tet Mluatio'tsolbir tolxude hosys s,.h as Citeo and Onde showthat the po.eofdtulopncnt i nct! te tulofy k not cboBtt6 doo (Fo$es.comwebsire) Seeunit 14 a h mod€rnEnglishsha////r€...2 are usedto makesuggestions, not to feferto the futLire. shall I open the window? shall we neet again nen week? sha//is stillusedfor the futurc in formalsiluations,for exampleegaldocumenb. "I uaja, going h nt,'w.4 I danr tub t . tuta. ofa,,4r&natutt tuht.' Bu|, 40 A FUIURE2 8 Practice E x e r c i s1eS S H U g g Underline thecorrect word' 1 Iamotrcwnl inteNiewtrll be inteNiewingcandidates all moming. 2 we willhavenavedtwillbemolng to ournewp€mises in August. 3 We will haveno\/edlwillbe mov,,ng to our newpFmisesby August. 4 WhatUmedoesJourtrainlwilltov trainleave? 5 Don'tforgetto turn ofi the lightsbeforeyou are/eaving/youlea\,p. 6 We <an'tsendthe goodsunlil we'vereceivedlwewillre.eivea fim oder. 7 we wil be rcpayinglwilha!€repaidthe bankloanby December A Uresstheyle/theyllbe morereasonable. w€ llhaveto brcakoff negotiations. 9 I wasgoing to witelwas w',rtngto them,but I forgot. 1A lhopellwillhopero beableto speakat thepress conference myself. 1l Ou.visitorsaredi./eto affiveldueaniing ar 10.30. 12 lhopelwon'tlldon't hope/7be latefor themeeting. /7be latefor themeeting. 13 | thinklwon'tlldon't thrl?k 14 Whentheconrract ,i/wz be ready, l'll letyouknow 15 Willt/Elshall we b'eakfor coffeenow? 16 Sorrylcan'tspeaknow I'lljusthavell'njustaboutto haye. meeting. Exercise 2 fiEn l+ wth anendrngaFh) Complete ea(hsenren(e 1 Please E a t takea seatuntil 2 Theywon'taccept ourorderunless Df Rihalis feadyto seeyou. you you'llhave left. 3 Helenwantsto see before 4 Youwon'tseeHelel1. 8ythetimeshearrives we givea bankguaranie€. 5 AssoonasHelenarives havefinished andw€ canttsk. 6 | cafl waitlThistimenextweekl'll i'llaskherto phoneyou. 7 l'll havea suntann€xttimewe meetll'll I q l havejustcomebackfromcreec€ l'll 8 Sorryabouithis.In a fewmoments be lyingon a beachin cfeece. nor ! o ! a r !"r n o n ; Exercise3mnHp Completethe sentences by puttingthe v€rbsin bracketsinto the righttense.Choosebetlveenthe present s mp e (/ do), future .ontinuous (i7 be dolhq) and future peded lt'll have dane). (past. Bythe time allthe p.pe6 are ready,the deadline...-Lrj!!...k.v.g..MttreC.... (,eave) (arrlve)at 3.45. 2 Theflight .-....-....-....-....-....-.........-....... at I pm and ............................................ (see)Nicktomorrow so lcan give h m yo!r message. I L...............................-..-....-.... (finish). 4 Thistaxl is so slow Bythe time we get therethe meeting............................................ l (play)golf w th . client. 5 Sorry| can'ts€€you on the 15th | ..-..-...................-.................. (hear) 6 won't do .nythinquntil | ..............................-....-........ from yo!. (nari). 7 Huffy!pl Bythe time we affive,the play ......................-......-....-..-...... (you/learn) 8 what ...........-..-....-.-..-....-........ by the end of yourcourse? 9................................-.......-...(you/us€)theconfercncercomnexiTuesday? 1 0 W h e n| . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - . . . -. . . . . - . . .(.s-e eh) i m ,l ' l la s kh i m . 2 8 FUTURE 41 Exercise4ACDF An economisthdsprepareda sho.trcpod abouth s co!ntry nextyear Reddit, tlrenchoosethe correct alternatve{rom A, B, C or D beow to completethe report. 12 6onth e.onni. Iote@t The Cennd Bdk (1) ...S....keepintcre$ nr6low next Ieaf nr orde. to $lmulte economic srowth,.nd so ve {2) .........the c.oroNr to continuc grc$ns rt about l%.Thi5 neans tbr mcnPloymdrt (3) .. '! mon secors of the econonr,v next yer Exchange ntes ar vert difil.ult to lredicq bui the curency (a) .........cmain st.blc. sonE nnporeDr eventsfe (s) .........take pl,cc in thc poliricd neH.The President(6) .. Gll eledions The wirhin the next twele monrhs.and50 by the nnddc ofncxt yca! fie electioncamPrisn (7) . (9) rcfor$ to lhc .........int oducc sovcrnmenr(8) ....... . on i phtfon othonsty rnd.onPcicnce. rnd t lcsrl sy*cD so ihdjldges.rn nr!€stiste thc mnuseofprblic fundsmore e6ily.'Whenthrt (10) .. , inrc.n*ioml nNr$or co.ndence shouldincPse nPi.Iy. B s l i kn g l o I will beei f. ng B w i l lp r o b a b y Cw ta n9 C being ial p r D s cbaby Dw D expecting D6dungto 7 Aw h a v eb e g l n 8 Aw beioughl Bw bebegun Bw beiighling D will begrn Cw fLghtrng D w l l h a v ef q h t Exercise5ACDE a g r o u po t n e w r l a . , 9 e c o m p a n ys e x p l an n g t h ea p p r a | s d l s v s tteom 1 5 T h eH l m d nR e s o u , . eMsa . a g e o "F employeesComplelehE ialk by pun ng lhe verbs n bracketsinlo the r ght tense Choosebetweenthe p.esenrs mp e (/ do),lutu€ cont nlous (/7 be doi.q). lutu.e perfect(/'//havedore) ...) '|as going to. ' Y o ! ra p p r as a n t e r v e w s ( 1 ) . . . . . . 4 [ q . . . . ( b e ) ! n f . / a rE . hr , r n s o r r yr h e y( 2 ). . . . . . . . .. . . . . - . - . (be)in February blt we had io ponponelhem Sorryabolt lhat Um, d!ring Febr!afyyoLrr ne manaqetr ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. .c o L L e c t t)hae i n f o r m aol n t h e yn e e df r o r ny o u ,a n db y t h e t m ey o ! m e e !f o r - . - . . - . . . . . .(.p r o d l c ea) c h e c k l i os ft p o n t si o r d i s c l s s o n t h e i n t e r v e Wt h e y( 4 ). . . . . . . . (5) your pe.forman.edur nq the pan you . ...............-.-..- -. . .. . (d6cLrss) RLghtUm, n the Lnteruiew year.nd any iesuesreat nq to yourfuture needs,et slch .s trarningBythe end of the rneetng hopethat a b l e c t v erso r n e x t v e a t y o ua n dy o ! r l i n €m a n a q e r( 56 ). . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.a. .g. r. e eo)n y o L rpr e r 5 0 n o both n terrnso{ salestarqelsand professonaLdeveopment s that dear?Y€p,OK,qood Oi colrse there s - , . (happen)to the rnarketthat we somef e|ibilty in the targets,n .aseany'lhinq(7) cannotpredct We rnayaso have. budg€tforyou to do somet.anrng.afteryo! (8) ( c o m eb) a c kl r o my o l r s u m r n ehro l d a y sb u l b e f o r ew o r k( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . ( q e t ) r e a] ? b u s J r i n september. ls that OK?Yeah.Good . .e. .e. .ta.).q a i nw i l l b el n O c t o b e t A f t e rt h a i , l h en e n t i m el h a i w e a l ! ( r 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.m when d like somefeedbackon yoLrrtrd n nq, as by then any cou6$ that you do ( I I ) ... ....... .... .. . . . . . .( f i ns h ) l.st h a tO K ?Y e a h ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G e n d ) y o l r f e e d b a cfko r n ' rns€ a r etrh et i m e W e , e t u ne s sy o ! ( r 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.h. .a. .v.e ) a nqyl e s i o n s , t h n k t h a t \ a . O h ,n o E r ,y e s l { 1 4 ) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( h a v ea) w o r dw i t h y o ud b o u ty o u rh o d d v pLans, but you probabydont know th€m yet. Couldyou emaLme wlth yoLr reqlen as soonasyou know assive 1 A Form a To makethe passive we useaob€.nd a pastparic plel tntelproducesnilians af chipseveryyeat Mitlionsof .hips are prcducedeveryyear. Our supplier is shipping the goods next week Thegovenment nised interest rctesby lo/d. He was asking ne some difficult quesnans Theyhave chosen the new design. Rasawi give a pressbnefing tananow. we.an arange a loan within sixdays We nay give you sone new salestaryets Thegoods are being shipped next week. tnterest rateswerc rcised by |ak. I was being asked sone difficult questians. The new design has been chosen. A pressbiefing will be given tonanaw. A laan can be aranged within sixdays. Youmay be given sane new salestaryets. a Theobjectin the.ctive senrcnce(nillionsof chips/interest ratei)movesto the front in the passive sentenceand becomesthe subjecr a We fofm negatvesand questonsin ihe sam€way as in actve sentences Thenew design hatnt been .hosen. Has the new design heen choten? B Uses:fo<us on important intormation a n the activesenrences abovethe pe6on or organsaion who doesth€ acrion(/rrel/Ihe 90v€rnrrerf/Rosa)ie imponant . ln the passive aboveihe pe6on or organaaton who doesthe acrion s nor sentences m e n t o n e d t. n r i g h b te clearfrom lhe siiuation Innead,rhe mponanr nfom.tion is e ther rhe actions(ralsedlchoser) or the thingsafiecledby the adon (Mi bns of.hips/rhe goods/A prcssbiefirg). a Sludytheseexampes: A larye propottiot oJwo d ntl ltodtuior it Sewtdted tu th. Nlihlle Ed\t. (culfBusines "ery Masazinewcbsrte.) Hereihe writerwanrsto ernphasse the amountof o . Who did the acton (ge,lerate)is cear or me North Aneiedn Frc. TtadeArcd (NAFTA) uds cstahlishedin 1993 b link the Linited Stat.s,Ca adr dtd 14.!ko in d fi.. rrddeasteenet. (LatjnTnde websrte) H e f et h ew r l t e rw . n t si o s a yw h e n . n dw h y t h e a c l o n h a p p e n e d Whoddtheactton (estabrsh) is not rnpo.tant. D.utstltc PostAC nill ofet ntush^ dtut prie di ot tsand bakr\ thdres.s lart aJits plaa,ed nfiidl p,blt ofe E. These i1'edtio* toill be ofercd n) EkiL ihre\kE in EU .ounti6 who nke a ertll \tliniptio . 0fi/a11 Sftet Jou.nal Eurole websne) Hercthe witer wantr to glveintonndtonaboLrrrhe incentives. Who wittdo ihe acton (olfed is nol rr.portantor not known. r 9 PASSTVE 43 C Uses:sysiemsand Processes and procedures: to talk dboLrtsynems,pro(esses a we often lse the passive Tje bdnq, tvd to nnhe hzh ukisky tnkesdhort \oen nasths to gto ih thefeld. Ia Auqun the 'nallry', dh 4k i.nt bo cy L' hdtrsteil d,,t thenW tu renfu d bryle al flonths.me nett ttzp is .hettnby Iull of ttatitiat. ]t rirc a i.h, watu fd,o"t to th. whisq dhd d'ses thes6ih ta ptud,ce narh6, whnh oft eofwte.I to suSa6at a ld@ ndgeaJth. po.e$.The tudhe.lbdtev k Bted Jol abort thtee oeclJ dlengtowd htoiofi dnd pld.ed irto htse 'esteh ihn n is mked unh hot utatetto 'ldk. a 'utott'.7 he tt@nis .ooleil, then dn into orothet vesselHM, yust is addetl' dn.l the ttdth is tnned inta !.!art p@.l!.nE d deat liqrid cdlledthe tuth' It i\ distilLdtianthdt nt$ thistudt\1itlto ehkln. I'1 tlistilli':a, the liqtid Lt h@ted tntil the spi tutns to lnlatt' thett .o"derced trdtkit o liryid. By \av, Scotchuhis@ nust 6e agedi" odkbardsJot nt leostthtee y.d6 (Adaptedfrctu De!%r'sScotchwhisky {ebsite) ln a prcc€sswe usewords tke:Fnsylfistof a , Then,Thenextstep s.e akounit4s a To showa sequ€nce Ne4 Aftet that, Fina r. Firtt of all the finishedproducts arc .he.ked fur qualiry, then thev arc packed and sent out fron ou wareholse. Aftet disPat h we allaw custanen ta lollow the progrcssof thetr arder on ou lntr.,net.Finally, we get a digital inage af the signature of the pe,sanwha rcceivesthe qaadt sa that this can be checked latea if necessaty D Saying who does ihe a<tion thatdoestheactonis not exampes abovethepe6onor organisation a In allthepasslve mentoned. li we wantto savwhodoerihe actionthenwe useby: Thegoodsarebeingshippednext weekby our suwliet in china A pressbriefingwill be glventananow by our lnfotmatton officet RosaMendoza h ai a awplataLfditetul Tt.fd'ton' it ttdfcd br thc loral peopleuho uorhedthelebeJorc, (Busnrcss lvcbsitc) News Atncricas ,dJiJ. E Transitive and intrantitive verbs seearso unit2r a Verbswhich usuallytakeoblecls.rc calledl€nsitiveverbs(e9:help) Verb5which do not lsually verbs(eq:/oot) takeobie.tsa€ calledintransitive you? t help A: Gn B: No,In iust looking. Dctonaies showthis informationwith T or L.Someverbscan be both transtve and inilansitive. Onlylransitiveverbscan be madepaseve RaiseA lnterestrateswerercisedlastmonth lnsease (T/l) lnterest rateswete increasedlast manth lnteren ntes *ereei6Ae-up la* nonth. Go up (l) 44 9 PASSTVE 1 9 Practice Exer<ise1 g Complete eachsentence witha passive verb.Youmayneeda negative form. 1 Somebody damaged the goodsin tlansit. Thegoods...........-.L|ei:g...dA|$a4ed............. in trdnsit. 2 Thousands of peopleseethisadverteverydal. Thisadvert_._...._...._............................................ bythousands of peopte everyday. 3 Theywill notfinishtheprojectbytheendof the month. Theproject.......--------......_.._._.._................ by theendofthe month. 4 Theyhaveclosedfifty retailoutletsoverthe lastyear Fiily.etaii outlets................ r rhetastyear. 5 We arc reviewingall of our lT syslems. All of ourlTsystems ........... 6 Wecannotshipyourorderlntilwe receive payment. Yo!rorder,,,,...,._._.._............_._......,.,....,.,..,........ payment. untilwereceive Exercise2 g !t Decide if it isnecessaryto lay whodoestheaction.tf it is nornecessary (tossit oU. tf tt is necessary plt a tick(/). 1 | don'tthlnkyourproposal willbeaccepted ry+€€pl€, 2 Thecompany wasfoundedbythefatherof thepresent chairman. / 3 All olr machines areserviced by highlytrainedtechnicians. 4 Thismachine isn'tworkingagainllt wasrepai€dyesterday bya techni(ian. 5 Theconference wasopened bysomeone fiomthe London Businesr School. 5 l'll be shownroundthefacrory bysomeone, andthent,ltrneetthesales team. E x e r c i s3eI E E ! l youmayneeda negative Rewrite thesesentences usingthepassjv€ if it ispossible. form.tf it s not possbe (because th€verbis intransitive)put a cross L I OurR& D department havediscovered a promising newdrug. ..4...Fr-qxiti14...ê.}|...d':$4...h4t .-bcs.^..dits-"J.g.!:gd*..,b.rx....'"!.c...R*D..deEa!: 2 Theinflation ratew€ntdownbyO_5% lan month. 3 O.e of our bestyoungdesgneBcreatedthis line 4 l'm sorrywe can'tdo that. 5 Something veryinteresting happened to melanweek. 6 We?espending morethana milliondollaGon advenisinq thisvear 7 TheAccounts Depadment maynot authorise thispaymenr. 8 | workedasa (onsultant for fourvealsafrefmvtvt8A. 9 PAsSIVEI 45 Exercise4f$[ to do howthecompany usesqu€stionnalres iswritinga trainingmanualthat explains a marketing manager pastive. putting prcs€ni frcm in into ihe s mple theverbs the beow rn.rketrcseaKh. Complete thetextby d€5i9€ sendbacl distribute otfer put outrource analise (1) 4!:g d,eti4êd'. by a small of people to ask.Thenthe questions Firn,we c.refully s€l€cta sample (2)..........................-..... intosequence andgrouped Next,the questions teamwithinthedepartment. (3) print questionnaire to everyone In the the and it ....................-........... toqether bytopic.Afterthat,we to us,butwetryto collectasmanyaspossble sampleOf cou6e,notallthefoms (4).........................-...... (5).......................-........ people Fnallv gift to who rctumtheforms.asan incentve. Sometimes a small (6)...-............................ bylh€ ma(eting andthe informaton we enterallth€€sultsontoa sprcadsheet, (7) to an co ection .-....... . .. thedl(ributionand depadment. lf we ar€usinga veryla€esample Exercise 5n P herlefier sch€dule, thencomplete Lookat theextracifromherplanning Helenisnartingherownbusrness. (haslha!€ prcs€nt p€rfectpassive beendone), choos€eitherthepresent to a busin€ss advice service. (,s/a/ebeinqdone)or a modalpassive form(e9:shou/dbe done). contnuou!passive loan. Contactbankto affange Findoiflcespace. orderif necessary Equipment needed? etc, Printbusiness cards, station€ry etc. Decorate office,orderfurniture, press. in locai Place advedsements peiod. for Chistmas Review staffingneeds I am wrifFg io arange m interiew with one of your businessadvi*F io discussmy busine$ sta.t-uP. I've analy*d ihe market very cdtully and I believe thai I have a Soodbuiness plan- I can give you a few details of my prctress so fd. I've had *veral meetinss uth ny banl, and a lod (1) i4'-..*f.n..4!.-r.-a*4C-(acute) l've fomd some . .... (will/need) thercbeloreI.an ofiicespacein a Soodlocation,arthoughsomework (2) ........ move in. I've reviewed my equipment neds and in fact sone sPecialseditens (3) . (fint)dd will b€ readyin a weekor (order)at the nom{t. My businesscardsl4).............-.-....-..-....-....-.. (shotnd/6nish)by the end of 60.This weekI'mbsy decoratingthe offi.e,md I (5) .-.-.......-......-....-....-.-..... I klow that roon l'l] hale to advertie in the lftal PIs, dd PerhaPsyou co!]d advjse me on ihis matter (might/ need) Iielly, I'd like somehelp plaming my stalfingneds - extrastaff{6) ...-..-....-....-................... over the Ckistnas period- Heler'Clradwick assive 2 A Uses: linking to previous information a Thechoiceof activeor passive oftendepends on howwewantio conrnuefromthe orevious ,v!:!9 !9!!!!'\ o"e at ..rnany, besttna6n busne,5nch.lHe)founded sApn te72"hel workingfor tBM.ladive) was founded by HassaPlattnerin 19/2 after he B Usesi being formal/impersonal a The passive ieoflen used n bLrsiness correspondence wherethe wrirerwanil to be impersonal Compafe: acnvEmorepersonal We orctercd twenty fitter units frcn you on the 16th March and the cauriet detiverco men yes@tdayUnfartunatety,when we opened the package sameonehad damaged two at the uni6 Au production depaftnent needs these ite|:ls uryentty. PAss vEmorermpefsona Twentyfitter units werc odeted from yau an the 16th Mar.h and they were detivere.l yesterday.Unfortunatet)t vr'henthe package was opened ttr'a of the unns had been danaged. Theseitens are needed ueently by ov prcduction depaftment. a Passives are frequeft in formatwiring generaly,e9: repodsand ]eg. docurnents. Other anguagen fte text will a so be fo.mdr: Cofhdd af E"rylryrctl (i) Of.t afotploynutt.'tlt t)lflr Day h. exptesedttn( y t it mat b. implied bf .and]|.. rl ntrst be.onnt1tiate.l h rhc dttloye.'nt alf.t taa bc pithdhw at My trr. Lcl& aa(tj!di.(. () Wntc" CotulititB.Atct th..onha k na.t., oery orploys mnsthegiren d r,i lr rrat.ifl1! ol tons r"d..iditio s oJd'lor',a,r. (Busnc$ Lnrk lvebsne) sleun,22 a P.ssvesare used n phrases w(h lrto r€portwh.r peoptesaid n a fomatwayr/rrvas said/agreedthat... . I Try1ofifd a balancebetweenactiveandpassive forms Toomanyp.rsveforms can makea letteror reportd tficLrltro undeEtano. C Passive+ infiniiive a Theveds berbyeexpectknow rcpart,say,thnk, suppase, undeatanddreoften usedin the present s mplepassive followedbyan infinitive (rodo).Ths useiscommonin news.eporls: TlE Hngatidn to oDryis ex?e.t tl to erpatu! 6% ow &e kert ,uo yea6 as tisik! lteftBatt a.tuts Euope lJaansde ord for lotdlly ptui!.ed .a^ dnd rejigaatas. Ca,sunet pti@, arc pftdicted to ti!. bt at onMl dueroseo.f7% 'text yeat. (cebd websire) a To reier io the past we usebetieve,exped, ercwirh ta have done. Mahy i"vestnut bdnl5arc helided to ha,e srnded tos6 ih the high yietd, ot,j,hk,, boatt 'na*et h tMt honths. (FT-con websire) a To rcier to an acrivity in progressat rhe momenr we use belieye,expe.t, etc wirh aobe dolher. En5soi k know to be lookiry at the pasibithyoJoutsoutinritstao price, ehtry-teret phoaesin 1i'ipar. (Econon;i vebsire) 2 10 PASS|VE 47 D verbs with two obieds a Someverbshavetwo objects.We can: give/ lend/ offer / prcnise I sell/ sendltake something ta somebocly baok/buy / keepI naket pteparcl savesonething lar sonebody a verbsin two ways: we can usethes-a In activ€sentences (with fo) /dsay€ar ABBgave a larye orderto u5 (without ao) A88 gave us a larye otder lastW. Theform without tolfor is moreusudl o Oneof the objectsbecomesthe subj€ctof the p.ssve sentence, Eachway cdn be madepassive. the otherstaysasan objed. A larye oder was given to us W ABB iastyear \wiIh ta) we werc given a la,ge oder by A88 lastyear. \wilhou\ to) again,the iom without tolfor is morc usual. Have something dgne per9on, e9,a technician or accountant, doessomeworktor us,we can a Whena protessional vsehavesomethingdone: we haveov a..ounts atdiffd by KPMG. we had out officesrcdecoratecllastyeat weTegoing to havea new ai conditbningststen ins|llled. Yaumun haveyou computersche.ked fot vnuses. a Wecanlse get in placeof havein mottcasesThisis mor€niofmal. we got thecontractche*ed by ou lawyeE. F lo he born passive meaning. lormbutdoesnot havean obvious a Io be bornis a passive I was bom in Utuguay 'Som€ people, Re|nlon, a.e t o.n to pU3hthe enveloPe, .nd sorne are bom to llck h." 4a to PA5S|VE2 10 Practice Exercise1 ff. Readeachstater;nt 1-5thenchoose whichsentence.) or b)should fo ow pura tck (/) bythecorrcct 1 Chevron andTexaco aregoinqto mergeviaa S35billionofierby Chevron. a) Senior fi6t discussed executives it a yearago. n b) lt wasflrstdisclssed year byseniorexecutives a ago. A 2 Theprocess of economic unionin Europe isproqressing quickly. a) A commissionef fromspaincalledPedro Solbes isdire(ingit n b) lt isbeingdkected by Pedrcsolbes, a commissioner fromspain. n 3 Pedro Solbes is Eurc'pe3 for economic commission€r andmonetary.tfai6. .) He s direciing thedifficultprocess of economic unio". n b) Thed tficultprocest of economic unionis beingdned€dbyhtm. n 4 Novartis shares .oseby32 Swiss francsin Zu ch yesteday. a) Theyaregoingto launcha newd.ugcalledStarlix laterrhisyear I b) A newdrugcalledStarlix isgoingto be launched bythem aterthtsyear fl 5 Starlix isa powe.fulnewdrugfor t€atingdiaberes. a) Novartis aregoingto launchit laterthisyear. ! b) lt s 9oin9to belaunched Novanis year by laterthis n Exercise2nFN# lblbdioq the correctwords. 1 | hadmy catbe rcpaied/ epa[ed yesleday. 2 Profits growltogroryby 10% in thenextquarter areexpected 3 | wasbornlbarn) a lil].letown just outsideDijon. 4 We'regettingthe machines c/earedlbbe c/eared tomorrow 5 TheBoadisthoughtto be denanded/haw denanded hi! resignation. 5 We havethe components assenblinglassenbled inJawan. 7 Whereexactlyh€reyou bonldid you bonl 8 Sheis supposedto beenlookinglto be lookinglot a rcw tob. Exercise 3 g Compete the second sentence so it hasa similarmeaning io thefirstsentence. 1 DavldGillfrcmMarketing lentmethisbook. .......... .....-.-1..r.41.-.1-e..^1..................... thisbookby DavidGi f.omMarkering. 2 Thissample wasqivento meat theTradeFair ................_..... thissampte ar theTrad€ Far. 3 Theypromised usdelivery wiihintwoweeksof ourorder. we ..-....-......................_..............._. _......._....... withintwow€€kof ourorder 4 A 'Fxtilef rm nea'Milanm.deih6 fabri(for u5 ._.................... for usbya textitefirmnearMitan. 5 Thisorderw.s sentto usthrcughourwebsite. ........_.._.......... rhisorderthroughourwebsite. 6 lvy secretary bookedtheflightfor me. ....._......._...... tor meby mysecretary 10 PASSIVE 2 49 Exercise4 B Cornpet€the reportbv pultng the verbtin br€cketrnto the presentperfectactive(hasdon€)or passve (harbeendone) +r16 Bnzn (1) ....1!4t...b-a.-e.l..t$t..fQrled.... (,*-f.*t f,"n ao economy bded on sosi,r and coftic inro a leatlingindustrial porver,and ths (r) ...... .lgt. !14rP?^qd.... (hrpp.n) owr a rhb,cb o'e, e . e n , ) " r ^ i n i l J h o , ,t \hor omc penod. ............ brrn" und. .onnol.J,,dfo,aLi di,-ct n M s t D e ' r r ( a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G . . .n.c. .o. r. m s € ) . Thc covernncnr (5) .... . . . (privrtne) nDny srtc-owned companies,aDd they (6) .... ...... hho,/invest) r lot ofD,oney h .dvanced intosffuctue.In an attenrpt to decenrahe the econoDry,CaDrpims sis chosen to bc B.rzil\ lT opital,.nd car production (7) .... . . - .. .. (n,ovc) trlvr! fion rad,tion.l centresto st.t,\ s!.h rs Rio cnndc do sul i n t h e s o u t h .N o o n e p e t e , r d ' t l , ! t J I t h c o l d p r o b l c m s( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{ .s.o. .l.v. c. .)b, l t B B z i l . r i n J l , u l , r r r . rn . p L . c ' n r h e $ o r l d $ c c Exercise 5 C Readthe articleabout ManchenerUn,ted,thencompletert w th the verbsin the bracketsPlt the f,6t verb n i h e p r e s e n t 5 m p e p a s v e ( t o b e d o n e ) a . d t h e s e c onnddsvuetr.bb e i o r m o i t l r en f n t v e ( r o d o , t o be donrg. at ta have done) Manchester United: just a game of football? But scnior.rccutivcs ,r, rt tu$oted to have (supposc/h!!e) belweenl0 nrillior and 30 millionsupponers throughout rlc world. thecapacityofthe stadiumtrom55,000 G ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .seats . . . ro 67,400se{ls.Bul this (know/looka0 othe.wrys to geneatc ( 6 ) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.t.h- .i n . .k. ./.b. e .u.). goodinvestmenr.s incomcarrhenonerr. Forexample, the ir will generllcncarly . . . . . .million . . . . in addiriondornoverannually. c l u b( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !7.5 In Norway.for exanplc,onc ir cvcry 140 people (2)....................._._._._._._._ (bclieve/dcvelop) --c'conrnercciniriatives supponerTicker Gay/be)a regislercd saleslnd merchandisirg confibureove. lhrouBha se.icsofalliances. Coslsat the hall of thcclub\ revenue, wilh club conrinue ro jncrcasc. A few yeds aeo t h ec l u b( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lclcvisioncorributinga funhe.20./,. t30n on a ple to expand kepod/spend) The dain coslsrr fte club de the salarics ol' theplayen.Lrsr lelr thetem\ captain (?)................................................ (ur.lerstdnd/negotiate) a lburyearcontrocr worthovereightn8urcs. Exercise 6 B Thetwo emarhbeow arev€rys rn ar, but lh€ one on the rght 6 more mpersondlCompleiet by !s ng . q b r o . I e r r . . e a d t. I . p . o " _ r o . 1 o J . h " p d . . r . e Thankyou for yourorderfor Pcplus software whichwe receivedthis morning.Our fulfilment team is dealingwith yourorder,and we expect ihat we wil deliverihe packageio you within 10 workng days. have includedour current pricelst as an attachmeni,Pleasenotewe on,, guaranteeihese pricesuntil31 DecemberThank you for choosingsoft.com. Thankyou lor youf orderfor Pcplus softwarewhich (1)........lJ4:..I-elCiY-eC........ th s mornng.Yourorder (2)....................................-... by ouf fulfllment teamandwe (3)........................................ expectthatthe package to you with n 10 workingdays.Our currentprice ist (4) ...........,.,.,.,,.,................... as an attachment. P easenote t h a t h e s ep r i c e (s5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. n. .t.i .l . . . . . . . . 31 December.Thankyou for choosingsoft.com. odals and related verbs 1 A Modal ve.bs: torm I UnitsI1 14 d€alwith modalverbs.Modalverbsar€can,could,wi , would,nay, night, shal, a Modalverbsarefollowedby th€ niinitivewlhout to. a Moda verbshdveonlyone form. Sothereis no 5 in the thifd persons ngutarand thereare no ve.b t€nseswilh lr9, ed, etc. a dr€ madeby putt ng the mod.l in ffont of rh€ subject.Negatives Questions are madeby puning -r'f not immediaiely afier the modal(oftenshortenedto n spokenEng sh afd informawrtren Engsh). Can L..? Coutd1.. ? tcauld nat (cauldn t) wouldI ...? Iwau|.jnat (wauldn't) t shouldnor (shouldn't) Moda verbsa.e auxiliaryverbr-theyare usedwth othermainverbs two modalverbscannot a Modalverbshaveno n{ niiiveform. nstead,we useolher expressionske b€ rble fo (for can), have ta (lot nust) and be likely ta (lor nigh). |'d like to be able to speakbeter french. (NOT #d-lik€+e+a€+p€sf() Modalverbsshowthe speakerS atttude or leelingsaboLrra stuaion Forexampe,how probab e or necessary so.neth ing s. or thar ihe speaker 6 ofieringor requestng somethng The lame mod. velb can be lsed in dillerenrwaysand wirh difierentmeanngs.you on y kfow lhe meaningircm the stlalion. Forexarnpe,could: lcould get to wo* in 30 ninutesin ny lastjab. (ability:pastrime) Could you passthe salt, please? (Gquenpresent time) (uncertainty: That could be difficult fuluret me) B Ability a Totalkaboutabilitywe useca, andcar't(orcarrorif form.lwitinq). WeGn getthat informatlanfrcn the Net Canyou delivet in tu\/aweeks?- No,we can'I 'IJ ue rahnot ptodre in ,Mre thdt both .dpnies thc e$er( oldk Hus.lian nntion dhd is tonin.ilq,ller ath$t rillptoduc n i'B2dd'tiid Hufatid Prn e MinbtetViktu A iiinhis \peth t.stedry. (Cennal EuropeReview Nebsire) t Car't s usedfor all th ngsthar we are not .ble to do. I can't speak Gernan Forthe spe.i.lcaseofth ngsthat are prohbited(noi attowed)byrutesor awswe canaho !s€ t n tott tau .an't/munn't smoke h th't drci a We sometimes usebe able/unableta i,s\eadoI can Theyarecommonin wriring Fo' tlt jr! trre nt yedn ue ate notu able to gene tegtueth iktetldlly, natjrst thraugh d.,trdirionJ.(IDterDitionalHeraldTribune website) 11 MODAIS AND RELATED VERBsI 51 c Pastability we usecould. a Totalkaboutqene€lpan ability(notlimitedto oneoccasion) I .ould speakFr ch quitewell whenI wasat school. a Totalk aboutonespecificpan actionwe usewd5lwe.eableto ard nanagedto. I was ableto/managed to installthe newsoftuarequiteeasily. Congasnanageilto dn thbufh abott t900 billionaJthebtdtet sfiplusin thethteenontht al soleddirgry to thit etutioi; thirh ofuhat it diqht do in 4@led^: (NewYorkTimes website) Butto talk abouta specificpan actionwith a verbof the sense!(see,f€e, hear undeatand)we I could/was abletolmanaged to undestandmastof what hesaid. o In negativesent€nces andqvestionswe cdnusecould,waslwercableb atl nanagedta. I n sorryI couldn't/watn't able to/didn't manageto cane ta the restauantlastnight I .ouldn't/wasn't able toldidn't manageto undeRtandwhathe neant. could you/werc wu ableto/Did you manageto dealwith theprcblen? D Wil and willingness seeunit7 a l/i// isan auxiliary verbusedto referto thefuiule.Butw7 alsohasmodalusesthatcanreferto rorrlirrlQdI rherLrru* the oresent or thefuture. S e eu n i t1 3 ft/ o,r rspdnn nik nqaslnDro"5ah.!l a seeunft r7 M// can be lsed for instant(ommentsmadeat the momentof speakn9. (a spontaneolsdecision) I thinkl' 9o hone now (an offer of help) t'll give you a ltft to the station. t'tt give yau ny full suppon /h the m€eting. (a prcmise) (ofdering food) I'll have the rcast lambto makea requestor offer something. Wil/canalsobe usedin questions (a request) W l you hold the lift fot r.,e, please? (otfering somethn9) wi tou havesone nore caffeez a whercw7 rcfersto the pres€ntit expresses the ideaof 'w lingness. n manyof theseexamples "HereatJMNetworks, werecognize hard someday well rel,vard it." norkandmaybe 52 11 MODAU' AI{D REIATEDI'ERBS ' 11 Practice Exercise 1 g Undeinethecorrecr words. 1 Dotiu can/QD]9! @ne tothe meering nextweek? 2 I cancame/ t canto cometo the meetingnextweek. 3 lwon't.an't/be ableto cometo the meetingnextweek. 4 Satrykat I didn t @uldlI couldn'tcometo the meetingtan week. 5 Sorrythat / wasn'fabletol/ wasrt ablecometo the meetinglastweek. 6 Doyou wiIlWiI you shcl.vmp how to log on to the netwo*? 7 Whatwe candolcan we do? a I hopeto canlto be ableto tly directlyto Duss€ldorf. 9 I mustspeak / I mustto speakwith Mr Rejnerassoonaspossible. 10 I nanzgiedtoll couldspeakro Mr Reineryesteiday. 11 ThehotelwasOK,bur/ naragedto couHheatatotof noisefromthestreet. 12 I managedtoll couldtakea boattrip on Lak€LemanwhenI wasin Ceneva. Exercise 2 E!! Completethe lentenceswith can,<ant, could,<oudn't gr be able to. t h afraid| ..........S3A:1.......... hetpyouat themomenr. 2 I don'trhinkt'll ........................_....... cometo th€ meeting. 3 Thenegotiations brokedownbecause we ..,.,.,.,,.,,.._.,.,..,.,,,,.,., agreeon the p ce. 4 | ................................ seeyouwerehavingproblems, soI didnl interrupr. 5lfyo!................................makeafirmordertoday,weshoutd............................. 5 | ind Ponuguese verydifiicult.| ........-..................._... understand it, but | ................................ speakit. 7 Sory | .................-.............. se€younextweek,but I might............................_.. maketheweekaft€r. 8 A: Willyou........_....................... go to thetrainingsemjnar? B:No,l ,.,,.,,,...............,.,,,,.,, t'mverybusy. 9 l'm sorry| ...-..........................._ cometo yourtatkyesterday. I hadto sortout a probtem. t0 | ................................ skireay wellwhentwasin myh,venties, butnowt,mout of practice. E x e r c i s3el E Matchsentences 1+ with then usesof ur.4it. a) ; futurefact b) a belieforopinionaboutthefuture c) an innantdecision d) anofferof help e/ d promEe food 0 orderinq 9) a requen h) offeringsomething I I thinksales willpfobably improv€ in the spring. E 2 l'll giveyoua handwiihyourb.gs. n 3 Willyougivemea handwiththesebags? n 4 OK,l'llphonethemrightnow. ! 5 l'll havethe panjriedfish. n 5 l'll bethereat sixo'clockOonrworry| won,tbe lateD 7 n thespingwe'llhavetwonewproducsreadyto taunch.n 8 Willyouhaveanotherglass of wine?. n ,I'I MODAIS AI{D RELATED VERBsl 53 Exercise 4 !!sl@ @ ts usingphrases fromtheTinbelow Comptete tnetetephone conversation canyousend canI callyou canyouhear canI helpyou can'tsee €€{fdr{p€ak*e rculd youhold couldyou rcpeat couldyou speak couldyoutell me l'll need l'll put one l'll beon l'lljust90 I'llwait l'll plt youthrcugh l'll qetbackto you cood morning, ihe TechStore,tlis isJon speating(1) ..8o..!.1C....1..r.re4k'..fe... someon€ in customersenices,please? Er.Yes, of cou6e,(2) ........ how (3).................. .. . ........ ? Customer SNices,Markspeakirg, (4) I'm caltingaboutyourn$ SansungD\'D plalers. ............ .. .. . . . .. ifyou ha\€ anyin stock? the line Please? (s) ............................................ andsee.(6) .......................................... Y6 no pmblem,C4 ......... (9) ................. .. ...... ... .. to lny on the sheh€s. Heno?I (8) ............................................ (10) .............-.-,-----.........back? checkth. orderstrtuson the compute. numberis 05821067. My nme is SiraHall andny telephone Certainly. up? Itt a terrible iine. Sorrv(l l) ............................................ m. now? ls thatbetter?(12)............................................ (13) .... the numb€rPlease? .....................-................ Yes,that'smuchb.trei .. thisnumberaI morning. ofcourse.ltl 05821067.(14)........................................ got in right noq but any D\Ds srock sorry I canl tel you ifwe've thereanythingelse? (15)............................................ assoonasI havethc information.Was latcst (16) . ... ........... me a copy ofyour catalogue? Eaycs, ................ yoursddress? ........ in the Postto you today.Whatt Ofcoursc,(1? .............-................ It's 25 tudley t ne,Lowcr . . . Exercise 5 EllE 1-14 in thefollowingunits.t!4atch eachsent€nce manyol the modalverbs covered Thisexercke introduces wirha meaning al'n). 1 l s h o u l dd o t . 2 | shouldn'tdo it. 3 lcando it. 4 Lcan'tdo it. 5 | mustnl do it. 6 | don't haveto do it 8 l ' l l d oi t . 9 l ' l l d oi t . tr .nn n n n n n ! n ! n 10 | mightdo it. 11 would you liketo do it? 12 Couldyou do it, please? 13 May I do ii? 1 4 S h a l l ld o i i ? a) lil necessaryto do t. do it. b) lt3 not necessaryto c) sorryit3 impossible. d) lt3 forbidd€ne) | havetheabilityto do it. 0 l'rnofieingto do it. g) lt3 a goodidea. h) tt3a badidea. i) l'm invitingyou. j) l'm askingperrnission. k) l m rcquestifgth.t you do it. l) lpromise. m) Perhaps lwll do it. n) l'm makinga suggeston. 54 odals and related verbs 2 A Necessity (obligation) a Tosaythatsomethrngis necess.ry we us€havetc reed ta aft nun. I have tolneed to speakta Janebeforc sheleaves. We nust finish the neeting by elevenat the latest particuldryin writingwherethey allexpressnecessty O A threeformsareverysimilar, iob galion) In sp€echth€rels a 5malld ffercnce: Haveto aTl needto the sltldtionmakessornethng necessary Yauhave to pay the invoiceby the en.l of the nanth (th.ts the companytule) MuJt- ihe speake.peEondllyfeelssom€thingir rnportant Youmust stap watkingso hard ( mte nq you) 'We nBt p.dll d lp eoiofl)' i\ l,ft o,. tlitt.rtio" .f |ift d 6 !,haL,Md it is lty tu Mcaa @tdi rlftt it is th( \i,Uk i'ott i'ipnttort ore'sdidPrntc Mfi6r.r Orr.ir. ((lerrrxl E{rcpe Tomakea questionwe normdllyusehavelo or needto ll we usenust for a quen on we caf soundannoyed,pdrtcuarly J we slresrmustin spe€ch Uhtodunalelf;Imust/have ao/need to ôtl\ tmseterval Da you have to/need to wark this evening? Munyou work this evening? Hdvegot ta a.td 'll haveta arealsoLrsed for ne.essrty. They.re rnoreinforrna got You've to/You'I have to cantact them ds saon as passtble B No necessity. pe.mission, prohibition a Whensomerhings not necessary we usedor't haveto anddanl needta Youdon\ have to pay ight naw We.an giveyau crcdn (yo! arc freeio choose) a Whensomethn9 s pemitted we usecan and be allawedta Yau can parkyour car hereat the weekends,but nat duinq the week. a Whensomethinqis prohibiiedwe use.an'r, be norallawedta andnustn t. Mustn,ti\ marc usualwh€n we aretellingsomeone wharnol to do Youle not a owed to pa,t ar a darbt. tetto \ra Youmustn\ talk about politicsif theylnviteyau to dinner (l'm tellinqyou) a Nolicethat haveto and musthaveeimri:rmeaf ngsin theiraff rrnaiveforrnsGecronA above), but diflerenlmeaningsn the r neg.tivefoms (rhissection). I have to/must leavenaw (rt'sne.esraryfor me to le.ve) I donr have to leavenaw (it'snot necessary | havea choi.ewhetherto eave) (it'sprohbited, cafnot leave) C Necessity,no necessity, permission, prohibition in the past O To t.lk about necessity in the pdn, we usehad ro and neededro Thereis no pan form of I had to/needed to speakta Enna about sonething, but Ive fargotten what t was abaut. if Totalk aboutno necess ty in the pan, we used/lJn'thaveta/didn t heedta Yau didn't have to/didn't need to take a taxi t could have Dickedvau uD in nv ca. 12 MODAI.S ANDRELATED VERES 2 55 a Tota k .bo!t pefmisson in the pan. we usecould wasa//orvedto. ]n ny lastiob I couldlwas a owed to usethephanefor pesonal.alls. a Totd k aboLrtprohibitionin the past,we usecouldn't,wasnt allawedro. tn my lastjob I couldn'tlwasn't a owed to usethephonefot peEonalcalls. D Opinions and advice a we use should, should not \shouldn't), oughr b and ought not te (oughtn't ta) Io gi\e an opinionor recommendation aboutwhat s the ben thingto do. We shouldlought to investmorc heavilyin naketing Bf ttidnirht Kenn.d),had 265 electotdl i6t Jaw Jtot of dctary. Nixon wd,L't ludy ta "ates, .ahede,tuthe lturyht heshotld nftkesoheki'd oJnotene$tb hn suryorktsi" thc balhoan dounstdit\. Keine4,udt.hedthiso Tv'why shotu lrc @tade?'K.nfledfsdidto hk aides.'I Mrl/"'!.' (wahington l'osr website) O Whenwe use)lcu sp€akinqto someoneelseour opinionbecomesadvice. Youshould speakta your boss. (its my advicero you) (secton A). Notethat advlceis likea weaktypeof necessiry Youshould/ought to go to the doctor (advi.e:t3 the bestthing to do) (sirong adv cer it3 rea y necessary) You must/have to go to the dodot a had beftet(not)it $ed lor st.ongopinions.f/ad is u5rJay contracted. l'd better not inte upt him while he s an the phone. Ithink you'd befter ca then straightaway. E Past criticism Whenwe usetheverbsin section D in thepast(+ have+ pan partcpe)we meanthatwe ddnt dotherghtthingandnowwearemaking a c|tcsm. Weshould have seenthe dan9e6a long tl|r,eaga. Weshouldn't have spentall theadvettising budgeton televisianspats Youought to have mentioned that ea iet F lreed to a Ne€dto meansihe sameashaveaoGectionsA/B). You have to/need to sign this fom in tuvoplaces, herc and here. y youre goi"S tojufltp into the LIK nn*et akd btune a, iflpottaht pldfu, ya, nee.l to hare wibe n'ot rctdilsin n'e 16-17 !/ie rd,€e. (NewYorkTines website) a Noticethe two possiblenegativelorms Yau don't need.tolneedn\ wah far me I l cone along latet a In slriclgrammarthe two neqativefoms havedifferentmeanngsin the pan. I didnl need to anive at ser€r. (we don't kfow when I arrived- maybelevenor ater) I needn't have adived at seL€n.(we know when I arrved- seven- but it wasn'tnecessary) But in everydayspeechwe often use dldr'r need ro for both cases. 56 12 MODAI.SATD NEIAIED VERES2 12 Practice Exercise 1 !!!! ! Matcheachs€ntence1-12with oneof the formatsentences a}-t. 1 lcandoit. tr 2 lmustn'tdo it. 3 ldonl haveto do it. 4 lhaveto do it. ! ! ! 5 lcouldnldo it. 5 | didn'thaveto do it. 7 | hadto do it. 8 lcoulddo it. ! ! ! ! 9 | shouldhavedoneit. 10 | shouldn't havedoneit. 11 | shouldn't do it. 12 lshould doit. tr n n n a) lts necessary b) ltS not necessary d lts allowed. d) ltl notallowed. 0 lt wasnlnecessary g) lt wasallowed. t Doingitwouldbea goodidea. t) Doingit wouldbea bEdidea. k) Doingit wasa badidea. Notdoingit wasa badidea. Exercise2 ! Complete thesentences withmustor haveto. Botharepossible eachtime,bui oneis morenatuElirja spokencontext. I | -.-.........................._ remember to emaitStev€ andthankhimfor allhishetp. 2 Sorry| ................................ beginsin fiveminutes. 90 now,themeeting 3 You,.,,.,.,,.,..,......,.,..,.,.-. yourtaxlormby 31 January 4 You.,,.,,....,.,.,....,.,,.,.,,.,.. try to be morediplomatic whenyou,respeaking to Tim. 5 L............................... go thedentistnextFriday morning, sot,ltbea littlelaie. 6 | €ally................................ go thedentist_ t,vehadthisawfutpainfor two davs. E x e r c i s3eI I I I Decide whethereachpairof sentences hasthes3memeaning. WdteI for identicalor neafy identical, Sfor similaror D for completely different.At the endfiere will be nineof t, two of Sandthreeof D. B 'I You'd go better now Youshould9o now 2 Wedon'thaveto cutthe budget. We mustn'tcutthe budget. 3 Youshouldhavea rest. Yot/oughtto havea rest. 4 Youcan't smokehere. You'renot allolvedto smokehere. 5 We mustsignthe contract. Weshouldsignthe contlact. 6 Youmustbeherebefore8.30. Youhaveto be herebefore8.30. 7 Youmustn'ttouchthat key! Youdon't haveto touchihar kejr 8 Youdidnl haveto givea tip. Youdidn'tneedto givea tip. 9 We haveto work harderon this_ Wemunwo* harderon this. 10 | oughtto leavenow. ll Youshouldn't woayso much. Yououghtnoito worrysomuch. 12 | mustw te theselettersno\/. l'd b€tterwritetheselettersnow l3 | couldn'tusetheemail. ldidn'tne€dto usethe email. 14 Wedonl haleto decideyet We donl needto decideyet. ,I2 MODAIS At{D REI.ATEDVERIS 2 57 Exercise4*S# a Pe6onnelManagerwroie to expldincomp.nyrules.Th€nusethe notesto @ , " Lookai thes€notesthatgave on th€irfir( dayatwork Chooseftomhaveta, dant to somenew employees competea briefinghe have to, can, tan t, should ot shouldnt. hdrrt, Ie ve buildi^4 dw-iY fira drill til^ letter 4b.i i !&rti{ te^d lbliday {orr to perrouel iM*edi^tely to rcrk extrA t@Kt, +^kz 3 '.,eek, I'oliday, blu^teer ,rcka out ide buildi^.1 164 b^rt, t^ke all lblid^y tila to42lt\2r v^ke t+-^++ w*lô^rt, ^t'.t^t zxczttiw tFe r ID l\tAA o{ de+artveat li'!z +ire Mli.zt lolid^tt,.e d head o{ dept. ahout rctice to 'Um.Exclseme.6oodmorning. to explain to youallsome I ve.alledyou10thismeeting Er,goodmorning. ts notourcompany thatwe havehereUm,lLrsiof all.workinqhoLrrsr of thebasich€althandsafety.ules people healthUm, andcdnendanget houls it makes unproductve poli.yto makestaftworkexcessive oi 48 hoursperweek, (1)...........S44J........... makeanyof theirnaii workmorethananav€rage manageE (2) these hours, but thev volunteer to workmorethan although anyone ................................ of stalf (3)................................ to saythattheywantto do this.Anymember signa Ietterlrcm thecompany (4) head oi . . . speak to their ..... . whoisworriedihattheyareworkingloo manyhours ......... peryear,butyc(5)...............................lake ol thr€€weekl pad holiday a minLmum um,a empoyees d. l. . . . . . tfhi (e7ihr) .e.a. .o ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t a k e a l l t h s h o l l d a y o f f i n o n e b l o c k .gsitvae (8) . . ... . sendther possible holidays, they . .. . abou theI altholgh department asmuchnoticeas untila fewweeksbeforethey9o holldav formofl to persofnel Next, er,firedilk.Wehaveafiredillaboutoncea month dontignoret.You(9)..... . . .. .... e a v e t h e b u i d n 9 i m m e d i a t e l y t h a t y o u h e a r t h e b e l l , a n d o f c o u 6 e y o u ( 1b0l )o.c.i.kh. .e. ' ' - . (11)........................ readihese ihebliding.Empoyees thrcughoul I reexits. Firenotcesareposted notices regularly. In thecaseof a realli€, don'tpanicandfo owthefi€ procedures insidethe bu ding,although is notperrnttedanywhere for yousmoke6,l'm alraidthatsmoking Andlastly, thefrontdoor. yo! (12)---,---.-----. smokejun outside No ... Y€s Doesanyonehaveanyquesuons? thinkihatcove6eveMhinq. Exercise 5 F Ci @ ZO n f uslnesmanis d€scibinglis trip to L.gos.Completethe iext w th hrd to, didnt haveto couldn't,should haveot shouldnt have Eachphraseis usedtwice. ' (1 ...tlle$Jd...h4,v.4...rravelledon the I 0 am {lisht, but when | got to the airpodlhev to d me that the ) catcha laterflight Th€nat the check'ind€sktheyioLd and fighl was overbooked l(2).....-.......-............... .letoneof m e t h a t ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .t.a. -k.e.b. .o. .t.h.m y b a g s a sh a n dl u g g a g es,o | ( 4 ) . . . . . . . neafly an hoLtrat in it deayed me by as I had my diary t, and qo was very atlnoying in the hold,which them al the otherend.When I got on the planelwanted to userny laptop,bui oi cours€ baggag€reclalrn (5) .........................-......unrilafteftake ofi. Thefliqht attendanttold m€ io turn it off .nd saidthat 'd (6) ........................-..-.... k.own not to useii. To be honest just forgoiten,and he (7) . . .. - . 9o beenso rlrde.Er,it was quitelatewhen I finallyleft Lagosanport,so t was lucky (8) (9) with . traveled . .. . .. . . to any meelingsthat.fternoon. And, lookingbackat what happ€ned,| paving for the fllghr so I problems my company was with overbookinq. And have a ot of th.t airline they ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. h . .o. .o. .s.t€.h. .e c h e a p e sotp t i o n . odals and related verbs 3 A Degrees of probability a We can usemodalsand oiher phrases ro ta k aboutihe probabitiry thdt somerhingwil hdpp€n in the future.5€etableafd followingsections. l00% cedainty will, be ceftainto 95-100% d€du.tion must can't aoyo expectalion siould, ought to, be tiketyto, shoutdn t, aught not ta, be untiketyto 30% 70% uncedalnty nay, night, coutd, may not, night not ao/" B Certainty and deduction a Weusewil/andbece,ranaoif we arccertain thatlomethn9 willhappen. Thenet! Jaquarwill be launchellat the parisMotor Shaw. a We usewon'rwhenwe arcce(ainsomething w tnot happen. In mtry Christiane is on halidayShewon't be backuntit the 14th. a Wecanuseprobab,anddefinitely wrh wittandwan,r Norethewordorder She' p.obably he at the neenng sheprcbably won't be at theneeting a WeLsemusrandcan'rio showrhatsornerh ingisverycearain becaus€ t is togicatThissoiten called'deductiof'. Thetes na answerfrcn hetphone.Shemust be in a meeting Baththemeetingroomsareenpry. She<an't be in a neeting Notethatcar't notmu'tn't, s usedhere. C Expectation a Whenwe expectthatsomerhing wil happen we useshoutd, oughtta ot be ]jketyta Theyshould/ouqht to aniveat about4.30. Ourprafits arelikely to imqove nextyear Litbot shocld be a t"mkt poiflt it1 Ettopein uanotik poti.y. (Econonist website) a Whenwe erpectrhatsomething wiit not happenwe $e shautdn't,aught notto ot be untiketyta. Thereshouldn't/ought not to be arryprcbten. Mt Blai\ Usbailrdtegyit .flihcv to he o'o rh ta haLtE ,tetoiaration it BitaitL'srcktiotlrhi! ,"dr F!'oF. Gcononistwebsne) D Uncertainty a Whenwe are lnc€rrainwe usena| night ot coutd.Ihe meaningis,perhapl. We may be able to delver in tdo weeks. I might havesome norc newsfor yau nert week. It.ould take a lang tine to arcnge the finance. Theleis no impodanrdifferencebeiweenihesemodatsin th s contexr. a The negativeformsaremay not andnight not. fiday is not a good day for the |r,eeting.I nay/night seeunir11 Noteth.t could,oi is not usedwith this meaning. not be in the office on that da,. 13 MODALS AND REI.ATEDVERBS! 59 E Degrees of probability in the Pasl + have+ pastpartc pL€.see a Fordiffercntdegreesof prcbabilityin the pastw€ Lrse:moddlverb a (youth nk something Noticein the tabl€thdt Wllelon't ha!€ + pastparticipleis an assLrmption is true althoughyou haveno pfoofl. ForcerBintyin the pastwe iust usea norrna pasttense lik€the pastsimple. You'll have seen our new madel. lt's in allthe shops assumptlon Thercwas no ansv'Erfrcn her phone She must have been in a neettng deducton Eoth the neetirg roons wPte enpq She.an't have heen tn a neettng lhey shouldlought to have aftived by now I hope they haven t got tast expectation uncertainty assumption Yes,I seewhat you nean now I .ould have heen wang abaut that. weTe anly Iive minuteslate. The talk might not have statEd vet You won't have seen our new nodel lt's not in the shopsyet Cjtisttr6 corld have b..fl dn snhappyoB latt rar afyo, odercdWsents a,lit! Mdtv . stanos uer still waitinrlot rilt to dftive lo'a dJt.t th. holiddfs hd erriel (Industr/Week webslte) 'Possibilittt' ideasin English: because lt rciersto two different a Becarefllwiththewod 'possibility studythese examples: andability. unce(ainty (there wiLhappen) thatsomething uNc€RTArNryisa chance It's potsihte that the shareprke v/ill rccover'l= lhe sharepricemight/(ould r€cover) powerto do somethrng) A8ur (thementalskillor physical prcduce 8a0 caBa nonth. (= our lactorycan prcduce. ) ttt possiblefot ou factoryta c andD of thisunit.Forabilityse€lrnt l l seerections Foruncertainty we usecould+ have+ pastpadc p e. a Totalkabouta panpossibility t could havebooked an earlht flight, but it left at 7 30 in the manlng Thisisan oppo(unitythatdidn'thappen. + harc+ pan particlpe we usecould,1't Totalkabouta pastimpossibility ' t coutdn't havebooked the ea er llight it wasconpletelyfull /.4F "Well we'vetried everythingelseI supposewe could try and improve theptoduct." 50 13 MODALSANO REIATEDVERBS3 13 Practice E x e r c i sl eH n g m Undeinetheconectwords. 1 Lookat thoseclouds. I thinkit can/ellfulmustBin. 2 That3impossible.lt can'tbetmustu't belnaynotbe true. 3 Welldonel Youmaybelnust belmight be \lerypteased. 4 NextThu6dayis a possibili\y. I night bet.an,tbelnust be f.ee in the afte.noon. 5 I'm notsurc.l munnorbelmaynotbelwont be abteto gettherein time. 6 lh.t can?be/ nustn't be/ nay not be Daid. Hes away ar a conferen(e. 7 Lisaisn'tat heroffice.Shecanbelmustbe/mustn't be on herwayherc. 8 Lisahasnt afiivedyet.Sheshouldbelcanbe/.an't be hercsoon. 9 Theres someone in re(eption. tr canbelcoutdbe/mustnlbetheengineer 10 Satry,lcantlnaynotln?hrcometo yourpesentation. t,mbusythatafternoon. ll l'm notsue whereSueis.Shecoulct be/nustbe/ca,be at tunch. 12 l'v€ ookedeverywherc fot Sue.Shecouldbe/mustbelca,be at tuich. Exercise2EACE Matcheachsentence 1-7 wirha similar sentence a}{). -rhey?e 1 likelyto do it. 2 Theymight/could do it. 3 They're almoltcertain to do ir. 4 lhey'lldefinitely do it. 5 They?e unlikely to do it. 5 Theyleveryunlikely do it. 7 Theydeflnitelywon't do it. tr ! ! n ! ! n a) rm suretharthey'lldo it b) I m neaiysurethatthey'ttdo it. probably c) They'll do it. d) Maybe they'ldo it. e) l'm suretheywon'ido it. wont do it. 0 Theyprobably won'rdo it. O Theyalmostcertainly Exercise3HFEH Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similar meaning to thefi6t sentence usingmun,might,canot can.t, 1 Deliver bytheendof themonth?yes,tthinkit3 possibte to do that Deliver bytheendofthe month?yes,tthinkwe .............!_4t............ do that. 2 lts possible thatwewill losethisclient. we .........-...................... losethisclient. : 'm slrethis snt rhe ght road. Ths ...............................betherightroad 4 l'm sue youworklatemon nights. you................._...._...._.... worktatemostnights. 5 lt3 possible thatl'll seeyouromorrow, butIrn notsure. 1..-...,.,...-....-....-......,., seeyoutomorrow 6 ltb possible for the newprintertoprint20 sheets perminute. Thenewprinter..........-................._._. print20 sheerrperminute. 7 l'm afraidihai l'm un.bleto go to rheTradeFairthisyear lm airaidthat| ..............._...._._...._.... go to theTrade Fairthisyear I suppose youareKatePerryHowdo youdo? You........._...._................. be KatePerryHowdo youdo? VERBS! 13 MODALSAND RELATED 61 Exercise4 E F MatcheachsentenceI 8 with ls meanng aE) 1 Hewon'thavearrvedyet. g a) 95 100% probab ty of hiearrival b ) 8 0 % p . o b a btl y o f h i s : r r v a c) 4M0% probab ty of hi5affival 2 He' havearrivedby now 3 He can't havearfrvedyet d) 0% probab ty of hisarrval 4 He rnght havearved by now 5 He cou d havearrvedby now 5 H es h o u l dh r v e . r r v e db y n o w 7 H e m u s th a v e : r r v e db y n o w 8 H ec o u l d nt h a v e . r r v e dy e 1 . - Exercise5ABCD Cornpelethe arlkle wilh the wordsand phr.sesirom the hstbelow Thegraphsand deas n the t€xl w dei nitelywon't i5a mon certdn to r..]*€t-{€ rntht will definitely e(onony and is impo$ible to predict with any cerlainty. (Rin(e the be8iMins of this year \runemployment has fallen from 2.s million to 1.8 million, and Unfo.iunately inflation b Soing tlP steadily.Ii (4).............'.-'.'.----- arcpurow trt......!1...1i.ts9!y..-te.... reach 6% by the end of the year However the Sovernmenl (s)..................,........,............ iake pani( 1.s million by the end of the yeai Thi6 (2)........................................ be good news for the govennent ag measurcsas inflation is sinilar to unemployment i6 a very imporlant idsuein the countryat the momenl.By the tine of the next even ele(tion unemptoyment (3) '.*-........-.--------. falt betow I miuion it all depends on the wodd s unhk€yto th.t of its tEding partie6 and {6),.,,.,,,,,,,,,,..,..........,..,..,.,, rctur to levels of the 198!s when rates of 30%o! 40"/. a year Exercise6ABDE I i^ "" Ma.t n and Annehaveanved at.heck-inat He.lhrowAiporr. compeie the r dialowe wrh nust, night, can't,musthave,night haveor can'rhave Useea.h word onceon y N,^rrN ()h Do.l crni fird lrv prsport. You'rcjoking. vrrrrr N o , r e a l l lt:s n o t 1 I rD r - \ ' b r i c t c a i e . well. ir (1) ......Yqtt .....be i! vour othe. bas. Qui.k haver look. \BRIN I!\ nor lhere.where otr errth is it? M.rrrN Wcll, I dont knorv Do rou rlrink rou {2) .................. . leli rt it home? T h a t sn n p o $ i b l eI ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d. o. .n. e . I c h e c k e dI h a d i t u r t h n e f o f f t l n c s b e f o r eI leli the housc. ôr{rN, OK, ciln do\rn.wlut about .he.king lour .oll pocke$?Youneverknov, it ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e . rhere No. it snt Thl B ridiculous.We'resoins to missour flight. iNrrN, L o o k . - v o u( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. .I o o k i n si n t h e r i s h t p l a c e Ercuse me, sir.]s rh.t \our pasporr there on the ground? O h , , v e ss,o r ! s . A h , I ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d r o p p e d i t r v h e n I q s l o o k i n g f o r t h e t i c k e t s . odals and related verbs 4 A Dir€cuindirect language a Choce of langu.geoften dependson rh€ sociatsruaron.D recttanguageis rypicatof nfomal situatlons, for exdmpleconveGaiions betwe€ncoleaguesIndirecrtanguag€ s typica of lorma situatiofs,fo. examplelirst meeringswh€rewe havero be po te. In gener.t: - prere.t fonns (cd,, wil4 are more d rect than pan forrr's \cautd, wautd) - sho.tlonns (Cdnlou)are mofed rectthan tongformsltwondet if yau cauld) I Requestg (asksomeone a Tomakea rcquest to do lomethn9)we usecan,coutd,wil, woutd.Wecanaoo thewordpossrbtto maketherequest morepotite. Couldyou (possibly)apen the windaw,please? Will./Wouldyou givene a handwith thesesuitcases? ii,olresnt so.ial6iar vith iddL^tpp?rclds Qtstio : My ptoJ.siok !!ottc.Cat y" /ecotnn.rdd ltd booki roadnodm di cRafldctiqr.a.: (TheTineswebsue) unn15 a we usean indirect question to makethe rcquest morepo te. Do you think you .ould openthe window? I'd be gftteful il you could apen thewindaw a Wecanreplybyagreeing to or refusing a requesr. AgleeingtSure.Noprablen/Yes,af couse.lYes,cettainly. Retuting:Actually,it s a bit in.onvenientight how/t'm sorrybut that,snat passible c Requestswith mird a Wecanmake. €quenwth Wouldyounlnd ... followedbyan ,lrg form. Wouldyou mind rcpeatingthat2 'i\ I & .h@Pe'*i'@@gbFftab* a Questions withnrlrdmeanls it a prcblenfaryou?So,to aqreero a request we say,no,. A: Wouldyou mind openingthe windaw? B:No,ot caurse nat. Torcfusewe usea phrasekeWell,AduallyIo be,,ronest andgivea reason. A: Wouldyou mind openingthe window? B: Actua y, I n feelingquitecold. 14 MODAIs AND RELAIEDVEFBS4 63 D Permission we use.aD could,mav a Toaskif we cando something Canlcould/May I changemYticket? 'har) in uhkhpatkntsdleqftet.ddt thedootith d snilednd' IlealthSeMce lndgined Natia,Mt osyo, rhi,k (Guadianwebsite) ma! I hetpyot?'Fd t6y?L n'dynotI'es.fdt dtudy question to askfor permission se€unit16 a Wecanlse an indircct ts it all ight if I changemYticket? I wonder if I could changerry tkket? Doyoumindif I ? at wouldyoumindif I 7 a Wecanaekfor permissianwilh Noticethefom oi thevelbthatfollows. seeunir17 A: would you nind il t tnoked? A: Do yo! mind if t smoke? B:Adually, l'.1rctherteu didn't B: No,of causenot Weoftenrepeat the modalin thereplv'but noticethat to reqlests. o Wer€plylike n r€plies whenwe €py to Could/...2 w€ savcannotcou/d A: Can/could I speakto yau lot a mament? B: Yes,ot .ouEeYou Gn E Offers and invitations Wauldyaulikene to,l'llal\dLetne a Toofferhelpwe useCan/Couldlshalll, fot I nake a caPY Shall You? Wouldyou like ne to giveYoua lift? I'll give then a ing if you like. Let me gtveyaua hand. ng a withchoicesWer€plybyexpress /*e or shortphrases a Tooflerthingswe useWooldyou At woutd you like teaor coffee? * t'd rathet have coffee,please A: Antthing to dtink?lea ot coffee? g I'll havecoftee,P|ease A: what would you prcfer? B:I don2 nind. we useWouldyou liketo . ? to do somethlng a To nvit€somebody would you like to cone with us to the restauftnttonight? or relectrng them. by accepting a Wecanrepy to offersandinvitatlons AccepringThankyau verynu.h. llhanks I'd apTe.iate that lThats verykind of you That'sverykindof yau,but.../Thank|butl(an nanage Rejecting: F Suggestions. we useCauld,ShaI,what abaut,Howabout,I think welyou a Tomakea suggestion forrns: andlet3. Noticethediffe.ent should/could shonbrcaknow (staterneni) should/Le* have a think we we could/l (queston + v€tuwith _ng) now? having a short break What/How about (qLreston) sha we havea shott breaknaw? question a Weoftenuseihe formof a negative we/lrlhy not try ta rcnegatiatethispart of the contract? don't welwtry Couldn\ 'Dsoibirs n1tl!t'etakeshots. tYht dot\ lot! bq thebusiflIvschoal usehistarydboutus? E ery*irg is thez.'- NieolsHark, CEO oJSMnh (SundayTimeswebsite) by acceptLng or reFdrngih€m a Wecanreplyto suqqenrons Acceptinq:vet / rrlrt L4€rhouldda that.lThats a good idea/Yes,let s da that R{e.rlng: I'n not reallysureabautthat-l Thatsauntislikea goodidea,but .. 64 14 MOOALS AND REIATED VERB' 4 14 Practice Exercisel*mggm Undedine thecoffedwords. I l'm verybusy.Wouldyou .r'indb givelgjrizg ne a hand? 2 Wouldyau/Shouldyou helpme .arrytheseboxes,please? 3 Datou likelwould tou likesomemoresoup? 4 Mayllwould laskyoua peGonal question? 5 Ho abourweblkltalkingto another supplier? 6 Arcyouhavlngproblems? Willt/ShallI helpyou? 7 Aleyo! havingproblems? let mel/sha//helpyou. A Wouldllcould lbonow you. copyof ihe FT? 9 | rhinkyoushould/you playi.ggolf. canspendlesstime 10 Ercuse me,couldyoulmayyoutellmewhichnreerthisis? 11 Doyouthinkcould/// corldopenthewindowT 12 Doyoumindif I openlopenedthe window? 13 Wouldyoumindlf loperlopenedthe window? 14 Wauldtou signlPbaseto s/it, yournamehe€? Exercise2 X Matchtheformsl-3 withthe usesaF<). 1 WoLr d youlikea/some ... n you 2 Would liketo ... n 3 wouldyoulikemeto ... t] a) offeringhelp b) otferingsometh n9 c) invitingsomebody to do something ExerciseSFHH* Matchsituatonsl-6 with ouestions aFo. E f 1 Makn9 a request 2 Askingfor pemission 3 Ofiefinghelp 4 Offeingsomething 5 hvting somebody 6 Makng a suggestion a) Wouldyoulikea coftee? b) Wouldyou kerneto carryyourcoffeefor you? c) Wouldyouiiketo comewith usfo. a coffee7 d) Couldyougei mea cupof coff€elrornthecanteen? e) Shallwe brcakfor coffeenow? f) ls it allrightif I helpmyseif to cotree? n n n n Nowmatchsituations gtsm).Yo! canlookbackat thequestions 7-13withreplies p.rt to in rheprevious hep yoLr. 7 Aqreeing to a €quest 8 Refusing a request 9 Expressing a prelerenc€ 10 Acceptng anoff€rof help 11 Accepting a suggestion 12 Rejerting an offerof help '13 Rejecting a suggestion n n n n n ! n g) Adually,I think 'd ratherhavewaterif yoLrdont mind. h) Of course, no prcblem. i) Actually, l'm reallybusyat the momenr. j) l'rnnotsurethat3a goodldea. k) OK,let3do th.t. l) Thanks, l'd re.llyappreciate that. m)Thank,butI canmanage. ,I4 MODAT.5AND REIAIED VERBg4 65 Exercise4ffiHHlS @ , , ceorgeisvlsiing Fernandoin sao PauLo.Completethe diaoguewlth the phrasesfrom th€ llstbe ow. +e++Fe shallwe I should would you like would you lik€to woLrldyor.rlike m-"to do you m nd vyouldyou mrnd I do'r l mind of cour<p o'.oJae -ot I d dppr€cicte.hd( IsNo.Ple*e.comen.(l)......9-e3.Y9.............ukeyorr.oii.lr'sgood,o,<"youl Itt rery nice ro be here in S:o Paulo.Thanl you so m ch for yo11rinvitaiion to come ud seeyoor company.Itwasvery ki!d. FRN^mo Not at el. Itls my pleasure.(2) ............................................ some coffee?Or mineralwter I d prefernineral wter. please. FlrlN^Mo, StiI or spa.kling? o h . ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .e. i. t. h. .e. .rw . .o. .u. .l d b e f i n e .( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.f.I. . . . . . . . . . just ruke a quick c.l - I didnt 8ct . chanceearlier. r4RN.Mo, (5) Go right ahea.r. Oh, rheret no sign.l. Never nnnd. Un, yotr hevea wonderfrl building here.It looks re.Iy nnpressivelion rhe ourside. FEkNANDo, It's very nev - we only moved in lasryear.It's designedby ouc of our most famous rrchitccB,Ce$r Pelli.(6) .................-.......................... show you .round l.ter? (7) . Tlunk. . r.EnN^NDo, Now rhen.(8) -------- --, -,---(9) set down to business? your int€rest teling ne . lirde rbout in our mxrket?Whrt exactlyrre your long+erm objecriveshere in Brazil? Er, perlmps(10) ............................................ begin by expl.inins i little.bout the history of o u r c o n r p a n y .hI a v ea s b o * p r e s e n t a r i o n m y h p t o p .( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. .e. .e.i t. ? ..... RNANDo, (12) Exercise 5Sffi[fffi Readthefo owingmpolitedialoque between a hotelrecept onn and a guert Re(eptionist Guest --rrI Givemeyournam€. 2 lt3lessop. lt3 lessop. t-3 Spelir 4 lt! !E-s-S-O-P r Le.veyourpasipod. 6 Ol w.nr an Farlvrornrnqcall ? Of courre 9 lt't lrcm seven 10 Also,lmustleavearnessag€ thirtyuntilten. a/'> fora colleague. r+ 11 Doyouwaniapen? 12 Thank you. Nowrewrtethefollowinglinesfrcmihe dialoque. Thewordsin b.ackets will hep you. pre*")......14+.v...1...ku*...yegr...a4Ng,..ele4t9.?............. Lin€1(May/have/name L i l e 3 r c o - d / s p e l l / r h d t / Tpel e o s e. l. . . . . . . . . . . Li1e5 rwould/T _d/yourpas>port) Lr1e6 /Do/rr'nl/book me/e.rly nor^ n9) l F e 8 f l w o n d e r / y o , / L eTl e l w h e r ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . L e l0 lwould/l _d if l/mes5dqe/colleague) uestions1 A Yeslno questions and answers a + mainverb. Questlonswththe dnswefyesor no areformedwth an aux aryvelb + sLrbject Theauxiliarycdn be do, be hayeof a modalverbllke can,will, wauld Shortanswersrepeatthe Present simple A: Do yau speakFrencha B: yes,I do./No, I don,t. Present continuous A: Arcyau staying at the Metropole? A: Did you .he& all the invaices2 B Yes,tam./No, I'n not. Pastconlinuols Pan pe.fedr A: Wereyou living in Romeat the tlnet B: Ye| twat./Na, twasn't A: Had you alreadyleft when I phoned? pedect Present Wlll A: Have you seenmy new PalnPilot? A: Wi yau be back befote lun(h? B: Yes,I had./Na, I hadn't. B: Yes,I have./No, I haven't. B: yes,I witt /No, I won,t. Can A: Can you spe.k F.ench? B: Yes,I can tNa, I .an't. Pastsimple B: Y6, I did /Na, I didnl Haft\ik\ duJlkrtidr bectttishtt rN tlr $t etpl. tl tkns? Do youd..eptyalk n o ydt l.tBA t olrdfi pirh,tt ary ttork.V.tic.t(? Cat yot Sit. rlt'litdr(. ort dtluittdt th. h6t uutt ol flni'r lh.ld$hip!? (tsusinessweek rvebsue) . Thema n verbbe comesbelorcthe lubjectin a qlest on ls it time for the meeting? Arc you rcadya B Question word questions a Quenionwordsare:what,when,whete,which,who, whose,why andhaw '|fu kt),t. tk'dKtuu h th,lnrn. eill ht ta Oi( dod,ar l).!tu,,ith th. qBtirt'Whdt do I na ?'drd ktr'How do I p.tsrddelt.!".^hit. ],Ntlt? Ou l\h |ith ttu qAtnu'tt/hat do thq,pant?'rrd thot 'Hotu&n thi\ beuatu h).fui'na.n a\Mnu larya!? - t.nr D nku (lDdusrrvweek stbsirc) a Afterthequenionwod we usethesamesirucrure asa yeslnoquenion: auxilafyveft + suDtecl4manvero Present s rnpe Present contnuous Pastsimpe Pasrconnnuous P.stperle.t Prelentperiect Can Whendo you usuallyleave wo*? whi.h prcjedsarcyauwo*ing on at thenanent? whosecatdid youhottow? Wherewercyoulivingat thetime? How nu.h rcsearchhad you done befaretheprcducttaunch? Why have yau decidedta cut ba.k on tnvestnentthisyeat? Whenwi yau be ba*? Whatlanguaget.anyau speak? c Questionphrases a We oft€n Lrsewhat.fd '?h,.h wth a noun: What time arc you aftiving? What areas do we need ta cover in the neetinq? Whdt settorrlaakptuflti\itlrdt tlti' ti'ft? I hat impliutiots u,otttjtherebeif the priceoJoit .a.l.hua to ri.? (Businesweek website) '15 QUESTIONsl 67 Whtlr is rnoreusualwith peopleand organisations, and when thereis a imitednumberof possible answe6: Which .ustoner seryice rcWsentative wereyou speakingto? which couier seNice did we use last ti.r'e? which way is it? a we can usev"hich ot ot Mich one: Whi.h ot the Woposals dtd you accept? Whi.h one did you accept? We cannotusewrafin this wdy a We can mak€ phraseswilh haw: how many,haw nuch, how old, how fa, how often, how long, how fast. How often do you travel abroad an business? How long will the meeting last? Hop itnportant dft thc tttnicipdl clcctions?IIou nr.h $11the Bn;i1iot rarant gtotr ext ydt ond h1il,dt ote6? (LatinT.rde websitc) D Question words as the subject O Sornetimes thequestion wordistherublectof thesent€nce: Who did you neet in Argentina?(j,ouis lhe subj€d) (who6 lhesubj€ct. Who metyauat theateo.r? ),ous t1eobject' a Whena question wordislhe subject of. questondo not usedoldoesld/d. (Whatand i4lhoarcthe subjects) Whathappened? Whowork hete? (youand/ arethe subj€ctt what did yau do? Whodo I pay? a Notethatauxiliaesotherthandoldoes/dld pronoun canbe used,butthereis no subject because thequestion wordisthelubject. What has happened?(NOTWh€+;t+a€-) what wi hawen? (NOIv/h€+.it+,ill-...) E Negative questions quesuons politely. a We!9e negaUve to disagree But dofl't you think thatdfercflt etietiethaved difefttt appetiE al so'ial fat so.ialcohaslo| dkryrtion?Isfl't thct a liuit i| uhat o . .att ittnods.e ion tte US ta Eutupain tem! of theneu) eord,"r? Gconomistwebsire) a Weuseneg.tivequestions whenwe expecttheanswer to be '.o'. InsocialEnglirh thismakest easierforthe otherperson to replypoltely. A: Do you like Japanese food? B: No,not really.(rheanswerseemsverystrong) A: Don't you like iapanese food? B: No,not really.(theanswer seems molepolite) I questions Weusenegative to showsurprise. Don't you acceptAneian Express? 6a t5 QUEST|ONS.t 15 Practice ExerciseI [$! Undedin€ theconectwods. 1 Spokeyou/Di!!&!J_5,4"kwith Latayenerday? 2 Whatdid lata say/saidwhenyouspoketo her7 3 Ar DoyoulikeScotch whisky? B: Yes,l like.lYes,l do4 Ho\\ wo*s thisnachine?ldoesthisnachinework? 5 Who setup l\,4icrosofttdid setup Mkrosoft? 6 Whensetup Micr6oftldid Microsoftsetup7 7 Who ditl telephonenelte/ephoredme thismorning? 8 Whotou Elephonedldidyou re/ephone this morning? Exercise 2 [ b(pandtheAndyouTquestiontro makefuttyer/noquestions. I ve seenthe newstoday.And you? 'HAye..le!.a...le.s^'the_. AcIr.{ ,te,dAy? 2 | workfiom home.Andyou? 3 lcan lndeBrandGerman. Andyou? 4 l'vea readyhadlunch.Andyou? 5 I be backin timefor lunch.Andyou? 6 l'm enjoying rheconference. Andyou? 7 | ag€edwith her AndyouT 8 l'veneverspoken to Pierre. Andyou? Exercise3 E Expand questions the,Androu2 to make fullquenion wodquestions. 1 | know Jimfromuniversity. Andyou? .89.w......d.e....tn .."kêw-'Jj}.3..... ...... ........ ...... .............. ..... Exercise4 E Wrte . questioffor eachansvrer. r z 3 5 6 7 I ............!{.irer...d.e...y.o..g..4-e!...!e..r.c!:k? G€tto work?At about8.30usually. DonelI h.ven'tdoneanythingl Thereport?I put it overihere. Here?stayherebecause rhepayisgood. Yesterday? lwasfee n9 .wf! . 'rnstayifg.t Staying? the Ritz. Reporlto? | reponto BobTaylor Thisbag? thinkit! Hel€n3. 'r5 QUESTTONS 1 69 Exercise5 ffS Rearrange thewordsin eachgroupfromthe listto makequestions. Thenmatchthemto theanswers below to makea complete dialogue. y€!-bs4p,esehe.e-afe-€*youdid do that wh.t before ale for how younaying ong lke whats it beenhow havelong thereyou workinq arive did whenyo! yo! what do do stayingyou wher€are involvetravel n9 job doesmuchyour to is f rsi this Lyonyourvisit 1 A: Are ye$ herg .e^-...,b*tiMt;,?............... 6 A B: Yes,I'n hereon a salesrrip. B: No,I ve been here once benrre B; I work for a urdl biotech company- B: A couple ofdils aso. B: About four yea6, I suppose. B: Unnl Friday.then I go back to tle UK. B: I was in pharmeceulicals. B: At the Hoiiday Inn. Yes,guhe i lot. I orvel all over Europe, but especialyin France. B: It's vcry confortable acturlly rnd the restaunntis good. 5 A : B: Exercise6f,fif @24 Completethe daloguewith qleston wordsand quenionphrasesfrcm the listbelow \^,baf*jFd-€+ how often how far what (x2) wh ch (x2) whose how long how many how mLrch So,tell me about your newjou. (r) .......W..h6J...Kind...ef ......*o.L ; ir: JoE: Itl, in siles,like my lastjob, bur it's a bigger company. Really?(2) ........................................... peoplervork there? JoE I supposerheret about 60 people in our oftice. . . .................-..... holidly can you t ke a year? Oh, yeah.And (3) ............. JoEi Twenry-fourdaysa ye.r plus public holidays. oh, rtDrt much bene. rh.n )our lar job. And (a) .......................................... is it frcm your home? JoE We[, ir's reellynor rhar f,r and I dont hrve ro carchthe irrin to work every morning,which is gieat. Oh.lucky you. So,(5) .......-.......-............................ doesit rakeyou to get to work in the 'norning now? loE Abour 20 minuresby c.r Wow.lr soun& perfect.(6) .........................-....-..-......-... time do you startwork in the morDings? JoE About nine. But sometimes I have ro go on salesrips tt the weeken.ls a well. O h ? ( 7 ) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . .. . . . . . . .i.d. .e aw r t h a t ? JoE, I dont knoq ir's Just somefiing yoo have to do. And (8) ....-.......-....-..-.-............-.......do )ou haveto do it? JoE: About once a motrth I thinl.They'.e going to give me a company caJ. Realyl (9) ............................................ model are rhey going to give you? JoE: A Go]f,I rbink and I cd choosedE colour oh, and (10) ............................................ coloursde there? JoEi well,I can choose berween black ud d*k biue. only rwo! So, (11) ............................................ one do you prellr? Joli well, ddk blue soundsberrei rhan b]ack- uestions2 A Question tags: form e A quenon tag is a shortph.aseat th€ end of a natementthat turns t lnto. quenion.lt invites the otherpersofto repy. a Questontagsar€tormedusingaux iaries(do, be haveor a moda). An aff mative staternent usuallyhasa negaivet.9, 3nd vice-ve6. You speak French,don't you? You don't speak French,do you? You went ta the conference didn\ you? Youdidn't go to the canference,did you? You can meet him tononow, .ant youa You can't ,'eet hin tanonow can you? He5 here,isnt he? He isn't hete, it he? B Questiontags: use . Hereare five possb e usesot quenioniags presentedn a dialogue: A: You havent got the salesfiguresyet, h.ve you? k€questfor nfom.ton) (confirmalon) B: Theydon\ haveto be readytillftiday,do they? A: You'rc not going to leaveit until the last minute again, are youT lattack) (defence) B: Well, I haven't had any tine, have l? A: 5a it wasn't yo! gatng hame eatlyyestetday,was it2 Ga(asm) a lf we usea negalivenal€mentwilh an affirrnalvetag, we often erpectihe answerto be no. A: l'n going to needan interpreter B: Af couEe. Yau don't speakFrcnch,do you? Thisform car be morcpo te becauseit ir easierfor the olher personto repy no A: Yaudont speakfrcnch, doyou? B: No, soffy, I don't a A negativenaternentwith an afiirmativetag can alsobe us€dto .sk peope for thingsin a Yau couldn't give ne a hand, .ould you? Yau haven't got any change lot the pa*ing metet, have you? c Question tags: other points a lf the m.in velb in the ltatem€nl s nave,you makea t.g with do. Youhad a neetlng this noning, didn't you? Whenhave!sthe auxiliarythe tag is with haye(asnorma): You've just been.taAustria, haven't you? a lhe r.g with I n/l an )saren't. I'm a faal, arcnz l? a Thetag wth tet3 s dral/.Thisis a sugqeston. Let's brcak fot @ffee naw, shall we? C Atter an mperativewe can $e will you?at wan t you? Havea seat,wi you? Giveme a call latet, won't you? lt the imperative5 a requestwe can usec., you? ot 6uld you? Hold the lift fot ne, can you? Passne that file, .ould you? 16 (luEsnols 2 7l D Replyquestions we do thisto showinteren, to replyto whatsom€one says. a we canLrse a shortquestion Themeanings likeRea/r7or /5thatrrue? surpseor uncertainty. a: I went ta HeadOfficelan week. BrDtdyouT (interest) a: I .an't installthe newsofthzre. B:can'tyou? (sumrise) A: I thinkthey'reatwing at ten. no B:A/e they2 (uncerta of vetblikein a questjon tag,butthereis no change a Thercplyquestion usesan auxLiary to negative dffnrnauve E Indirect questions witha phtase likeDoyo, know a Wecanbe morcpoliteor lentdtive bybeginning a qLrenion Doyau thinklfue|,Dayou nind tellingne, Couldyau tell ne, CouldI askyou, l'd liketa knaw t waswonoennq Do fosJeel tit ns! in i"tcf.st k o f.rtt oJinjcatedrc.ditinr? Cat p" gi'e neYak\ prcfLle lal hdsb(n 'otkilqhd ion-Us,Jusdlc)? Abo,ya, Mtioftd thatloLe theCl6sof'99 (icn'inority, k doin! to xqnghe lt ittctuiNpo!tunt.Couldyol tellm. a bit moredhoxtuhat thesthool wcbsitc) o, //rdrfio{r? (Businessweek question isllkea normalsiatement. a Thewordoder of an indir€ct lrd lec1-: Doyou thinkyou could callne a taxi? diecl: Couldyou .all ne a taxi? ^dned CouldI askyau hot\/oldyou ate? diecl: Howold arc you? wordor modalverbwe $e if ar whether o wher€thereis no question indned Doyou knowif iane stillwork herc7 dke.r DoesJanestillwo* herc? F Prepositions in questions lollowingthe man verb,andth s i5 a Theprepositlon comesin thesamepaceasin a statement, ollenat theend. Whoarcyou waitingfor? Whatareyou lookingat? Whetedo yau cone tuom? Whatwetetheytalkingabout in themeeting? G what is it for and what was it like a we usewhat... for? io askabouta purpose.The meaningis'why'. what is this switch fat? {= Why s this switch hele?) 'how'. a We usewi,af ... ,1e?to ask it somethingis qood or bad.Ihe meanng s what was the confercncelike? (= How was the conieren.e?) 72 t6 QUE5T|O|{S2 16 Practice Exercise1 E t Add a qlestiontag to eachsentence. 1 Wetenearlythere. Arsa:t..we? 2 Youknowthe Brazilian ma*et..........-.-...... ? 3 Youw€ntto Brazllin March,.................. ? 4 Youhaven't beento B€zll.................l 5 He'sneverbeento Srazil, .................. ? 6 Youwon'tbelate,.................. ? 7 Harry isn'lgoingto retire, ......--..............-.. ? 8 Wehada goodmeallast night,....--................... ? 9 Im late,......................... ? Sorry 10 Letbmeetagain soon,....-.....--............. ? Exercise2 I Makea question witha question tag. 1 Aska colleague if hesentthefax.Youexpecttheanswer to be 'no'. you.....d!C-r\.:t..r.-?^C..tig-..t4r,,..CiC...yqf.?............. 2 aska colleague if he sentthefax.Youe)(pect theanswer to be ,y€s,. YOU...........,,..,,,,................. . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . .?. . . . youtenotsurehisnameis Mr peters. 3 Aska stranger at theairportif hisnameis I/r Peters. YOUin4me.......................... ...........,,,,,..:.......... ? 4 Yourccognis€ someone. Youaresurehisnameis Mr Pete6. Yourname..................,,,.... ,,,.............. .......,,, ? 5 Youg-essrrat Brotec havecan(elled ther orde Eiotec..........................--.. .............................. ? 6 Yo! areverysu@rised thatEiotechave(ancelled thekorder. Exercise3 E Underline thecorrcct words. 'I Couidyoutell mewhat yout a/e terns of paynentlwllclnjgLpAl@gLarE? you 2 Do knowwhee th€ na*eting seminatistis thenarketingseminar? 3 ld keto knowhow canwelr€ canfinancethis proje.t4 CouldI askyouwhy]€u leltldid you leareyoLJtasriob? s Doyouthink could/// coulduseyourfax machine? Exercise4 [ I Rearange thewodsto makequenions. 1 io wherc.re goingyou 2 f'or who didgeryoutheinlormanon ....... 3 ln whichfundsdo investyou 4 likewhattheweaiherwasin Sweden \tu,zre are "an aoi*a lo2- t6 QUESTTOI{S 2 73 Exercise 5 SS$ @Zs queniontaqs. competettreseaialogueswith A JoHN, JoHN: B DAN, Hi, Martha,rvere due to meet next week (1) .......^fg$:..!P-........ ?wen,l'vejust remembered that l'm on holiday then. Can you mk€ another time? Yes,when are you free? . .. . .. . .. . .. .... ? Um,leCs meet a foitnigh! on Tusday, (2) ............ Yes, rharl 6ne a fortnight on Tuesday. Let me look in my diary. . . . . .. .. ? LDn wi]l be lrrivins at the omc ar two, (3) ...................... No, at thtee Oh. right.wel, he! been herc before,so he shotld know how to find the otrLce, ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . . . . ? But th.t {tl beforewe moved bundirys, (5) ..-................................... oh, yeah. I'll etuil him with directions to get here. then. C srer, There desigrBneed to go to Norton Snnthit ofiice in Cuildford today They ve got a . ? fu nachine there,(6) ............................-.... Yes,but it's not working. I'll sendthe document to then by first cla$ !ost. ... ? I t A b e q u i c k e ri f y o u s e n ti t b y c o u i e r , ( 7 ) - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . Oh,yes.I'll sort that out nov. D uRIDcEr This guote for the partsis much cheaperthan the other one we had, ', (8) "" Yes,'ruch. It! very stnnge.Theyhavent lbrgotten to include deliverycosts, (e).................................. ? No. everythingi' includedrn t})e prre. R e a l l y ?I t a I l o o k r o o g o o dt o b e r u e , ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . . Um, yes,wel,lett give rhem a rry !nlv.y. Exercise 6I Puta tick(/). Choos€ th€mostlikelyreplyin eachsituation. withthelanguage. I lf go to ltaly,l'm goingto haveprcblems Youspeakltalian,dont you? n a) Of coLrrse. b) Of course. Youdon'tspeakltalian,do you? E yousaidtharourcompetto'shaoa o€n€rp od-cl tr'.' ur 2 In rhemaering Ll a) WhatlI saldthat,didn'tl? b) Whatlld dn t sayrhat.did1? n abroad. lthinkshe3working 3 haven't seenAnnfor Eqes. hasn'ishe? n a) Yes,thatt right.She3gota tobIn 5parn, b) Yes,thatt ight. Shehasn'tgot a iob in spain,hasshe?n andthere3stillsornuchworkto do. 4 Ihe d€adline lor the pfojectis Friday aren'tweZ n a) tS not lookinqqood.Werc goingto makethedeadline, arewe? n b) Lt3not lookinggood.we'renot gongto makethedeadline, to somemorecous(ous? 5 Doyoumindjf I helpmysell iood,don'tyou7 D a) No,of cou6enot.YoulikeMoroccan food,do you? n not.Youdont likeMoroccan b) No.of coLr6e 6 We haveto be at theaiQortat nine. a) Youwil be late.wontvou? n b) vouwon'tbe late,willvou? n onditionals 1 A Conditions and results a Compdrethesesentences.lhe1f...'cl.lse is the condiiion,and the otherp.rt of the senrence 1 f salesir.rease (gen€rally),we 'rake nare prcfit. 2 /fiales tncreas€ (next quanet), we' nake norc prcfit 3 /fsal€s increas€d (next q€net), we'd make norc profit 4 /f sal€sinffeased (last qu aftet), the Dire.rot should be happier 5 tf saleshad indeased llast quarter), t e DiTe!.torwoutd have been happtet. it seftenceI ir aboutsomelhingthat s alwaystrue SeesecrionB beow S e n t e n c2e s a b o u ts o r n e t h i nt h g a ti s r e a s o n a bl il ky € l y t oh a p p e nn r h e l u r u r e . S e e s e c t o n C . sentence3 s aboLrtromething that is imagin.ryor Lrnlik€ly n rhe future 5€esecton D. a Senrences 4 and 5 are aboui the pasr Seeunii 18. a With a ltypes of conditionakthe /fc ausecan comesecond. we' nake nore prcfit il salesin.rcate We'd make nare prcht if salesin(eased. I tf we setl .,, (always true) a when we want to talk aboul th ngsthat arealwaysor generay trLre.we use tf/When+ p-€sen\, prcsentsimpleor rnperaiive (res!t) In th s type ot condilionawe arc not rcfering to one specfc event IJ tr.plc ,nd.rstand tJnt d1n!. k k(6sdry,thcy hare a" apt.tit(.l't h . V yo" do"'t gct tfu I'.n $aplc i o r tanrydry, ),an Wdr sgcts. 0lusincs wcck uebsite) a n the condirionclautether€can be a varielyof prcsentfom!. When you fly businessclass,you get nuch more legrcon (presentsimpte) ff interest:atesarc ising, bahkloans becane more etpenjlve. (presentcontinuous) When you've finished the @u6q you get a Gnificate. In ihe res'rltclaueethere..n be a preseftiirnpe (tasteramptes) or an tnrperative when yau fly businessclass,don't dink taa nuch of the tree alcahal a Noricethat we .an usee ther tf o. ,vhenwh€rethe meaf ng is ,everyi me, C ff we sell ... (likely future) ' r ..:. L. or areItkeyto happen, we use: " a Whenwe wanrio talkaboutfutureevenisrharw I happen, /l+ present, tltlre or mperatrve (condron) (resut) { tle .o,1ptu'ne dedlfails, tuhok ot8 !'har l,l'ilt hap?eflat Eq,itabteLifa? (.leleg^ph weDnrel a ln ihe conditionclauseiherecan be a varietyol pr€sentfoms. lf yau incrcase your orde, vrEll give yau a bigget dis.ounr (presenrs mp e) lf yau'rc meeting her at thrce,I ll jointau taterat abourfour (prererrconrn!ou, ff I've made any mistakes,I llcone.l then tater (presentpedect) 'r7 coI{DtTtoNAls 1 75 (lastexampes). Inthercsultclause7is common Wecana souseotherfutureformsor an yaur otdet yau'rc going to get a biggerdiscount. lf yau increase t he doesn'tgEt thejob, he'll have done a lot af wotk fot nothing. lf anyone fron Head affKe calls,say I'n in a meeting. a Theexamplesaboveare abouttlvo actionsin the future.lf ihe resut cl.lse refersto lh€ presentwe us€a presenttense. lf anyonecall, I'm in a neeting aI norning. lf you needne, I'n wo*ing in the raon at the end of the cotidat D lf we sold ... (imaginaryfuture) i h s 5 o r t e r . a e o 'ae . o n d . o r d 1 o r a W h e nw e w a n tt o t a l ka b o u tf u t ur ee v e n t tsh a ta r ei m a gn a r yun l i k e loy r mp o s s i b l w e ,e u s e : f+ pastsimpleor conlinuous, vnuld/couldtnight + infinirve (condition) (rcsuh) 'ortsoutt If oe dd alLoJnis st"f ouseLfts, wewo"ld hot'eto hd't dt s n hc orly sohnion. I.dn 1,000p.apl.uql]3ins hcre,' cstinnxs Atddi. (BusincsWcekwebsite) a h thecondition clause we canusea pasts mpl€or pastcontinuous. lf tau wanEd a quantirydiscount,yau'd haveto ordetat least1,000units ff tou werc sti speakingaftet an hout, theaudiencewouldprcbablybe borcd. a Notethepastform n thecondtonclause, butrhefuturetirneref€renc€ E Unless a Unle55 means thesameas/f... not by tl'c bclicltltut nless Polandjoiksth( E,bpeahUnior, thit&s Polithrttittdcs at dok'inatcd (Lc MondeDiplonDriquclvebsuc) eano,lylet uo6c. whrchhavelhesamemeaning: Compare thesesentences lf he doesn'tanivesoon,he'll niss the stattaf the ptesentatian. Unlesshe anivessoon,he ll n'ks the staftof the presentation. F Other modals seeunit13 a Themodalslsed in this unit are mainlywll/ and would.We can Lrsea othermodas like can, cou/d musr etc,wilh lheir normalmeanings. 'On va',t tbansb. &z! anat n iflk UME 76 l7 COtVDtTtONAtS.I 17 Practice Exercise l HUEE Underline thecorecrwods. 1 )l wgk/we wouldbe tate.thevtt start/theyd naft withourus. 2 lI we will Ekeltake a raxi.we'I aftivetweanrc soonet_ 3 f we workedleloutdwork to( ADC.we'ltgetlt\e d ger a bettersatary 4 Wheninflation wlgolgoes up.ihercwooldbel6usually prcssure on sataies. 5 tf we don t hurryl$/on,thurry,we woutdbelwe'ttbe tare 6 lf yauchangelarcchangjngyov mind.gire ne/you will givene a mg. 1 Unless yauclkk/woutd.ti.kon thaticon,/tditntrtvlon,tprint out. a ff yauardetedI otderon rheNel we atwayswir serdljerd an emaitconfimation. 9 ll I lend/ wi| lendyou rhir book,whendo you rerur,/ wil,ou returniI? l0 lf youheardlhearanythingin ihe nextfew days,/et me/teftingne knaw. Exe.cise2 E E Readthesesentences anddecideif theevents aretikety or imaginary Compete thes€ntences by puttingthe verbsrnbrackets intothe prerentsimpre+ q4ilor the pan simpre+ vv'uld.usecontracted formswherepossrbre, I lts notfar.tf you.........f.o.1Jp.y...... .. (fo ow)thisroad,you.......11!..Serg...... (comeltothest:ion. 2ll|...........WAt-...........lbe)onrheBoadotthis(ompany,t......'..d...4!."44e.....largue mercet : lf you....................... .....(hav€) anyquesrions, | ............................. (dea ) withihemartheendor my 4 lf thecol]llcil ........................ _...(ban) a caBfromthecitycentre, there............................. (fot be)so 5 At Bi 6 A: B: 7 A: B: 8 A: B: I haveno ideawhattheoth€rsidea€ goingto propose in the negotiation tomofrow Neithef (know), do t.tf | ............................. | ............................. (te) you. Mytrainleaves in fortyminutes. lt onlytakes tenminutes to rhenaionbytaxi.tf you............................. (teave)now you .......... (catch) .................. it. lsthatthetime?| reallyshoujdbe going. lfyou............................. (wait) a momenr, t............................. (give)you a tift. Wouldyouliketo qo to Engtish evening ctasses with.ne? l'msorrybuttcan,t.t,mreay busy. tf | ............................. (have) mo.€time,L................ (love)to. Exercise3ffifrlS Completeihe sentences with the orrect pan of possibje forms,a) of b). 1 lf the banklendsus the money,...4... it in oew mdcnrnery Z a) we ll invenlwere going to invest bJ we'd invest/we wete investing When .........a tot of orders,we atwaysemptoyexirastaffin the factory 3 a) we'I gettwE got b) we getlwe ve gat lf ........ this projectagain,lthink t'd do it differenrty. a') | was statting/t started b) II stad/rve statted 4 fthe computer€rashes, .........someonefrom rhe IT departmenr. a) Wu'd.al/you ate calinS b).a\|/tou I have to catl 17 CONDlrlONAlSl 77 Exercise4lEEgEl @ r u Paula,a marketingmanagerof. .ar manuf.cturingcompany,ista k ng to hercoll€aqueLuis,a production managerCompetetheir conve6ationwith the wods from the list b€low will(x2) won'r (x2) would (x2) wo'rldnl unless(x2) be is isgoingtobe don't ddn't PAULA Lu;. Arent )ou worned aboDt the proposed srrike? LU,s, WeI, sure... ura You see,ifthe factory workes go on strile, we 1r1..............i.!!............. t"'. ' loi ofprcducrron.If we loseprcduction,we (2) ............................... be,ble ro $pply all our customers. p uA Y e s . Ik n o \ b u t . . . And iflve (3) ............................... supplyour customen.they'll probablybuy other makesofcr pruu Ifthat happens,our nrket share(a) ............................... go down.ltl not lookitrg good. we[, that'srjght. but ... And whatt more,jn niy experience,when workersgo on strike there (5) ............................... a brd ronospherefor norths afteruatds. you can come to an ag.eemenrwith the workerr soon,there huLA So, (6) .............-................. (7) ............................ a lot oftrouble ahead.llyou wanr my advice,(8) ......................... rry caelirl. Look, dont vorry hula Dont 1vorry? Yes.Look, dre workersk.ow that the success ofthc companydependson this new modc-. ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. y. .'.e. s. .r u p i dt,h e y ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. .o. .o. n . . .s.t.r i k e . r lLA Oh? No\nJust imagine- ifit sold reallywcl, lve (11) ............................... increaseotrr rnarketshan and our profiK. Ifth.t happened,we (12) ............................... needto nuke so tuanyjob cuus. A n d i f w e ( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. ...v. e . .r.o. . c. u r j o b s r, h e t a d e u n i o n s( 1 a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. . . . . . . Druchhappier p uLA \ve[,I supposeyou've got a point. Ex€rcisesHglH Youae talkingto a iiiendaboutyournewjob.Useyor.rthoughts yousay.Putthe to complete thesentences pastsimpl€, velb n brackets lrto eitherthepresent simple, mperatve, w7+ infnitiveor would+ infintve. You think: Peopleiay thaf hardwork usualyrcsul5in prcnotion ih thiscampany. Yousay:(1)Th€ysaythatif you..!9fK.. (work)had,you.49!. (qe0promotea You think: / wantto showthen that |'n good at rnyjob n that I canhavenorc job se.uitl. (give)mea permanent Yousay:(2)| hopethatif | . (do)mybesi,they............................ contract afte.a fewmonrhs.' You think: /'yebee, /atern the norning a few tines. lwish lcould workat the Leiriasitev/hichis nearcr Yousay:(3)l'm sometimes latefor wo.k.lf | ............................ {work)at the te r a ste,it Youthinl|j Onethingwori6 l.-le.I hada healkptoblena fe ,ea. ago,but irc veryunlkelythatit willreoccur Yousay:(4)lwonderwhat .. ...................(happen)fmyhea1thprob1em.................... You think: Maybe/t3 not a problem.ln generalthey seenta be veryrcasanable abaut illness. (mis,oneor hro daysbecause Yousay:(s)Acrually, if you...........-.............. of illness, they (notseem) ............................ to mind. You think Goodby-.. / hopet seeyou soon. (fancy) just............... (give)me Yousay:(6)lfyou............................ a drlnko.e evening, a ring. ........ onditionals 2 A ff we sold ... (possible past) a Wh€nwewdnito tatkaboutpan events whichpossibty happened, we lse /l+ pan strnple tn thecondirion ctause, andanytenseor mod:Jin rheresuttctause ff you went b theneetingyesterdayyou probabtyheard thenews. tf you missedthe M pragranmetastnight you canbonow therccordingt nade. B tf we had sold ... (imaginary past) th , ! l'pn .a .Lr; rh d ..ndr o j a when we wanr ro tarkabout pasteventsthat are diff€rentro whdt realy happened, we use: /f+ pan perfecr, would + haye+ pan pafticiote (condition) IJ Clr di a,d Cop hdt 'uon thectc.tioi,theyaocti! haoeprcnote.t ie hddcqqnetkfiL\wnh otho nrtion! in the sd,t vd),dr a,,/.. (yahoo Busnress Nevs website) TheF,soflena suggenron ot crli.isn or regrer lf theecotlomicsituationhad been befter,we woutdn,t have lostsa nany custa',es. a A conlracled ? in speech caf be/radin thecondttonor w?u/din the.er!tt. lf t'd done an MBA,t'd have h.d note oppottunities a The€xamples abovea€ abouitlvoacttons in rhepasr.frhe reruttcauserefers to rhepresenr we usewould+ infinilive. ff I had done an MBA,I woutd be on a highetsatarynow C Conditionals without if a Welse lltor somerhing thatmighthappen in thefulur€,or somerhing maginary We use whe, tof something thatwe knowwil happen. lllcallyouif t geta chanca(t,rnnotsureif I wi phoneyou) l llcal youwhenI affive. (twilldefinttety phoneyou) Wecanuseeithertor evhen wherethemeaning is ,every t me,. If/When anyoneringsny nobile, I get a photogaphof the pe6anan the scrcen. a In intormat lpeechwe sometimes useInaqlneor juppostng in ptaceof li tmagine/Supposingyou had a mi ion do ars,how woutd Wu investit? a we canuseproyldedrhat,praviding,an conditon that astongas andsa tonga5for empnaes. Themeaning is,il.fd ontyif,. As tongar tte s.,au te.lnrotosy, b"s tant,ril bntin,eto hei deuo.t. (SlndayTines Nebsire) a Wec.n useln .aseto tatkaboutdoingsomething ro avoida possb e probtem tarerTheresutt ctaLrse usuay.omesfirstandoftenusesgolrq ro. 1n gotngta qiveyou ny nobite nunbet in caseyou needto canta.tme seeunit17 a we useunle$to meaffnoa 1a coNDIflO ALS 2 79 D wish o W€ use/ w;h to exprcssregrctor dissatisfac(ion. a Forthe pesentandfuture,use/ w,shfollow€dbythe pastsimpleor contnuous I wish we didn't haveso nany neetings. I wish I wasn't working nextv/eekend. a Forthepasl use/ w6h followedbythe pdstpertect I wish we had advedisedon teleisianI wish I hadn't eaten the oYsters a s mp€or wil/ i thewishisa goodone,use/ hop€tollowedbythe present goes well I hoPeyou Prcsentatian I hope the neryPrwiI be a success be, lrse/ wsh /.ould thatisdifilcuhor imposs a lf lhewsh isaboutdoingtomething got phone a nobile I wish I could contad him,but he hasn\ ort in speech s.W€stress a We.an replace / wrh with/f ont for €mphas the oYste6. I hadn't eaten lf only lf onlY I .ould <ontadhin E Modal verbs in conditionals in unit17 wercwith tafl.Butothermodalvetbt kecan,could,nay,night,nust seeunnsr r r4 a Theexamples sentences andhavetheirnormameanngs. in conditional andshouldarecommon If fot d.al oith t]t! Mi.ldleEdttlou mnst bed'dilableta youttttsto ett an Sdttrddvtdttd Tnde m.grzine) s',,/q6 (overseas IJ th! ctto veft Mdk i" thc lo,E tcnk,.ohrya,i4 f,ight 'Lau do.tat tcit tltitc to iluclte pradtui'itf dr.l lo,oniots,night pu ttc btakeoi thenltnttrral rcJonnt(Le Monde diplomariquewebs'te) aJ.\ot.a .fnD, 'hkh uav sa Co"tpaq CEo Mnhocl Cdpell.tsQnnE cd on th. rceflt decLine 'Ifra't ara dott't har. d towd lrutinettplan'lou potnlat a, theU.S.sto.h'hd*et r.fat "to!'tht .annot s'e.eetr.'(lnrerMrional HeraldTribune website) a We often usepresentfotmslke Mand ca, with likelyfutlres, and pan lorms ke would( d) and couldwnh TagrndryIulur's (likelyfuture) ]f yau sign nov/, we'll/can delivet by Fiday. ff yau signed now we'd/could delver by ftiday. (imaginaryfLrture) a becalsemodalskeepthek norma But it is a so commonto find mixedtenses€quences meanings: If Hrngaiai Ianrds r'pond to .omPetitio,bl itryto'iflr pnd$tieiry dnn b.o!flins ,lbr ennie"l at ndthctifls, hey .otlil ha'e .t birzet ttture oJ theu1*ct. (BusinessCenlnl Europe website) with a prcsentfom (respond)we might exp€cl can Howevercould k used here wirh is (candoesnot exprcssunc€rtainty) normalmeaninqof uncertainty F fi I were you, -. parlicular y whenwe giveadvice futLrres, in placeof f/ warln im.ginary a w€ canuse/t/ evere wlth the pftate lf I wereyou. ff | werc you, l'd wait until tonurcl /. l'd be nore carctul,ff I were You. a0 ta coNDtnoNALs2 18 Practice Exercise't EEffi Underline theconectwords.Thisexercise includes revision ot imaginary futures. 1 tt yauphonetllhadphonedne yesletday, t hadtoldl@lLfuE_ildyou. 2 lt you tooklwouki haveta*enmoreexercise, youmtghtfeellhadfelt better 3Ilimwauldhavelistenedlradlineredmorecarefutty,hewouldnthavenade/didntnakelhat 4llwedfaundlvvefoundsuitablepremises.'ve?hayemoved/wehadmovedeatiet. 5 lf peoplekeptlhadkepttheirofficesmorctidy,it m/?hipre5ertlpr€jent€da betterimageto our visirors. 6lfl'dknownltwouldknowabourtheirfinancialprobtems,Iwoutdntdolwouldnthayedon 7lfoutsidehadbeen/wasbetterprepared,wesucceeded/coutdhavesucceededtrlthenegotia 8 | weuldntl won't wotryif I am/ weteyou. Exercise2 ! Complete thesentenceswith thewordslromthelistbetowEachwordis usedtwic€. when aslongas in case unless 1 l'll speakto youagain....._.Jif!!9.n...... l'velookedat thecontEctin detait. yourfeturnflightopen....................... 2 Leave rhenegotiations rakean extraday. 3 Wecanstarttheprojectnextweek....................... everyone agrees. 4 Wecanstartthe prcjectnextweek....................... anyone dilrgrees. 5 TheBoard willbehappy....................... priceremains ourshare high. your.eceipt 6 Keep youneedto return ....................... rhegoods. 7 Thenewstockwillarrive,,,,.,,,,,............. theCh stmassales arefinlshed. 8 We'llprobably makea lossthisyear....................... ralesimprcve tf the lastquan€r Exercise3 E Undeiinethecofiectwords. 1 | wishI ha9lL3tklllk/didnt d/,inkso manywhiskiestastnight. 2 Theres solittlespacein here.I wisht ha!€/hada biggeroffice. 3 | don't feelweJl.I wishI could*aylwill nay in bedthismofiing. 4 | hapeyauenjoyedlenjoy yourselves at the theatretonighi. 5 l'veb€enwaitingthirtyminures for the bus.t wishI took/ hadtakena iaxi. 5 | mun getin touchwith Sue.lf onlylknolknew nernumberl 7 I'm not a goodtypisi.I wish| rculd tpetwoutd type betlet. A I wish)im didn't intenuptldoesr't/hterrupr50often in meetings. 9 | haveto finishthis€portbytomo.ow tf ontytuvoutd havelhad-r]o?time. 10 Enjoyyourholiday.I hopeyouhavelcouldha€ a goodtime. 1l Thatpresentation wasa disasterll wishl coulddolevoulddo ii a agajnl 12 l'rndisappointed Wth thiscamera. IwishId,?n'abtylhadn t boughtt. 18 COlrlDlTlONArs 2 8l Exercise4Sffipl @,, PatrckandJurqenarc discussinga negotiaiionthatwent wrong.Completethe dialoguewith wordsfrom the list b€low 1+ ds lonqas n case unless(x2) pr!N( ll 'd (x2) .an would hav€ 'd hdve woLrdn't h.ve J u r g e n(, 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . .y. .o. u. v e g o r a m o n e n t , ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. .h. .a. v. ea w o r d w i t h ir doesnt take too long, I've got a meetingin five minutes.ls it J@GEN, Sure.(3) ........................... about that contracr that we lost? p,trnrcr Yes.Whatwent Imng? Do you think we (4) ........................... got the dealif ve ( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .t.r.e. .r e da b e f t e .p . i c e ?M a y b ew e ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. .s. r.t.h e N o . l d o n i t h i n t t h e p r c b l e n ru o t h e p r i c e . .r -N pArRrcK No?Well,ws it a poblern with the deliverytime? lr we O) ............. shorrerdeiiverytime. (8) . . . givm a ................... been nore succe$ful? JURGEN,No, the deliverytine w.s OK. p aRrc( Hn1n. th;is s$ange.Werealy should find out what vent wrons (9) situationI'ke this happensin rhe lirrure.Youknow. (10) ........................... we learn frcn our iose morc orders.NosrJurgen,tell ne what do yot. misrakes, wc (11) ... .. . .-....-......-.... think could rcaly ha1,€happe.ed? they didnt like out salesrep. JURcEN, Well, nothing,(12) ........................... JURCEN,Do you know who it was? Mr'{rcR Er, n was he. Exercise5SStffi in thefuturc.t\,4atch histhoughts1-4 with hiswordsaFd). A supper s thinkingabouta negotiation 1 We'€ likeylooffer; lowerprice lf we do,success i9possible. 2 We'€ likeylo offer.lowerpice lf we do,success i9certain. 3 Perhaps we'lloffera lowerpri.e. tf we do,success is possible. 4 Perh.ps we'lloffera lowefpice. lf we do,success isceriain. E n n t--l a) lf we offera lowerprce, we'llgelthecontrad. b) lf we offera lowerprce, we mrghtgetthecontfact. c) lf we offereda owerprce, we'dqetthecontract d) lf w€ otfereda owerprce, we mightgetthecontract. Thesames!pplieris ihinking.bout a n€gotiationin the past.Matchhjsthoughts5-8 with hiswordseFh). 5 Weotfereda lowerp.ice n That's whywe slcceeded. 6 Weotfereda lowerprice. That'sprobably whywesucceeded. n 7 Wed dn't offera lowerprice. n That's whyw€falled. 8 W€didn'toff€ra lowerprice. n That'sprobably whywefailed. e) lf w€'doffereda ow€rpric€, we'dhavegot thecontract a owefprice, t lf we'dotrered we mighthavegot thecontract. g) lf we hadn'toffereda lowerpice, we'dhavelostthecontract. h) lf w€ hadn'ioffereda lowerprice, we mighthaveosttheconiract. erb + -ing or intinitive 1 A verb + -ing a Someverbsdreiollowedby an -inq form. Someof the commonesr verbsJo ow beowl As nrnrfd.ttte6 .oisidet aqtornatingtun iinihnior dan ek,thef\hotld not late tilllt d tL. {e.,itaiett of p{enal @ntact.(Indusr,vweekwebsire) A a n1dirli1.1!e6 aE .onernc,t cownterc nill postpone hryinr 6$ ,rtil dJi! r.ttJ,r, )het n1ea,aet 22% s.te' tdx a, atuasB erpe.tedb JA . (Busines Reiew Weekly websrte) Vd,i det Hoeue,CEO oJ Royl Altold, rp.nds 5A pet ,e t aJhk tihc ,arellirg dd geuirg onto th. les.lloar a! Mrh 6 posible.Ash. erplans:'I a!'a|y gera goodfrl.fot thelon asI watk nrol,d'. (Eu.obusnress Nebsire) sayf9 .nd think ng likingand dislikins phraralverbs admit", considet*, deny*, descibe, inagine", mention,, suggest' dislike,enjoy,fanct (not)nind* carryon, give up, keepon, put aff phrasewilh car't can't beat,can\ help,cdn't rcsist,can t fa.e, can,t stand other common verb! cornrnonprrrasee dvad, delay, finish, invalve, keep, mist postpane, practise, risk tt s not watth spendlwaste ttne/ money... Thetes no pant ttn) Someof lhe verbsin the listcan alsobe followedby a noun.The5einctLrde: admlr,dery inagine, suggest,dislike. enjoy, fancy, keep,nind, prcctlse The Minister admifted taking a bibe. and The Minister adnitted his nistake. What do you fancy doing this evening? and I fancy a nice, caid beer. Thegroupof verbswth can?canaho b€ folowed by a noun. I can't bear avant-gatdejaz We Lrsemnd in queslionsand negativesentences A Da you nind waiting a noment? Go and comeplus-,nqform are ofrenusedfor sportsand outsde.ctvtes. I often go skiing in the wintet Do you want to .ome shopping wth nez Somevebs and v€rbphrareshaveto dsa prepostion. Thesen. ode taak faMard ta, abiect to, be usedto, get usedta, rcspordto. Prepostonsarealwaysfollowedby rhe,lrg form. t'n looking fotward to seeing you ,ext week. (NOT{€-!ee) After a few nonths in the UK t got used to dtiving on the ief. (NOTt€-d+ive) B Verb + to + infinitive a Someverbsae fo lowedby ro + nl nitive. 'PCCW has opo4 \tdkd tl1t it aisha to becone tl| bigett braadbdnd ptaq ik A:id,' tdt' RnhahlFe{'son,a tele.a aulyll nt Hon! Kang ,Ihat hEdtltit .annotdnoi b stand stilt.' (AiaNeek s€bsite) 'And bt r,o*iry torethervith t rufs at lBirl, Kaddhd,d to on, tue'E a.t,d r manatin! to iaprote rhe loal tpply kse Jat an o.ft\.' ilys ldrn. Reys, heal af Hfute -pdekdtul\pnnkt ote,atio,i (clobalBusinessMagazine$ebsire) '19VERB+ -t\rc OR INFI |rIVE i pltsn!and decisions ain, arrange, chaasq decide*, intend, plan', preparc €xpectations promisesand reflsak denand*, deseNe, exped*, hope', want:,t",/ish*,wauLl like fail, guarantee,affer, prcnise*, rcfuse,thrcaten other common verbs a3 agrce', .an I can't affotd, lean*, manage,pretend*, seem*, tend, ttatn, wai a Nolethat verb+ to + i.finitiv€is alsouled in thesecases: 'infin 1 Toexplainwhy we do lomething(the tive of purpo5e') l'n Glling to find out if you stock spare parts. (NOT i€++€Ji"d-€s+) 2 Aftef a quenionword Gn you show ne how to get on to the lnternet on this @mputer? 3 \Nirh used to, be gioing to, be able to, be allawed ta, have to, need to and aught ta C verb + obiect + to + infinitive O Thefo lowingverbsarefollowedby an objecl+ to + infinitve. advise', alow ask,.ause, encourage,exped, fahld, farce, help, invite, otder, pay, prcfe, peEuade, renind*, teach*, tell', tQin, want, warnr Rtsid dll ask th. Patu Club oJ ercditots to postpofle lte sir tq oJbiLatutl drftt lnts at t. npaltnur of dtbr. (Delovoj Pete.b!.s webrre/ Li dkopelsradedJour banks,i".Lt.lrtg HSBC Holdtgs aid Bdtk oJChihd,to lend hnn 811 I'illion, o rcco l ii Ho!'r Ko'9. (Asialveek trcbsire) D Make and let a aftermateand/etwe usethe bareintintve wthout to. I madethen che.k everythingvery.atefully.(NOTl-fid€-lh€tr-+€-€h€€k) Theylet us have all thesefrcesanples.(NOTTh€F€l-*+€+eve) E Verb + that clause a Theve6s markedwith an an€iskr in sectionsA. B and C can ako be followedbv a that ca!se. In everydaylpeechwe can leav€out the word lhat t sugqested(that) we could speakta Elizaabaut it. I suggened speaking to Elia about n. We de<idedto cancel the neeting. we decided(that) we would .ancel the rr,ee,ng. rhey tald us (that) we should wait. "Gentlenen,l9e ca ed thismeeting lo discussabs6nteabm.' a4 i9 VERB+ -lrVGOR lNFl|{lnVE'l 19 Practice Exe.cise1 g g !4ledi!e the corect words. 1 We canl affordto ml$/m,sehgthisopportunity. 2 Doyo,Jfancyto qolgoing for a ddnkafterwo*? 3 Areyouwaitingto uselusrngthe phone? 4 lt's not worth to spendlsperd,i?g anymoretime on this. 5 We decidedto c/osedowrlc/osingdownthe factoryin Belgium. 6 Youprcmisedto deliterlderr€fli?qby April,and it! now Ma',. 7 | cot\sideted to calllcallinghim, but I decidedit wasbetterto write. 8 if we don't decidesoon,we riskto /oiel/os,l4gthe wholecontract. 9 sheagreedto prppar€lprqpan?lg somefiguresbeforethe nextmeetng. I 0 l'rn sorrythereseemsto belbernga misundeBtanding here. 11 ls Mr Messier busy?OK,I dont mindto waitlwaiting for a fewminutes 12 He 'el.Lsedto signlsigningthe contractuntil he'dspokento hisboss. 13 [,4ay] suggestto postponelpostpor,l4g the meetinguntil nextweek? Exercise2 E E Complete thesesentences withtheverbsfrcmthe listbelow.Choose eitherthe-,i,?9 tom or to + infinitive, git€ write fly feceivemake recogniseadvertisehelp think speak I Theyageed........1S..r!\4....-.. usthirtymo€ daysto paytheinvoice. 2 Hepretended...-......................... m€,butldonl thinkheknewwho twas. 3 There5 no point............................. thisbrandon ry it wouldcosttoo rnuch. 4 Weteo(pecting,,,,,.........,,,.,,,,..,,,,. somemorestockearlynextweek. 5 l'lljoinyoulaterI needto finish ..........---................ thisrepon. 6 | learnt ............................. Portuguese whenlworked in Brazil. 7 I workin publicrelations. Myjobinvolves ........................-.... contactwiththe media. 8 | canthelp...............--............ thatsomething isgoingto gowrcng. 9 | canl afford.......--.-.................. business class allthetime. 10 | can'tp.omise youwiththisproblem, .-......................---.. but t'lldo mybest. Exercise 3 tr Complete thefollowingsentences withverbsfromthe listbelow.lnclude an obje( in everycase. €dvi5€ remind peEuade expect help encourageforce j.tgd..-yg..19... 1 l'm sorry| missed wo* yesieday. rhe doctor...44.v. stayin bed. 2ltriedto.....................-............comewithustonight,buthesaidhewasbusy. 3 Couldyou........---.............-...-----. callHeadOfficelater?| miqhtfoEet4 lf youemploya ecretaryit will ............. .........dealwirhallthepaperuork. contactm. $rre timetoday. 6 didn'tfeelvery confident, butshe......................... .. applyforihejob. 7 Thefallin demandhas...........................---.... makesomeof ourbestworkers €dundant. 19 VERB+ -t tG OR ll{FlNlTlVEt E5 Exercise 4 Eg E @ 28 Completethe mini-d:alogue by puttingthe verbsin bracketsintothe rcffect form, using-tngor ro + My computo's (6hed.It keeps 0) ....d9..'.1X....(do) it.I have ro sare my dodments every few minutesor I rtuk (2) ..................(los€)all th€ mrk I'vejust done. Have you got enougb dtuk space? (cnsh) so often.Look, Yeah,I hare.I reallydont know wbatt causingit (3) .................. (do)? you'rc good at computen.vlat do you advisene (4) .................. (fix) them.You'I hew to askan wel,I don't krcw.I ha!€nt been t rined (5) .................. IT recbrician (6) ..................(come)and havea look at it. (cal) a technician- rhey'I be ryes and Han.You knovathere'sno point CD .-................ L.. I reallycet .fford (8) .--.----- (waio a day for someoneto come,I'm ffily busy. (do) Why don't )ou phone $e helpdeskthen?They'f adviseyou shat (e) .................. Oh, yeah. I supporc sq (esk)Sophiero help And ifyou're rEdly thacbusy,heE you €onsidcr€d(10) .................. you, she ha$'t got a lot ofwork at lhe momcnt. Oh,ha$tshe?Th.r'sgreat.I'askhcr(11)..................(r}?c)upthisrcport.Thmk. Exercise5 I E in a company thatmakesmobilephones. choosea verbfromthe ligt complete thisemailthatcirculated -ing or infinitive with fo. belowandusethecoffectform, if{eA,i€rv be pay pretend €ceive refer show take talk worry all stetl in Production d um€lkt.bout h€alth rbks trcm mobll6 phonoa AJoumalkr r.om th€ masa2n6 TochnolosyR€viM wants (l) ...,.i,Q..i\t4djg|!'.,,.6om6on6 trom Prcducrionaboul h€6lth to him ov6r lunch on€ day nei week. dsks ior moblle phono u6€6 rrcm radialion.lt wirl hvolv6 (2) .................,,....,,,..., H € B o f i e r e d( 3 ) . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . , , . . . . ,-,a. .n. .y.r. c l u n t e e 6 ? In myopinion its nor wonh (4) ..-.....-............-......-, too mu.h about lhb a6lh6lat66t r€a€arch6hoE rhat th€ n3ks seem (s)...........-............-..... th€re'3 no p6bl€m at alr. I minimsl. Buton the oth6r hand its no sod (5)...--..........--....--....--. would suggastsimply (7)....-.................--.....lo lho E@nr €porl trom lh€ Nalion.lsafBty Board. us lh€.rlicle bsfo€ its publish€d,and hes pomised An,e6y, hes kindly agreed (a) .--...--....--..,,,.......--.. (9).....-......-......-.......... your@mments on this matter asapa bslatrcodvi4. I l@k foMard to (1o).-....-......-.....-......-... erb + -ing or infinitive 2 A Verb + -ing or infinitive: change in meaning a Someverbsc.. befollowedby-ingo. ro + infinrtive andrhenreaning of thevefbchanges. a REMTMBER AND roRcET Weuserenenber/farget dotngfor memores ofthe pan(rheaclon happentb€foretheremembering). We userenembe./org€r fo do for actonssorneone s/was supposed to do (thercmembering happens befor€theacron). ldefinitelyremember posting the lefter. posr + rememoe. Imust rcmemherto post the letter .emember oost l'll neverforyet flying into Taipeiairpoft. ftying + forger SotDlI fo.got to tun o{f the lights. forg€t turn otf a REGRET We useregretdol:ag whenwe ar€sorryaboursornething tharhapp€nedn thepasr. I rcgrct saying no to thejob in Paris. We ute rcgretta informlto te//whef we are9 v ng badnews t fegfet lo inlorm tau thatwe ate unablela a rRyWeusetrydoingwhenwe do sornething andseewhathappens. We userryro dowhen we makeanetfortto do somerhing, blt donr necessarity succeed. l'lltry talkingto hin andndybehe'llchange hisnind. (t, do it andseewharhappen!) l'll tty to talk to hin'but I knowhes@rybusytaday. (l maynot b€succesfut) tast Scpt.ub.r,Bt ur tri..l to nc$oian a aldt-lnti J ,tcry,/ of D. \.h.\ Md Dt!,ttkt,! tttdil opmtiott.Howw, hcudst s!.alJrr. (Businesweek Onlinewebritc) a sropWeu9estopdoingwhenwe endanaction.Welse jtop to do whenwe oivethe reason Westoppedbuying fran tharsuppller (noww€ don,t buyfromthem) lnoppeclto buy sonethingfot ny wife. \t stoppedn o.derrobuysomeihing) a MEAN Weusemeandolngwhenonethingrcsutts in or invovesanotherWeusemeanto do \o express an lftention. Glabalisation meansbeing a<tivein everymajornatker (= invotvet I meant to phoneyou, but I forgot. (= tnrended) ra 60 oN Welse 90 on dorngwhenwe continu€ do n9 sonrething Weusego on io do whenwe moveon to do something else. Theywent on tading eventhouqhtheywereneay barkrupr l= d d the ,.me thinq) Altet leavingIBMhe went on to staft hisown companJ4 (= did sonrethnSe se) B Verbs of perception a Ve|bsof perceptionlnclude: feel, heat tistenta, norice see wakh. Theseve6s can be fo oweo by an object+ -ng or a bareinfinitive(wthou o) and rhe m€aninqof th€ verbchanqes. a f w e s e e o r h e a r o n l yp a r t o f t h ea c t i o no, r i t c o n t i n u ew ! , e u s e t h e- h 9 f o r m . f w e s e e o f h e a r the wholeactionfrom beqinningto e.d, we usethe bareinfinttvewithoui ro. Compare: I saw her giving her presentatian (ltaw partol thepresentaion) give presentation I saw het (l sawth€wholepresenrarion) her I heardthe machine naking a nrangenaise.(t heardthe noiseand r contnued) I head thenachinemakea sr.ange ,olse. (lheardth€ noisednditnoDoed) 20 VERAr -rlv6 oR INFINITIVE 2 87 c Verb + -ing or infinitive: little change in meaning a Somevefts can be followedby -rr9 or to + nfinitiveandthereis litte chanqein meaning. Theseinclude:begli cora;aue,intend, stat1. What do yau intend doing/to do about it? ln the re.ondqudttet,ahu the nd*et beganto go doM, ue befan s. in!, drcppiry oft eqritf positionin thejtnd to otos\d 70% and holdinftheEnaintu in ath.Ihis tof,I ttdt dbleto (lsiaweek websue) l"ininize the inpa.t olkc dolzt'ft. Tlt nsfihe/ of Cennn jobles @ inced to Jd in Febntary. (wal StreerJouinal website) a We oo not uruallyhdvetlvo.tng fo'Ts logetrer. h was na'ting to get da*. (NOr *a*l€g-g€{iig) Tfu busitrs .onrttrity i dgdir natting to pal ,ery dote d ention to the cartutry\ ebrcni /ledrd. (GiobalBusinessMagazinevebsire) a Thev€lbs/ike /or€,prefet hdtecan be followedby eiih€rform. Io + infinitivesuggests somethlfgis a good/badidea.Th€'tngform showsyourfeelings. I like to do ny tax rctutns eatl)t but I don\ like doing them. Whenwe usethe modalwouldwith thesevetbswe mustuseto + infint ve. t'd prcfer to do it nyseff, if you don't nind. like followedby to + infinitive(an meanthatwe do tomethingbecause we think t is a good idea,evenihough we don t enjoyit. tlike to w te seveBldraftsbefotelwite the finalrepott. D Passiveforms: -ing or infinitive O Unit19gavellstsol verbsthatarefollowedbyeitheran -ingformor to + ni nitive.Onlyth€ activeiormsweregiven. a Thepassive iormof 'verb+ -inq'i5verb+ being+ panpartciple. lf the sharepticefallsanynote we sk being |.Ekenovet by a laryetconpany. a Thepassive formof 'verb+ to + infinilive' isverb+ to be + pan padc p e. I thinkt desefle to be given a pay nse. "Actuallt the boss is away on vacation - but he likes to rcmind evervonehersstill in charee." aa 20 VERE+ -rrVGOR lNFlt{lTlVE 2 20 Practice Exercise I 5 Underline thecorrcct wods. 1 t'n sotry| lotgot teplu cal/r?gyou, but I wasea y busy_ 2 I stoppedin Padsfor a few daysto neet/ neetng Henti. 3 We'vestoppedto m€€t/meetingso often. tt wasa wasteof time. 4 Lea.ning a language means to belbeingintercsted in thecutture asw€ . 5 | neanttonakelmaking somemorephotocopies, but tdidn.thdvetime 6 Please remembefto speaklspeakrigto Josiewhenyouseehe. 7 | don't rcmemberto saylsryr?ganythingtikethat. a I ried to openlopeningrhewindow,bvt it wastoo highto reach. 9 l tied to openlopeningrhewindow,but it wasstill too hot in the rcom. 10 I ne\et lotget to giwtgiving myfi6t presentation to the Board. l1 Donl foEet fo /ookatl/ooklng at theaudience whenyouspeak. 12 Weregretto an ouncelanrourcing thedeathof ourfounder. Mr Obuchi. 13 rcEe\ to quit/quiftingmy t1/8A(ourse. 14 Thenewprcducti5doingrcallywell. tthinkwe shoutd it for anothefsixmontnsat 90 on to je///se//tng l€ast. 15 FiEtl'l sayalittleaboutthehistoryofthecornpany, thenI'[ goon to descrlbe /descibing ou ne\, rangeof producls. Exercise2 ! Matchthesituations a)-d)to thesentences t-4 below a) I heardpadof yourconversation. b) | sawyolr wholepresentation. c) lsawthewholetour d) I passed themin thecoftidor 1 Sorryto intefiupt,blt I heardyoutatkingabout€-books.n 2 I hea.dyoutalkaboute-books at the tnternet seminar n 3 | sawBarbara showing thev'sitors roundthelaclory n 4 | sawBarbara showthevisitoG our newprcduction tine. n Exercise3 !f Completethe sentences with bFingot to be. 1 enjoy....hgi^,...takenoutfor expensive meats. 2 TheMinister denied given .................. a bribe. 3 ThelVinister refused questioned ................. aboutthe bribe. 4 | expecr ................. asked sometoughquenions aftermyprcsentation. 5 Doyoumind..........___.... pickedup at theanportbya taxi? 6 Howawfulllmagine ......_.......... askedto givea presentation on a ropi. ikethatl 20 VERB+ -rrVGOR INFINITIVE2 A9 Exercise4 S p @," Completethe m n -dialoguewith the correctform ofthe ve.b in brackets.On two occasionsboth formsare (1) ..1."-..tP94k...Gpeaking/to speak)to you aI day.we're -*"i"s (booking/to book) a tableat that new Chineserestaunnttonisht. trying (2) .............-........... Would )ou like to come too? rHoMAs, Hj, Crla.I've b*" (stating/to starowork Oh, rhaDk,lA re,Iy like to, but I was intendins (3) ......................... on my monthly salesaport tonight. (coming/ to come) out with us?Just this once? rHoM^s, Re,lly?Woul&t )ou preftr (4) ......................... Of couê I wanr (5) ......................... {soins/to so) out wlth yon ronight,but I leally haveto (nrissing/tonis) dinner rvith you get this report done.I m sor.y it tneans(6) ......................... gu)s tonight. rHous, WeI, pcrhapsnext time dren. Yeah.And next time dont lbrget O) ......................... Givins/to sive) tuc at narch notice as posible beforehaDdso I can keep the evening6ee. (wo.kibg/to work) rroM^s, Oh. the troublewith you, Carla,is that you neversrop (8) ......................... (havins/to have)sone fun sometnnes. You should remembcr(9) ......................... L o o k , T h o r n ayso, u k n o v l d r c r l y l o v e( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( j o i n i n g / t o . j o i n ) y o u , b u t l J $ (working/to work)like y do 2t the momcnt, you'll rHoM^s, Ivell, ifyou so on (11)......................... (gertins/to gc, rc.Iy stressed, rnd then you'll regret srart(12) ......................... ( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. n o u t / t o m n s o u 0 o n y o u r s o c i alli f e .I t h a p p e n e tdo i G i e n do f . .r.n. .s. .i n g (having/to h!ve) a .ervous bE,,kdown mine - in the end he wenr on (1a) ......................... crma, (being/to bc) so drrnutic. I don't enjoy Oh, come on. Stop (15) ......................... ( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.r.k. .i .n.g. ./ r o t x k e )w o r k h o m e , i t ! j u s rt h r t I l i k e ( 1 7 ) (finishins/to finnh) 'ny rcporis on ome. Ex€rcise5 ifr iWN9, completethis Letterby puttingthe v€rbsin bfacketslnto the coiiectform, -mg or to + nfinitive. I am wnring ro complainaboutthe p@r senice rharI receivedwhenI wa! in your s|oe ld( week.Rec..dy you decided (hke) (1) ....t9..fe.$.o.Y9.. cuslonds(2) ......................... Gcnove)liseningi&ilnier i. yoursoEs, andyoursalessr!fr encouaged (Etum) an, CDstharwe (hce) rhen nst. Youinvit€dus(4) ...........-..,,,,.,,,,. hone rheirchoiceof CDswiihoui(3) ...............,.,..-.... did n6t like. a. lone s ve kepi rhe eeipt s pmf or pmhe. ln ny opinion rhis wts m excelle policy asn allowed .Dsione6 (buy)thingstharwec a liide ditrerem. (5),..,.........,..,........ (risk)(6)......-.................. A consqueneof yourlolicy is thi cn$omenwill buyn@ CDs.Md thisnem (7) ......................... Gerun)noE thattheydonr like. In iact l6t weekI broughlb&* eight CDs, nom lhe fouie. I hadboughton ihe previonsvbn Your salesne retusd (ure) theCDsbone jus (8) ................. ne of(9)..,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,.,..,.. .......Gccept)sucha la4e nmbet sd accused (b€)teat€dlre thisa I hadenenbeed (10)....................-.... (copy)rh€m.I stunslyobjecred ro (ll) ......................... ( l2) ..,.......,.............. (lriog) theMcip6 wiih ne ed my dio6 PeE wirhintheEms of yourEudmlee. (behave) (thi.L)rhaitou *ill losea lot oi bnsi.essil you $ttr go on (14)......................... in this I canl help(13).,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,,.,..,., w a y , a n d I a d v i s e y o u ( 1 5 ) . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ( d i n ) y o u r s t 3 f r (.1 .6.) ... ... ( d e a lw) i t hc n $ o n e sh a n o E p o x t em m n e r A Repoied speech a We often r€ll peopl€what otherpeoplehavesaid.Thisis ca ed rcponedor indircctspeechWe veryrarclytryto rcportthe exacrwordsrhat someonesays.usuallywe givethe g€neral meaningwith a slmmary 'Laak l've been phoning all day and he'satwap jn a neeting. Canyou te hin that I'tt give hirr' a cal sanetine nextvr'eek,p/ease?' (actLrawords) ) Sandtaphoned. Shesaid she'd callyau next week ltepon) 'Fran v'lhat lcan see, the advellising campaignis a grear srccess., (actualwords) ) He said the canpaign wat a succel'. (report) a Notethe chang€of tensein rhe aboveexampt€sr r1,//to wouldand i5 to was. It |5 not alwaysnecessary to changetefses.tf the sratementis n true we can keeothe sarne Hesatdthe campaignwas a greariuccejs. (thecarnpagn is finished) Hesaidthecanpaign is/wasa greariuccess.(thecampa gn i5ni happening) seesecUons 8 andC beowfor moredetaits. In wiiing we can.epeattheexacrwordsusinglpeechmarks(, ... ). 'l haveno futtherconnent to nake at thisstage,'saidthecanpanypressaffjcerwhenhe spaketo out rcporteryestetday. Thisunituses5aldaslhe reporring veA.Seeuntt22 for otherfeporting ve.bs. B Tensechanges a Whentheverbtensechanges it 'moves back,in tim€ 'l'mwotking for lgM' 'l've worked fot tBM 'I've been wo*ing fot IBM' Report(lndirectlpeech) She said she wo*ed far tBM. Shesaii shewas wotklng fot tRM. Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM. Shesaidshehad beenwo*ing for tBM. Shesaid shehad wo*ed fot 18M. OR Shesaid she wotked fot tBM. 'I had wo*ed fot l?M Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM. 'l'm going to wotk fot lEM. Shesaid she was going to wotk for tBM. '1can/wi /nay work for lEM. She said shecoutd./woutd/ni9ht wo* for tBM. Khwi, a Vicnta-basedteleans .onpaty, sdid oi Ftiday ir uas enteing thaCzth tufthet by aferins {hupet voneierui.{ throughttu l\tet,et. (c,echioday website) Ed ier h thc oe.k, d ldbot u4io4 ttpott soidthat 751 dedthshad ousnd 'an thajob' in rta\ durins tl'e f,tt six toflllj of thn ycar,aptotu 521Jot the sltuep{iad Lst yat. (Intermiion,l Her,ld Tribune website) The ShodhqALh'inht Industry Co. \d d l6t ueek t uoatd issre 160 tui ioa shates tilti.ar .fot ok rhe Shot'slzi StMk E .hdnge. (ShanBheiDaily wED'rc1 a Thereis no changefof musC mi1ht, could, shoutd,would. a Notethat ifthe.ctualwods werc in the pasisimple(worked),ihe repo( can changeor nay a Notethat thereis no.hinqe for rhe pastpedect(hadworked). 21 REPOR|EDSPEEOI1 91 C No tense change if the inform.tion isst Ltrue. a Wedo not needto changetense 'Thesalesteamare doing verywellat the moment. Hesays/saidthe teamarc doingverywel whichis. waystrue tenseif we reponsomething O Wedo notneedto change 'Thercis atuvays a peiod of uncstaintl afu a meryet' Hesays/saidthereis alwatsa Wiod of uncertainVaftera neryet D People, places, times and things to people,places,tim€sand thlngsotten change,becausethe a In rcpoftedsp€€chreferences point of viewchanqes. satdSue ---.'--=. --r= ntseevou herc tomonow \ --\ l @,ead you rcpad abaut this ptqe.r )---\ l\ het.id stre 5ardshe? s€e rre ahere tne next day He satdhe d reao my rcpoft about fie prclecl a The examples in ihe previotisparagraphshowsomeof thesetypicalchanges: )nv this aftenoon a few daysago Th ngs: thisprolect 'Rln.flbd ) ) ) ) ) thete,at the office the4 at tha ime that day,on Monday thedaybefote,theprcviausday the nextday,the followingday,on Monday ) that aftemoon ) the weekbelore thepteviousweek ) the weekaftet the follawingvr'eek a a few daysbefare,a tew daysea iel ) the prctect ubd I t.id I uB goirg ,o bebon6t Thattut d bi&frt ti." tuitbyqJ8 92 2I NEPORIEDsPEECH1 21 Practice Exercise1 R Writetheactualwords thateachpeEonsays.Usecoritractions whelepossibe I Annasaidthatshehadakeady finished. (afnasactudl words)..J.:v.e,..alr:ea.dy..fi rsi.:lred 2 Shesaidhewouldbe backafterlunch. 3 Hesaidshewasgoirgto contactrheprinte6. (Hisactualwods) ' 4 Paulsaidthat he wantedto makea phonecall. 5 shesaidshewasmeeting the bankmanagerat eleven. 6 Pieffesad he had found olt aboutthe prcblema long time ago. (Pieffesactualwords)' . 7 Davidsaldhe hadto be backin theoffi(ebythreerhirty. (Davldlactualwords)' 8 Jansaidshewouldlet meknow Exercige2 g Lookat the actualwordsspoken.llhdedlle the correctwordsin the report€dversion. 1 (HelenS wods)'l won'tdo it untiltomorrow.' Helensald//Iie wouldn'tdo it until theprevioustfollo$/ino day. (PeterS 2 words)'lt3verybusyin herc.t'llcallyoutater.' Petersaidit wasverybusyherelrhele, andhe'dc.tlme/himtater (The 3 sales managetwordt'We received yourorderlanweek., Hesaidtheydlwe'd rc<ei\edourlthei orderthe weekafferlbefore. 4 (l\,4e Bowen3 words)t'msorryaboutthedetay, flt dealwithth s now, Shesaid5he//wassorryaboutthedelay, andsheddeatwirhit rbht then/ latel Exercise3 E ; Rewrite thesentences in reported speech. Usecontractions whe.epolsibte. 1 'l won'tp(,tit in thes?lesbecause it3 sellinq veryweii, shesaid. shesaid.thE..ralald^:.1..ei,ri...it..i^..ille..r.^le{..bes4,{r.E...it .w4:..r.Ellili4...,ve!-.y..r.e[,..... 2 'l'vereadthercpodandI dont undeEtand section 4,, hesaid. 3 'WhenI finishmypresentation, l'm goingto havea drink,,hesaid. Hesaidthatwhen.--..-....... 4 'l'm p€paringthefiguresbutI won'tbe long,'shesaid. 5 'l likeplaying tennit but I don'tdo it veryoften,'shesaid. 5he$id ............................. 6 'l'm goingto visitour Polish subsidiary but t m notsurewhen.,shesaid Shesaid 2I REPORTEDSPEECH1 9' Exercise4 B C pr€sentatron aboutthe rcle of lhe ChiefExecutileOfiicer. Readthe wordsspokenin a confercnce Jatkwebh, one oJ the nostJa'hous CEos oJa tine, was head oJ ceneral Ele nfot twenE fea$. But he was an exreltion. InJad, iooahnds o.fall najor eonpaniesuorldwide have rc!|arcd theb CEO ow the latt frv years.What's lhe rcaton? The rcaton k that et?ectations of Cno pufornawe areJar too high. Boads ofconpafties laok at the, CEo as a kind oJ *pethao *ho ran nlve all ke conpany\ probkms.This prceessstdted ifl the 1980s, ard the prolotve uAs Lse la.oca, "the nan who saved Chrysler Corp".Then in the 1990s, w had CEOs fron the tednology sertor, like MictosoJt\ Bi Cates, or Cisto\ John Chanbers, uho nanaged to produce cottantly lising sharepftes. But the lituation is uery dffercnt now dnA ecoflonit growth is slopihg down.' Now look dt waysto reportthe wordsto a co eague Byeachrentencewrte P/Ic (if the sentence5 Pos5be becauseoi lenre Changerules).P/sT(if the senlen.€s Possbebecauseit is 5t ]ru€)or (ii the sentences Incorrect). Thespeakersad that I lack Wech was cEo of ceneralEectic lor twentyyears .P ITC.. for twentyyears .. 2 JackWech had beenCEOol GeneralEeclric 3 Boardsol companiesook ai lhen CEOsassuperheroes 4 Boardsol companieeookedat the r CEOsassuperheroes 5 Boardsof companierhad ookedat the r CEO5assuperheroes 6 Leelaccocanarted il a in the 1980s. / Leelaccoc.l'do ndrleo rl a In IhF 1980FFl.((o.a l^.d bee. srdrled . in IhF 1980' 9 T h es t u a t o nl s d i t f e r e nnt o w . . . . . . 10 Thes tlation was ditferent.ow 8 Exercise 5 B D On Frdaymorninqyou had. meetingwith someonelrcm yoLrradvensnq agencyat hB ofices Thewods he spoke.re on rhe left The nextweekyou tel a coll€agueaboul ih€ d scussionUndenlnethe corr€ct Theadvedisinooersonlwords: What vou sayto vour colleag!e: 'Did you get my emaillrent yesterday aboutlhis 'He raid he (1) hopeslbopedl'd got (2) hlsltry -ama campaiqnwe ve beenworkingon? Lhopeso l'm sorryio askyou to comehere.t suchshortnolrce, that (3) he'd rendlhe'd Jent 14)yesterday/the day fhelthls.dvertsingcampaign berroreaboui(5) \6) they've/we'vebeer wotk ng on. And he for asking(7)melyou to go apologised (8) herelrhere ai suchshortnotice- he sardt b u t i t ' sq u i t el r g e n i .T h es t l a l o n i st h i s : w eu s ea n outsde pr nr n9 company,and a few daysaqo the workerstherewent on strlke.I m havinga meeiing th s afternoon,but wth a unionrepresentative rhouqht shoud talk to you tirsl. (9) /J/r17as a lew days urgent.Well,apparently (10)aqolbeforethe pr nlersthey use(11)have sonelhadgane or \rnke, and he (12)lslwas meetng thern(13)ahli/rhaiafternoon.He sad lre thoLrghthe sho! d t.lk io (14)melyou abolt it i rs' ' A Say or tell a We saysomethingand we te//somebody. Sinon said he was .onfident abaut the su(ess of the Betaprcject. Sinan told me the projen was going well. l, We neverus€to betweente//dnd the object He told me what happenedin the neeting. (NOT r€td-r6-rae) We c. n u5eaoalter5ay,especially when the actud wordsare not epoi(ed. What dtd he tay to you? lthink the bosswanted to say something to Susan B other reporting verbs . Therea€ mdnyverbsto reponwhat peoplesay.Eachverbh.5 one or morepossibepatterns Commonrepodng verbsinclude: Verb+'lng form (unit 19) Verb+ to infinitiv€(unit l9) ddnit, deny,mentian,prapose,suggest aqtee,ask,denand,de.ide,offet,prcmlse,rcfuse, Verb+ object+ rc infinitve(Lrnt 19) actuise, ask,canvin.e,encou?ge,invite,ordea rcnind, tell, warn Petsuade, adnn, agree,annauncelahswer'claim'complain' canflrn, deny,explain,nention, pronise,prcpase, Verb+ object+ rharcause ddvise,assurc,convince,infarn, natify,petsuade, rcnind,tell Prcnise,rcassure, Theydenied doing anything wong I suggested changing au expotTagency Sheprcmised to call me tomoffow fhey rclused to lowet then price. He advised us to wait untll ne\1yeal TheyinviEd me to come far lunch. Theyagreed (that) they'd wait. She prcmised (that) she'd call ne tonanow. 1rcninded then (that) they had to pay a 25a/odeposit. I told him (that) I couldn't nake the meeting next week. O We usethe sametensechanger! es as in unit 21. Cre.k t.l.ott fidltt O'l'E rbi theyiratbatio, toitta vith RohTabtun. OTE pomised thal 70!( tut of np ftlepho,t sy\te uotld bedUitdLii tll.. )dd^. (Buch,rsi tslsinesweek a We can .ko rcportwhat peoplerhinkor know.Verbsinctuderkrow nodce,think, reatise, ek 5o y, I didn't rcalise you were busy.I thought you had finished. 22 REPORIED SPEECH 2 95 C tt + passiveof a reporting verb a We use/t + passive of a reportingverb+ ihat to repot what peopl€ n qeneralfee or believe. This s a formaluse,fo. exampl€ln a newspaper story a sci€ntificrcportor a witten summary of a meetinq It w{t affiowced at the atferc cethat Aryentifld w6 lasinr Pesos$,0A0 flillian per onian an gtuin plies .ottpdfttr with the ovetugeik the L^t tet yus.It uas pistetl out that ihkrkational ptk6 hotl &t inptulc.l in two yeoR,but this eability hatl allouaddn inctedtein prcdnetiah. flarinTnde website) Verbsthat are often usedin this way are: be agteed, be announced,be believed,be dained, be canfirned, be cansideted,be decided, be estinated, be ererted, be feared, be lela be found, be pointed out, be praposed, be rcponed be tumourcd, be said,be thown. be sugge5ted be thauqnt D Reporting questions (thisisthesamerue asfor a Thewod orderin eportedquestions isllkea nomalstatement questions indrect in unit16).Tense chang€s followthoseglvenn unit21 'Whercis it?' He askedme whereia war. (NOr v/h€r€-r.€.+) ) I Whe. we €pod quenionwod questions(whe4 evhaav/hy,where,haw,e\c)we uselhe q!enlonwofd. 'Whenwill thegoodsative?' ) Theyaskedne when thegoodswould aftive 'Whyhaveyou salesgone dowh?' ) I wasask-ad why out saleshad gone down. 'A yeard{0,I wd! atkcdhoa thit tro efsl nceer bctuen DaihtlerandChrysletuo"ld uotk, ord I toid I wds&'nitiirfof thenturyeltonal prcblehBThey aeteboufldta haryen,asaw cxpcnenccs uiithSeathadsltotln.'-CEO oIvolb|aSen(DerSpiegel website) a Whenwe reponyeslno qres\ionslDoyou, Didyou, Areyau, elc)we ute if ot whether 'Do you speakFtench?' ) Sheaskedne if I spokeFtench '4rc yo! going to ) He askedme whether I was goingta payin cash. W in cash?' questions a Notrce in theexamples thatreported haveno questonmarkin writing. E Reportingcommandsand requests a Commands .re reDoded wiih rel/andthe infinitive. 'Takeus to theairyoft. > shetold the drivetto take us to theairpaft. 'Dont wotry l ll dealwith it. > Shetold me not to wotry. a Reolests withaskandthe infinitive. are.eooded 'Wauldyou nind waitingfot a moment?' He askedne to wait 'Please He askedus not to wait. don't wait far '],e,I'll .ome alonglatet' 95 22 REPORTED SPEECH 2 22 Practice Exercise I G Underlin€ihe correctwords. 1 Saly rold/ bltLqe Ihat she had lost the catalogue pleasedon't saylte//anythinqabout t. 2 Thisis confidential, 3 Thisis confidential, pleasedon'i saylte//anyoneaboui t. 4 Chrissaidlsaidme he mun leaveearljr 5 | saldltoldthem aboutthe meal,and th€yiaidlto/d th€ywould come. 6',You see,',told/saldsteve,'lalwaystoldlsaidyou'd get a promorion' T You see,' told/sald steve, 'l alwaJ6io/d/sald yo! you d gei a prornot on , I Look, l told ta / said to her,'why don t you te///say m€ whar you medn? Exercise2 g Matchtheactlalwordsin sentences l-12 withthe rcported nat€ments aFt) tr a) Headvsedme to do it. 1 'Wel donelYou'vedoneitl 2 'Whome?No.I neverd d it.' 3 'l m reallysorry| didn'tdo it - I justforcot.' 4 'lf lwereyou,L'ddo it.' 5 'Wouldyouliketo do it?' 6 'Don'tforgetto do it!' 7 'Oh,| lee thatyou'vedoneit.' 8 'Oh,bylhe way,l'vedoneit.' 9 'Ohl I thoughtyouhadnl doneitl' 10 'l realywouldnldo it. lt couldbea disaster' 11 'l'll do it, youcancounton me.' '12'No,I wontdoit. lt'soutof queston.' the n l b) Heapologsedfof not doing it. c) He congratuatedrne on doingit. tr d) He invit€dm€ to do it. n n n n l tr n n e) He denieddoing t. f) Ne nentionedthat he'd doneit. g) He didn't realise'd dore it. h) He promiredlhal h€'d do lt. i) He noticedlhat l'd donelt. j) He €fLrsedto do it. k) He ren ndedrnelo do t. l) Newarnedm-. not to do t. Exercise3 El Fffll Rewrite eachs€nr€nce in reported speech. 'A€ 1 youon holiday for thewholeol A!g!n?' sheaskedme. sh€asked me.if-lrlhelhcr...!...r..,4{..e ..h.olid6} fer:..lhe..r.}ele..ef..Ara4r:i, 2 'Whai do the letteG'URf mean?'I askedhim. I arkedhim 3 'H.ve yo! preparcdtheJigures?my bossaskedm€. M y b o t t d s t e dn e . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 'Whenis yourb dhday?'I askedFrances.a. l . s k e dF a ^ c e s c.d. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 'Did you femernberto backup the file?' sheaskedhim. S ' e a s r e dh r r r . . . . . . . . . 6'Why haveyou turnedoff the airconditioning?'Ell€naskedrne. tller asled ne 7 'Do you speaklialian?'th€yaskedme .t the intervi€w Theyaskedmeat the inreruiew 8 'Howmuchdidyoupayforyourcar?laskedPabto. 22 REPORTED SPEECH 2 97 Exercise4 c t430 Re.dtheedractfrom a meenng,.hairedbyClaudia.Thenunderlin€the rnonappropratereportng verbs n the writtensummarybelow cLADh: Oh, hi. Takea seat... Unr, I d like to hearyour vie$ on the t.lks wele havins Nith BCP $o!t the possiblemerger.Do you think we should go .he.d with dre discusions? Well. Do a.tu,Iy I donl lhiDk \re should. Our comparry cultues are totrlly ditrerent. and I can't seenrany opponmiries ro cut costsin a combined openrion. I'm sorry but I m 3gainstit. But, Nigel, can'tyou seeth,r wer roo smaltto standrlone in the global economy.Theret going to be ratron lisationin our narket and nN ls the right tinle to act. cl.{uDr^, Un, right. How iong do you think it rvould trkc to integr:te the nvo conrpanics? Ptubablyabout sL\ months,naybe oorc. ThaCssix nonths ofcotrrpletechaosand frlling nrvestorconfidcnce.lti just too *ky. .LAUDTAWell,I dont thini rvc haveenoughirfonrnrion .t thc momcnt. Pclhapswe colnd $et!p ! taskforce b look into the vhole isuc h more detait? oauon HDur. Tony - $ould you bc willing to chair rt? fron rhe other depftnents asrvcll. OK, I I ch.ir r raskforcc,but I II need reprcsenBuves o-û, ^, Thar sholldnt be a problent.Whendo you thn* you'll be .tJle to set fie report .lotre? Un,iD rbout six weeks. Six rvcekslTh.Csridiculous. (]a!ir^, 1 OK. {'e'll rry to get aI rhc ufo..ution togcdrcrin fou. $ccks. llighr, thiCssellled.livc'llmect:r$in x month frcm todin srmc tnnc s.rurcp].cc. in tlre t wasestimatedlannounced that il would takeaboui sixmonthsto ntegratethe two cornpanies eventoi a mercer 2 twas rumouedlsuggested that we couldset up a taskforceto producea reporton the imp cationsof 3 the merger irom other l\ wasprcpasedlclainedlhat the taskfo(e would be chanedby Tony,wth repres€ntatves departments. 4ltwasshawnlagteedIhalthetaskforceshouldproduceitsr€portinfourweeks. 5 lt wasclainedlde<ided lh.tthe nexi meeiingwould be on luly 28th at 9am n the rnan conference Exercise5AF,D the 4)is ta krngto a colleague aboutlhe sam€rneetng ater n thew€ek.Undedine Niqel(lrom Exercse his report. corectwordsin 'Claudiaaskedus tbat rar'e g'vetagre our opinionsaboutthe mergerialks.| (2)told tlemltold {l ) ro then that I thoughtthe wholething wasa badidea,but they rcfused(3)to /tsten/rnenln9.Of courseTonydisagreed, asusual-He(4)ioldBad thai we w€retoo smallfor the globalma*et. andTony Thenclaudiaaskedhow lo1g15)woulditlit wouldtaketo inteqatethe two companjes, (7)sefttnguplto set up a t.sk claimedit would{6)iakelto rdkesixmonths.Claud;asuggested force to look into the wholethinq. ldedded {8) not sa]alnglnorfo ray an}thng. Tonyoffered 19)b chairlthathe would.ha,7the taskforce.Heprcposedthat the taskforce(10)reportlnglshould reporfbackin sixweek, butllll) rcnindedthem that/rcmindedtharwe'd needthe rcportmuch sooner.Anylvay,we decided{12)to rD€etlmeetngagainin a monrh.' hrasal verbs 1 A Undergtanding phrasal verbs 'part cle' rneans a Verbsare often 1oLow€dby particl€s ke back, oft througi up, etc, (ihe word somelimesboth verband partce havetheirnomra meanngs Olher adverbor preposition). t mesthereis a new meanrngwhen the verband particleare put togetherCornpare: It taok 20 ninutes ta 90 through passpattcantral. (norrna mean n9) (newr.eaf ng = 'ook at carefuy') Can we go through your proposalagain? Theterm 'phrasalverbis usedforthe secondtype,wherelheverb+ partlce togetlrerhds. 3recommon n informalEns sh. specialmeaning.Phrasalverb5 a Sometimes a phrasalverbhaslhe samemeaninqas a one_wordverb find out = discover 90 ba.k = return 90on=connnue The phrasaverbi, usuallymoreinformalthan the one word verb a O l t e no n ep h r a s a l v e rcba nh a v es e v e r adli f f € r e nmt e d nn g s a n dt h e c o r r e cot n e s o n y c e a r from the situaton (= takingthe n€cess.ryactlon) 1 Danlwarry rn dealing with it naw 2 We deal nainly with Taiwanesecampanies. (= do businesswith) 3 Thercpartdeals with au. futurestrategry (= rsabouo B Separable phrasal verbs O With somephrasajverbswe can separatethe two parisand put ihe obleclbeloreor afterthe could you fill this fon in, please? OR Couldyou ti in this fom, please? now out now oR l' pint out the spteadsheet Illwint the sprcadsheet i\,lrtioMrrti, tlx Ell\ a\rycrti{t, atrtr6Jnrt(arayr ,c ltilL o! ELI ntl!: ta k.cP d\rrrxt l,fle\ ttu 'nxrchrk' errs Fid.l:at 3C l;.trttt nr trl,?. (hrterltiorxl Herild dopn.fallowin.t Tribune Ncbsrre) a Whenthe object s a prcnoun(me you, lr, etc)il mun comebelorelhe parucle Couldyou fi itin, Please? \NOI t*a+) I ll Nint it out now (NOTp|+€f€sf'1) a Whenthe objec(is a ong phraseit mustcomeafler lhe partice Cauldyao fill in the lorm that3 over therc on the desk, please? t ll p nt out the sqeadsheet with lan month's tales fiqurcs now a H e , e5 " h r o ' . o I n o n $ p a r a b l ep h r d . a l v € r b s Haveyou ha.ked the data upz (= mad€a copyon yourcomputen Wl you back ne up in the rneetlng?(= s!ppo'1,provde evdencefor) Theyhad to.ut thelr advenisingbudget back (= spend lers on) Our lav/yeRv/ill draw a new contra.t up. (= ihink about and then wr te) Canyou drcp ne off at the rtationT (= take me n yolr c.r and eavem€) Cauldyau li thisforn in, pleaJel (= completeby writinq informatlon) I n trying to give smakinq up. (= stop do ng lt, quit) ThecentralBankistryinq to keep inflationdown. (= controlit to slop t increasing) Theyhad to lay 1ao workeBolf lan nanth. (= dismiss,makeredlndant) list) for t in a reference tlooked thennunber up in vel/o'"Paerer.(= searched (= your pick Jtaiton2 coliect me in car) ne up at the can tou t ll pint the details out for you. (= pr nt from a computer onio paper) I needto ing/call the prinrersup th;s afterroon. (= telephone) 23 PHRASAL VEFBS ' we ve set up a subsidiatyin Estonrb.(= established) We'retryjngto sort it out now {= olganisejt, put it tighl dea with jt) for) he3 taken on too mu.h (= a((eptedr€sponsibilty He3n/ess€dbecause H6 sonwill take ovet the firn whenhe retues (= takecontrcl) Ihe new cEo will be taking ovet in lanuary (= takingresponslbiliry) away now? l= gertid of ir' disposeof it) cant throw this newspapet 'no' to) we tuned down thenoffer lt wastoa low (= €fus€d.said c Inseparable phrasal velbs thetwo partsTheobjectmustcomeafterthe veftsw€ cannotseparat€ a Withsomephlasal panKre. E lca,Qtinones,HcddoI th. Arti-CartuptionLLtitdt theOECD, kld us thatthe hapd 'Covc tue tt woaldprcJetb dedlPith siflsapot!eill sootrtign itsani-bnberyNto.ol @npani\ .fton .oMh$ thdtale tigkatoristo thccanterion,'sh.soid (Busine$Tnnes Sinsaporewebsitc) t ph|asal verbs: insepa€ble Hereisa listof common (= I haveta call on a clientth,safternoon visit) by chance) Haveyou come acrcssa conpanycalledIMN? (= discovered action) Canyou deal with thisinwice p/ease7(= taketh€ necess.ry wilh) we've beendealing with Fedcofot a long tine (= doins busin€ss (= in 5E /45ia is abolt) with +commerce Therepon deals witholt) assrsia't(= tunctlon/manase t <ouldnt do without ny peEonal (= care ofl Cantou look alter theofficewhilel'n out? take l've tookedthtough my filesand l cant find it (= examinedcarefLry) t'n sotryto tekeup sonuch of yourtine (= usean amolntot timeof space) phtasal Theydo not haveobjects vedsareintransitiv€. seeakolnit 25 a ManyinsepaGble fhe phatocopiethasbrcken dow, again (= stoppedwork ng) Yaunust chetkin onehout befaredepatturc' (= register'rcportyourarrival) can!just comein fot a manent please?(= interupt the discussion) HI thtough at ihe /astmonent. (= failed) Thenegotiations t thinkwe can9a by with a srnalletbudget. (= manageto do thing, Willtou iustholdlhang on for a noment? \= watr) He hadto step down afterthe.offuptianinquiy (= leavethe iob, reslgn) y) Shenight tum up at anynolnent (= arive unexpected 99 1OO 2' PHRASAI VERBS I 23 Practice Exerciset B g Choose thebestverbeachtimefromA. B,c or D below I Banca di Romd.e. up anonlinebanking seMcewithTelecom ttalia. A created B put C set D took 2ltsnotjustmyownpersonalopinion.Herearesomefiguresthat......upeverythngI've A put B back C support D tum 3 Thisisa grcaiopportunit.Wecanljust......it allaway. A removeB get C put D throw 4 | mightneedsomehelp.l'venever.......across a situarion likethisbefor€. A come B been C found D discovered 5 Theirlong-term strategy is in c.isis. Themergerhas......rhrough. A gone Bfallen C collapsedD passed 6 lt3 greathavingyouin theteam.l don'tknowhowwe......bywtthouryoul A su.vved B came C went D got Exercise 2 nIXE Complete eachsentence witha phrasalverb thatmeans thesameasthewordsn brackets. Theparticle has beengvento helpyou. I Didyou........fi^d........ (dscover) out... whytheyhaven'tpaidtheifinvoice? 2 Canyou.....................-. (wait) on ...a minute untillfindtheinformation? 3 Youneedto....................-.. (compete in... thiscustoms declaration. bywriting) 4 Anymorequesiions? (contin!e) OK,l'll ....................... on ...wlth mypresenration. 5 Youneeddetermination (quit) to succeed. Donl ...........,.,,,,,...., up ... now 6Inmyjob1.......................with...alotofpaperwork.(takethenecessaryaciion,han 7 lf youlike,1can....................... (collect) up...theparcelon mywayhome. 8 Cani ....................... bact ...to whatyouweresaying a fewmoments ago?(feturn) 9 Thkjobis9oin91o....................... (use up...monot themorninq. anamounr of time) 10 lf MikePinker arives,couldyou............--......... after...himuntll| rcturn?(takecareofl Exercise 3 X! Underline a//thepossible wordorders fromthefouralternatives. Sometmestwo arepossibte, sometimes th.eearepossible. I l'm too busyto dol wirh rh,sldealthiswlthldealythjttdeat it with tigti no\,\. 2 l'm goingto /oot up ihe info,.nEtionllooktheinfarnationupllook up it/laak it up on the ntemet. 3lnthecurenieconomicclimateweretryinqtokeepdawnourcons/keepourcostsdown thenlkeep themdownas muchaspossible. 4 | couldn'tdo withoutmy nobile phoneldomy nobile phonewithout/dowithoutit/do it wjthout. 5 Heproposeda new produdlineto the Boad butthey turneddown theidealtuned theidea dawnltuned downitlturned it down6l'llcallyoubacktomorowmorning.We'rejusttryingrosottouttheprobten/sotttheprc h outlsott out it (ight nJ.v. 2:} PHRASAI.VERBS 1 'IO1 Exer<ise4ABC C o m p l e tleh e € m a i L r s n !p' h r a s av e r b sf r o mt h € n b e o w t h a t m e a n t h e s a m e a s r h e w o r dnsb r . c k e r s Ihree verbsneedio be pllinto an -nErform b a c k ! p b r e : kd o w n c a l l o n c h e c kn d . a wu p d r c p o f f f n d o u r g e r b y k e e pd o w n o o k t h r o l g h F € * + p p r i n to l t r n g u p s o f to u r t u r n u p E - r",:'.- "-, il.iF"r*; "" ""r,"",, *, = -*'*"1 "'";" *",rgr4qr.- l MrYamanakawrbeanvinq€rrhearponarl030tom ... rF .. . (correctby cao r.om there a.d (2) Hes sl6yins at the Mariott lwon\ be abe to (3) .. .. .. c o u l ds t a yw i r hh m a . d m a k es o r e t h e r ea r e n o p r o b e m s( a ) l canyou(1). ... F.ls! .. (reave)at his rroter? (a vel there unl about 1 pm. so perhaps you . . . . . . . . . .k e g s r e r n g ) e r c havero(5). (manase)wdhoutmern Y:11::1.::j::-""*ea,rernoon.soMikeandKarhw rm q (7) ns b (6) . (organise) lhe ilinerary ror my lr'p to spain next month. can you . (hink about rhen wi,ta) a 'st or a our spanrsh cusrohers by (al ... . . . .. our clstomer accounls dalabase? needs la lre booked d canyou(10) .. w6 .e try ns to ( 11 ) (12) . ke ro know exacty who need io (9) .. The printer keeps (13) .. (examin ns) al the moment so iusr er crass (sloppins work ns). and ( p r n r )t h e s p r e a d s h e ef l6 r ... (elephone)lhekave6se.cyandcheckflishtrimesandprces? (contror lo stop lhem mcreasing) ir.ver expe.ses (d scovea prices ror Elrolrave .. (vist) arso lhe flighr did. r have a chznce 'o (14) ca.y6udoirandlhen(15)........... ( m a k ea c o p y ) t h e f i t e onro a disk for me to use 6n my 6prop? Exercise 5 B C 31 C o m p e t et h r n e w s p a p e a r t c e b y c h o o r n gt h ec o r r e cat d v e r bf r o mt h o s en b r a c k e t s T R A V E LO N T H E N E T Lani DillenChielExecutjve of enrerel, (olf/up/ou!l a quarterof its sl!llin. bid ro to call for Mr Dill.r's resignatioh, En.a!elk (ofi/dffi/oul) sropped(r)......d.al!^..... keepcosts(;l) ...,,...,,..,,...,,.. (off/do$n/out). linrnce ofiicef Marthd Pip€rvill nor tale yerlerdly in a dranelic nore for the but lbese n€sures seR no! enolgh to (6)..................... (through/up/on)the lask on-linelravelaeency, Revenues at e.trarel nake the conpanl p.ofitable,Diller had of a.e currenlly 15% dosn on the sane period lasl lern and thet\'e had io ben in negotialiorssith thelnterneipo.tll (oye./up/out) their problebs, bu1 lhe loHo to get exclusive righis to ad!€rtiseon nosi likelJ outcomeis lhrt e-travel$ill be cut (2) ..................... (ori/up/back)thejr advertising budgelsererel!,Earlierin rhe tear e-t.ayel laid t.ying to sorl (7) ,,.,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.,. ih€ir sfterbur ihe dell fell (5),...,,..,...-........ laLen 181..................... (ove./rp/out) br (ott/ttrough/outJ at rhe l$t ni.ure, It (3).....................seenslhat tbis ners frntlli forcedinvestors anolher cohpr.L HiFly.cod. r perhaps onlinc .iral 102 hrasal verbs 2 A Phrasal verbs + preposition a Likeoiher v€rbs.manyphrasalverbscdn be usedeitheralonew thout an object,or fo ow€d by + object. a preposilion (phrasalverb Any marecammen6?OK,shallwemove on? usedalone) shallwe nove on to the nert item on the agentla? (phrasalverb + preposition+ oblect) a Hereiea ln of commonphrasav€rb,of this type: Can we b ng the neeting forwad to Monday? (= move ir to an €arlie. time) Youg:o on ahead. t ll catch up with yau later. (= reachihe same p ace as) we need to cut bzcvdown on our spendinq l= rcdKe) Let'sdtop in on Davidwhilewe'rc in London. (= m.ke a short, nformalvisit) verywel (= havea friendly€ ai onshipwith) I gct on with ny colleagues Let'sget on with the neeting (= conlinueafterstopping) I cauldn't get through to directory lnqut€r (= contaci sorneoneby telephone) It'shard to keep up with developments in lT (= know aboutall the chdnS€sn) AK, l ll move on to ny next s/de. (= changeio a new subjecl) Cdn we put the meeting back to friday? l= mole il 1o a laler t m€, de ay) can vrp put the neeting otf until frday? (= nave i to a aier t rne, de ay) Canyou put ne thrcugh to Sa/etp/easez(= connecisorneoneby telephone) Ithink the phatacapierhasrun out of to,rer:(= the.e s noneleft) B Three.part phrasal verbs c A few phrasalverbshavethreepadsand a th€e mun be used.The partsarc noi separable. I look tot\lvard to seeingrou next week Yor hnft ttuttcndovil, yotn obtLptdt 't,d' fe\.' dnd you havaspokotort in a charnont Nou, t .fl ba(.x.dnir. .1..kior - no yo! t'!ar a tie? EttortedB nrc!i,l!t! u! thai rit! to .ft ir anh dr$ dd( i, nt. hn(i.t i'dn\trt. (Chini Diily website) t Hercis a Bt ol commonphrasalve.bs of ihis typel lt s tine to face up to yout reiporslbrrt/bJ. (= not avo d) lf it3 not su..essful,we can fa ba.k on plan B. (= lse f necessary) Daes the rcuBe lit in with yout haliday plans? (= be acceptedw thout prob emt l ll get back to yau tanoffow (= te ephoneyou aqain) l'll get on to aur supplers ight awaf (= coniact) 1'll try to get rcund to rcading yau rcpaft today. (= 1 nd the time for) tlook fotwatd to seeingyou next !,veel. (=thnkaheadwthpleasure) I can t put up with such tude behavlour (= tolelate) 'Cole, ?€ v. d*id€d to cut ba.t on p6ple n.n€d Cole.." 24 PHRASAI. VERES2 103 C Particle meanings O Oftentherneaning ofthe phrasalverb isrelated to therneaninq of the particle. Sennl dpplidnttulnties hdreonicisedtE EU for sddiflr oxt adusing sig&lsabartits intentiontCd iddtesonpkin thatthey6nnot arry on ikdejkitelywith thecasu refow needed to qudlifi,fot nqnbe$hip@ithortsotue fn ddtefotentry.Theft,spd soneEU gorenfle,h rtuhl to lut of erlatgenent that it will bcunpap dt oith the wk6, ol thdttheaeweahdtltt fot J@ will 'nonpolie EU spendifs.(Econonistwebsite) a Studythese examples, andnotethatapanicl€canhavesever.meanlngs. back /7 canyouba*. (= telephone aqain) t ll pay you ba.k tononow. (= rcpaythe money borrowed) b€hind Wemustn'tfall behindour competiors. (= be slowerthan) t n getting behind with my lvork (= not do n9 asr'ruchasl should) down lnflationhascomedown by 2% (= becomeess) t'n nlinq b cut down on fafty foods.(= reduce) Thefactorywill closedown nextyear (= stopoperatng) Theytumed down ou offer (= raid 'no' to) Canltake down oneor twa detalls?(= wile on paper) I noted down sone questiansto ait rou, (= w te on paper) torward Sheput lotwad an intetestnerldea (= suggested) fhe n,eellngs beenbrcught forward. (= movedto an earliertime) into I'd liketo go into finan.ea,termyM8a.1=startworkng n.narea) tE s realy into windsuning.(be nto = ikeand be inrerested in) oll I shouldbe ableto get otf at aboutfiye (= leavewo*) Gn youdrop ne olf? l= Iakemein yolr carandleavem€) t'msotry| thinkwewerccut oft (= loseih€ sgnal n a phonecall) Iheyll .ut off ny ele<tricitfif I don't pay thisbill (= stopsupplyng) t leavemy computeton all the time.(= operatinq,work ng) tt bok coldoutsidel'll put ny coaton. (= weat) on l'n goingta carry on workinguntTabouiseyer.(= coft nu€) Shallwenove on?(= .hangeto thenexttopic) t'll hand out sone catalogues at the erd (= giveto everyone) we sharc out theprcfiE eqralt. (= d vldebetweenpeople) out . I I justwo* out thept?e for,,ou. (= calculate) WeTetrling to sott out theprcblen now (- put t I ghr) over Gn we jun go ovet the detaikagalr?(= check/slmmarile) t n not surc.I needto think ,t over (= th nk aboutit calefully) through Cantou go thtough yout ptoposalasatnT(= explain) I've lo*ed through the files,but ,t3 not there.(= examned) up Theyptt up theqice {astmanrr. (= incrcased) twasbtoughtup in thecounfry(= lookedafterfromchildto adult) lnustwtiE up thatrepott.(= writeusingnotesmadeearlied fhe conpanywasset up lasiyear (= estabished) 'O4 24 PHRASALVERES2 24 Practice Exercise 1 !t complete withonewordfromlistAandonewod fromlistB. thesentences A: back fur.€C down in on out up up B: on of {e to to to with with 1 l'm sorry| can'tmakethatdate-Canwe bing the me€ting .f.r{!,"ffd.. ....i9....thisweek? 2 l'm sorry| cant makethatdate.Canwe putth€ meeting ............ ............ nen week? 3l'mstartingtogetabitove&eight-l'mgojnqtohavetotakemoreexerciseandclt.-...... alcohol andfattyfood. 4 Wereallyhaveto makethededsion thisw€ek. wele beginning to run............ ............ t me. 5 Firstl'lltalka littleaboutthecufientma*et satuation, thenl'11move........................ outlinethe BoadS thinkingaboutfutuEstrategy. 6ltbnotjustaquestionofchoosinga€ndidatewiththeightexpedence.Theyalsohavet ,,.......... thecomoanv culture. 7 Everyone in the R& D department doesa lol of €adingoutside workhours. Thngsaremovingsofast youreallyhaveto keep............ ............ thefield. 8 We mighthaveto withdrawthisproduct fromthe marketandface............ ............ thefactthatit hasn'tbeenthe success w€ hadhopedfor, Exercise2 I I 1-5withtheirendangs t!4atch thebeginnings of sentences al.€). 1 l'll lookintoit rightawayandgetback 2 l'm sobusydealing withtheday-to-day c sesthatI nevergetround 3 switchboad? l'm tryingto getthrough 4 l'm notsurewhat3happening. l'llgeton 5 Yes,l'rna lot happier now I geton E n n n n a) to Philiplenkinson extension 3177buttherclno answer b) with mycolleagues muchbeiier. c) to ourlocaloffice andtryto geta picture clearer of lhe situation d) io youthlsafternoon. e) to thinkingaboutthefuture. Exercise3 I Studyth€e possible meanings of theadverb up a!<).Thendecide whichm€aning is mostcoselyrelated to theuseof up in the und€inedphrasalverbs. positionb) increase, a) in a high/noticeable become mofe c) compl€tely E 1 A keyqoalfor Allianzisto buildup ils assetmanagemeni business. 2 Manytechnical issues havecomeuo in thenegotiations. 3 | coulds!rm_!!the situationby saing that we?ein big trcuble. 4 l'dliketob ng upthequestion of financinq theoperation in crcatia. s I needa newPc.l'venearlyuseduo allthespa(eon myharddisk. programme. 6 Weneedmorecapital to speedup ourplantmodemisation n n n n ! 24 PHNASALVERBS2 105 Exercise4 | l! Completethisemailsentby a finanoaladviserto hisclientby choosingthe corect particlefrom ihe list back behind d€,|,n in of off on on out through to up with with stocG ln the us have @m€ (l ) ....-dcl\tr\,,. a lild€ si.@ | lasl @lacted vou. but in g€n€€lthe e@nomy i5 healthy and int66t rates lf gFwih i3 too fast I lhhk ihey'll prcb.blv put this doclsion (3) . .. --, rh€ Fed will pur {2) ..,,....,,,......whlch hav€ r€.llv fallen (4) -.,, ...,, ..... lh€ oth6r lntll the third or tourth quan€r Th€ @l dang€r i3 with td@mmi s6cto6. Basl€lly, the lel€@nh $cto. h6 run our €) ....,, .... ...... 5t€m. at l€53t in lh€ short tsrm We r€cohd€nd lhat you cut (6)...,,,...,.-......on your e:pGue lo lhi3 3etor and *hch to en€rsv ard €teiling, whlch wli nt h nl6rv ( 7 ) . . . , , , . . . . . . , - . . . . l h € r € s t o r y o u r p o r t f o l l o , I n B l i t u d o E l I n @ t o B € B l l k € l v i o f a l l b e c k G ) . . . , . . , . .1. h e 8 €5 6 a s r t h a . l!€ attach€<1.do@m6nl wiih sp.clfic suqg€Btlonsfor volr porttorio cuft€nt marketrclaliliv edies (9) ....,,......--.... hlel m€ lroM. rFu €96 wih my €@mm€ndatlotu lllg€t on when yo! v€ had . chan€ to go (10) .....-......-.,,,. (11) .,,,,.....,,...... our b6k€E and theyll wo* (12)....,,,.......--..ihe comnl$ron lor buvlng and slllng th€ slocks. Byth€ way, ih.nkBfordopphg (13).,........-.......rh. olher momlng. N@ llll€lvou gol on (14). ..... -.. vourwork E x e r c i s5el I l I @,, Comoletethetelephonecallwithphrasalvedsfromthelistbelowthatmeanthesameasthewordsin brackets, Somearefromunit23. up go ahead go over holdon lookinto callback cutoft getbackto getthrough breaking pc++hrecg$ rangup sortout speakup n-EcEr|roNrsr, Good moming, Medi! Solutiont,how canI hclp you? can vou (l) ..i{|1.. me ..lb.p.$h.. Gonnectlto christineMoreau,Plcase? r'€cE!r'oN'sr, OfcouEe,holdthcline...I'miorrycaler,Icant(2)........ . .. (nakecontact) at the momenqthc line'sbu!y.Sha[ I askher to (3) ....... . .. .. . . . you (tcl.phoneagain)? ........................... Its OK,I'll leavea m.s5.ge (wit) just a second$,hileI look for a pen . Right, R'cEpnoNsr,OK, (4) ........................... (s)........................... (continue). Derck Richardion,Fomweston SecuriryMs Moreau(6) . . ........... ... My namei ne.........................,.(telephoned)yesterday.Shewantedm€to(7 (iMstigate) the cct of inst ling an alrfm systemfor your PremisesI saidI d (telephoneagain)het todatr (8) ........................... I'm sorry Mr Ricbardsn, the tine is very b!d, can you (9) ................. .... . (talk .. (havingprcblemr louder) ple.se?HeIo? He o? I'n sorry,you'te (10) ........................ with the signal). Hello? . . . So!ry about thaL I'm on I tnin ming my nobile and we wete (11) (disomected) h a hlmel. Er,y€s,asI sas saying,I'veruaged to (12) . .... ...... . (orseiF). Can 'ou telt her thtt I'I sendher a quot.tion somthing .....-.-..-.........,....,. othq deuils in the post? vith a[ the along Oh, risbt, er,can t j6r (13) .---.,..,..--...... (check)tbat asein?Yourname is D€rek Richddson, Gomvestotr Seruity, ud you re going to seDdsome det.ils about u alarm That3 right. Er thant you fo. your help. Goodb€. 106 erbs and objects A Transitive and intransitive verbs t Verbsin Englishcaneitherbe tEnsitiveor ntransiriv€. This nformationis shown n dictonaries w th the l€ttersT or L B llansitive verbs a Transitive v€rbsarc followedby dn obje.i Th€oblecrcantake a vareryof forrns: noun: Da you sell stamps? pronoun: /t3 too expenslv€.I can't affard it. ret ex ve pronoun: 1enjayednyself at the .o.ktait part! yesterdayafternoan. c ause: I de.ided that it was too tisky a A transitiveverbis not compete without an object. c Intransitive verbs a Intrans t veverbsdo notldkean obiecr Herflight hasaftived.lHet flight amvesat Heathrcw/Her ftightaftivesbefarcnine (ButNOI f,le+{ight-€+ri}er|€ath{€*.) Aut salesin Twkeyfell./Oursaletfell lastyeat./Ou satesfettdranaticattyin the US. (B!t NOTesft€rapint {e r€-sa1e5.1i5+y€€+) a lnrransitive verbsincludetache,appeat,adve come,depaft,disappea,exjst,fat, 9a, happen, hve,occur,tain,rcnain, ise, sleep,speak,wait, walk,wotk. D Verbswith both transitive and intransitive torms a Manyverbscanhavebotha transilive and ntransiiive form I openedthe doot fhe daoropened. Webeganthe neeting. Theneeting began. Ottenyoucan eaveolt theobjectil t isobvious because of thestuaron or beca Lrse youhave akeady menlioned it. t parked(ny car)in front of yout offi.e. (it) now AK,IthinktundeRtand a Verbswith borhforms nclude:accept,arswer:ark, begin,break,(hange,choose,ctose,caak, decrease, drcp, eat,end,explain,finish,farget,grcw, hetp,imprcve,incrcase, knaw,tearn, leave,neet, nau.e,openlpark' phone'read,rcnenbea see,staft stap,turn, undestand, watch,win, wiE. a Manyverbsarctransiiive withonemeanng andintransrve wrh.nother (takeoff o) = to removean tem of clothlng) He taaLotf h6 Fdet The planetoak olt at 3 pm. (takeoff (l) = to leavethe g round and startftying) t've rcrcvered the files from ke hard disk. (e-6uet fi = ro ger back somerhing thar was lon) Theeconomyis recoveringslowly. (rccover (l)= to returnto norm.laftersometroublel 25 VERBSA'{D OEJECIS IO7 E verb + two obiects o Someverbscan havetwo objects,an indned object(d personwho receve, som€thing)and a direc!objecr(th€thing someonegivet. After a lat of negotiation they offercd (P) us IDO)a betbr deal. Theypatd (a) the consultants lDo) a lot of noney she sends(lo) you (DO)her ben rcgad'. V€rbs lke thls include:award, bing, buy, cause cost, email, fine, giw, hand, leave,lend, nake, offe, owe, past pay, post, ptonise, read, refuse, sel, send, shaw, take, tea.h, tell, wte a abovewe do not useio. Noticethat in the examples NoTth€y-€+tu{€d-.€-s5+M NOTthefpdid+€-the{€r5ulr€€g-i.l€ t object.This Youcanoftenputthedircctobiecrfrlst,andin thiscaseyouuseto + indirect importance to th€ ndirect object. happens whenwewanlto givespecial Ihey afferedlDo) a betrer dealln to ou conpetitots. Iheypaid \DO a lot of money lt]) to the .onsultants who <ameherc last month 5hesends(DO)h€t best t€gatds (tO)to you and yow tamily. Bdrl$htul (DO) n@rcy(IO) to tloscbttnE setthaterpLdihau,thcJitul: nilLh. tpaid (Busittss AtukotZo". urbsit.) areprcnouns. whenbothobjecls ThLs strlctureisalsocommon (lO) (DO) it to u5. Ihey ofered a Someverbsmusthaveto + ndi€ctobject.Theycannothavelhe structuren thefirstparagraph sheexpiained(DO)the sttuation (lO)to me (NOrexplsin€d-F3€+he'5* 'e) I reconnend{AO the fish (lO)to you. (NOTre€€.FrFeFdJ€s+he-ii5h) (DO)arother solution \O) to ut. (NoT5s99e5ted-s5-aFe*€{-5€k+eA) Hesuqg€sted '11t.!?akc t .lotM.ttoAC didr't etttia(tO)to t.potteB(DO)thc pla8 to sellpatt oJthedcpannte storechainKauJhoJ.Fn kfin( Allrcnctu tsl,sitc) verbsin thisgroupindude:admit,announcedemonstratedescibe,explain,introduce, mention,prcpase,prcre, rccannend, repeat,tepott,say,suggest. F Verb + two obiects using for a w,lh sone verb, we Lse for io Inlrodu.ethe -d 'ect obied in'IF.d o' Io. I ve brcught a prcsent for you. l've brcught you a ptetent. I've left the rcport for you on yout desk. I ve left you the rcpott I ll rcsetvea table for six people. I ll rcseNe us a table. a Velbs with two objects that us€ for include:book, bins, build, buy, call, .hange, chatge, choase,coak, iut, do, fetch, find, fix, let, keep, leavc, n'ake,odet, prcpare, rcseve, save roa 25 vEhls AtrtDoE Ects Practice Exercise t !!Q Tick (/) the sentencesthat arc completeand cross(, the onesthat arc incomplete I Youneed. 2 My headaches. E n 4 lt3 finallyhappened. ! s lve €allyenjoyed. ! 6 tsot. n 7 Whatdid youget? n 8 Thecompany istryingto cut. n 9 tam tryingto wo*. n 10 Hereminded. n Exercise 2 !l! Tick(/)the sentences thatarecofiectandcrcss(X)theonestharafeincorr€cr. 1 We'veredesigned thereception ar€ato lookmoremodern. Z 2 l'll waitthe re.eption areafo. you, E 3 l'vebeenstudyjng Accentu€on myMBAcouBe. n 4 l've beenworkingAccenturefor fiveyea6, ! 5 Whatwillhappen thecompany ifthe CEOteaves? n 6 Whowillrunthecompany il theCEOlea!€s? n 7 I'velivedLondon allmytife. n 8 l'velikedLondon allmylife. n 9 Theairportbusleavesthe hotetat eight. n 10 Theairpo(busarivesthehotelat eight. n 11 Theytoldusiastmonththatthedetivery was9ojn9to U" tut". ! 12 Theysaiduslastmonththatthe detivery wasgoingto betate. n year 13 Last we hadto fallouradvertising budget. n 14 Lastyearwe hadto cutouradvenising budgetD Exercise3 I Eachpairof sentences hasthesamev€rb.Markthesentence T if it i5usedtransitiv€ly or I if it used intransitively. Urd€rJirethe objectin the transitivesentences. 'I a)Canyou seethewomrnin thebluesujtoverthere?E youte b) So goingto cancelyourorder I s€e. A 2 a) | hadto run to the pon officen b) Herunsthemaftetingdepartment. n 3 a)Ourfamilyhasman.gedrhishotelfor th€e generations. n b)Wemanagedverywetiwhileourbosswason hotiday. n tr tr 5 a)Thesales targetwassetat 8 millionthisyearbut I thinkwe,llmiss. n b) | efjoyworkinqabroad, but I missmyfamilyandf ends. n 6 a)Ours.lesdropp€dby 12% lastyear n b) ldroppd mylaptopon thefloor,but tdonl thinkirs broken.n 4 a) shelost hefjob lastmonthwhenthey restructured the company. b) Reallvadridlost by two goalsto one. 7 a)Susan, do youknow Dr Gos.h€l tromourMunichoftice?n b) lt3 goingto be mo.eexpensive. I know. n 8 a)Youmustinvenif youwant yourbusiness grow' to b) Farmers who grew olivesusedto get a tot of subsidies from the EU. ! ! 25 VERBSAND OBJECTS 1O9 Exercise4 F Under n€ the corect words. 1 He /ent mel/ent to me the aruce about Turkeyfrorn lhe Econo.nist. 2 l'm goingto suggestthemlsuggestto themthat we postponethe meeting. 3 Ihey pronised ne / pronised to me a f ull r€fund if I wasn't satisfied. 4 | explainedthenlexphinedto dremthat lwasjust followingcompanypo cy. 5 This delay is causinErus problenslcausing problens to us. 6 | recommendyou rhe chickenlthe chkken to you lt's usudllyvery good n here. 7 | €port€d the laulf to dre te.hnicianlta the te<hnicianthe fault yestetday. model. 8 In the end lso/d tiemlso/d to themihe moreexpensive 9 | descibed them the whoie situationlthe whole situation to them ln grcat d€tail. 1A Shetold neltold to ne that yourtrip io seoulwasveryruccessfuL. Jennfer,.an intrcduceyou JosephLeelintaduG yau to loseph Lee? line 12 1showedthe visitotslshowed ro the v,j,iorsour new assembly ll Exercise5 # orderto makea sentence. Putthewordsandphrases ntothecorrect srticle 1 l/to Jacki€ frornihe marketing depadmenvlent^he I l-a^t the a.ticle t! J-^ckie {.ox the.y4.flse.it,}4 dep4lt|1.e^t....... 2 l/lackie/ent/th€articleaboutmarkeling t . . . . . . . . . . 3 l/anemail/them/sent/yesterday t . . servrces depa(menl/sent/yesterday ema/to thekcugtomer t. 5 l/the d splaymodelthatb beenin the window/sold/him 6 /the dsplaymodel/sold/toa womanwho camein this mornng t........ 7 l/my report/her/thismornng/gave t . . morning 8 l/my repot/gave/to he. secrclary/this t................. Exercise 6mm with eitherto or for Compete the sentences l'veleJta copy..f.gf.youon yourdesk. 1 Theyemailed theirreply:..to''. usthismorning. you give this.........mysecretary andaskherto makesornecoffee.........ourvisitors? 2 Could yo!. meetinq. it......... theBoard Here, l'llshow 3 l'v€prepared a report......... .........our suppli€rs n Lodz and save a copy ......... our f les. 4 Pl€ale wite a letter 5lfyouleaveamessage.........heronthsnotepad,l'lltakeit.........herwhenthem you. ...theoffice.......-. 6 l'llbrinqsomesampl€s..... 7lt'llcausedamage.........ihecompanyifwechoosethewrcnglocation.........ournew rneandl'llkeep them......... her thedocumenis......... 8 Maryhasjun left.Hand lto e -ing form Thisuniicove6usesof the-h9 formthatarenot mentioned in units1 8 and19 20. A -irg form as a noun a lhe -tog fom can be usedas a noun(in this caseit s alsocalleda gerund). Ma*eting rcquircscarcful planning. a lt can ako be Dartof a noun ohrase. Conbining two financial groups su.cessfully is alwaysa difficuk task. (Businessweek Onlinewebsiie) nE Eality tow k thousatukoI maik,fM |t.ct:tdg6,kbphoie ulk dfttl Ihtemct arde$enin! inta a @npo^y eueryday.Int ryHting that inJo'',,/,tion intellige l! so that ih. e$tomet geh what it ne..lr k a uery.ohplet t6h dddndine a rery eotryld rot,.ior. (Eurobusinesswebsite) B -ing form as an adjective O The-ingformcanbe usedlikean adjective, beforea noull. My wo*ing day star5at nineand finishesarcundsixthitty. Wearea smallmanufactuing companywith about50 enplayees, a A smallgroup of adjectives canhav€eitheran -,n9formor an -edfor r. Adjectives ending-ingdescbesomething we arereacting to (outside ut. (inside s€€al'ounir36 Adjectives ending€d describe ourfeelings us). Theneetingwasveryintercning. I wasinbrcsled in tout connents aboutCisco, ^ry wo* is quiteting at the nonent. Lastnight I wasreallytlrcd. Otherexamples are:boredlbo ng, excitedlexciting, surpised/suprising. C -ing form after prepositionr O We use the -ingrform after prepositions. wal-Maft becane successfulby se ing high wlunes at low pices. We nevet laun h a new product without doing exAnsive natket research. lnnead ot buying telecon shares,l suqqen you look at the biotechnologysedot AtEr washing'the fruit, we soft it aKoding ta ize and put it into boxes. Beforc s'€rting work at UBS,I wo*ed at CredisuisseFiatBostan. seeunit46 a Therearc manyverb+ preposition combinations. We need to inven heaily in nanufaduing. seeunita7 O Thereare manyadjective+ p€positioncombinations. I d be very in'€rcs'€d in heaing yaur suggestions. seeunit43 O Thereare manynoun+ preposition combinaiions. t needsone advi.e on doing businessin the Balkans. 26 THE'/I'G FORM lII a Becarefulwith the word to. Forverbsfolow€d by ro + infinitiveseeunlt 19: we'w decided to use an our:tuleconpany. And we useto + infinitiveto explainwhy we do something(ihs is called'theinfinltveof We're doing this to rcduce cotts. Bul we u5elo | -rngwhen to is d pr€po5it:on: Outdoor pos1€6arc an akernativeto using expensiveTV advertisements. inclfte: look fotuvadta, objectta, be used Examples Someverbshaveto usedas a prcposition. ptefet... to ..., respond to. to, get used b, l'n looking forwad to teeiDg you rext lveek. (NoI tesee) He seemsto rcspond well to wo*ing undet pressurc. (NOTt€-,*€+k) t n not used to having su.h a shod lunch brcak. (NOI r+have) D -ing form uied to begin a clause a An -ingclause cangivemoreinformation about3 noun. ta betleftiontheEU ua at. I'ok dt Poland,h.ft th.t! dP ht)o @ in d positioh Vcryf."'fadns nillio fdrs e"ryloyinf ovd 4 qrcttet oJthepopl4tiot, to ke th. ptobl.n at itsuolst (Busi'ress Cenrnl Eurcpcwebsne) tntttt oo he ubtk.rt havcbcctttoldtld ntdial tuetingsvith ov.6ens,olLeagus UK-bdsed Ohly t4l.s staf ttuwllifl! to .$entiql e stottt tt' neetirys co .Iwtadthrctghlidcoco'ferchci'8. Business 'nigazine) tojy. (Sunday dlt bcattouad seeakounit2e is likea defi.ingrel.tiveclause. Thistypeof'h9 clause opetatlng in Europearc |kely ta be takenover A bt of the smalllntemetcampanies (= whichareoperating in Europe) Aflicerat Accot The\r/anantalking to Robett wilkinson is thechief Finance (= who istalking) ior an actionin the pasl. o An -ingclause cangivethereason I wentoverto hi'l', thinking he was the manageabut he saidhe wasa salesassistant. (= because I thoughthewasthemanaged Tqenegarversformedwithnot Not being used to the companyculture, I faunll it had to fl in for another action. a An -ingcl.usecandescibea background situation Walking into wott<thit moming I metCeliaMo usedta workin FErlonnel. (= aslwaswalkingintowork) isformedwithnoa Thenegative job not knowing what to expect. I stattedthe 4e"AI1thosein favour ofmoving the decimalpoiDlooeplaceto the ngh:" 26 Practice Exercise1 E 6 lvatchthe beginnings of sentences l-a withtheirendings aI+) I Manufactuing in the UKhasbeen E 2 In theuK,theservice sectoris now muchmorcimportantthan the n 3 n the uK,services much arenow morcimportant than n prccett 4 olf manufactudng tr 5 We'regoingto investheavit n 6 car manufacturing in Poland is n 7 Developing andprcmoting Polands manufacturing basewill n 8 Developing manufactuing in Poland willneed n a) manutacturing secror b) is nowalmostcomplerely automared. c) manuracturing. d) in declin€ for manyyears. e) n€eda lot of invenment. in ihe Katowice area. D conc€ntrated q) rnmanulacruring overthenextfewyea6. h) a totoi invenment. Exercise2 tf # For eachsentencein exercise1 above, decide if the wod nanufadwing is a noun at an adje.live. Noun: ..!... ...... ...... ...... ...... Adj€ctive: ..7.. ...... ...... Exercise 3 S Compleie thesentenceswith adjectives lomed fromthevelbsin theti5tbetowin their-lngfo.m. t*e welcomeconfuselast interestwear cut shop sell m€et 1 lt'sbeena very.........ti.. !^.,......... day,I needa drinkto hetpmeretax. 2 There'ra.............................pointinlrcnroftheticketofiice.ttseeyouthereatsix 3 They?e building a new............................. centre bythemotorway ext. 4 Nerpresentation wasvery............................., perhapsa ahhough til€.............................forpe whowe€ newio the subject. s Ths carpet isveryhad-.............................. . andsoit willbeverylong-..................... .... 5 Thenewrcception areashouldbe ........................--... not cold and formal likebeforc. , -edgetechnology, 7 Thisis ..............--............. youwon'tftndit anywhere etsen Europe. 8 ltsdesign isoneof itsnrongest points. .................._.......... Exer<ise4 & Undenine the cor.ect words. 1 Thanks for c.lling,and| ,ookforwardto m€et;rolmeefyou at rheconference. 2 Thafksfof calling, andI hopeto me€ringlmeetyou dt theconference. 3 l'm expecting to taklnqltake thenainto workwhenI movelntothe newhouse. 4 I don't objectto tathglrale the train, but I prefercomingto work by car. 5 | canhelpyouwith yoursprcadsheet, l'm usedto workinglwotkwith Excet. 6 Whenlwasin mytwentiestusedrowo*ing/workasa s?t€!consuttant. 26THE'/VGFORM'I13 Exercise5 t] from ListA followedby an -hgform from lietB. compl€teeachsentene by choosinga preposition A: €fter without by of before inslead of B: l€ayiRg usng being qong lncredslngtakingover Af-tef......... .............1.e+Vi14........ university lworked in lT recruitment for a wh e. ................................... verynervousat the startof my p€sentation. 2 | was aware. ...........o . .c. a l o p e n t o l s . 3 V o d a l o ng€r e w . . . . .... 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .n. ., .l ' d j L r sl li k e r o o o k a t t h i sg r a p hi n a t t e r n o r ed e t a. 1 .. . . . 5 f r t ' -u r g e n l c o , d r a l . Fi l l 1 e r em v s e ' 6 The Fedis hopinglo rcduceinflation... .. . . . . . a. , o u r i e .. . .. interestrates. Exercise 6 D crossouttwo unnecessary wordsin eachtentence. Eluetoolh arebasedin cambridge. 1 A ot of theI rmr{/Si€h-€re developing 2 Thewomanwho s replaclng KayWakerusedto workat Saachr. wo.ry n9 me mostisthefluctualionn oil prices. 3 Thethingrhat s _9 Trdde 4 hevisilors whoarecon lh,sallerrconc e d.apdne-e Deleqdto_ Exercise7 D 1-6 wilh themostappropiate endng aFf). Matchthe beginnings of sentences tI Speaking to Mlke, 2 So,concluding mypresentaton, 3 nsisting thathebeallowed to pay, 4 Of cou6e didn'tsayarythng, 5 ljlst tookit a Lfor granted, 6 | resigned thenextweek, n n a) hegavehiscreditcardto thewaiter b) | r€alised thatihe stuationwashopeless. c) l'd justliketo sumup theman po ntsagan. to. onemome.t. d) not regrettn9 myactions e) notwilhingto offendh m. thewofkthaiwas nvolved t notapprecialing Exercise8 D partol eachsentence Rewrite u5ng an -,n9cbule.Noiethat nsomeexarnpesthereisa the underlined 1 | got io the anpo.tal ten becaus€Lexoectedthe flioht to arive on urne. | 9or ro tê dirporrdl ten. .. exF-eJt'^{ tfg fl14ht to arrrve oa tiva 2 | didn'r undeEtandrhe languageso Lfolnd it hardto get aroundon my own. onmyown. Ne:-t...q^Ce..a.ttA^di^4..!..fe..1*n4la*4,e............. , ' torndt hardto setaround 3 . InvesrFdf5,000indClrnaf-dbe.aus"IhopedrhllbeinaAc! investedf5,000 in a Chinaf!nd, 4 4f.]_!cC5nltarexpelcn l th nk I madeioo manyconcelsions. I t h n k I m a d et o o m a n y 5 assumed shewouldnlmindso I askedheraboutherannualsalary l a s k e dh e ra b o l t h e ra n n u a 6 | sad yesbecauseI didn'i know it would crcateso m.nv plqblem5. I s ao y e ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 A Make and do a Thereare mdnycommonexp.essons b.sed on mdkeand do Thereis no generalrule,although often mdte is lsed foi a prcductor r€sultand do for a proces!or activty. You make... an dppointmentwith sb./ an affangenentwith sb. /sb. angry sad,etc./ an aftenpt to da sth. / sth. bene, /Mrer (comp.rat ve adjecrives)/ a bld for sth. I a (all tc sb./ sth. clear/ a canplai nt against sb. | rcntacts / a de.ision / a differcnce ta nh / an exceptian/ an effott / inquiies tan extuse / a gaad inptession on sb. / an investnent /a lass/a ness / a nistake / naney / a noise/a note af sth / a plan/ sth. possible /a prafit/a p.omise/pragress/ redundant sb / senseaf sth. / a staft / a suggestion/ sure / yauseff understaad Youdo... the accounts/ yaur bestI business with sb./ the cleaning,shopping,etc / a coursein sth. / danage ta sth. / ecanoni.s at unlvesiry / everl'thingyou can ta help / sb. a favou| / a job fot sb./ nothing / avettime / research / sanething dbout I I a test on sth. / well, badly at sth / without sth. / wak fat sb. Nolerith. = somethrngand Jb. = sornebody. We usemaketo rnean'produce'or 'manufacture'. P.odlctsaremade/, a count.y,madeby a companyand madeof a materiallike planic,4eathet elc. We usedo to mean'periorman action'when w€ are rpeakng generaly. Canldo antlhing to helpyou? What did you do at the weekend? 'Tlt sto.knft*d is rhdt it k.yon liuct,ith that,'sa]t^ Ollild, CEO of NakiaCotp,'Yorjt^t do th! I'tst ),ou tut on d .laily basis,ty to let lE tkht balai.( al tha lt and Lr\-tthi a.tiofl! 'l'ltdt\ ttu onlf attitrdcto hdr. to droid losi"r sLlp Mnrcudfiir' (lDdu"ryweek wcbsirc) B Get a 6et hasthe followingbasicmeaninqs: given 2 receive/be I got this shift fron Harrods. I got an enail fran Frankyesterday. It s getting late. Shallwe ttop naw? 4 move/arrivesomewhefe t got tnto Salesnany yearsaga. I get ta wark at nine. 5 bring nh. b a place/fef.h persuadesb. lo do (h. 8 t|avel byl..tch (iranspod) 7 Can I get yau anyrhing fran the dinks nachine? I'm sorry ldidn't get that Wetriedta get themto agree,but theyrcfused | got a taxi fron the airpart. Tiny.r'nurs dteaIdlolite t Lnto'iecdkat.A,tlsoon w,'11Le ahletoyt oneaJyaw aot1.And t! /'{irdl (Forbes-comNebsite)(qet = obt.in) Ned to get @hnatal to the I' anet Nlostue?Yot'l| prcbabb haueta dedli,ith Andtoly Kdrd.ttrp} (Forbes-com website) (get = be.ome) Mx BezassaidA nzat lon d lot oJ n'oicy oh it\ inresr$efltsin hath lirin!,.ofl akd Pett.eon.'The ided wB ta let i" $nk!, and slakeyan clain ta a pdticrlar na*et caor.' (WeI SrreetJo rn.l Eurcpe webslre) Get = move) Mdke et/e yon ptu'flfuesu'o,1 get yo! itto tbtule. (Quicken.con websne) (qet = briig) Is the bssiness{ot rs'lit), ttatue and eonjde* erotgh n let ah.t uefi won! ii the dat .otu o6h ? I hdue'fly dasbts. (hnh Tides websile) (gei = understand) 27 MAKE D1O.GE HAW 115 C Have or asan acton (= do somethlng) a Weusetheverbhaveeitherlike'possess' I have a ferrariand a \ftv Goll I had an interening con/ersationyesterday. ladtan) Whenha!€ is usedlike'possess'itis a stateverband so do€snotform continuoustenses. t have a goad job in the Aty (NoT Fm+e+iFg) seeunit2 t Th s is verycomr.on in Erltsh We can usehavegot in placeof havewhenlt means'possess' English l've got a good job in the Ct',Y He\ got an MBA from lnsead. of fiaveusedlik€ a Hereare someexamples th ngs/ people 'possess': hare a new carl jab, have tuvas,ne6, hrve a baby (= to give birth) havelong haic have glasses qualities havea goodsense of hunou, havea lat of eneryy peffonal havean idea,haveanlno alternative,havea/na doubt ideas havea badback havea cold,harea heada(he, illness / njuri€s esof iave in ts otherlse at an actionverb: a Herearesomeexamp eat/ dink / smoke havea coffee,havea glassof wine,havea neal, havelunchldinner,have the steak,havea cigatene havea meeting(= meel),ha"ea dink (= dtink),havea look (= laok), have+ noun (inneadof verb) havea resr(= rest) h.vea wash{= wash),ha!€abreak(= break), havean accident,havean appointnent,haw a chance,havea dayoff, otherphrases havedifficultylin + -ind, ha\ea guess,havea holiday,havemrik( n yoLrr coflee),havetime havesecondthaughts,havetroublel+ 'ing), havea word Havefun! Havea gaod tine! Havea nice day! Havea ga! Havea tty! Havea rcst and you ll feel nuch befte. Mr lLsodlc taidPtojln tnr\ haoetroubl nki,s aneybe&tt. of i^ ttu* fttordot uo*iir (Fjnlncial Postwebsite) oih t an,rD'e.Ituon'a5likeAIo/r./N.rldrtr drd S,, r\,trror1,Jr.r$. Mr Hamat 1oanadr mabugt ad yoanatu ne oy butlat dibt't mab ,nr fiou!.' 116 27 MAKE DO, GE', HAW 27 Practice Exer<ise1 & Complete thes€ntences withmakeor do.Youmayhdveto usea pastsimplefom. 1 I m sorrytheP.esident is busy. You'llhaveto ......11^.k-e''...... an appoinrment. 2 Theinsider dealing scandal ...................-... a lot of damage to hisrcputation. 3 | th nk France Telecom aregoingto ....................... a bidfor Telecet. you.................... 4 Could mea favour? you....................... Could somemorecoff€e? 5lthinkweshoulduseanotheragencyto.......................thecteaning. 6 Don'tworryjust................-...... yourbest. Wea||....................... mistakes. 7 OK,shallwe ....................... a start? 8 Thebuilders ....................... somuchnois€ thatit wasdifficult to ....................... anywork. 9 We......................bu5ines5intheUkraineforth€eyea15beforewe.................... l0 We....................... sometests lastweekandtthinkwe ....................... progress. l1 Wehaveto ....................... a decision. Wecan'tjust....................... nothing. 12 lhopewecansenda technidan to ....................... thejobthisalternoon. Exercise2 [ Matchthe usesof get in thefollowing sentences with meanings aFh). e) b.ing/fetch given b).eceive/be g) pe6u.de h) navel by/catch E 1 Whattimedo youusually getto theoffice? 2 Yo! mightbeableto getit a littlebit ch€aper it yougo to a targefstore. 'm 3 sorry| didnt quitegetthelan point.Couldyouerptainit again? 4 Thefactoryisverybusy. Wegot a lalgeorderfromTaiwan tanweek. (offee 5 CanI getyoua whileyouarewaiting? 6 Thisnewsoftware is sohardto use.I don'tthinkt'ltevergetusedto ii. 7 I flewto Heathrow andthengot a trainto Reading. 8 I couldnlgetherto signthecontract. Sheneedsmoretimeto decide. n n ! n n n ! Exercise3 I Lookat theformof thewod iaye in thesentences put. belowputa tick(/) if thesentenc€ s possibe. (r) if t is noi possible. cross 1 ltb OK,I dont needanyhelp.l'mjusthavinga look. Z 2 l'm havingonebrotherandonesister E - she3havinga lorof €nergy. 3 She's a goodteammember I 4 Whynotjoinuslater?We'llbe havinga drinkin the b". n 5 OK,J'vedecided. l'm havingtheneak. n 6 You'lleasily€cognise Anna.SheShavingshortbrownhairandgtases.n Exercise4 I h threeexamples in exercise 3 theword/rauecanbe replaced byhavegot.Writetheseftencenumbers 27 MAKe DO' G4 HAW 117 Exercise 5 fi wlth a wod o. phr.sefrom the list below Competethe sentences at€rnatve appontm€nt chance conver$tion break day otf dificulty doubt th€fsh go headache ho day ook unch rF€€{'ng ume word 1 l'm havinga ...Yg.e'1ll{. . wrth my bankmanagerthlsafternoon . o uw e n tt o G r e e cdei d n ' ty o u ? 2 D i dy o u h a v ea g o o d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. .Y ......? Youwent to that Greekrcsiaurantdidn't you? 3 Did you hav€a good ....... . at thesefiqlrrcs? 4 lf you hav€d . .................... , couldyou h l'll do t today. to look at the repol1yesterday. 5 | didn't haveany . .................. y 6 I m sorrywe have10stop yolr rcdit. We haveabsolr.rteno.. and then meetbackherein twenty minutes 7 lts beena long meeting Lel! havea short............. . . .i.t.h. .C . t h e r i n e E o o t hd t t e n o t l o c k . 8 G o o dm o r n i n gI.h a v ea n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w . lt's normallyverygood in here 9 Lel me see.I th nk l ll have.... ............... 10 h.ve no . .............. dt all that he3 te n9 the truth. H€'sa veryhonen pe6on. a e l a i l isn h s p r e s e n t a t o n . 1 1 l h a d a l o t o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. n. .d. .e r l t a nndg t h e t e c h n l c d e n a t p i r i nl f i t g e t sw o 6 e m i q h th . v et o h a v et h e . .i n k l ' L l t a k a 1 2 l ' v e g o i a b i t o l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l t. h . ..................tomoffow l 3 l ' d h k et o h a v ea q u i c k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w i t h y o u a b o u l t h e n e w p r o d u c t l a u n c h . 1 4 H . v ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! l m s L r ryeo uc a nd o r t ! 15 | had a veryinterening. ...................wilh Tonyoverlunchyesierday. Exercise6 { I iC'rr Co r o er€ | e o. o9-. w tl a (o[eo form of nake, do at ger a lot ofoveniore recendylA.c you hopins t Helen,you've beer (1) ...q-o.11$... ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. r. .o.D r o t e d ? . thisjob very long ind I reniiywlDt !o No, it!jusr rhat I havent been (3) .................. ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .s.o. .o d n n p r e s s i o Inn. d r e l a s tp l a c eI w o l k e dt h e y( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .l .o t o f peopleredrndan!,iocluding ne Really, rvhy was that? very we]].Bcically they (7) HtrLEN, well, the conpanyjusr wa\nt (6) .................. . . nrto a bis investmenttu Lxrin ADrenc:' dimcultiesby exp"ndingtoo quickly.They (8) .................. their arketresearchproperly.So dreyjLNtcouldnt bui rhe\ hadnt (9) ................. ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .e. n . .o. u g hn o n e y . EcN, .? S o w h a i d i d y o u ( 1 1 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .r.h. .e. n We[, it wrs difrcult for, lvhne,ihhough rhe companywas very good ro us rnd we (12) .................. a 10t othelp n app\ing for nerviobs. Well. Jt l-r(r ,5ri' 'omerhing And rhe redhdancl packagervasqulre good and I (13) ..... ..... sone nmney on solne shas I d sold, so I had enough money to la5t me a few montl$ while I apPlied {5r other lobs. So. how long was it before you goi rhis job? Well, abourivo montt$.I put my CV on rhe web,and I (14) . - - - quire a few rcrlies . a big ditreren.e At the time haviag th€ lntedet ar hone (15) ................ . ny without it.I even(17) Ye.h, it's great.isnt it.I couldnt (16) .................. ELEN, shoppingoD the lnrerDetnoiv --. me aDofer n\e next day, an interview here.and ihey (19) .............. Then I (18) ................-. M d I a c c e p r eidr ( h r g h q $ r v 118 efative cfauses1 A Relative dautes c Relative clausesareshorrphras€sbeqinningwilh wordslike !./hc rhardnd L/hichthat defne or d"(,rbe p€oplednd t' 'ro. The'ec'e Mo tyoe I we usetheseto dentifyexacty wh ch peBonor thing we mean. Definn9 relatve clauses: The .andidate who we inteNiewed on Fiday is beftet than this one The rcLative clauses part of the noun phraseTheinformations fecessaryfor the sentenceto a Non-defning reatve clausesrweusetheseto add extrainformaiionaboui a personor th n9 Cqdl.\, 'uhov Idther wcs s Grcek innigftnt vho entercdthe United Stdtcsaftet Wond Wat II, Ehn .d ),.!I.r.1d)' n' Cr..c ot d brliltes tip. (Interution.l Her dTribunc website) part of the sentenceToshowthis Ihe nformatiofmay be nlerening,but t is not a necessary I n w r r n g w e u s ec o m m a s . Non-deiiningcl.usesare morecomrnonin witing. In speech,w€ often I ve the s.me r . f o r l d L o nb i l ! 9 r u i i n gl d o < h o d< . n l e n ( e 5C o n p de Thesalesman,who was very helpful, said this madel was ln 5tock. (wrtn9) 'Thesalesmanwas very helpful. He sad this nodel was in nack.' Gpeech) a Lookagainat lhe previousexampleRemernber lhatwearet!n addinqextrainforrnatonabout a s a l e s m alnf l h e r e s m o r e t h a n o n e s a e s m a n a n d w e w a n t t o s a y w h i c h o n e w e a r e t a l k i n g aboul,then we usea dei ning relativecaus€. 'The salesmanwho I spoke to on the phone yetterday said this nodelwas in stock, but naw you tell me that yau don t haveany. l've cone all the way herc to buy lt' B Relative pronouns a Thewordswho, whlch,that, whan and whosecan beg n . reativecause Theyare ca ed rer.nvepronounr. a Forpeopleboth who and rhat afe used,but who The(andidate who they chosefor the iab has a finan.e backgrcund. a Forthlngsor ideasboth rvhkh ard that areused,blt that is nrorecommon,especiallyn speech. Theprodu.ts that you ardercd werc sent taday. Thefaadtutorldes a,ottut ptublct. I'1. et topa itipdt! fi the EU\ si slend*et it uill ha,eta to'1Jo1nta tlt Coh""o!' Agtittlhndl Paliry,uhi.h nahes ry 40% of a EU rcplatiots. (Bushes Centr.alEuropelvebsife) 'Ih. frht .fot srtuiualoJdai\' btsittcseill be&ai tiy t]1. a]]dii2atiansthat ada! flo't sdssflllf ta the n.!, u,orldthat is developtrg. (Businesweek websire) a The reatve pronoLrn lvhoseshowsthat sornethingbelonqsto sorneoneor something. Ive invited ta the neeting everyonewhose wo* is rclevant to this Noject. The EurapeanUnion is an oryanisation whose poli.ies change quil€ slowly He ortus 10A pet e!'t of this a,qany, phose sals hir .lose to $3 niUio,t i,t 1998. l{\ia.Inc. r In forma Efg ish I is possible to Lrsewhom nsieadof who wherewho is the oblectof the sentence.But n modemEnglishmostspe.ke6 only usewho Ihe .andi.late who/whom we chosefot the jab hasan MBA in carparate finance. 2A RELATIVEO-AUSEs I ''I9 c Leavingout the relative pronoun in a defining relative clause a We can leaveout whq whrch,ihat (but not whose)in a definng r€lativeclauseii theyare followedimmediately by a nounor pronoun. The techni(ian (wlto) Tony spaketo said the ned^/o* was warkinq fine. Thesalad (wlti.h/that) I had far ny stanet was superb. Thisis usualin spokenEnglish. y by a verb. a We mustkeepthe relativepronounif it i! followedimmediate The techmoan who spoke to Tonysaid the netuw* was warking fine. Thesahd which/that cane with the fish was superb. D Non-defining relative dauses a W e m u s tk e e p t h er e l a t i vper o n o u ni n n o n ' d e f n i n cga u s e sW e c a n n o t l e . v e i t o u t ( t m a k e s n o difierencewheth€rit it followedby a .oun or a verb) The tethni.bn, who my.o eagues know well, said the netwak was watking fine. The terhnician, who spent ovet an haur here said the neniwtk was wo*ing fine. Thesalad, vhi.h he'd spenthours prepanng, was superb. Thesalad, which had avo.ado in it, was superb a I h a t6 n e v eu r s € dn a n o n - d e f n i n g r e l a t v e c a u s e . Chile,which is an inpottant na*et fot ut is having some curency ptoblens E Relative pronouns and prepositions clause. a Nomallywe pul preposilions at theendol the relative a) Thepe6an (who) I got thete liguret frcm saidtheywercaccurcte. b) Unllevetis a .onpany (that/wllich) we know quite a lot about. c) fhe pe6on (who) I spoketo wascalledPam. in ftontof whom,wh,chandwhose(but it is posslb e lo pul prepositions a Blt in jomal English previous examples: not whoor thaf).comparcwilh the a) Thepersonfrcm whom I got thesefiqutessaidtheywercaccurate.(forma,rare) (forma,rare) b) unileveris a canpanyabout whi.h we knawquitea lot. (nconec0 c) Thepe6on t6-*he I spokewascalledPam. pfonounaitertheprepoenton. a Wedo not putanother (NOTUnibverisa comp.nythatwe knowqunea lot abouti+) t" At. @to 6 "Mtst D,sd, eal le t&! tww dnrutkh ngAt 1,6 d6t?' 120 2a REIAT|VECLAUSES I 28 Practice Exercise 1 S Decide wh€therthewordsin iralics a€ defining or nondefiningrelatveclauses. WriteD or ND. 1 lhe manwho is in receptbrhasbeenwaitinqfor ten minutes. E 2 Ihe food,whkh wasveryr/ae,wasservedat the bar n 3 Theprojector,whichhasd new bulh is overtherc. n 4 lheprce.lotwhknhasanewbulbisovetrhete. ! s Ihe trainwhich leaves at a am doesnl stopat Bath. n 5 Thetralf, wnlth/eaves ataam, doesnlstopat Bdth. n Exercise2 q Complete thesentenc€s withwha,whaseot that. I lhe customer ...P|!€g...company I visired is phoningthisatternoon. 2 Themanual................. theysentexplains everylhing 3 lts diffcult to say................. thisfaxwarsenlby. 4 Thecandidates............... CV5| lookedat thismorningwercallverygood. 5 | don'tremember ................. I spoke1owhen| (alledyerterday. 6 Yo!r colleag!e, ................i metthismoming,hada different opinion. 7 Toyota isa manufactufe. ..,...,,,,,,..... .eputation isexcellent allovertheworld. 8 Theconvact................youshowed mebeforewardifferent to thisone. 9 lcan'tremember................. I inviled to themeeting. l0 Doyouknow................. Catherine worksfor? I I Thecons!tarit,..............seems veryyoung,isspeakn9ro ManinSommer 12 Theypromoted themanager................. sales teamwasmostsuccessfut. Exercise3 1gg prcnounit youc.. leaveit oui. Puta rickat theendii yoLrrnln keepthe Put. bracket arcundthe.elative 1 lhe book(thai) youlentmeabouie-commerce is reallynteresting. 2 Thecompanywhich isour maincompetitor isApollo / 3 Thenamewhichtheychosefor thenewmodeis Prima. 4 Themeetng room,whichwasn'tverylarge,became hotandnufiy 5 In theend,thesales campaign wasthe bestthatwe'deverhad. 6 These arethepeople whosenames appear on thedatabase. people presentation 7 The whoatiended the foundit veryuseful. 8 Thesupplier whowevisitedlastweekhadbetterqualitythanthisone. 9 Richard Branson, who naftedwith almosinothing,is a rypical entrepreneur. 10 ffelaaw€ek istheEnglishlanguage magazine thatlreadmostoften. 2A RELATIVE CLAUSCS 'I 'I2'I Exercise4 E. lnformalsenten.€s,begnningds shown Rewritethe formalsentenceas everyday 'l whom I went to the conierence Thesearethe co eagueswith .tLe .ce^f-ere^-cc..xith... | . .t'.e^.t-..toThes€ arethecolleagues forwhich we havebeenwatrnq 2 This s the br€akthrough -hr, rLF b ' e a l l h ' o u gw r' e b 3 That'sthe hotelaiwhich lstayed. l h d lr t l e h o l e l . . . . Richardis the pe6on with whorn I usLr.v dea 4 when I ca the accountants, Richardit the pe6on I When I callthe accountants, 5 Thisis th€ cataogu€{rornwhichwe choosethe sdmpl€s l ' s i - ( h e . a r a l o gwu e . . . . 6 This s the arcafor which I am responsbLe lhi, 5t e.'da ExercisesBCE or rmpossible Wite Por ' is possible Decdewhethereachsentence from we ecevedthecomplaini 1 Thiss thecuetomer ?l from thecomplaini whowe receiv€d 2 Thisistheclstorner thecompainl.I l fromwhomwe received 3 Ths isthecustomer the.omplarnt L-l frcmwhowe received 4 Ths isth€customer on 5 Thiss theprcductwhrchwe redependrng ! on. 6 ThieLstheprcductwete dependrng l-1 on whomwe'redependrng. 7 Thisir the product L on whichwete dependrng. 8 Ths isthe prodLrct atpLccon w|lhw1owedectare..eo 9 tre Lo.s.rtlann wilh whomwe dealarecalledA pfraCom ! 10 Theconsultants l l Theconsutant5whowe dealwlh arecalledALphacom t ] t] Alphacom arecalled 12 Theconsu tantswe dealwith Exercise6ABCD aSto Readthis newspaperaa(iclewhichincLudesfour r€lativeclausesa-d. Ihen decdewhethereachstatement belowisTrueor Fase .bo!t eachrelaiiveclause.Wite T or F at the end Yeeierday,the FederalReser€ made the cut in intest .ar.E (a) whlch the sa*ets had beeflerp.ctins' The led or Watl Stt€et had clGed. Th€ rca.non (.\ uhi.h ltill follo@ o" the qfteh.! nt*ets i€ dif6.ult to Pleali.t, as chai,ta\aa lD who uas back at hit daskyesteldav aftq a shott ttip to lapat nade the a$ouncemdt afiet trading tlne dolld - 6) @hih has bM trading at Lrounil 0.93 elms - has had a lot of bad news ovq the last Jew days. : 1 The relativecause deniifiesa pe6on, eventor thrng z I e r e l d l r vper o o u n r d n b e r e p l d c ewdn h ' l h d r ' 3 Youcan eaveolt the relativepronoun. b c N N T I d nr nn nn nn lative clauses2 A Combining sentences s Lookat rhisexampleof two 5ho.tseparare sentences. t m taking a flight. lt goes via Frankfutt. We can cornbne the sentences !s ng a realiv€cause.Ihere aretlvo ways,but rhe meanrngs arc the same. a) l'n takinga fhghtthatgoes via Frcnwurt OR b) The fltght (that) t'n taking gaes via Frankfutt. seeunnr4 I Noteihat articlesoi1€nchangewhen sentences are combned. a) h;s, firghClikethe orginalshortsenrenc€, because rhe ftghr is nrenlionedior rhe i rsrr me and thefedreseveraloflhem. b ) h a st t e f l l g h tb e c a u steh e r es o n l y o n e n t h e s p e a k e rm br . d seeui r 23 * Remember thal we ollen leaveout rhe retatveprcnounkhad n spokenEng sh n ca5estike th s. I Whenwe combinesentences we do .ot add anolherpronoun a) NOTIm takinga flight thal i+goesvraFrankfld. b) NOTThe{ 9ht th.t t'rn rakinq..lrgoesvia Franklurt B Use of what 6 We c.n ure the reatve pronounwnatlo meanrhe fh,rqfj) ihar. I didn t undestandwhat she$/d. (= the ihing! that 5hesad) What we needis a beftetnatketlngst?tegy. (= the th nS thar we need s) Hrri,R a ttu hryt .otpratio,r .d,rdl .nr 0,r/.6 .I.r?ft$iai a\ttd 1.tu]tt) 1.$ alrtsh( ,t'^ torod{. d,tl a nat tuted rta*.tphd al idear.Corllohentiar ajias uhat tt! nadid .anryd i.s do and, ir hn, what )'or ratl, ldtth, ad hcat. (tsrllliconrenrwebsite) c use of where, when and why ll We cdn usethe rclativeadvedswhere whenand why with their normatmeaningsto dentify whichihing we areralkingabout. AM\a^ saidir dsdilndthto nde6td"d the rcasoflphf the Earcpeal Centftt Ba k had clt /arei. (Obse('ei $€bs,te) e We can leaveolt rarenat why,ot usethat Do yau rcnenbet the day (when) t stafted wotking herc? Do yau rcnenber the day that I narted wo*ing herc? s We mustkeepwhere,exceprwhen thereis a preposton at the end of the ctause.Inthis case we leaveit olt or userhat Thehatelwherc I stayed was quite cheap. The hatel (that) I stayed in was qLtitecheap. 29 RELATIVECLAUSES2 i23 Relative clauseswith a participle (-,nt €df verbform verbform (with an -,10q ending)or a passive a Thereldtiveclausecanhavea continuous (with an €d ending). rhe peodewho aE ,makingdE rcal de<isionsate all at Headoffice. Itle ptoducsthat we€ atta('irrg tttost lrtet€st l,l€rethe smaIe4 fightetnodels. Pa$erye$vtho arc seat€din rcws H cannow boaid the aicraft. long shalf-life. Foodwrtitl, is sold h sDema*es needsa relativeLy a In thesecaseswe cansimplifythe sentenceby leavingout bolh the relativeprcnounandthe fhe pffiple making lhe rcaI d€f,itionsareal at Headotfice. werc he fiEleL lightetnodds. Theprcducrsattrading most inffi Paitenge6ieated m rolrA t-P oannow boardtheaircraft, W sdd in supetna*ea needsa relativdybng shelflife. in itsstoesd&otedto horcehold thespace Asda,nou ow.n U Vr'al-Mart,is keento i,tnease pftdntt. (Independentwebsne) gooaL, electicabandenteltaiwnent rDrvt4 ss h.ad ol our rcquiritloB allvbioD'your aflr al botrusb 10miliotr dollalB,llom whlchwc deduct2 mlllion lor rh€ cofi.e tund.'l T24 29 RELAM CLAUSEs 2 29 Practice Exercise 1 X Combine eachpairof sentences by including thewod gjvenin brackets. 1 Lastyearwe int.oduced a n€wljne.tts aimedat theyouthmarket. (that) Thenewline. .......1h4t..Yr?..i1!:.cd4c..d-..!4jJ..F.4i......... isaimed,t theyouthma*et 2 ld ljkeyouto meeta colleague. Hecouldbea usefuJcontact for you.(who) l'd likeyouto meeta colleague ..................... 3 A candidates CVison yourdesk.Shedeserves (whose) an interview Thecdndldate ......... .......... .................. oese.ves anrmeryrew 4 A visitoriscomingnextwe€k.5he3frcmourparisoffice.(who) Thevisiror ............ ............. ............ isfiomourpaisofi<e. 5 Tomtookmeto a restauEnt. tt wascatted'Noodte (that) Heaven,. The.esta!.ant ................... ............ ........ wasca[€d,Noodte Heaven,. 6 | h€ada man3p€sentation. Hewaran investmenl bafker.(whose) ........... . wasanInvestnert banker 7 He€ isa mobilephone.I wastettingyouaboutir. (rhat) Hereisthemobilephone... 8 Overthercisa site.They?e goingto buitda newfactory{whe.e) Theste ..........,,,,...,.......... . ,....... isoverthere. Exe.cise2 n lf thesentence iscor.ectputa tick(/) at theend.lf thesentence hasa wordwhichshouldnot bethere, w e the incoffect wordat theend. 1 Thewomanwholaskeddidn'tknowtheway. ....(.... 2 Thefirmwhosetheirsrandwasat the backhadveryfewvisito6. .tlgif 3 Tlâtwasthe,orgestmeetrng i veeverbeenin 4 Theirainwhichit goesto Brussets teaves fromhere. 5 Th€products whichsellbentheyarethosewiih nicepackaging. 6 Ths model,whichit waslaunched lan year,issetting verywell. 7 Everyoê thatI spore to advised meto rryagarn 8 Thecompanywhele Ius€dto wo it wascalted tntertink. Exercise 3 mfim Underline thecorr€'ct words.Thisexercise includes somerevision of unit28. 1 lhe llighl Whilhtwhot'n takingteavesfrcm Terminat 2. 2 SheS fiomthecompany products wlkhlevhose we diltribute. 3 Eteryane who/whichwas at the meetinq wi eceivea copyof theminutes. 4 Message.Io whomlwhoit mayconcem: ptease do notleavedirtycofJee cupshere. 5 Therewe|esomeinteresring ideasat the me€tingr,5at/what I went to. 6 ti norihe '.5r trm. rhatlwhdlrhevvFdonethr(. 7 ThatlwhatI likebestahoutmyjob isthe contactwith peopte. 8 Hasanybody seenthefolderw,iarltharI tefron thisdesk? 9 Theroomwherelthar tworkh.s verytitttenaturat tight. I0 TheroomwhereltarIwork in hasverytitttenatur.ttiqht. 29 nELATVE O-Atl'Es 2 i:: Exercise4 :B t Completethe sentence!with what whichot vvho,at lck (/) lhe spacef the sentenceis akeadycorfect I Ther€'sa lot of noise{romthe builde6... {....... -o," ng n"t, ooo. 2 Mike doesnt realyknow....!..Y(.1 hewants in hiscareer goinqto the s.me conference as us 3 | was ta kingto a man ................. as us. 4 | was talkingto a man ..... ... ......is goingto the sameconference 5 | a s k e dh e r. . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h ew a st h n k i n g . d t o u r c a m b i d g el a b o r a t o r i e s 6 T hs i sa n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . .w a sd e v e o p e a 7 T hs l s a n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . . . .d e v e l o p eadt o u r c . m b r i d q ea b o r a t oe s . ....... was deveop€dal our cambrdge aboratoriet,s fantanic 8 Ths drug, . 9 Ihis drug, . .... developed al our Cdrnbridqeaboratoies,is fantanic. l0 .... .........we neednow s bettefbrandrecoqnition ownedby the company. 11 The 'assets ncludeeveri4hing..... .... 1 2 l d d n ' t r e a l l yu n d € r s t a n d . . . . . . . .h. e w a st a l k i n ga b o u l Exercise5 A ,f,35 basedon the nolesbe ow Beginw th e ther who or whlth Completethe arricleby wr 1 n9 rclativeclaLrses TheBattlefor LVMHrought Tn 1999 BernadArnaLrltb Ia batte to take over Gucci, dr whrch .u^ b' Dsz^|co De lolc ",nc De Sole recelvednews that LVMH, ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b.o. .u. .g. h . .t. . .w$ . h aAmault d andsell Ue busin6ss,or detend 5% of lts shares.Thls was golngto be cucci by fiiding a tiendly 'wnt€ knight lo GUCCI t h e b a t t r {e3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .rescue . . . . . . . .them. . . . . They decidedto fight. The D€ Sole g6theredtogethera team oi modelsat ltle Glcci menb showin Janoary peopl€ ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.t. . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . .had . *iite laces and teeth like M i t e k n i g h( 8 t ).................................... arived in the iorm of FrancoisPnault, ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. .P. .R .w . .a. .s. . . . . . very successlulin Ewope,but Pnaolt Mnted a clranceto buid a globallroup. Plnaultagc€d to invesl IJS$3 b on, (10).............................................. ln €tum Pinauitb group gained new $rategc . . . . . . . . . . . but he agrcedto leavecontrol ncludedAmecan ia\4yerAllanTLttle6nd D € c u l a(,6 1 . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .commltt€e, . . . . . . . . . . . . Amault had accu'nulat€d of the companywith De sole and the B o bs i n g e( r5,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meanwhlle rhe Therewereiwo options:eithernegotiale sharcs {?).......................-...-...........-...... I €p€sentatives on a LVMNfolght a batllewith Gucci Gu..i was rln by Domeni.oDe Sole. 2 LVMHhad bolqht 5% of cucci'sshares.LVMHwas the largenlux!ry goodscornpanyn the word 3 Th s was goinqto be a baiile li wouLddecdethe futureof the indlstry 4 De Solegatheredtogethera teamof people.He couldirust them 5 BobSingerwas in the tearn.Bob Singerwas ih€ chieff nancialofficer for Arnault. 6 The modes lookedlike Dracula.Thiswas meantto be a message Theyrepresented 34% of Gucci'stotal stock 7 Arnaultaccumul.tedshares. 8 A wh te kn ght arrived.Guccihad beenlookinglor one. 9 Fran(oisPinaultwas the white knight He was the headof a nonJoodrcla grolp caled PPR. 10 PnaultinvenedUS$3billion.Thiswas . 42% share n Gucci. ountable and uncountablenouns A Countable nouns I A countable nounhasa sinqular anda pluralform. Wecanlse numbers wrh it. onebank, thteebank one solution, two solutions ane mete, flve me'/es one pe'Jon, ntuopeople one child, three childten B Uncountablenouns O An uncountable nounonlyhasoneform.Wecannotusenumb€6with t. Whh OPEC dttikg oil predxctiona d demandttill ortpacir! sspply,it uoutdteen oil prk?t hd1)e howh.t togo but up Sahoo BlsinessNes wrbsite) Herearcmoreexamples: substances, materjals watet;dcq aiaoil, colfee,noney,steel,electicitr',food abstractidea! lile, fun, freedon,prcgtess,health,tine, trcuble activities wotk, tavel, sleep,football,help,nusic, rcsearch hlman qualities/feelings honestypatience,sadness, hopetrespect,couage a Thefollowingnounsareuncountable in English, although theymaybecountable in oth€r languages: acconmodation, advice,baggage,NEvbu: business, cash,fngrsh (language), equiryent, funitue, health,honewo*, infomation,knowledge,luggage,nachinery noney,pemissbn,rubbish,scenery, traffig ttavel,weather,wotk a A few uncountable nounseodin -s: athletics,diabetes, economic'gynnanis, neasles,news,politi<s a lJncountable nounscannotbecounted directly. However, we cancountth€musng phrases lik€ a pieceof, a bit ol an hen of a cupof, a glassof, a boftleof, a kiloof, a baffetof, etc. a piece/two piees of advice a bftlnno bits of infomatian an item/two itemsaf netts a botrle/two bot{es of wa@ a kilo/two kitosof i.e a banet./two banetsof oil singular or plural? a Countable nounscanbesingular or plural. Thenew nodel is a big inyovenent. Ihe new modelsarca big in ovenent. Unrcuntable nounsarealtrayssinqular. Thenew equipnentk a big inproveff'ent. a Somesingular nounscanbefollowedbyeithera sinqularvelb or a pt!ratverb. Ihe conpanyislare doingverywellat the nommL It depends whetherwe tbinkofthe grcupasa whole(sinqular verb),or ts indivduat members (pluralverb).Examoles are: arny audience,boad, connittee, rcnpany, data,hmily govemment, graup,nanagement, nedia, press,publh saff, team,union 30 COUNTAALE ANDUNCOUN'ABI.E NOUNS 127 ate: o Somenounsonlyhavea plufalformandtakea pluraverb.Exampes goolis, poli.e feelingt renains, scissors, clothes,@nten1 earnings,expenses, kans, (ausers. suffounotngs, D AIan, some, a lot of, anV many, much, few little countable nounsonly. a We usea/anwith singular (NOT+hi5i5€n+F€r€5{i9 Thisis a goadproduct. .) noun,we usesomein placeof a, or simpythenounby itself Withuncountdble Thereis informatiot lsome infomation herethat is inportant. founs. a studyth s tabefor wordsbeforcplu.aanduncountable nouns usedwith bothplulalanduncountable Usedwithp uralnouns only noun5only Usedwith uncountable sanelalot afl latsafl any nanylfewtafew nu.hllittletaliftle we don't havemany noneElwe onlyhavea lew.ustome't at thistimeof yeal Thercisnt mu.h infomation/Ihere s verylitde infomation aboutthisbudgetnen. natemenis, andanyiscomrnon in n€gative statements and a Somei! commonin affirmative que5tions l'w seensomethingsI like,but I don't haveatry noney. il it isan offeror request. Blt we canlse somein a question yau inftnnation aboutout investnenttunds? would likesome/any sentences wherewe mean'it doesnlmatterwh ch'. andwe useany n affirmative l'm fteeall day.Callany time you like. a Manyandmucharcoltenlsedwiththewordshowaid not. Hou tnatryp.ople vill hdreI tunet dce$in 'e eo,nigyut!? Hou mrch rcoenseuill a siryle indalD,,Iikc ttdt'cl,ca Itun r,. fi/er7 (Brilscontent website) There'snot manyjobs/not muah wotk in the nanufaduing sectarat themoment E specific and general meanings a Somenounscanbe either(ountable or unco!ntabl€. Thecountable lormhasa speclflc formhasa general meaning meaning, andthe uncountable Noiseinsidefactoiescanbe a prablen. Ihe nachineis malxnga stange noise. ausinessk goingvrpllatthe nonent. Ihis is a new businest. Ihete kn't mu.h spa.ein ny office. Therearent many spa<a in the Gr patk. (offee (thesubttance) a coiY€€(a cupof coffee) (themsterla paper a papef(a.ewspaper, conference ) Fper) (the (for grars g/ass materia a drinkjnq) ) I28 30 COUNTAAIEAND UNCOUI{TABrI NOUNS 30 Practice Exercisel llIl llllledicc the correctwords. 1 HownuchlllqJaatypages arethereon yourlvebsite? 2 lslAre thercnarylmu.h bankswitha headofficein Geneva? 3 lslAre thetenaryl nuch trafficin ceneva? 4 Howmuch/ tlow nany in{omationhav€we got aboutthiscompany? 5 Wherelila/e the goodsw€ ord€rcd? 6 Thereisla/esomepeople waitingfor youin €ception. 7 We boughtsomenewegu,pmentlegu,;Dment' lastmonth. 8 We boughtsomenewmachiDelmachiner lastmonth. I Ihis is an equipnentla pi€f.eof eguipmertthat controlsthe speedof rotation. l0 Thisisa ,nachinelapieceofmachinethal controlsthe speedof rctation. I I Hegavemeanlsomeadvicewh(h u/aslhr'ere reallyusefu,. 12 l'm afraidwe havenl9ot nuchI nany ri.ne. 13 Thenewsrslareon at nine.The€maybearl5omeinformation aboutDavos, 14 We havesome/anyblueonesin stock,but we don't havesomelanyredones. 15 Youcanchoose somelany colouryouwant. Exercise2 I I Completethe sentences with the wotd a, an, sdne nuch or nary, good 1 That!.......4...... idea. pogress, 2 Well,thats............... Isuppos€. 3 Wedo somebusiness in Poland. but not ..... .,,,,,,,,. . 4 Wehavea fewcustomerin Poland, butnot . .............. , 5l'dliketomake.......---........inquiyabouttrainingcouBesyouofferatyourcollege. 6 Canlhave.......--......... info.mation aboutt6insto PasT you 7 l'll see in an hourldon't ha\,€,,,,,,,,,,,.... moreemails to w te. 8 l'll se€youin an hourI don'thave.,,............ moreworkto do. 9 Doyouhave............... trcublewiththe unionsin yourfactory? 10 Doyouhave..............difficulties withthe unionsin yourfactory? 11 I needto claim....----.......... expenses for myt p lastmonth. jun a little. 12 Wedidn'tstudy.........-----.... economics at university, Exercise3 : Lookat theundedined nounin €achs€nten@. Write5if it hasa specific, countabte meaning, or 6 if t h.s a g€neral, uncountable meaning. q I a) Doyouseethismaterial? Thisis unbreakable gbsE. b) Whai a beautifulwinegla$! Wheredid you get it? tr 2 a) Inthisjob,experien.e ismoreimportant thanqualifications. n b) Thisisgoingto beane&elieDlel'll remember for a longtime. n 3 a) Clairerunsa b!ji!er5 designingcompanywebsites. ! b) lt! not qoodfor business wheninterenratesaretoo high. tr 4 a) YoushouldmeetMark- he3hada veryinteresting!lif€. n b) lifgis complicated sometimes. n NOUNS 129 30 COUI|TABTEAl{D UNCOUNTABLE Exercise4!l!! ispossible. below.Puta tick(/)if the phrase Howmanypossibilities aretherewiththe phrases p I : s ^{? F" uo f{ 1 | haven'tqot many 2 | haven'tgot much 3 | haven't got a/an 5 Thereis some 6 Thereisa/an 7 The€! 9 lts a/an Exercise 5 I on the right. lvatcheachphrase on theleftwiththebestphrase 1 acupof 2 a glassof 3 a bottleof 4 a barelof 5 a sheeiof 6 a sliceof E n tr n n n a) wjneisacceptable at a business unch,butno more, b) coffeeis a goodweyto staft the day. getnuckin the photocop er. d papercansometimes d) whiskycostslessat theairyod. goeswellwithtomatosoLrp. e) wholemealbread on the@mnodityrnarkets. D oilcancostUs$15-30 Exercise6lllll @re unaealne wods in thisdialogue. tnecorrect ^NGEL{, J.ck, have you sot (1) 4/ro € momcnt for a chat? of course,eo ahcad. Now: a good time. J^cx; ^NGEL^, There (2) iJ/z'e (3) d' /rdme impon nt work thtt wc need to do ove! the next few months It should be (4) atr/Jd6r interestingjob, and I thinl you re the best (5) petrd, / peopleto do x ]rck .\NcEn, Oh, rcaly? Yes.W.n, (6) a'la piece ofempty ldd hd come onto the rErket on ihe other side of town Uh,huh... J^cr.: ^NGEI.., And, ar yoo knova qe basen\ gor A nafy /n/., (8) d, /ro,rr ideal dPPortunity ro expand. Yeah.We don'r haE much room here. J cK: mcra, sP&e at our present site.Wel, we think it's well. rere tbirking rbout building compleiely new offces.Wed like you to do (9) a /sone resedch on the whole ida, and t]ten wite (10) a /sdne report on whether to go ahead or not.AE you intelEsrcd? WeI,I h2Ent got (11) rk /nany experience of tltis kind of rhing. I ... J^cr isn'i mprc eke h@ who is suitable. ANGELA, I know' but theE r€aly NGtu, ADd we need to tuke (12) a pbg6s lttogBs on this m quickly a posible. we'E takins on fifteen nev people iD Malch. Um, ri8ht, but there (13) tr / e(14) naty/dlot of lt') infomdtiorlinfomatians to colllect.I - Nctu We[, with thn new rcspomibili.y we might cor-sido reviewing you salary. well, OK, it sound! like (16) drl, inteBting chalenge- I'[ do it. t ci ronouns A Indefinite pronouns a Wotdslikeereryone, anythlng, pronolns.Ihey etc,arecalledindefinite r€ferro people, rhings of pla(eswithoutsaying exactly who.whatorwheretheyarc. People: soneonelsomebodyanyonelanybodyeveryane/everybady na one/nabody Ihings: somethiog anything evertthing anytine (allthetime) a The€is no difference between the-ore formsandthe -bodyforms. pronouns O lrideflnite arefollowedbya singularvelb, butwe relerbackto themin a sentence with theylthenltheiL Someonei5 wailng fot you in rcceptian.I toltl them you wauldn\ be bng well, I supposethateveryoneis readyfot theit cofleebrcaknow? B Someone I anyone, el< O Wordswithsone-andany-followtherulesgivenin lnit 30.In morcdeta: AfFIAMATIVC 5EI{TENC'S some"isverycommonin affirmative senten<es: Therc'ssomeonewaitingin rcceptbn. particularly Any-isalsocommon, whenwewanrro showthatthereisno timitio ihe possbitiies: Youcanfly anyyvhereyou want fron here, DetpneAnazor\ letlsdlto .onh'e|t ot theBestBsy Epott,theoreany\ execatites hate tdid thef ft,ndir opetto ponne\hipswin' othelletaileE.'We'll talk uith anrone,,'aidWolM Je ton, A dzor\ chiefi"arcial onier,tw eeebraro. Wan SrGerJournal website) Compare wth'some': Wecan bringit to your officesometimetomorow (wedon't knowyei, burwe tet you) Wecanbringit to teur office anytine tonorrow (theresno imit yo! decide) 4ny-iscommonin sentenes wilh lf lf thereis anything you want to know just ask. Ary- jsverycommonin questions: Doesanyone understandthe newsofhtuare? sorre-is commonwith offe6 andfequests: CanI giveyou a lift somewherc/anwvherc? Compa€dry andsome. Any-emphasises thatrhercis no imiito the possibitities: ls theretomething I cando to help? (a nomaloffef) ls thereanything I cando to help? (t'll do whateverI can) 31 PRONOUNS t31 N E G A T i V ES E N T E N C E S Not... any-is verycommonand meansthe sameasro': Therc isn't anybody here with that nane- = Ihere is nobody herewith that nane. Not... iome' is rareand hasa difi€renimeaninglo not... any'. Studythe exampl€si He isn't someone I feel comlodable talking ta. (= He isn't a pe6on I fe€l ...) Thatisn't somethingtd thoughtaboutbeforc. (= Ihat snl a thins 'd thought...) c Everyonelno one, el< a Wordswitheverymeanallthepeople, in a group. th ngsor places A big thanktou' to everyone.Youall did a wondenuljob. we handleeyerfthing for you, frcm designto delivery. a fyeryone(withtwowodt hasa different meaning.lt means edc/,stngle oneandis usedto giveemphasis. bothwods hdveequdlstess. In pronunciation, Every one of our dientsis impottant.eventhe smallestcompanies. a Wordswith/lo- meanno people, thrngsor places. Nobodyphonedwhileyou wercaut. Medmthilc,Allidn.tli.d to brit? D sdna toJlthctuith HI/B, ii ohnhAllinE alsohdsd lary. ltdkt. l'1itid4y,th. i.lca oe Online website) nouhq. he.dtst HVB l,odtdke' l,ct! oppasedit. (B$inesl?eek Doublenegatlves are noi used. Thercis nothing vr'ecan do. oR Theteisn't anything we can do. (NOT+h€€i5n{-6€tltn,a+d€.) D Reflexivepronouns a The ref exive pronounsate: nyself, youRelf, hinself, heBelf, itself,ouRelves,youselves, Notethat lhere is a plural'you' lorm themse/ves. a We usea reflexiveprcnounif the objectot the ve.bis th€ sam€asthe subject. tn enjoying the trip. Jill introduced ne to her boss. I'n enjoyingnyseff. ti intrcduced he6elf to ne. in.lrde: a Someverbsmay be.eflexivein your language,but arc usualynot in English.Examples complain, de.ide dress, feel, hurry, n'eet, relax, rcn'e|r'bet, rcn, sit down, changel.lothes), stand up, wake up, wash, wandea wotry. do not havea refexivepronoun. Notethat actionsthal we do to ourselves quickly beforc going out again. hane twashed and changed when Igot a We can r.rse in pronunci.tlon,we nressse/for se/ves. a etFxive pronounlor emphasis. I mysell ha@n't seenthe new design,but I believeit s very gaod. a f the meaningis 'without help'or 'alone we .an useby + reflexve pronoun. Aretou doing all the rcsearch(by) you6elves? (without help) I wanted to travel to the caference by nyseff. lalone) I Comparethe.rie/ves and each othet/ane anather. Andrew and lessnaenailed ea.h othe one another (Andrewsentan emailto lessica.afd iessjcasentan emailto Andrew) Andrew and lesska emailed thenselves. (Andrewsentan emailto himself.and lessicasentan emailto hersef) Not loig dro eoflpaniesuer Jollrg ow eaehothd tryiflg to 'dot toht' thenselres.AdiaNet brane Broadast.totn-.. and Sn Mmsystens spenthtillions tryi\g to okvince a all that it uds 'thedoti, Aot.od,' uhdteretthot nedrc.Ah,butthasedafs a/egore. (money.convebsite) 132 31 PAOI|OUI{s 31 Practice Exercise l llI Complete thesentences usingthemon appropriate wordsfromihe lln below anyoneanythinganythinqeveryoneeverythingno one nothing someone 5€,T€thingsomething 1 rtsjustnor ght..$..reJ.l!!:"3.isworryingmeabourthis. 2 Ihe officeisempVIhere3...---..............-.. hereexceptme. 3 l m sofry| dontthinkthere3..........--........... I candoto helpyou. 4 (thelelephone lineisdead)Hello?lsthere....................... th€rc? 5 ....................... seems to bewrcngwiththe pdnterlts notworking. 6 ThereS ....................... I askthemto wait? to seeyou.Shall 7 seethat..........,,,,,........ hasa copyoftheagenda, soletsbegin 8 (beforcrnoving on to thene( pointin a meetinolsthere...................... eise? 9 Good,....................... isgoingaccodin9 to plan. youcouldsaywouldmakemechangemyrnlnd. 10 No,l'vedecided. ....................... Exercise 2 f I Underline thecorectwods. 1 Wecan'tblamearvonelnoonebutourselves for thismess. post foryou 2 Ihees anythingl nothingin the thismorning. 3 Ihe@lsn't anythingI hothlhgin the pon for youthismorning. 4 Anyonelsomeohe calledfor youearliei but I don't knowwho. 5 sn'tthercanwvha2lno!#preto go that3 openat thistimeof night? 6 CanI atkyouanythinglsonething? 7 Ihete'santone/someone on the phoneto speakto you. youwant,it won't makeanyditference. 8 vou car do anythinglsamefhlng 9 sorry | don't knowanlh ingI nothing aboolit. 10 No onelsomeoneknewwhat to do, so I usedmyown initiatve. Exercise 3 f, Complete thesentences witha wordfrcmthelistbelow,in a suitable pronoun. forrn,anda r€flexive d5k blame enjoy exprcsshelp hurt introducernake preparcteach 1 I keep.....4tki{-\4...... .-....r,1).r.df...whatIwoulddo in h s situ.tlon. 2 lr w.s a gre.rhohdayWereally.......... 3l.mes..............................................Spanishbylisteningtocassetteswhiledrvn 4 Becareful! Don't....................... ltt veryheavyl .....--....-........... I s Paula knows a lotof Frcnch, butshecanl.......---............. ....................... veryeasiy. please 6 Ladies andGentlemen, ....................... ............... ....... to morecofiee. 7 t!4ary ............................................. fora shock. l'mqoinqto resign. 8 Letme...--..---............. -------................ . MynameisSusan Conway. yoJr 9 lr warnl l.ulr.Donl ....... ............... 10 AnnandNick!G€attoseeyou.Comeinand............................................ 31 PRO|{OUNS 133 Exercise 4IIII !!ods. llnlledjle the coffector mo61appropriate I Noone/ikeu@ to discoverhiddencosts,doe5hel!b-!!ey? 2 | feltlfek nyseffquiteneNousat the startof the presentation, but aftera few minltes I rdaxedlrelaxed 3 We'lld€liv€ryourpirzasornetine, sonewherelanytimeanyvvhete. 4 | rcnenberlren@nbernteff when lfiBl shrted wo*ing here.ldways usedto worylw9rry nrself if I wasdoingthedghtthing. to theoneson the invoic€s. We'€ goingto haveto 5 Thefigurcs in thissp€adsheet dont conespond aheakeveryonelewryone. registraton torms. 6 Everyone haslhaveto meetin the lobbyat nineo'dockto colleclh6llhei conference anywherenearMilan, 7 Romeisn'tsomewherel l'd liketo go for holidaysin August.lts too hot for methen. 8 Romeisnt somewhere/anyulrere Fir5tI met Peter,then ater introduc€dthe/tte/rcs/eachothe/ to meyesterday. 9 Yourtwo colleagues metsusan, otherto meyesterday, Petertold mea litt e about 10 Yourtwo colleagues introducedthernse/veslearh whatSusan does,andSusan toldmea littleaboutPetet Exercise5 I I @37 complete thedialogues withthewods frcmth€ litt below. anyone anything anMere som€thing somewhere everyone everything ev€iANhee someofe I rnus haveput it down I cant nnd my mobilcphone.I'vclook€d(1)...-e.W.n*lml9r... (2).....................,but Ijust can'trcmcmbcrwherc.Oh, how annofng!It couldbe (3)...................... (5)........... .. . .. in the companyha! h"spickedit up by mislakc? Perh:ps(4)..................... phone. (6) ..................... could havepickcdit uP. the srmetypc ofmobile B cuy ruru, Seleshl\€ droppedby 50%in Asiaove! the lrst 12 mon&s. we cando to increase sales. Thercmustbe (7)..................... (8) (9)..................... . I cant think of elsewc on do. But what?I'!€ tried ..................... Exercise6 I @38 in a hotel.complete whatvickysaFby usingthev€rbsin vickyandherhusband chadesarestaying bEcketswiih or withouta dflexivepronoun. 'charles, (remember)you reon comeon,tryto 0) ...e41ey..)€ltrt-e.$.. Gnjoy)l(2)........Re1|94b.e..n...... (3) (help) me, holidaylLook,whydont you ..........................----....to anoiherd nk,90 on ... Goodness Er,haveyoutlvo rherc3DanielW€stlakeoverthere.Whaton earthis he doingherein Marrakech? (4).................................. you'd wth DanieL. Whydon'1 Youknow, havea lot in common lrr,e0before? (intrcduce) you90 o!€rthereand(5).....--.....--.................... io him?Whileyoudo thatl'l go backio (change) I in timefor dinner. I don'tknowSometimes the rcomand(6).....................-.----....... (7)............-.---....---........ you.anever(8).................................. away whenyou're kelax) {ask)whether 134 eterminers A Determiners a A determiner isa wod usedin frcntof a nounto showwhichthingyoumean,or to showthe quantity of something. Determine6 include: a/the my4out;this/that, all/nost/somelany, nol none.nuchl nanyl a littlela few, each/ every,bothI either/ neither. O Unils30,34 and35 alsodealwith deteminers: someot any?nuch ot nany?lu1\ 30),a al (units theT 34 and35). o we do not usea determiner if we aretalkinggene|ally. seeunits30 and35. Ourlfhote/'ome computeEare expensive.(padicularcomputeB) (computeB Compu|€'sarea paft of ereryone's life. in gene6l) B AIl, most, many, some, a ftw a Befopa pluralnoun w€ caûsealllmostlmanylsonela few.Notethestructures: Alllmost/nanylsomelafew employeashave25 days'paidholiday. Alllmostlnanylsomelalew of the employeeshave25 days'paidholiday. All the enployeet have25 dayspaidholiday.(NOTL4€sr+h€--ltr4eny+h€- . ) Wecanusemy,Jr'our, elc,in placeof the,andwe canusepronolnsi Alllnon I nanyl sonela few of ou employeeshave25 days'paidholiday. Alllnostlmanylsonela few of then have25 days'paidholiday. se.aGolnir30 a Beforcan uncountable nounsimjlar 5tructures arepossible. WeUsemuc,rrI p)aceol many, a ,h/e in placeof a feq and/l for thepronoun. Alllmostlmudrlsomela little of the inlonnatlon in thisrcpad is usefuL All/nrstlmudt/somela little of it E useful. a Wlthsingular nounswe do notusethewordsabove, exceptfor a fewspecial express ons. aI day,all night C A/ meaning 'ev€rything' or 'the only thing' O Wecanusea//i subje.t+ velbto mean'everyrhing' or 'theontyihing': (all = That'sall I knowabouth everything) A we needisa siqnaitrc.(all=theonlything) a In modernEnglkhit isunusual to usea//asa single-word subject or objecr.nsread we use ewtything. All the prcparationsarelEvetything is goingwel| (NOTA*+5-g€;ig-,*e+.) t wantto hearall your newsleveryth,hg. (NOTt ,,€n*+€+€€+-a{.) 32 DETERMINERSI35 D No, none a We can lse no with a singularnoun,pllralnoln or uncountabenoun. No employee hat norc than 25 days patd holiday. No new ideat were put forwatd at the meetingTherc was no uteful inlonnation in the repod. a We do noi useno ifthere is anothernegativeword.In this casewe useanl. we haven't disnissed any emptoyees. (NoT t{€+a*i{-di5,.uls5ed-f,€+FfbFes.) a We do not lse no ol lnn€ad.w€ use/roneofor noneon its own .s a prcnoun None ol the employees have more than 25 days' paid holiday. None hdve nore than 25 days pad hohda). a Toemphasise the ideaof nore we can ure Noneat allot Not ane ot Not a: A. Haw many people .ame? B: None at all! / Not one! / Not a single pe6on! btlou the 1,500 htdtkIt thefRt tihc y.ltetdnJ. Cnnny.\ Nekt MarktAll Shrt it'd.t dtoppetl a itt lt top 20 sto.la lnued r Not sinzle!o.k !ai,. (YahootsusiiessNews wcbsitc) E Each, every a Themea.n9 of eaclrande!€ryissinrar andofteneitherwod is possible Theya€ both folowedby a singular noun. a Weule eaci whenwe thinkof themembers oi a grcupasindrvidla s, onebyone t s rnore andcanmeanony two. usualwth srnalergroups Makesue that eachparcelhasa label. wilL Maflarenct ?,rsrLtdnts Saktt'r ad Cloheno$ L"ou Ey hdveto hi'c thehbftndprcfiLc. l'ut ir thce o tune5 vill detemtife hcthuhclc eohlpati$ar .lcbatc.a.h .ftht\ statcgy, 'tucc'sJ"]in 4 hbtaslobdLize.l ,o'il. (asiaweek website) a Weuseeverywhen wethinkoi allthem€mbe6 tog€ther, andil susuawitha argernumber Salesha,"einqeasedevery year fot thelastflveyeats. I belbveevery wod he says a Wecanuseeachol blt we cannotuseeveryof Eachof the par.els needsa label a Eachcanbe Lrsed or at the endoi . sentence. atterthesubject, The parcelseachneeda bbel. Theparcelsneeda labeleach. F Botlt eithe,' neither a We usebott eith€rand reltherto referto two things. a Sothmeans'the one and the othei. Notethe structures: Both emails/both the emailslboth ot the enaik/hoth of them arc inportant. The ennils ate both importana I ve rcad them both. a Eithermeans'theone or the othef. Neltherrneans'not the one or the other'. l,/bnday or Tuesday?Yes,either day/either of the days is fine. Manday or Tuesday?I n sorry but neithet day/neithet of the days is convenient. This i' a ne of a radble - ohe thdt nay Ff ofJot both, oke,at fleithet aJhe nN onpdnies. (Fortune websire) 136 32 DE|ERMINERS 32 Practice Exercise t g Matchthe phrases from the Jistbelowwith an approximat€ value. F€n€-€t+hem monofthem a few ofthem manyofthem 1 0%.tgt}.c..9l..tlt-g.r 4 50 750k 2 5-250h..... 5 71950/a .......____...... 3 2 5 - 5 0 4 /_0_ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . sonreof rh€m attof them 6 r00% Exercise2SHHEH Undernethecorrect words. 1 Therewerenonel4em€ssages on theanswering machin€. 2 Thekeyaccount manageG eachlevery havethekownlisrof clients. 3 NotorelNotno qu€stion hasbeenanswercd. 4 someoflsomeihe renauEnts havesetuice includedn the pice 5 Someoflsomerenautants havesetuice included in the price. 6 Sorrybut I can't heareithetlneitherol you prcpetly. 7 Eachourcustoneslourcu5tome6 eacthavea separate fiteon thedatabase. 8 | can't comeat the weekend.l'mbusybothdap/everyday. 9 All oflEveryof the liles are(orruptedby rhe virus. 10 lcan'tseerolanysolution lo theproblem,l'm afraid. 11 Thef ight andhotelarebooked.AlllEvetythingis otgarised. l2 We gavethe salesrepseacha nobile phonelanobile phaneeach. 13 Everyoption hasbeenlEvayoptiorshavebeenerylorcd. 14 OK,lihinkrhatcovers a///eve44hlng on thatpoini.shallwemoveon? Exe.cise3HAnFF Complete thesentences witha wordor phrase fromthe listbelow a (x2) any no i€l-€n€ none each(x2) every(x2) both ether(x2) nether I WesentletteGto sirlycustomers, but .l9i-.''o..19 rcpliedl 2 | can'tgo.Thereareonlytwo flights,andthe.eare................. seatslelt on ................of them. 3lcan'tgo.Thereareonlynvofljghts,and.................ofthemhasanysearsteft. 4 ................. I wanljs . bit of peace andquietto finishwriUngthisrcport. 5 l'v€phoned................. storein theYellowPages andtheyare................. outof siock 6 Wehavethreemodels, and................onehasitsownspecial fearurcs. 7lw.snervousatthestadofmytalk,butafterthatlenioyed.................flrnLrie. 8 l gotthreelette6,buttherewere..--............. foryou,t'mafraid. 9 l gotthreelette6,butthercweren't......---........ foryou.l'mafr.id. 10 TheTradeFairisimpod,ant. Weneed.---............. SueandMikeon thestand. I I Bothroadsleadto thecitycentrc. Youcaniake................. one. 12 You'vebeensixofthe bestirainees thdtwe'veeverhadon thiscours€. Theben of luckio............ ofyou in yourfutue cdrcers. 12 DEIERMINERS 13' Exercise a llll! Rewritelhe se<ondsentenceso it he a similarmeaningto th€ fir5t sentenc€ andconiainsthe wod in bracketssomesentences ha!€lwo possibleans{/e6. r We ont havea w€ekle{t. (all) .-...4I..t*c..kr.,o-..lef .t-..if-.....aweek. 2 All the participanrs will be sentan.agenda.(€v€ry) .........will besentan agenda. que6tion. 3 Nobodyat all 6ked a Gingleperson) .........askeda question. 4 Thisideawont work,andthe otheronealsowon't wolk. (neither) ......wiltwo*. 5 Notall the audienceunderstoodhistalk. Gome) .........'rnde6tand histalk. (none) 5 Not oneof mycolleagues speaksGeman. ....,,,,,speakGeman, 7 we onlywant a wEakerdollar (alD .......,,a l^/€ak€l dott6r 8 NodocuftenBwerc insidethis parcel.(any) There.........--.....-------.................... inside lhisparcel. (neilher) 9 Thehotekwele bolh unsuitable. .........suitable. proposals 10 Thetwo areintercning. Ooth) ,.,......inteEsting. 11 Theseitemsaren'texpensive,(none) ,........erp€rsry€. 12 l'msorrywehave none.(alD absolutely l'msorryv\€have Exercise s IIII @ 39 Complet€thisartide by choosingth€ conE<tahernetive A, B or C bel(M. Boththem 2 3 5 6 A A Eitherof them allits A Eachtheyar€ A I Bolh ofthem I fleither of company I most its I Both th€y ate B allol B most ol A A B the only thing c Everyof them c all of them c Neithercompany c muchits c Theya€ both c c c bssessivesand compound nouns A Possessive adjectives and pronouns a My,touL ek, aE adjedivesandcomebeforea noun. Thiswasnry/yodhe hislour/their suggesrion. l'n lookingfor a street,but l.an't renemberia name. M,ne youli,etc,arep.onouns andwe usethemon thei.own, Thissuggestion wasnine/youtslhe6lhis/oun/thei6. (no'lts'fom) a We canaddo!l/nto a posse5sive adjectivefor emphasis. W own viewis that weshould90 aheadwith the proied. B 's (apostrophes) O Weuse3 to showthatsomething belongs to a pe6onor organisation, Manyotherlanguages lse ofin thesecases, Weadd3 evenif thenameendsin s. TheCEO'Soffice Fotd's cars Charlesbaddrcss Withplu.alnouns\re addlhe aponrcphe only. The Chin.s. gounn nt's NattonalArdit Ofr.e heldd ptes otfetcnceih De.ekbe/to qall ot1ik wo* dkdauditors'i'uettlgdt,,8 in thealntryThe audito$aft anongthe .enrftl axthoities' ost important w.aponrin theilefo s to cleatup ftalpndie by b,linestpeapledfld olfrd;/r (Business Beijing onliDe w.bsne) Wecaf usethe 3 fom withouta followingnounif the meaning iscear Ihe prajectwasa teameffoit, but the oiginal ideawasHelenS. (- Heen3 dea) o A special useof 3 isto refs to someone3 home,a shopnameor a placename, (Jack3 I'll be at ta*'s thisevening. house) I'n goingto Smithl. Doyou wantanything? (theshopcalledSmjth) I nust go to the dlemis(s/do@t'sldenri5fs. (he placewhereth€ywo*) lf thereis no possession, we do noi usean apostroph€Epsonpintes on specialofferl (NOr Ef5€fi+rii*ef+) Thereis no apostrophein possessiv€ adj€rtivesor prcnouns(sectionA). (NOTgk€ir5-€€l€er) Apostrophes canbe a shortfom of /s or ha5. Es a bvdy day. (= ft is) ft's beena pleasuremeeting)€u. (= lt hat 33 POSSESS|VES AND COMPTOUI{D NOUNS r39 cof i Weuseofto showthatonethingbeongstoor withanother th n9. Theendof the steet. (NOT{h€4.e€+t-€nd) Thetime of the meeting. (NoI th€-4€€{n94+Re) he h! tvtopagesof the rcport (NOT+€r€F€d;.ld!r-F*€- €51 ph€s€swithofandexamples a Herearesomecommon of nounsthatfo owl (fliqhts) (payment) a meahodof a chorteol rhestrenglhof (the E!ro) a nunber of llad.a'sJ an errorol (udqement) a strokeol (luck) the paceof (change) a tood ol (compiaintr) ihe success of (theproject) a p,e.eof(advice) a /ackof(fundt thetimeaf (afti\a) the/eyelof (commitment) a rdrgeof(colou6) d wa5kof (time) Therearesomeexceptions a Section B saidthatwe use3 for people. to thisrule.We nomally us€ofwith longphrdses. Thisis the eftrailadtlrcssof the salesrcpftsentative who .ane yestday (NOTThs is fte 5a/€5-€Fr€rm€ai€rj!€ €aff ) possessive people. formto showa conne<tion Andw€ canlse a... of... + between She'sa calleagueof mine. OR sne'srry colleaque. Shes a frimd of Stephen's. OR 5he3Stephen3fr'end. a Wecanuseofor apostrophe for places andorganisations. Pragte OR Pragoe3 historiccente Thehistoticcente of the futureof the company oR the company'sfuture D Compoundnouns a A compolnd noun is tlvo nounstogetherCornpolndnounsarc commonin Eng sh, and are partcLrlarly commonin businessafguage 't nn ako repa thdtmdmfa.lulnq- dc'pik nt. .-. .s.hdrge fttc rrcu,16t yut l,t 1.6 ptl ddnrJa.tu.is! ptodtttitit! by 1.4pctd ta d nanlactrrisg dpotu by I1.8pct cit; ste (The .cnt.' Chan.cuorConlor Blowf\ hudsetspee+. Tinres websue) a Whenwe uset/vo nounstogether,the lilst noun s likean adjectiveand describes the second It was a management decistron. fhese rcsearch rcsults a.e very interesting. Haveyou seenthis sales rcport? Ihc whale .ompany st.atew t5 wong 1]d$Iot'niis toditioial otdennr o dk/'ib'tiof {oesss sipifuart .ost redBetions. (Connecris website) itto e-@mnerce solxtions leddsto Thelirst noun is usuallysinqular: retludions in .ostt cott rcductions the law rclating to companies .ompany law a We can usemorcthan two noL,nsTo understand the meaningnart at the end. an exe.utive seard company (a companythat searchesfor executives) a govemment taining cou6e (a courseof trainingprcvidedby the government) (a launch in the market for stocks) a sto.k ma*et launch a we cannotusea compoundnoun.We haveto useol In certainfixedphrases lreedon of choice la.k of confidence the price of success the cost of progrcss a Somecompoundnounsarewitten as one word. database tinescale salesman netvwrk workhop bookhop 140 33 PO55E5S|VE5 At{D COMPOUT{D NOUirt 33 Practice Exer<iset # Underinethe correctwods. 1 Theyoffef reasonableprices,but Im not sure about tbei!/theirs quatily. 2 Excuseme, is this you./you6 seatT 3 Ex.6e me, is this searyou you5? 4 lsthis penyouls4ours or mine? 5 We do all oulse/veilourown designand p.inting. 6 We do allthe designand p ntingouselveslourown. 7 Theofflceat the end of the canidotit nylnine. A My/ nine afl ce is aI \he end of the coffidor 9 lt's not teallyherlheA decision. 10 Thecommitteehad lal/t3 final meetingyen€day. Exer<ise 2E E Rew.ite thesentences withapostrophes wher€necessary 1 Susan sho!d knowthatitsMarFdecision, norhe.s. -<$taa.. the.$!C..!rlP. }"-..i..fat-. .itlt...M/..!:y.:r.. de. sirie^,.. êt...krr,....... 2 Alic€!lfiendr.amesBill.Hesoneof Merilltynchstop analyns. 3 Toyotas dealon itscompany carsis betterthanour:. 4 lwent to mydoctors andhescomputesedallthepatients records. -asrtsown parlicutar 5 ltsimpola.r to recognige thateverycomoany culiure,.owever... 6 My bo!!! PAreadsall the customers lefiers. 7 Lookat thosetwo M€rcedes. Onesourdlrectors andtheothers. visito6. Exercise 3U l\,4ake two compound nounsfromthenounsin eachgroup. I protitscou6elraining.ompany .9err4^y..pr-o.fii52 naff forecanmeetifgs.les 3 cad storecrcditdepartment 4 lnternet salesummer access 5 fiqurespriceinflation range 5 survey m.rkethourrush 7 t€{hnology keyscarinfomation 8 assistant shopfailurcpower 9 shopiloor workingworkerlunch 10 inslranceoancontEctbank 11 te.turescostsproduction product 12 ma*et marketing budqetledder .ir4iî^{..S.p$n:e. !3 PTOSSESS|VES AND COMPOUI{D NOUNS r4l Exercise4 ffi Complete thes€ntences with ph€sesfrcmthelistb€low eriorof foodof lackof levelof m€thodof paceof rangeof strokeof *5t€-€f peceof l twentthere,buttheywer€closed.ltwas a complete .....f...ar.l9...o.:1..... t me. ................. interest. 2 Theproductlaunchisa disaster There3 a complete ........... judgement. havetoldthemthatinformation. lt wasan ............................. 3 Youshouldn't 4 O!r hoteloffe6a wide............................. facilities for thebusin€ss trav€ller unemployment in ourcountryjust4%. s We havea relatively 1ow.....-....................... inforrnat 6 heard a veryinterenin9....-........................ ontheotherday. justaithe luckl 7 Wearrived iqhttime.whata............................. Thereb ....inquiries. 8 Theadvedisement hasb€€nverysuccessful. a ........................ very reliable 9 There5!ts mustbecorrect. We useda ............................. dataanalysi9. 10 Thingr soquickly in thisfield.The.... ...................... dangeisveryfan. arcmoving Exercise5EEIU Rewrite thesecond sentence soit hara similafmeaning to thefilstsentence in ten minltes. I l'll seeyouin the roomwe useJormeetings tntenm nutes. t'ttseeyou...i1...tk..r,^.e.9ti14...uee..x.. 2 Thispendoesn'tbeongto me. Thi9isn't.............. 3 Thispendoesn'tbelongto me. Thispenisn't............... 4 These documents beongto James. These are........................... at theconference. 5 l\,4argaret metoneoi hercolleagues .t lheconlerence. Margaret meta .............,,................................. 6 what isyourbosscalled? name? what...........................................,.... 7 Youshouldconsult an evpelin lawaboulcompanies. .......................... Youshou1dconsu|t.................. law. year fo.last 8 Thisgraphshowsthefigu.esior sales Thisgraph................................................ for lastyear. 9 Ljustsentan emailtooneoi ourcustomers ljLst sentanendilto d l0 l'm qoingon a course tqt6'n managers. l'm90ingon .......................................-.........ourse. Exercise6 U compound nounwiihthefi6t word n Crossouttheonewod in ea.hgrcupthal doesnot makea common 1 2 3 4 5 sales for€cast/fiqlres/*ede/tarqet market forces/sector/check/sharc price offer/list/ran9e/ise brand irnage/leader/loyalty/process tax relief/benefitr/output/allowance 6 produd manager/range/fe.tures/share gn/ line/agency 7 advertising sogan/campa 8 production market/in€/capaclty/target 9 working condiiions/tr€nd/ho!6/lunch 10 stock opton/d€cision/market/€xchange rticles 1 A Articles a A/an is calledthe indefinite drticle, andwe useit to inrrcdu.enew nformation. Ifie is.alledthedefinitearticle. andwe useit whenthelistener kiowswh ch person or th n9 we aretalkingabout. 'Noarticle'isthenovnby itsellwithout an anicte.Weureno anicbwhenwewanrto spe.k generally. a Compare: I rcadan intercstingreport /astweek. ('epon is mentionedfor the I rsrt me) Haveyou rcadthe tepott | gar€youT (thelistenerknowswh ch r€port) Reporb aresentout fout timesa ,€ar (speaking generally) B AIan a Weusea/a, to intrcduce newinfomation. Thelistener doesnorknowwhch person or thtng we areialkingabout. a Weusea/anio referto something for thefirsrtime. We nust havea meeling nextweek. I havean ideaI'd liketo dbcuts. a We -sea/anto referto oneof a Eoupol rhings Gn you passne a papet dip frcn that boxbyyout side? a Weusea/ar to descibesomeonesjob, but notareas of business. Fionausedto be a teactrcL but now she'sin nanagenenttraining. a Weusea/anto describe something. It'san inbrening idea. Caircis a very Ug city. Thisis a betl€r ptodua. a We usea/anin expressions of measurement. Percanalsobe used. tuvicea/ pernath 3,OOO uni6 an/per hout Wechargett OOan/ pethaur 'one', a A/an mean sowe cannotusea/a, with plurals or uncountable nouns. Canyou givene sone infornatior? (NOTinin{e#i.ti€u) CAoran? a We usea in frontof a consonant sound,anda, in frcntof a vowetsound. consonantsounds: a nanaget,ajob, a univeBiry, a one-waynreet,a Eurcpeantaw an idea. an empbyer. an ho4 an MBA O In a similarway,ihe is pronounced,S:/beforea consonantsoundand /61/ before. vowe I 14! 34 ARTICLES D The a Weuseihefor oldinformaton. it iscearwhch person or thingw€ aretalkingaboul. Six hanl$dtenlpt\tedih bsti,lgd stakein Ped\ Bdn.olitino.m@ dteNo h Anei aa ba kt, nditutior,aftthu n E.uddoredk andtheothun Pturidk.me sit harc onei a ftajotSpdnkh Nes Americd beetiftvikdrostu4,Irtina\ boalaat'dhid4 theendoIMdrr- (Business website) a Weoftenknowwhichonebecause we m€ntioned ii before,usn9a/an. Wenust havea meeting nextweek.The meetingshauklfa.us on the auditoB'repatt. I went to an intercstingshow lastweek.lt wasthe Pais Spnng co e.tion. a Sornetimes we knowwhichonebecause it is.learfromthesituation, or it s shared knowedqe and stener. fromthelivesof thespeaker Where's the newspapet? (weknowwhi.honef.omthesiuation) and stenerknowwhchmeetng) Themeetingwillbeginat ter. (bothth€speak€f Notethatin th s casewe canus€theto referto somethn9for thef rstt me. a We useahewhenther€s ony oneoi som€thing. lt ls clea.whichonew€ aretalkingabolt. I ll speakta the bosswhenhe getsback. a We usethewith nationalties andothergroups. I reallyadnite the lblians far thensenseof design. Thegovennent is tryingto do moreto helpthe poo| seeunn37 a we uselhewlthsupenatv€s. Thisis the bestqualitynaterialwe havein stock. E No article a Noadcleis usedwhenwe arelalkinggenerally. 'Health rnd saJeryat ulatkThe.lit't i"rc oJthcAsa'.y Mdgazine Iednoesan a e dtled .'d He.lth atwork websie) A qgtion of.o'B andbenejtr:'. (EuopeanAgencyfor Saaety . P T U i A L N O UI ' I S Comparel I sentthe emailsthk norn/h9. (weknowwhich€mails) I usLallyrcplyto emailswthtn 24 houri. (emas in general) a uNcouNtAaltNouNs Comparel Theintomation in thisrcpottgivesus the power to tatgetaut adveftising. lnformationispower (weknowwhichinformatoiandpower) (information andpow€rn general) The insu|ancebrsinets is dotngwell. Rusiness is goingwellat thenoment. (weknowwhichbusiness) (busn€ssn qenera) The negotiating wasa bt easierlasttime. Negotiatingwith suppliegtakesa lot af tine. (weknowwhichnegotat ng) (negotiatingn geieral) isto usefhewith pluralnounsandlncountable a a commonmistake nounsusedn . genera oftengrow faner (NOTThe+m€+l-€€nF€F1€5) Smallconpanies Forne faotballis likelife. (NOTForme,+h€{€€{b€{Li5.lil€+h€ .) seeunit35a We us€rio articefor mostcompanies, countres, statesandcities, I wak lor HBSCin Hong Kong. LosAngelesis in Califomia. 144 !4 ART|CLESt 34 Practice Exer<ise l AEg Undeninethe correctwords. 1 Where3a&he fax theysentthis moming?| can'tfind it. 2 h.ve anlthe appointmentat a/ihe bank. 3 | had a/t e veryqood holidaJa A/Ihe weatherwas maruellour. 4 l'vebeenworkingso hardthat I needa/the break. 5 Theyarea/the largestmanufacturer of light bulbsin a/fheworld. 6 A/Ihe pr€lentationwas a/tfie g€at success. 7 Can I glveyou a/dre lift to the station? 8 l thlnk I needa/the newpairof glasses. 9 We needto reachd/the decisionassoonas possibl€. l0 The€ mustbe anlttp answerto a/the prcblem. 11 Mlkeis arlfie accountant.He workson anotherltheofter sideoftown. l2 Hisofiic€ s a/the biggestone in a/the building. 1: Whereisa/the documentthat we were lookingar just now? 14 The PartugueselThePotll,gLesepeople aE very gaod negotiators. Exe.<ise2HEFS Puteithera/anor a dash(-) to 9howno adicle. I ....;.....moneymakestheworldgo round. 2 Sheila drives ............. French car. : Ritaworksin ............ lnsuGnce agency in ........ . Llsbon. 4 ............ health isthemostimpo(ant thingin ............ life. goodtirnefor ..........,, 5 Thi!s ............ sales o1newcars. 6 Thisisthe number to callfor ............ information. 7 I vegot....,.,..... colleague whois.......,,... systems analyst, 8............productknowledgeisveryimportantfor............sal€srepresentatve. 9 Heis ............ engineer. Hestudied............ engineedng at universlty. 10 Weproduce ............ f!llsales €podfourtimes............ year. Exercise3;FlHgH o-t eilhe'a/a4 ttp or ; dash(-) to showno article. ] lle.. .talansl.aveqrveru5 4 lor ol ..:... buqrre5s 2 . . . . . . .m . o s t p e o p l e t h o u q h t t hi a t wt a s . . . . . . .v.e r y q o o dp r o d u . t . k 3 | h f e L od glaso s l . . . . .w . r n e. r . . . € v e n r n g 4 l w i s h l c o u l ds p e a k . . . . . .E n g l i slhi k e . . . . . . E . .n g l i s h . 5 As soonas ........Helengetr off ........plane,askher to g ve me ........call. 5 ........smokinqis fot pemitted in this area. 7 Thercs........visitof.t ........receptiondesk. 8 When | .fived at ........airport,I had ........drinkand waitedfor ........flight. 9 w . n t . . . . . . .a. c t i o nn, o t . . . . . . .w. o r d s . 1 0 . . . . . . .p. e 6 o nw i t h . . . . . . .M . B Au s u a l lgye t s. . . . . . .g. o o dj o b . get you 11 l'll ........co{Jeeftom ........machine. l2 Marlecomesfrcm ........France. l 34 ART|CLES 145 Exercise4ABCD / 40 C o m p l e tteh i sa r t c e w t h e t h e rd / a , , t h e o r a d a s h( - ) i o s h o wn o a d i c e HOWCLEANISTHEIRMONEY? 'Money launderhg is (1)...lh-e.... nane silen ro ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . .!.e. .d. . e q u i v a l c n t who know very linle about each other. ( 13) .............. to about 47. of gros world world-s otrc of (2) .............. cspcciallybecrusetlreywdnL t o m n r i m i s c( l 7 ) . . . . . . - . . . . . . . paymenlsysled a m o u not f ( 1 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .t.a. .x. irremational i s c r u c i a Lt o ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they pat. h ihcse brnks biSgcn linacial prcblems: (?) .............. probien has movinCmotreythathasbcc! grosn handin hand with obtained illegllly into ( 3 ) - . . . . . . . . . . .f.o. r e i $ b a * ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . .g. .l o b a l i s a t i o n . iinancial markets, but i1 of don't lski don t tell . prriicularly with a h o p r o v i d e s( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A n d ( 2 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . .b. .r g s e J r and accounLs $ thar(il ) .............. (9) .............. lifiing of crpital pcoplc do nol kno! where c o n l r o l sa n d ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . il has conrc tiom, Puinrg delelopn'ent of(l I ) .............. ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .v. .a. .l u eo n D r o n c y l.uderirtg is oi cou6e !e'y dillicull,hurrhc lnremarional MonerdryFundcsrinr.lcrlrr i t i sh u g c- p c l r t s S l r . i l l i o n stsbiliry of rhe wolld s orPonunnyfor cnminah ro p r o b l e nw i l h i n( 2 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . private blnking is offshor! is Private bankilg ( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e s t - k n o w n hundering chrnnel. Clienls These.lloN moncy systcnrs. t o b em o l c di n ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of thcsc brnks are wellthy secondsbctwccn balks in ditietentprns of rhe world r h e r ei s ( 1 9 ) . . . . . . . . . c. .u. .l .t u r e peoplewho wrnr thek lifairs brnks. There arc around 5,000 ofllrhoE bdnks controlling xbout$5 ldllion in assers,rnd sonle havc no physical prcsence!r rnY hrndlcd wnh dis.rcrion. ExercisesABCDE tl41 Compelerhslntervewbelween.lour..n..dtheCEOolBotec.abiotechnoogycompanyU a a . t t b a t a d a( ) o . o \ o , , ' ( l u \ o u b . g i Db ! r c l l n , g' n r ( 1 ) . . 4 . . l t t l . r b o u t ( l ) t h e . f . . . , t d h . r g . s r r ( : r ). . - . W.ll. .s vou kno\\r Ii{ !c,,r se Dldc (-r) .. ... .l..ii,o. to nble our .pcr.,t,ors ftr ( i ) . . . . . ( ) n r b r r l c . . b c . i u \ c i r \ \ t f r i n r p o r i . l t i b r ( 6 ) . . . . . b i o r c c h n o k , g.]o r D i n i e \ n , .....vcry r c . r u i r ( 7 ) . . . . r . L r t r s r si ; o n r ( s ) . . . . . L r c { ! n n c r \ t , d . [ r , w . t . n r ( e ) .orrp(trtr.lob\ nnrltr h.r. n Clitrrbridge,iDd lYc mtiv.,tt our .trdoFe\ by on-:tins r h e n (r l r l l . . . . . . . r r r r t r . t r t j r i r r t r \ r d d ( l .i ). . . . . x c c l l c . t N l n k m s . o r d l t i o n s . W e ! c built up (ll) ......c\.cllcDt rer!.lrd (e;. doing sonrcrcry nnportDi a..rch rn g e n et h c t u p \ l l l 3 ) . . . r i e l do f ( 1 t ) Ma.\ peoplesr! dri. (15) . . .. bLote.hnolog pronlscs nrorc drit it dellves. k drrt Thrr nrar be fue D gcneril. bur (16) .... .. bnnechnolog!ihrr $t do i\ aher.ly p r o d u c n r s( 1 7 ). . . . . . . . r . s u l t sL. a s r\ t . r \ c m a d e( 1 8 ). . . .. . .r m n r r o f i t f o r ( 1 e ). . . .. . . liff trne. rnd (?.)J......relenue is nicre$nig rapidlt A1\o,s€ \,e re.endv niade (21) . di{riburlon dealNth (12) .. .....lfge phrnnceulical companlThe,vhrle dre nukerLng slill\ rhar \Le lack.and (2il ........prrtnership6 $orkrng Nell for both stles.Our aln \!tte coniiden! of(25) ......Ncces ne\i \ er n to .n!er (1.+) .....Aneri.h nu*et, r rticles 2 Unit34 9 vessorneb:ec rulesfor aa(icles. This!n r givesadditrond potnrs. A Place names and no article a ln general,no a.tkle s usedfor conlinents,coLrntres, states,ii.nds, mounran5, akes,cles, parks,roads,nreets,rqlares,pal.ces,caitle5,cathedras, !t.tons and airyorts. Eurape/Asia Ftdn.e/China Glifomia/Lazta Crcte/Madei.a Mant BlanctMaunt Eveten LakeLucerne/LakeMichigan Takya/Budapest Centrcl Patk/HydePa* Fihh Avenue/Chutch Steet TtafajgarSquarelTines Squarc Buckinghan Pala.e WindsorGstle Milan Cathedrcl Grcnd Centtatstation Otly Aipad B Place names and the a Notethat allthe folow ng lse rhe: the Alps,the Sahanas,the Nethetlands the RedSea.the Middle East,the WestEnd (ButNOT i the pl.ce i! the nameof a coLrntry or conrnenr trarce, Phrasetwith 'of : the Hausesof Pa iament, the South of Ftance Po ticalconsiirutions the hishRepubli..the unted Ktngdon(the uK), the us the Amazon,theLaie, the SuezCanal Rversand can.lr: Oceansand seas: the Pacific,the Atlantic,the Medteffanean Roadswith nlmbelsr the M6 (nototuvay), the41 Ihearres.nd galleres: the Globe(fheatte),the Uflizi(Gallety) Hotes: the Maffiot (Hotel) the fiffel lawe, the TajMahat, the White Hause c Special uses of the Iniernatonalnslilutions: Adjectives to refer|o a qroup the...of a/lhe : Sornetime phrases: Poinlrof the compass: Payingrnstruments: lob titlesand off cialtitles: TheUniEd Nations,The World Bank,ThetMF Theunemployeddo notre.eiveehoughhelp. the endof an era,the staftof the prqect n the past,at the moment, in the futurc h0 at present), the t960s(decades), tt€ 2tJt century(cent!ret in the notth/east/south/west, ln the south"west I play the piano/guitar TheMatuetingDhe.tot,the pime Ministet,ao ... (BLrt NOTtite+ n.rnerPrmeMinistetTanyBlatrsaid...) Cit),Sndpnors:attu tlnt rtide.fot the L$ne$ tua,eleL(asia-incnaga,ine websile) HWo Alpe-Adlia-Banh hd\ bee, hi h4, !rces'jt Crcatia a,er the pastJaw fea6.Arodi g h Dt. Wolfgatg Kuhe@r th. Chaitnat oJ the Board, thit 'res is du to eorenrdtjng lJ,sn1ets a.tiritie!on theAbine-Adidti. ma*et d d dtoo'nryroadb"sinest pdnne6. (cebd 35 AitnE 2 i4t D specialusesof 'no article' a We useno articlewith: Comoanvnames: Yea6,month5,days: Specialtimesof the year Someparrsof the day: ol tansporl (n gene?lJ [,4eans (in Meals genetal): I wotkfot A..enturc' in 2wt, in July, on Thu6day at Chdtanas/Eaner at nightlmidnightlsunset \BW thenoning, the afternaan) by ca Exi/trainlbus on foot (BIJTon the t'drnb nome\ Dinner is at 7.30. lBUf Therew6sa dinnetat the conference) oi the wh€nthepumose + no adide'with certain buildings, a Notethe useof 'prepostron theplaceitself.Compare: buildinq is moreimpodantthan (thespeaker in whlchone) is notinterested I spentlwo daysin hosPital. (one spec f c hosp tal) for dE hospital. supplies equipnmt lvlycompany 'p€position andno articlear€i Otherwordsof thistypewhichuse pison I I bedlclasslcoun in lto hosDttal atl towo* lschoollunive6tvlseaI hone Notehowwe use'home': be at hone, go hone (NOTge+e+€rie) Gen€ral.nd specificmeanlngs meaning nounon itsown t hasa general a whenwe usea plurelnounor an uncountable meaning. whenwe put fte in frontit hasa spec'fic fhe ca6 we makearebuilt to last, Carsare nuch saferth6e daYs. fhe sryeadshea'!for MarchandAprilate here. I don't undeswd s eaclsheats. The peoplein rnyofficearc allveryfiehdy can be diffiarlt. Paople me flsh I had fot lunchwassuperb. go llaee Money nakesthe worlcl rcuncl. W got the moneyI gaveyau? fhe dodrlng buttnessis veryconpetitive. Te'ir i" sirgdpoftateabttldantandrwnably pricd, buthad tofnd dunngnsh ho'ts' whaflit nins a"d bealee 11pt cndnidnirht. Th. .arlJ Jmm th. *irytort to the ..ntql b'tstness ditrrlet eostarcundt12. (asia-incm.gzine website) 144 35 ART|C|-ES 2 35 Practice Exerciset I lIl Underline thecorectwods. I Wewent to eEalrheP/iaandsawLeaningTower// e:49!j!gI9v9r. 2 CretelTheGete isverybeautifulat thistime of year. 3 My sonis in hosp,ta//thehoip,ta/andcan't go to school/theschoot. 4 Youcango frcm HeathrowltheHeathrowbyunderyrcundltheundergrcund. 5 tlelnut Kohlllhe Helnut KohlwasOancelkrl theCharcel/orwho heloedto rcunireGernanv/ the 6 We flew overAhslthe Alps andsawMont EbncltheMont thnc. 7 h nearfuturclthenearfururevideoconfeEnces will replacemanymeetings. 8 l'rntiredlThankgoodness it3timeto go homeltotome. 9 New Yo*llhe l.lewYo* is in UnitedStates/theUnitedStates. I 0 | lsuallyhave/u/,chlthe /unchat abootone. ll I usedto work for Deu6<heEankltheDeu5cheBankin Cityof LondonltheCityof Lohdonal staft/the nart of mycarcer 12 My sonwantsto 9o to univeEityhheunive6ityaftethis e'€ms. 1: Doyou knowtake WindemercltheLakeWindeftnere? n\in LakeDisttict/theLakeDbtict, in nadl-westlthe nofth-r\/est of EnglandltheEngtand. 14 | boughtthissuitfromEondSteet/theEondStrcet. 15 TheGovernment shoulddo morero helpthepoorlthepoorpeople. 16 On our trip to U(/fhe UKw€ tou.edaroundsourh-east/the south-eaitandvisitedCanier.bury Cathedral / the Canterbury Gthednl. 17 Theywouldn'tpay,so we took themto cou.i/lhe coud, 18 JohnlThelohn is at wo*lthe wotk at homentt thenoment. 19 We t.avelledto /tarlthe ltaly by carlthe car. 20 DanubelTheDanubeis the mainrjverin Certla/Eu,.opeltheCentralEuroDe. Exercise2 I In eachpairof sentences, fill in onespace with theandtheotherspace witha dash(-) to showno arlicle. I a) ..--j....profitsareincreasing acrcss everydivision of the company. profitswe madelastyearwer€up in comparison b) ...!.i.'e.. to they€arbeforc. 2 a) ........... information inyourreportwillbeveryusefuttous. b) ......----. infonationaboutthe Kazakh marketishardtofind. 3 a) ........... visitors shouldsignthei namein thebookat rcceprion. b) ........... visitors fromGermanywill beanivingarrcn. 4 a) Thismaqazine articlegives...._...... advice aboutwhichnock to buv. b) Thankyoufor........... yougavemelanweek. advice 5 a) ........ bondsI havearealllonqtem investments. b) ........... bondsarea safeinvestment wheninterenratesarefalling. 6 a) ........... French expoGto the ren of Europe areup4% thisyear. b) ........... French arcwo d leaders in theluxurygoodsmarkei. 7 a) ..--.--.... manasement isan art,not a s€ience. b) .....---... managementare blaming theunionsforthebrcakdown in neqoiiarions. 15 af,flclEs 2 t49 Exercise3 ll I so it hasa similarmeaning to thefirstsentence. Completethe second sentence 1 TEceyisthe teamleader rracey!.t-..1.19..!.e,4d9i--. ot ttre team. 2 Yourgoodsareon a shipat the moment. goodsare............--.-............ sea. At themomentyour 3 Ihe meeting hasended. Thi5is...................-----.... meetrng. 4 Briqhtonis at the bottomof a mapof England southoI England. B ghtonis ............................ 5 Doyou havethe Internetat yourhouseT home? DoyouhavetheInternet..............-........,,,,, 6 Wewalkedtothe nation. foot. Wewentto .,,.,,,,,,,,,.........,,.... people 7 Weemploy250 atthe moment. present. Weemploy250peop|e..............--............ 8 Danielisstillin hisoffice. work. Daniel isstill.........---................ Exercise4llllll Thisexercise includes some complete thefollowing tertswitheithertheor e dash(-) to showno article. revition of unit31. 150 djectives and adverbs A Adiectives and adverbs * An.djectivedescribes a noul]. Lastyeat we had a significant indease in prolits Lastyeat prcfitt were much betle. than thisyear If yat rdtl bir gdii6 ot ttu sta.knwk.t yot ittl o tory-rdrd /ie,'. (Thesheer.com t An adverbeayshow (qulckly),when\tanoffow) at where(over.her€)somethn9 happens G Adverbsca. comein dfferent poritions.'How' ddverbsuru. y comeafrerrhe verb We planned evertrhing vety.arefu y Ihe ercnony is g.owing slowly. Frequency adverbs(!n t t) comealr€rbe afd .uxitiares,birt befor€orherverbs. She has nevet anlved late she never goes thete Olher'when' ddverbscan cornebeforeor aller u,e vero. Lastyear ourprclits rose ghtly Aur profitsrcse slightlylastyear It we havereveraladverbstogerher,the usuatword order s: H O W- W H E R EW , HEN Our prcfits rcse tlightly in Getmany last yeat r (NOT ta4yeer]€-€€+m.ay) As wellas describing vefbs,adverb!can a so descrbeadjectvesand otheradverbs. It's rclatively expensive. (adverb+ adjective) He affived extenely late. (adverb+ adverb) a Adverbs.realsocoveredin units1,3,5 and 7 (tme expressions);39 (roo,erough);40 (rime wotds likein/an/at, far/sin.e,by/untiD:unirs43 and 44 (tinkngwo.ds,which nctude 'lentence adve.bs': ,hily actually,tn generat,clea y, anw1y): and t)ni| 49 fttends: satesgrcw steadilyall lastyeat). B Form of adverbs t Many'how' adverbsareformedby addinq-t to an adjecrive.Atew add-y,-aly, ot -ity, dependingon the spelllngof the originaladjective. slov\t slawly slight Jtghtly caretul - .arcfull, full fully dftnatic dranatically steady steadity a som€adverbsand adjectiv€shavethe sameform. Examptesin.tude fast,had, early,tate,hiqh, low rbht:, wrcng, dally/ weekly/ nanthly tquatterty Thisis a fast nachine (adj.) rhis nachine soes very fast (adv) tt's a had decision.(adt) Hes wo*ing veryhard at the manent. tadu.) Notethat the adverbhdrdt is nor relatedro the meann9 oJiard. tt\ so naky t .an hadly thlh*. ('hardly'= almosinoo NoteLhdrgood ( ddjecliveano /e/, s an adverb "n Shes a good negotiatoL She negotiates we . 36 ADJE<TTVEsAXD ADVEF'S I51 Gradableand non-gradableadiectives hat, warn, nild, .ool, cold large/big, snall, tiny are 'gradable. We can makethem strongeror weaker in th€ middleof the sequence Adjectives w th word! ike very d bit, quite, reasonably,relatively,€xtrenely. The weather was quite hotl.o/d (NOr qsi*e+€iliF94re€"iF9.) The nealwas very gaodlbad (NOr Yeqf€t€e$e€tle*{C.) 'extreme'.with theseadjecuves we are 'non'graddbe' or Adjectives at the end of the sequence The talk was absolutely excellentlaMul. \NOI v€ry-€i€ell€na.) D Order of adiectives a Whenwe havemo.ethan one adlectve we ure thE order: wondeiul, lovely,nice, diffi.ult, inpoftant Opinion Iarye, snall, lang, shatt Size .heap, clean,quiet, fast Otherqualities new old, secand'hand ase Shape,pattern,colour cnculaaflat,stiped, rcd,black origin,nationality Ften.h,)apanese,anerican,kandinavian wooden,netal, plastic,steel Mateial (phane),ecananic(palicy),safety(device), investmenr thitd-geneQtian Type(whatkind?) (bank),fa.e krean) canbe nounsusedasadiedivet a words n thefinaltwo calegories a Herearesomeexamples: iype) a lo-page Ameri.an legal cantrad Giz€,nationality, (quality, age,rype) a last new sportscar an efii.ient wo dwide distribution netwotk (opinon, size,iype) (qLra type) ty,quality, a.heap.ileaneneryysaurce E Adjectives ending -ing and -ed endinq-i;9 d€sffibesomethingwe are readingto (oltside !t a Adieclives (insdeus) endirg -ed describeour leelingsand reactlons Adiectives Theneeing was very intercning. I was lnterested in your idea about outsourcing Atio Onli'Ic peside,'t Ke"ifl Randolphsayshe doesnot ase tute o the tuub! qf crstonus 'I 4n irturcstet in qtdliry sa*etinr" he k flot tullf intdst^d in n.ttt na*etn.a beedute 'We hdre 100,000alstoftett,tuhkhis ai intcftstin! unb!,bnt I an nat P.itldolph!q$. ess b^cd o' ,dr" (blsiness review veekly rvebsite) tha brci ,xanagins &A Va-\ Other pai6 like this .re: bored/boting, confusedlconfusing, ex.ited/exciting, nrcdt ing ,"t ,n"ruuut.inallr,g. <utpisedtsu,pnsino, t touhdh ca.rrrens qrite s!ry sing t tudssutpised bl het€nnent. W 'irc worcathanyouhlnk, Itgo€Edownto he ktd foor." 52 36 ADJECTIVESAND ADVERES 36 Practice Exercise 1 * # Completeth€ secondsentence so it hasa similarmedningto the fi6t sentence. 1 Th€rewas a s ightfdllin profitsin Ap l. fell ,li4[tlY . Apnlpro'rs....... 2 Therewas a dramdticimprovement in our sharep ce lastmonth. L a <m r o n l ho - s h d r ep r i ( p. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Therchdsbeena significantdrop in demandfof oil overthe an few months. Demandfor oil ..... 4 Let'shavea blef pausefor coffee. ........overthe tastfew monrhs L e t ' s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... f. o . .r c o f f e e . 5 Ther€hasbeena steadyirnprovement in the inflationfigures. T h e - f a r o nf r g . € s 6 Therewat a dow recoveryin consumerconfidencelastyear Corjsumer confidenc€........ 7 Therehasbeena gradualrisein unemploym€nt. .. .... tastyeaf. unemp|oyne.t ................. 8 Thee hasbeenconsiderable growth in KoreanGDPoverrecentye.rs O v e r e c e nyt e a r sf o r e a . lG O P ............... Exercise2 S * Undedine thecofiectadjective. I coudn'tdo anymo.eworklasrnight.twasjusrsolhdltirtng. 2 I don'tthinktheaudience likedthetalk.Theytooked boted/baring. 3 | don'tthlfk theaudience likedthetalk.tt wara bit borcd/boring. 4 Yournewmulrimedia project sounds reallyexcltedlexciing 5 \or laok warnedlwotrying.ls anythingthe matte.? 5 Theirprofitslaslyearwe'e exlnemely largelenotmous. 7 Ther profitslan yea.wereabsolutely /a.qelenolmous. 8 Thesilesfigu€slastmonthweteuerybadltenbte 9 Warsaw isabsolutely cold/fre€zlng at thistimeol year Exercise3 !fi Compeiethesenlences withonewordfromrhelistA andonewordfrom st B. A: badly completelyeasilyextemely heavilyquire unexpectedty rve{ B: delayeddesignedheipful iJleqaliate riide promotedrccoqnisabe 1 Thissutcaseisvery..............'.411..H4d..e............. . ttwJ tastfor yearsandyears. youseeihe adveris 2 Thenewprcductis being.............................................. ev€rywhere 3 Thiswebsite isvery................................. ..........._ . I can,tfindtheinfomaUon I ne€d. 4 YoLr've been................................. ............ . I really appreciate it. 5 Ourofficesarc.....................................-.......lookoutforthe argeftags.tthefront. 6 I'msorrymyflighthasb ...........l,llcattyouwhenlarrve. 7 Tdkng brjbesi!............. You'lloseyourjobif rheycatchyou. 8larivedatthepesentation..............................................dndmissedthefirstpan 36 ADjECTIVES AND ADVERBS 153 Exercise4 D Puteachgroupol words nto the bestorder I odjashioned € a r g em . c hn e c u t ln ! ^ l^raa old-{arhioêd ottiâ M^chrê 2 woodensquareheo ca(ons 3 new packagean amazn9 sottlv:re 4 p e r o da t f : n s l o n t h r e em o n t hd f f i c ut 5 clrLps computerTawaneseh qh-q!: ty 6 d str.tegywe -panned nvenment 7 accesscheap nternethighipeed 8 a n e w r e v ou t o n . r yc o m p u l ehr a n d h e l d 9 a powderwashinqnew wondedul l 0 a w f u p l a n c c h e a ps o u v e 1 n9 Exercise 5 A B wih a word lrcm the n below At th€ end of eachsentence wr te rdl. (adlectve) Competerhe sentences or adv (adverb)to show how the word n lhe gap s be ng used good we ' !\p eqo lan q o ian oo-\eo hard hard h€rdy ate Mo^Tnry Io. a^\pLe ate *€N+ht d ....4dJ 010,6' 2 ' , n rr o r r yy o u rg o o d sd r eq o i n gt o a r r v e . b o ! t a w e e k Halent you got anyth,ngeafler? I TharI iqhr 1m€ e too , r . e lpnQ4r'oioo19.D.. 4 r."rr' I keepmy eyesopen 5 | wds 50 I redthat co! d d i 5 T h eh o t e w a ! , b ! 1 w e d . t k e l h e i o o dr n t h er e n d u r a n t b e t t e rc a n dd a t e . 7 r ' sa c h o i c eb. u t t h n k C a r . B t l - r € gel everything f nishedon i rn€ lo E had ro work very 9 rn sorry, do. t lndeEland Yo! re talkr.gloo I0 AF l..F o,..e" e ,l r,1S .-9o Sông Exercise 6 A B 42 R e a dt h s r e p o rar b o u tl h e c o . v e r q e n .oef m o b e p h o n € as n dh a . d h e dc o m p l t e r su n d e rn e e t h e rt h e or adverbe.ch t me. adlect,ve seems (1)54us/rtds.jy, but some ll I I peoplee salking mud wilh a nobile $on!', a handheld .omplter like a lall! t pager, and even a n.tebook c.nputer sidr a \2).artetrrionlkatndniannthlkeyboaidas TheNet:anywhere, inthepalm anytime, ofyourhand well. Thesedigital devi.es are conlerging \3)tupilhttidu, but hanltacturers are ro w Io! $nting enails. findin8 it dilfi.ult to get all the pa.h to 19)d!.u/ditr inreSrare (4)rropalpDpajy. s€arlinEforanadd@bmkoEyorscolinE contenponry (l2)aafrdJiry and (rl.irapl.,trry0, but srill allow phone conpanies to nake a prolit. (14)qri t/qd.Uyh nobile phon6lml (5)8mdludr,aF Flatiely throu8h a .ontact xir is (10)sl@rlo (6)B!odla.iJ at endhg short text n6eE6, alhough onc you find the 1@e you ce 6U ma, ad lie nmuiactureE who suc.eed in don'r wort (7) gmdlu?ri as hedheld the pe@n (11)diatldi@try by jnsi torcning conputers. They lack nemory, s)ncho6e theph@e nun$er oI olN the bi8 ise in the tuh@ is Inieftt a(K - it needsto be fast, Settingoerythin8 (15)flghlryeily ae Soingio mke (16)I'rSr,rAdJy prcEts. blt (8) l,adlladl] sith daklop PCs, and ae not ry, nrhEsmnovhsver-e L\is A Comparatives and superlatives a We usethe comparatveform of an.djectiv€to comparetwo sepaErethings. Comparclve: Model C40Ais more poweiul than nodet C2AA. MadelC2OOis less poweiul than madel C4OO We usethe superlatveform to saythar ofe rhing in a grcup hasmoreor essof a quatitythdn Supe ative: The most poweiul nadet that we nake is the C6AA. The lezn powedul modet that we make is the C200. B Form tl Theto.m dependson the numberol syllabesin rhe word and the spe nq Comparative Onesyllable cheap nice nicer One syllabeendlng vowel- consonant biq bigger One/two syllables ending-/ rcky iskiel easy easiel Twoor more syllablee noden expensive mote/tessmoden morc/less expensive Sup€rlative cheaper the btggest iot the most/least nadem the most/teastexpensive A fid,.ltit"E .o,tn t is atu oI the longst ahdmostsophistieatell tld ntucnot!uilLavetsitn. (Ent.cprcne!rhnemrtion!llvcbsite) a Notethatone-syllable adjeclives endingin s ngt€vowet- sinqte consonant doubte thef nal consonant, andlhal -y becornes i big - bigger flat - flafter wet - wettel easy- Pasie. nosy - hoisiet happy- hoppiel o Sometwo-syllable adj€ctives .an Io.m n eirherway.Ex.npesirclrdecteve,cannan,nanow palfte,quiet,sinple tied. comman commonerlmorccommon the .onnanest /the l'i,ostcannon I NotethaiIong.djectveshavebothnole/most.nd /ess//easr, butshorradjecrives ontyhave o Notethefollowinorffegular lorms: good better tar rheber. the wotst fanhet/fulther Jdpdi\ e.o"o"'), is @ah.intr. h' .l'r,e\ af reco'eryio'n the uo^t ttowdotuhsifte Watd Wot II dt leui'ts sn'alletd t1rnaller crcry /dl (Yahoo tsusines NeNs lvebsire) 3t coMPARll{GI 155 C Other points a We uset,an to link the thingswe arc.ornparing Thisyeafs profits wll be a little hlgher than lastWar's It's a lat morc difficult than I thought at fi51. seeunits35and37a a form. we useaheor a possessive Beforca superlative Thisk theloutlDigicon's nost pawerful madel adjectvescan be usedwithout a noun if the meanng is clearfrcm comparativeand superldtive the.ont€xt. Thehlewl of seMiceis good, but ours is better Digicamprcduces a rarge of nodels, but this one is the most poweiul a The presentperfeciwith everis often usedwith sup€ atives Thisis the mon powEtlul machine that vtP have ever prcclu.ed Thisis one ol the best mealsI have evet eaten Tlp Btdzilid,i !ry.ri'd'/]ct .l'di, Pno d. Alt@r ryatted d ltoit oI USS167 )ht tdst vcdr,the NNs Americas$ebsite) ldrgst i! haseoetMd.. (Business D Comparing equal things a we can comparetlvo equalthinqswirh (/urt)a5... a5.We savthat two thingsarenot equa do nol change. with notas .. a5.Theadjectives The C600i is Aust) as powe.lul as the C5oo. The C40o is not as powerlul as the C600. 'Ii? k i" ailtncct irc ahout'ryply and doi|id io'dd,ie nk L Pally is as sinpte as nt. (Gulf Busines Mag.,ine wcbsitc) - j6t not aslood ds n $ed to tr( (Bustrlesswcek h\ !iI\ zoodto bc knu oI ro/t totpotation E Comparing actions at theendoi thesentence. we canuseanauxiliary action5 a wh€nwe compare fhe C6OO runsfastetthanthe C400. OR TheC600tur|Jfastetthanthe C400does OR Youvedonemote work thanI have Yau",edone morcwotk thanme. 156 37 COMPAR|I{G I 37 Practice Exercise l IltI Underline thecorrect words. 1 Thenewlineshouldbe50ptofrtableaslasJ|lgijabbjjrhe otd one. 2 Thishandsetis tlre mo5tprofrbuelthe n,orcprcfitablewe,veevermade. 3 ThisveGiofof the programme is the mostrecentlrecenfer. 4 fte guarantee isa yearlongerrharlrhatwithourotdermodets. 5 Nothingis wo6elworstthandsring a flight b€cause of traffic. 6 Thisprinteris oneof the benlbefer on the ma*et. 7 the meetingwasnt /ongas/as/onga5| thought. 8 Todaythe sha.ep ce is mo€ t€dlwoAe thanit wasyesrerday. 9 l'm soary, thejourneytook /orger fianlahe /ongestwe expected, 10 We'll be theE soon.lts not muchlar€flfur|fie.. Exercise2lIII Complete thesentences witha comparative or superlative fom ofthe adjective in brackets. Include ar,, othernecessary wordsfikefhe,mote, less,asot than, (big)sofrdrinksmanufactlrer l coca-cola is ...!.1-e--.hf4395J... in theword. 2 Thiskeyboard isquitediffi(ultto use.lt!............................. onet,musedto. Gmall)the 3 Theconference wasa ljttledisappointing. tt was............................. (intereninO texpected. 4 Yesterday (hot)daj6of theyear wasoneof ............................. 5 | thinkthissuggestion (good)theotherone. is ----..............-_-5ltlimpossibletochoosebetw€enthesetwoproducts.Oneis............................{go 7 TheflEt foundof negotiations waseasy. Thenextwillbe............................. (dfficut). 8 We?eonlya smallcompany. (targe)the We?enot ............................. marketleaderin oursector. 9 Thisyearoursales (bad)tastyear. figureare.................__..____.... (bad)caseof corruption 10 Thisis ...................-......... we,veseenfor yea15. Exercise3lllll Putale suitableword in eachspace. 1 Wearebigger....1.14!\.... GNC,but Satcoare......!!9....biggest in themarket. 2 | c;n seeyoueitherday.Onedayis .............__._ good................. theother 3 Nobody knowsmoreaboutelecvonics ................. Ti 4 Ofcouuel'llspeak to him.ltsthe................. tcando afterallyourhetp. 5 solly,5% dis.ountismy.best ofter.tt3the ................_ | cando. 6 Heis oneof the.-............... diflicultcustomers thaveeverdeattwith. 7 Everyone els€hadwo*eda lotlonger ontheproject .................t ................. . 8 idonl thinkthatthismarket is-................ risky................. itwas. 9 Ihe restaurants arethesame. Thisoneis ......._......... asexpensive ................. thatone. 10 Thisestaurani is betterfor us.tts ..___............ asexpensive ................. thatone. ' 7 C O M P A R I N G1 I57 E x e r c i s e 4 A BC D Comp ete the secondsentenceso t hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentence lhan P.Lr 1 D.v d s a beter technician pa!l s nor 1]t-..ieed,.4 t?ehîci1'.^ 4{......... Davd. dnalynthan Caro. 2 Nobodyat KBN s d better nvestment . . . .. . . . a t K B N caro s the you repo.t.5 3 l haven'tread.s manyseclons ot the 4 lexpectedthe rneelingto .n longer -... pr " e r . g d i d .a5 Olr tra n ng bLdgetisnt as b I asyours ' o u ' d , n i n gb - d o " .. .. given B morermpo.tanlthan th s one 6 No present.ton ve 7 Thisspeakers more nlerenng lhan the .rt one The an speakerwds not 8 late e$ ih.n Georqe did I d dn't n.al on sk s tha.lane 9 N o o n e n t h e t e a mh a eb e t t e cr o m m u 10 hsverarelyme1a more nleresln9 person Exercise 5 A B ?f43 abo!t nvestmen o tp t o n sw i t h t h e c o m p a r r t i voer e ! p e r a t ! el o r m so f t h e C o m p l e lteh e n r a g a z naer t i c l e in brack€ts adlect,ves lnvestment choices:riskandreward lr this rFoo $e1F gornt ro ooh at l5e three mai. typeso' loals l i n r e : r n e l L s : c d c .t - b d i h a rc o u r l s Jb, o n d s( l o n g r e r m that glve a fxed rate of rctum) and stocks (equities).The stocks. Funds that invest in developedecofomies are a ( 8 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. s. -e. .n.s. .i b Lceh) o j c et o r m o s ip e o p l e , as the markets have more liquidty and it s ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.e. .a. .s-y.f.)o r t h e f u n dm a n a g et o r buy \ L ) . . . . . . . . . . . . * . P : t . . . . . . . . . (. .s.a i e )i s c a s h ,a n d t h e f a c t t h a t and sell. Blt iher€ are also emergngmarketfundsthat invest this has less rlsk than the othefs meanslhat it also has a in counties like China,Indiaor Turkey. Thesemarketsare only ( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l .o.w . .).r.e. t u f n .l i y o u w a n t a ( 1 0 ) ( a - . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .g. .g.r. e . s s r vnev) e s r o ros r ( 3 ). . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .(.g. .o. .o.d. .r)e t u r ny o u s h o ud . o n s i d e r r o . t h e a l l a s t h e y h a v e m u c h ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - (. .h-i.g. .l .r.) bonds. These are fxed interesi investments,and are a ( 4 ) . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(-a. -t .i .r .a c t i v eo) p u o n t h a n c a s h , volatillty. So wfar is Lie Ll2)...................................,Boo when interest .ates afe talling- The a balance.In the ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . .(-r.l.s. k y ) f o r m o f i n v e s t m e n t solution?[4ostlinancialadvisorsrecomrnend much middle oi your career you can afford to have a s stocks. They offer the chance of padicu arly . .r. g . .e. .p) a n o i y o u r n v e s t m e n r s ( 6 ) . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. g . .r.e. .a. .tp) r o f i t so v e rt h e l o n gt e r r n , ( 1 3 ) . - . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l a but you might make a loss if the companydoes badly.The as slocks,pehaps 60-€0%,with somebondslor stabilltyand ' o r e r e r g e n c r eA s .( v o Jg e r( I 4 l , , , , , , , . ,. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . { 7 ) . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . (. .b-a. .d. .)c. a s e s c e n a r i oi s t h a t i h e c a s l can (neai retkementyou shouldconsiderswitchingmost or your companygoes bankrupt and you lose every'thing-You youravailablecasl_ reducethe risk by investlngin a tund ratherthan individual rnoneyio bonds,and increasing A Large and small differences . We can !s n9 adverbsof deg.ee(seeunit 39) to ralk abourdffercnces. Product Product A B llsinomore... a,rrdn 5224 $300 $200 Ais a bit/ a liftlebit/shghtlymoreexpensvethan B. $200 A is cansiderably/ nuch / a lorlfar moreexpensive than B $120 $ 180 $200 $200 $400 $200 $200 $450 U s i n gd 5 . . .a s a is nor neart ar expensive ds B. A s,almanl nearly/ not quite as expensiveas B A is nrlce ai erperslL€ as L A is more r,ia?rlwlceas expensveas B Forig cilnr!. r'd*.x dr.I ntorc nldtilc dtu| Mfrdktdhb than @ntoditi.s ndrkets. (Afriqn Busnre$Dusrzine webs,te) a We can lse ev€, to emphasise the compdison. by rht lapd,t it a ftutry .fitl ..f lisribtto^, i/,oksnh^ dd othct,tid. eh?r. Ih. dislttdtia causad htnt.t corl.lb( e"engtatet th.n ih th. US. (FT.conrvebsirc) B Other stru(tures with comparatives a Wecansaythatsometh i9 is increasing or decre.s ng by usingiwo comparattves tinkedbyano. ThepeRonalpensions natket E grcwihgbigget and bigger hvestoRarebeconng morc and morc sophistkated, a Wecansaylhatonesituation depends on another by usingrheandonecornpararive fo owed by theandanother comparative. Thelonger the strikegoesan, the morc diffi.ult it wittbe to find a sotution. TIr bilfet the.onpd y atu|thc latget i$ asu,the!rcatet hc oppota'1tyta ye ttuken.tors .If.iri.irr @usine$weekodine website) phrases a These arealsous€fulfor compaingthings: exacfly/justlalnost/neay/vinuallylmoreor less/rcught rhe same... as... exactlyljust lvery/norc/ less/quite/a bit/a ltttte ke conptetetytquite/slighttyd JferentIrcm .omparcdtoltn compatison , with Ohliae/etaik^ aith 30 d,tploytsharcto olletexaet| the'ane tervi.eas ttudingraflpdnk\oith hna@l i'i bilions oI anos. (Connedis website) C Phraseswith superlatives I phrases Theee arecornmon wiih superlatives. Oneoi the Byfar the/Easilythe largest rctailing graups in Latin Anei.a . latgen retailinggrcup in LatinAneri.a. The second/third/fourth /aryest retailing grcup in Latin Anerica The rc.essianthatfallotnd tlp dolb oisn o.f 1994 vas one of the wotst in Me'i.dn httary (Global BusinessMrgazine vebsite) 2 159 r8 COMPARING D Comparingadverbs lo ow exac(ly thesamerulesasadlectives. a In genelal, adv€rbs hard,hardeLthe hatdest Onesyllable: early,earlieLthe earliest Twosy abesending-)a effi.iently,mote/less efficiently,the most/least efficiently Twoor moresyllables: o The adverb, wel/ and badly arc neq:r)ar batlly, vwrse, the wa6t well, bettet the best as adlectv€s. a We can usethe samestfirctur€s ln the 1Tsectar peaple ate having to wak hader and hatder to get promotian The qui*er we can sign the deal, the sooner vvecan staft prcductton 'nor arfrnq ntat tlre US slotudow is dboutto end alftost as soonds it begdnnis\ thepai,t ardrlY (Businesweek*bsite) and superativeadverbswhen the verbhasthe form oi a prcsent a We often needcomparative partc pe (do,nq)or a pastparticiple(done). Karea is one af the most rapidly developing counties in the vvo d Thisproduct is morc atttactively designed and mote solidly built 'lL. D.t Dei\th. tsdrkill be bettetplacedto tr i^ sttolg.otlranteEktia$hipt to hen.ftJNtk th. t?stnmni'Ka d v&A booktdik"tly happetinr44osjEurl. (BusinesWcet websrte) E Comparing nouns nolnsusrngthewordsbeow saeuni!r0 a Wecompare ''' people, customels, bankt norns (prcducte, Countabe (nat) fewest, as nany ... as morc,fewe, the most,the we havefat morc peoplewo*ing fot usnaw than tuo yeas ago we don't haveas many produds on themaket as tua yeatsaqo progress) Iniomation, nouns (t me,money, Uncountable (not) much the least, as as more,less,the most, iessmoney I n watkingasa freelancetnow andt eamconsidetably twould like mu.h time fot reading as I dan't havenearlyas ULLY!1MkKet lltt tAnehslhKetftflr tErE Buf|7 ltftKEs hLWMMne 1ftEA'0 MUul 150 3a COMPAR|I{G 2 38 Practice E x e r c i sleF F $ i g G Undeiinethecorrect worcis. 1 Thenew designis considetably note lightlljg\@trhan rheold one 2 Therca€ nearly twiceasmanypeoplewo*ing he€ aslthanlasty€ar 3 Th€soonertheydecide,it's betterlthebetterlot ut all. 4 Ihees eachtine nore/morc andnore invesrmefiin Chinaeveryyear. 5 We havethe nearlylargenltheiecord /a4genmd*et sharcin Tlrkey. 6 Ths modelmight be bettetfot yo,r.lr's slightlylquite lessexpensive. 7 Thisisourtuterlfanenselling prcduct. 8 Ev€rythings gettingmoreandnote expslsivetexpeniver and expensiver. 9 lf needed,couldthis prodl]dionlinego nore quickly/morequicker? l0 lt'sa littlemoreexpensi!€, butthequalityismuchbefterlmorc befter. 11 Oursales year this arevirtually thesameasliheequa/ot bn yeal 12 Thisis oneof fhe besf/thev!e//o4anisedconferences l'veeverbeento. Exercise 2 d ; Wite a word or phrasefrom the listnextto a similarwod or phrasebetow YrcNilly a bit roughly nearly/...vift!44!!y.... To e or less/................ exadly much a tittte/........................ tat/.....................-. )us\l Nowcomplete thesesentences byw tingthe pairsofwords/phrases ln thespace, p same. 1 Theytesimlaf.They'€....I9,rXh1y.1-!,.PI3...?1...\e11.... 2 They're verysimilar They .............. thesame. 3 They're identical. They?e ......... thesame. 4 X costs $580andY costs t600.X is.................................................... cheaper 5 X costs X is.................................................... $400andY cosls $600. cheaper Exercise3 m Rewrite eachsentence (ddrg)or a pasrpadicipte usinga supe.lative witha present parricipte (done). I Fewc.editcadsareaccepted aswidelyasVisa. visa s probauy........ih9...r.o..!..!..*j.d9ly...4slepJ#-........ (edit card. 2 Nomarketisgrowingasfan asChina. Chlna is..................................................................... market. 3 Fewwatches on themarketaredesigned asclevey asthe newSeiko. Then€wSeiko h oneof .... ...................... watches onrhemarker. 4 F€wof olf products aresellinq aswellasthis. Thisisoneof our............. prcducts. ............ 5 Fewf.ctsaboutOracle arclessknownthanthis. Thisisoneof _.................___ .....lacB abourorace. 6 Noareaof business ischanging anything likeas|apidlyasbiotechnotogy. Byfar ..................-... . of business is biot€chnology. 2 161 38 COMPARING E x e r < i s e 4 A E : cE A companywantsto movepremises and ther€ares€veraloptions.Readthe deta s in the table Possible new premises size (square metres) rent per square metre .unning .osts per year Dockldnds (.onverted warehouse) 2a5 5500 $120,000 CityView BusinestPark 300 $350 $125,000 12 NelvtownIndustrialAre. 310 $200 $105.000 30 distance from city centre (km) 4 Now completethe sentences wilh the phrasesfrom the n below 5l€htt not nea.ly by iar ess slightyle55 conrrderably y the sdme a lot mo.ethan tlvice roLrqh a moslas much almostas mdny tl'{htly 1 The threeoprons are allaboul the sarnesze, but N€Mown 6 2 l h e r u n nn 9 c o s t sa t D o ( k l a n dasn dC i l yV r e wa r e. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . than the olherlwo pacei 3 The runnng costsat NeMown are 4 There'5 ......... .. arqer . . . . . . . . . .s.q l a r em e l r e sd t D o c k a n d s . sa l C t y V e w .. . . . . . . . . . . .s. p . .a c ea t D o c k l a n dassa t C t y V i e w 5 Theres . ......than at ih€ othertwo places. 6 Therent at Nev!,town 7 T h er e n ta r D o c k l a n dsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. r. e n ia t N e M o w n is .. ih€ c osertto the c ty centre. 8 Docklands as convenrent as C ty vew. n terrnsof accessto the centre,NeMown is ..... 1 0 Y o ud h a v ei o t r a v e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.u. .r t h e rt o g e tt o N e M o w n 9 ExercisesABCDE a' 44 -ao. ct the ldble en co'nol.rer'e p'ese^tot,o e\racl w tr ohra-es1on t e li-t belo^ tw ce .s m.ny a lot a little iF-€6+apa+is€€-r'.iih hryce as much roughlylhe same ditlerenl limil.f by f.r contiderabymore sales $ mil. % .hange Profit ! mil. % chanse 50.000 42 5,000 150 Texaco 52,000 43 3,000 116 Exxonl/obil 210,000 29 16,000 102 Ch€won 'if we look atthe igur€sforthe oilseciorlaslyear.you can5€ethat the threelarg€stuS companies alldid verywell (1) .!l..S9Yp4dtel...t'{-t.1. ttre previousyear Letssta|t by comparingchevronand Texa.o.Thensabswere(2).................................. , athouqh profit.Lookingat the year-on-year trcndyou can seethai the chewon rnade(3) ................-................. percentage wh€reasthe changein saleswas very(a) . ............ .........betlveenthe two companies, ln fact,Chewon3p.ofitsqrew changeln profitswas quite(5) ............. .. . . ( 6 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.a. s. .t.e. .-r- -1 5 0 o /coo . n p a r et d o I167o. Now lerSlook at Eson Mobil,the mafkelleader.The tableshowsthat Exxonis (7) . ......--........... s.lesas ch€won and Texacocombined, the largestcompany, with morethan (8) ...... pmfit. ln termsof percentage figuresw€re and exacily(9) .................................. 9rowth,Exxon's ( 1 0 ) . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. w . . .e. r.t .h.a. ni t st w o . o m p e t i t o 6 . ' A Adverbs of degree , Adve65of degreeshowhow big or lmponantsomethingis Theymdkethe meanng weaker (smalldegree)or stronger(largedegree). quite fairly,prev rathecrcannably,relatively ertrenely,reay, very absolutely, completeiy Larqedegree: Mdr( Fdliet k noteda' d sl@tly t@,nn Lat ali Dr.gazinewebsite) rery Aonate ,1dtk!t ipst.r (^six it). a Lookat thes€examples W th adtectves: tt was a litlle expensive/ Bthe. strcngetvery prafessionat. Wrth adverbs: With verbe tt was done a bit tate/ quik quicktylvery prafessionaly |rca y tlisagree. fhey ve increasedthelr affer a lit{e. Wirh comparatives: ft s a bit/slightty/contiderabty/nuchl a tot cheapet B loo, enough, not enough 'moreth.n it necessary a Ioo means or good'.A/orenoughmeanstessthanis necessary or good'.Enough rneansasmuchas6 necessary'or 3uflicient. Thesalaryis too low. Advefbs: l'n mtry it goes too slowly Therc'stoo mu.h work a Thesalaryisn't high enough. In sa1y,it isn\ fastenough Thereisn't enough time Notethe potitrons:bo comesbeforeadjecrives, adverbsand nouns;erough comesafrer adtectvesand adverbs,but beforenouns a We 6e too many/few+ puralnouns.nd roo muchl/1ft/e+ uncolntabt€nouns fhete ate too many people intolved in the proje<t. I think we speht too much money on the (onsukants. a We can eaveolt the noun if the meann9 is de.r Just a liftle nilk, please Not too mu.h Thercare six.hai6.ls that enough? C Other structurer with too and enough After too and enoug, we can l]sea phrasewfth for. TheirdelieErytim?s are too bng lor us. Hare we gat enough .hans for everyone? Aiter too and erough we can lse a ro infnitive. Salesarc too slaw to make nuch profit. We dan't have enough tirr,eto do evetfihins Srntlt pfi, n,Ja/Dtatiat te.lutoLog' is jt{l nor n"patatlt douth o itt otut1to geretatea rjtdinetl r.o/.rr. (FT.con s€bstre) 39 ADVERBS OF DEGREE 163 D So and st|ctl t We usero andru.h for emphasis. 50 with adjectives andadverbs: Sucha with ddjec(ive + singuldr noun: Su.h/Sonary/So few with pluralnouns: Suchlso nuch/So little with uncountabe nolns: The neeting finished so qui.kly. tt was su.h a qui.k meeting. You have such fiendly.olhagues. We sold so nany policies last nanth! tt was su.lt good advi.e. I have so much wotk to do. 'S$h a big nerfd h6 htry .ohpetittueihrylietions,' saysd seniot Cirhan bdikih! etuttiE. (Busine$rffeek onrine websire) t Solsuchand too aredifferent.solsuchexpress an opinionwhichcan be eitherpostve or negative.Ioo suggests a dfficulty.thal somethingcannotbe done. Thercare so nany people involvedin the project (its just my opinion) Thercare too nany people invohed in the prcject. (w€ need to reducethe number) solsuchcan be usedwilh that to express a result.Ioo cannotbe usedwith that. The neeting finishedso quickly that t was hone by 5.30. (NOT r€€€!i€kt+ha{) Quite, fairly, p,ew or rathen a Quite.tairlyandptettynean'amedium amount. 'Likt htottbrtilctstt, trt'ft .dttiott dborttIMt ktitht onE in thc $t .ary1caf :la.a$, fairly y bktse oI'lk Alii" srndrtor.'(busnress revicwlveeklywebsirc) "'ar a In AmercanEnglish prettyis a common wayol sayingvery'. a Wecanchange ih€ meaning of gulrein British English bystress n9the adjectve in speech. fhe meaning changes to'very'.Thisiscalledund€Etatement. Thercstaurant v,las meaning: it wasOK) WjE good. (normal Thercstaurantwasqule g99g!.(unde6tat€ment: it wasverygood) a natherakome;ns'amedium amount',but it oftensuggests thatsomethig s bad,surprsng of unusu;|.lt ismoreformal. Its rathetlateto do anything royv (lt3alinetoolar€,'m.frad) (l enjoyedt, surprs ngly) good. Therestaurcntwasrathet a W th a comparative we canonlyuse/aiher,notqu,te. Theneenngbok nther longer thanI expeded.(NOTqsir€-l€ng€r) 'absolute quttemeans r Withsomeadjectives y' o. 'complete y'. These incllde:absurd .ertara different,hopeless, inpossible,ndicubustighL sure,ttue, wrcng. I'n quir€certainaboutthis. (= absolur€ly certain) Areyousurcthats qrite rtghf? (= complet€ly fght) 'ntlJq d, *. r '64 raL ^q4 h4t dd y' y4 4t P e 14 'e44.ofia t.4.' 4n'4t 164 39 ADVERBS OF DEGAEE 39 Practice Exercise l XHH Matcheachphrasel+ withtheph€seaFh)withtheclosenmeaning. Becareful-some arcsimar. E 2 lt'squiteslow3lt'sEtherslow 5ltssodow n tr ! tr ! u ! 8 lts notdow enough. a) lt3 comparatively slow b) lt'sslightlyslow c) lt3 fairly s ow. d) lt! a littletoo slow' m afrad. e) lwant it to be evenslower f) Theresa problem. lwant it to befaster jow lt really is very 9) h) OK.Thatsasslowasit needs to be. Exer<ise2ll!g lJnderline thecorrect words, 1 Thesalary theyaresuggening sounds sogoodliooooodtobetruel 2 Thercwereso fewlsoftde customers thatlwent homeea y. 3 Wecan'tpulloutnow Thete\too ,r,u.hltoonany moneynvolved 4 lt wassuchlsoa boringmeeting thatI neartfellasleep. 5 Themeeting wassuchl5oboringthatI nearly fellasleep. 6 I hadto say'no'- thecoslwassonuchl toonuch lor thebudgetl wasg ven. 7 \Nehadso nuchlso nany new business that we neededextrastatf. I I hadso nuchlso nany rcportsto w te that I put the answefingmachineon. 9 We haveJo fewlro rftle infomatioathat we can't makea decision, 10 Themeetingwasso shoriltoo shortto coverall the pointsproperly. 11 Canyouhelpme?l'm notenoughEllltallenough ta reachtheiop shelf. 12 Theresn't eroughmorey/ noney enoughir,Ihe budgettor youridea. Exercise3tr[n Completethe sentences with oneof thesewords:too, erot"gh,sq such,much,many,little,few. I lsyourcoffee.....-t99....hot?Wouldyoulikea littlemoremilk? 2 | had................. ................. troublefindingsomewhe€ to parkthatI affivedate. problems 3 | had................. ................. finding somewhere to parkthatI arrived ate. 4 Therewere................. ........-....---. replies to the lastmailing thatwewon'tdo anoih€r. 5lhad..........---.---....--.-----..:..cashonmethatlcouldn'ievenbuyasandwich. 6 Thepriceof thejrshar€s is................. highto buyanymorerightnow progr€ss 7 Weternaking -................ thatwe shouldfinisha w€ekea y. 8 Weteexpecting Thisroomwon'tbe large................. a lot of people. . 9lcouldn'tdoanyworkonthetrain.lwas.................ti€dthatlfellasleep. quicklyfor 10 5hespeaks..............-.meto undernand. 11 Theypay................. latethatwe won't.eceive the moneyuntillune. 12 Thats..........--...-a goodidea.lt'lls3ve usthousands of dollars. 39 ADVERBSOF DEGREE 165 Exercise4 !E usingeitherso..- that... or such... that... . Lookat the tablebelow,then combinethe sentences, 1 a) Ther€w.s a big drop in theirsharepice. b) Thedrop in therrsharepricewas verybig. 2 + Investo6b€camev€rynervous. by 25% per month campaiqnwasveryslccessful. + Salesincrcased a) Theadvertising campaignwas a success. b) Theadvertising wirhin48 hours worksverywell. + Mostgoodsaredispatched system 3 a) Ouroder processing ' ryilem. b\ we dved verygoodorderprocesing 4 a) Thatcompanyhasverylargebankdebts. b) Ihat compdnysbankdebtsarc verylarge. + Iheres a isk twll haveio cos€ down. 5 a) The Internetconne.tionisveryfd5t. b) Thereis a veryfast Intemetconnecton. + Web pagesappeafalmostinstanly veryneruous. investors becam€ 1 a)rhere wast$s..h..4..F14..C1-.9r..il...lherf..tkle..rIisg..lh4.i. investo6 verynervous. hi4...tl*t................. became b) Thedropin theirlharepricewas.................tq . sales ifcreased by2s%perrnonlh was........................... 2 a) Theadvedising campaign ................sal€sncreased by 25%permonih. b) Theadvertising campaig .......... mostgoodsare ng synemworks........ 3 a) Ou.oder process dkpatched w thin48 ho'r6. arcdispatch€d wthin48 houB. ......mostgoods b) we have........................ ........... there!a riskit w haveto closedown 4 a) Thatcompany has.... a riski w have theres bankdebts are.......................................................... b) Thatcompanys to closedown. instantly is................................ ......................... Webpages appear alrnost 5 a) Thelnlemet connection web pages appeaf aLmon instantly. .......... ....................... b) There is ...................... Exercise 5mm Cornpletethe secondsentenceso il hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentenceand contansthe word in brackets. 1 | d dnl buy that laptopbecausethe screenwas too small.(eiough) lddllbt,ylhal aplop oecdue th4 4raan v'^'^'t'' lar4e eôugh 2 The prcblemwas so difficultlhat I rcferredit to my Lnem.naqer.Gud) I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .t.h a t I e f e r r e di t t o r n yl i n em a n a g e r . 3 Thereweren'tenolgh copiesof ihe agenda.(lew) There.....................................................................ofthe49enda. fo. all the results.(little) 4 The€l not enoughspaceon this spreadsheel t h s s p r e a d s h ef o e ri a l lt h e r e s u l t s . T h e r c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thatthey gaveus the contraciimmediately. 5 i was sucha good presentation Go) The................-......................................-.-.-........ih.ttheygav€!sthecontractimmed 6 | sod too few unitslan monthto get a bonus.(enough) . . o. .n. .t.ht o g e t a b o n u s . | . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.a. .s. .tm 7 l'vegot su.h a busyschedulethat I can't m€etyou uniil ne( T!e!day.($) . . . .t h a t l c a n ' tm e e ty o u u n t i ln e x t T u e s d a y 8 We'vesentout lots of brcchurcsand we' needto printsomemorc.(many) . . . . . . .w. e ' l ln € e dt o p i n t s o r n em o r e . W e ' v es e n to u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (too) 9 I haven'tgot enoughtlme to prepareforthe m€eting. ''vegot-.....................--..................-.....................topr€parcforthemeetinq M y s c h e de ! ...-.................. ime adverbs A tn. on, at, no preposition the noning /.tuneI the sunnet / the thnd quadet/ 1998/the sixties/ the twentteth century oti .t Fri.laylfriiay noning/the 2nd of Aprlllthe seend/Chtistnas Day thrcefifteenltheweekend/theend af the week,nonth, ei../night/ EasteaChristnas, e\c./ breakfast, lun.h, dinnel no preposilion this morninglyestetday afternoon/last night/the day befote yestetdayta few daysago/ last week/ tamanow narning / the day after tanarrow / next week Thewod nbht hassomespecialiorms: t vvakeup three times in the nighr (= during rhe n ghl) tt happenedon ftiday night l= one panrcularnrShl) (= in generawhen it is n Sht) Thehatelis quitenoisyat night t We can use/, fo. the t me t takesto complelesomelhing Thisproductian line can uoduce 8A vehi.lesin a day. We can a so usein to ta k about 'timefiom now' Thenew afflces will be rcady in two montht/in two months' tine. B On time oJ in time? t O/r time.neansat the rightiime' /n tlm€ meafs 'with enoughtime' fhe planetaak off exa.tlyon lirne. (notlaleandnoteary) We affivedat the aipad in time to havea meal. (earlyenolgh to do somerhng) ttsnnr.q prt lt at dkpakh.tlon ti'ne it tu siut)lat taskJ;tr\ a y L,.ttis*tanpa y (ConDcctr \Lcbsltc) C Foh since, during, aEo seeahounn5 a We lse lor and slncewith the presentpe.fectto talk aboutsonrething conrinuinqup to ihe presentwe usefor to ra L aboui the periodof I me and shce to saywhen t staded. t've lived here tor six nonths. (per od of lime) tve livedhercsin.e tanuary. Foint in time when t narted) We can a so usefor with othertenses,and sornetrneswe c.n leaveI o!t. I m staying in the UK fot a year The training peiod laned (for) sixmonths. t We.an ule dur;49to talk about perodsof time. OurlnganeweBthe question'When?'For answeBthe question'How long, I didn t feel neNous dunng rry prere,tation. (when?) (how long?) Shetalked for about thifty minutes. t Ago rneans'beforcthe present'.ltis usedwith the pan sjmpe. tcane hete six nonths ago. (NOT 5in€€+*-rF€€{ha) t To refer to . time before another t me we use beforc (that) at pteviausly. I came here six manthsaqa. Before that/Previously, I lived in Rone 40 TIMEADVERBS 167 D During oJ while? . Duni?gis a preposition and comesbeforea nounph'ase Whiteis a nkinqword and cones beforea causeGubject+ verb). t naved into the na*eting area duing my time at Bacardi. I naved inta the na*eting arca while I was wotking at Ba.ardi. E By or unfin a Symeans'onor beiore'.Untilmeans'upto'. t need your repott by Friday. (on or befor€ Friday- perh.ps Thu6day) She'llbe awayuntil kiday. (allthe time up to F day) If hihg' haatrt clnnted dnft'dtiuly bf 2006, then Cenhal Euape . pdrt o.fits drti-food b6i'tc$. (BusinessCenrml Iurcpe website) udte laadbyeta a ldrye Whenwe lse by we look back.Whenwe useunnTwe ook forwdrd. By ten I had deaft with all ny e...'ails. lwaited until ten and thenlleft. F fhen, afterwardt after, Iater a Thenandafterwatds arc\,erysimial lhen s usedlike,next,n a sequence Afterwards s used like al a late.iime'or 'aftersomething ekehashappened, andcancomeal theendof a FiEtwe discussed lastnonths' sales,and then theadvettisingcanpaign. We discussed theproblem,andaftetwatds evertthingwasOK It wasa long neetingand we went fot a dink afretwads. Cooglcw6 gouirr vcry,ucryIast at lrc tin'e.W. rcalizetl.w rcededa lot oJdkkspda,an.lla tul wrt ott drd botghtI 20 hatddiat $iry all oI ow oedit&d' rnd awTic ds'oedit.aftl!.Ptcuy tao" aJt.tuadr, M rot souepnrdrci vestntutts thtotqhStdilod Uti,cttity. (tsusiness We€k a After s uslallyfolowedby anobject. After the meetingI needto speakto you. Wediscussed theproblen, andafter that everythidgwasOK. a tatermeans'aftersometime'. SatahJanesisn't hereat the nonent. Canyou cone backlaAr? G Calendar references I ln the UK peoplesaythe tenth of )une at Junethe renihand wite Day/Month/year 1A/6/03. a ln the USApeoplEsayJuneren and write Month/Day/\ear 6/1A/A3 16A 4(' TIME ADVERBS 40 Practice Exercise1ff 1 . . . . . i 1 . . . .+ p a r i !o f d d y( t h ee v e n j n g ) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . l.o n g e r e l i s i o uhso l i d a y(sE a n e d 3 ...... . ... + me.l times(dlnner) 9 . . . . . . . . . . .+ y e d r s( 1 9 9 s ) rc ...............+dayslMandah jj . .......+ ddr€s(5 May) 4 t2 ................+speci.ldays\mybinhday) s ................. + ong periodsfthe finereerrh cenrud 6 ............... + clocktimes(four fi,lay) 7 ....... + day+ pad ol day lMondaynorning) + s e a s o n( sd , ew i n l e r ) 8 ... ..... . . . . + r n o n r hC s 4ug!5t) B ................theweekend 14 ...... ... thenoment j5 ....... . ..... thatday 16 ............ theendoftheyeal Exercise2 m It is nowWedn€sday aflernoon. Putrhesephrases intoorder.wiih 1 dsrh€rnondistanr tf ihe past,and l4 asth€ mondistantin rhefururc. 1 . 4 . . . 2 . . . . 3 . . . 4 . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . 6 . . .N. .O . W 7 . . . .8. . . . . 9 . . . . .1. 0 . . . . 1 1. . . . .1. 2. . . 1 3. . . . .t.4 a/ a rewoaysago b) tonight c) in a fewweeks'time d) in a forlnight e/ n an houf t) tastnight g) tastweek h) nexiweek i) rhs evenn9 D thismornn9 k) thedaybeloreyenerday l) tomorrow eveniig m) yesterday morniig n) thedayaftertomorrow Exercise3tsHryqEFS Underline thecoffectwords. I Sorry| wasor.rtof the offi.e tLi:Bltjtg/in thisnorning. 2 'll glveyo! a callrexih7e€klat nextweek. 3 8ye.l'llseeyouthedayaftettamonowlthe nextday. 4 W€ havea secuityguardio lookafterthep€mises at thenbh at night 5 lt3 veryimporiant to .rriveat meerings o, tiDelrr r/r)re in rhiscouniry 6 I yor ani\ean tinetih tirr,ewecanlatka titttebeforcrhemeetng staa(s. 7 Thejointvenlurehasbeenoperating successfutty for/duing \hrceyearc. 8 We hadoneor tlvo problemsforlduting rhe sunmer.bul thtnqsareOKnow 9 I startedworkingherestnte twn yea5tt yoyear5ago. l0 Themarketcrashed. Lu.kiiythadsoldmyshares a few monthsagolbelore. 11 During/WhileIhe meeringI madea lot of notes. 12 During/ WhileshewastalkingI madea lot of nores. 13 lt happened during/whiledot comshaEswer€boomingin 2000. 14 t happenedduringI Mile the dor-.omboomof 2000. 1s We hav€to finishthisprcj€cr bylurtl theendof rh€month. 16 llavetowoAlalerttbFhereunrl/byeighr t-5 evF^19 17 Wercviewed thetrainingplans, anda/?erlrhe, tatkedabourthe cost. 18 We hadlunch,andafterwardrla/rer I showed themroundthefactory 19 Afte\/ardslAfter lun h I showedthem roundth€ facrory 20 | cant talknow.I ll c.li youlaErlafteMardstoday. /TI'TIMEADVERBS 169 Exercise4 S perfect. Makeanswefusingfor or sirce r.rsing Horv/org andthe present Makequestons lo^{ (How Hob Mw yor' }]CfKeg l'gl-4L I O lonq/yoL/work'e'e), t trx...'.r"tk,........ A: (abour sixmonths)....................F-"r.4!e! (How in Portuqal?) ... 2 Q: lonq/you/have a rubsidiary A 0998).......... Middelhoff/be cEO?) ............ 3 Q: (Howlong/Peter r l L Fs l . 4 o f a s _y e a , . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . (How 4 Q: the sameLogo?).......... ong/yourcompany/hdve a r t w e n t yv e d r 5. ). . . . . . . . . . . 5 Q: (How ong/youlown yourIelekomshares?) A /privati,ation) A 6 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o/uk n o wA l e xs c o t t ? ) . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . A: {aoTtrer 7 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o u / l l vi n e t h i st o w n ? ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. ( l w a sb o ' n ). . . . Exercise5kQfE Vdr 45 complete rhe d alogue w,th one ot these wods.loL since dunlg, while, aga, befote, aftet, afteNvards. rNiErivrE\rnlwcll, perhapsyou could bcgin by telling us a lide bn about your careerhntory?And *e'[ tnovc on ro your cu.renrjob. 0) ...6-f.-19ry6.':C1.. ALEss^NDRo Yes,ofcourse.Well,l g..tdurtedfroln Bocconi Univcfsity in Milan five years ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .I . w . .u. ts i x y e . ! s ,i n d . . .r s a t B o c c o n i( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .b. o (a) ........................... rhat period I worked brieny asan analystin nly unclet cons!ltlncy firh. yo! lcft univcrsiry? rNrr'rv,rwE,!,Uh, huh.ADd did you tuanagero 6nd.job e.sily (s) ........................... ^ L $ s ^ N D R oW e I , e v e n r u a l lIyw " s o f r e r e d , j o b i n a n l t a l i a nb a n k ,b u t ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h a t I h a d qone a long tirne.It wasnt easyfindingjobs beenlooking for wo'k O ....-.......-....-....-.... in lt3ly 3t rhar rime.you know,but luckily ihe si arion hasgot much better ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. n . .. rNrERvrEvER Yes.likehere.So how loDg did you work at the bank? about rwo ye,s. rr-*sam,xo, well,I worked there (9) ........................... rNrERvrEmrTwo )€irs ... and why did you lelve? {Es^Mrc, I enjoyedmy rine $ere e lot.And (10) ... .. ... ..-..-.. ..-.. ... .. . I wasthereI learnra lot of rechniqus for financial an:lysis,,nd imporrDt ski s like te.mwork. )ou know But I wanted dre c}"nce to do somedmg not chalenging in an international enEomenr. ... rNrERvrEVER, Uh. hDhk had been my drcanrto wo* in an internationalcompany(11) .............. .... - . icsmrc, leaving s.hool. Wel. you've applied ro the risht place. So what did you do ihen? well,I decided to tele a risk and rnore to London.That srr abour nvo ye$ rwRuEMR, ( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Did you have a job to go to h London? nnrvrwrn, I leli lr.ly I sentmy CV ro a lot ofdifferenr lsencies,but I No. (13) ....-...................... ^LEssANDRo, I ws actuallytiving thought that rr mdd be eatierto find ajob (1a) ..-....-....-.............. how much competitionthere wasl in LoDdon-Hah. I only realised(15) ...................-......rMERqEvR, Well, yes. r6s.Nrc, somemonthr. I found aJob at a bank iD the Anyaq. eventualy,(16) ........................... Ciry That's where I'm vorkins now 170 A Linking words a We usesomellnkingwordstojoin pd.$ of sentences. Theygiv€d strucrureto rhe sentence. E x a m p e s i n c l l d e a r d , b u t , b e . a u i e 5 0 . U n i t s 4 t a n d 4 2 d e a t w t h r h s k i n dnokfi n gw o r d . a We ule other linkingwods and ph..sesto makea tink acrosssentencee and pardgraphs. They 9 ve a srructur€ro our wholeargumeft.Exampesinctlde Firstty, tn genetat,Actuay, tn other words.Units43 and 44 ded/with rhis k nd of tinkingword or phrase. B Addition: and. both. too, also. etc a W€ useand to join wordsor part! ol senrences. To€mphasse the iacr rhar iherearc two th nqs w € c a nu r eD o t h . . a . n d . . .. I need to cal Andy and find out vr'henhe's frce to have a rr,eeting. t need ta call hoth Andy and Helen a We usetao, aswel, as v"ell.r and d/5oro add dnotherfacr or saythar sornethinghappensar the lame trme.Notethe positions. I need to call Andy, Kateand Helen too/as wett. I need to call Andy and Kateat well as Helen. I need to cal Andy, Kateand also Helen. C Cont.ast: but, yet and although a Weusebut anda/though to makea contrast. A/rho{/gh istypicat of morccareluor foma speecn o. wfilng. ln theoryit seenslikea goodidea,but I don t thinkt,I watk in ptactice. h thearyit seenslikea gaod idea,although tdon,t thinkit willwotk in practice. a Tre clause wrtha/though canconear tre beg,r..9. Although it seenslikea good idea,I dan t thinkit wil warkin p?ctice. Althocah tl'c hihi ry iasistedthckJant lDrld stillla ahead, it k r"ctedrwhatshap.th.f tri rafte.(FT.conwebiire) a We canemphasilebut a^d althaughw lh stittandanryay. I wasnt feelingverywel, but l.still went ta wo*. 1wasn'tfeelingverywel, but I wentta wotk anway I still went to wa*, although I wasn'tfeetingverywe . Although I wasn'tfeelingverywell,I went ta wo* anway. a Wecanuse/et in placeof'but'in wdting. D Contrast: though and even though a We.an lse thoug,in informalspeech andwitinq tikeairhough Thoughh seens{ikea goodldea,ldan t thinkit wo* in practice. Thorehheoutned d 10peftnt udkqhk pntqs outvoted hin andunseated hint'on theboa . (tuia.Inc.{ebsire) Withthougiw€ oiienuserwoseparate sentences .nd put fhoughar rheend. It seenslike a goodklea.I dan't thinkh tt workin practice,though. a We canuseeye,rthoug, likea/thoughro givea nrcnq€rcontrast. Eventhough I wasn1feelingverywell,I still wentto wotk. 41 L|NK|NGWORDSt 171 E Contrast: vvher€as I We can usewl,erearin formalspeech.nd wit n9 to comp.rctwo fdclsand emphdsise the dilferencebetweenthem.The clausewith wfiereascan comeat the beqinnng or end tndonesiahas a lot of natu6l resources,whercas Singaparehasnone. Whereas lndonesiahas a lot of natutal resources,Singaparehas none. F Atthough or whereas? t A/thoughin a sentenceslggestssurprise.But the clausewith a/thoughdoesnot alwayscontaI the sr rp sing information- usuallyit is the clausethat comessecondthat seernssurprsing. We had a rcasonableyear in Asia,although sales fell a litfle in tapan Although salesfel a liftle in )apan, we had a rcasonable year in the rcst of Asia. Whereas simplycomparestwo factr.lt makesa strongcontran,bLrtthere s esssuggenionof We had a reasonableyeat in Asia, whereas salesin Eurcpe wete quite disappointing 6 We can use wh,/e like althaugh at whercas. while there are still sone issuesto rcsolve,I think we should go ahead. (l ke although') 'where.s') lnflation rose by 3o/olast yeac while house pticeswent up 6ok. I ke while sow.tuetantt wrkos ti jtuit.ttokt i.b tojob, tohryafik\ likc tBM .rtd Sllt Mi.tosNu5 I,,. tunt to han d rct. oI.dr@ist' n, I'toril( .onntuity. (Tlosnresswcck Onlinc wel,sire) G Contrast despitelin spite of $ Desplfe andh spiteota€ likea/though, blt theya€ fo owedbya nounor nounphrase Although I was ill, I went to wotk. = ln splte ol my illness,I went to work. Although salesin(eased, ptofitsfell. = Despitethe indeasein sales,profitsfell. Despitelcst tcdt\ Intdret bBiflBs sloalotn, oryontiont todayMttt ttill '?a,!hiv:tlk lnqn RIk al ddottit\< .-lrttrt.s ptu$tcta t$luolo$t.r.(e-business adviso!wcbsitc) Remember thata gerund(verbwith-,ng)canactasa noun. ln spite o DespiF feelingill, I went to wotk. (NOTE€5pii€-1-fu1$l|.|+ieF++€-,ir,€rk.) ,Z.--\ l - t-l t t l lt6l |'it I u,l l' ;. p tal 4:.;' 1 i=W:ri 'Andasyourdepartment representative, letmejust saythatI ambothproud tobetaking credit andhonoured foryouraccomplishments." 172 4't UNKtitG WORDS1 41 Practice E x e r c i sIeg D H H H Undeinethecorrect words. 1 Althouohlqut I likethis@mpany, t probably won'two* herelong. 2 In spiteaflAlthoughrheirsharcs are sing,thenfururcisnill uncerrain. 3 Kategavea good prcsenrarion, althoDhldespitehavingverytittletime to prepare. 4 Thisyearourearnings arecloseto $8m,!rf,7elstl// lasty€artheywer€jusi$6m. 5 Whereaslln spiteoflhesecandidates allhavean MBA,theseotheronesdon,t. 5 | readthe bookyousuggested. I didn't enjoyit, a/rhoughlthough. 7 | didn'thavemuchtimp.butlwhereas I managed ro visitthewhotesite. 8 Nowadays we haveveryfew strikes,bullwhereasten yea6agowe hada loi. 9 Weweren'tsu.ewhetherto go aheadwiththe laun.h,bu\we didit still/anyway. 1A Althaughltnspi@ofrhedelay, we stillarivedon tirne 11 | didn'trnanage to closeth€deal,a/fhorghlwherea5 | rcatly tried. 12 Aqhough lwhercasrheirsharepriceisfallingat the moment, thecompany s 5ti[a good ongtem Exercise2 g Rewrte eachgentence in two wayssoit hasa simila.meaning to thefifstsentence eachtime,Usethe wo(Vs n brackets, 1 Paula visited boththelvtadrid officeandtheEarcetona offie a){too) .......P..ar.414..yiti19d....t.k..^.4*.drid..ef-fiss..4^d...thg-..46r.fls.e-,..tec ... b) (aswellas).................... 2 Wecanhandle thetransport arrangements andthe insurance, 3 | wantthesales figures for October andNovemDer. a) (aswell)................. .. b) (aswdl as).................... 4 We?eset ng up officesin PeruandEcuador. Exercise3[![l! Completethe sentences with 9n€of thesewordsor ph.ases: although,anywljl but, in spiteof, stitt,though, whereas.Useeachword or ohraseonceonlv 1 carc didn't€cosniseMarrLarner, ...*ltln-u4h.. sh€hadmethimb€forc. 2ldon'tlikekaraokebars,.--..--................lwentwithmylapanesecli€nrsanyway. 3lotreredmybesiprice,butthey.......................djdn.tseemintercsred. 4 l th nkwe'llhaveto change oursuppliers. tts a pity, 5 .............--........ theearlyproblemtthe p.ojecthasbeena qreatsuccess. 6 Spainisa maturema*et _....................__ in Ponugatthere isnil roomfor growth. 7 We haven't gotallthefacts,but its worthdisrussinq it........................ 4t UNK|NGWORDSI 173 Exercise4CDEFG Rewrte eachpa r of sentences usng the wordsgiven There.retwo wayse:ch time. 1 I was rainifg.We got hereon tlme it w^, _îîM, we 4a+ he.z 6 +twe. :, Ahh^.. n, n.<nra 2 the .î^. \ ^ , e4 o L h e r e o ^ t i M e . had a headache eti went io the meelng. ol . . . . ., D U r. . 3 Some and yns think rh.t siocks will{a rn value Othe6 dsaqree. b\ ^'hoLg' Therewered fficLrtes In the negoliations. We won the contract a1 Do.pi,o b\ h"n 'o.qh ..... O pricerroseelrghtyian year Thl9yeartheyhavegonedown a) nLrq"d or ,arnougn... I v e w r i t l e nt w i c e r s t h a v e n t r e c e v € d d r e p l y b DP Pr" 7 H e d , d nt u s ea n yn o t e sH eg a v e . . e x c ee . l p r e s e n b t o n d Arhougq. .. He ... b) .. , though ExercisesBCEFG C o m p l e rreh ea . t c e a b o u tF o r m u a O n ew l h . s l i t a b l ew o r dt r o mt h e n b e l o w iAa6 x 4 ) w h e r e a(sx l ) d e s pt e ( x 2 ) b o t h ( r r ) d s w e ( x l ) a r w e l l a s ( x l ) a h o ( x l ) y e l ( x l ) a l t h o L r s( h One, JofmUla rerrarx an Frhe Emwth of lomula on€ over th€ .|. lal ten yed ha been exrr.ordin.ry. W h 400 million peopl€ watchinE e.h race it b pelhaF the world'6 nmber one BeGult are imporrnr (5).-------, , (6).......,..,..,........ FeFdi d<l M.Lrren" only letl @und Meede a.ociated hav€ h!E. spo4 (1)*L-t-bg}x[foo$ano)....................Iendi's make6 thir .laio, Iomll. One is the i.l€al ma&eiing tool for .ompani€6, 6 shoM by the la.t that sposos for lagua! like loi4 PAG and IISBC are v€ry hrppy (3) ..............,..,,,,,th€ lact thnt Jatld id not actuauy very suc.essful on the ha& Most yeffi th€ sport' b dominated by two teams, lenui dd M.Len-Mered6, (4) ....,...,...,,....,,.. oth€r teams like BAR qonda, BMW Witliams dd Benetton dd spo@Fhip deals, spocoF indld€ Malborc, liat (7).-..-..-......,....... M.Laren- Sh.ll, M€rced$ nav. Cooputet Asso.iate6. Th6e teatu M.rc.iles, Mobil and two lop ea.h haYe a bualget of over dd money .ones in fmm $300 iillioo direct sposoFhip and tnde support (3) .,,,.,,,..,,,,,,,-,- ndhddidn& TV rights t000 .aF a yeai Th€ ptoblem b that they !!e not dirctly volune c.r with a na$ (10)...................... prcducer, all the othei te@3 de. In rcality Ferari tu conboUe.l by Fiat,6!t {fl)...........---- b.ing the nain owner liat get! little publicity when Fe(an witu, tiie4 he failed, A me ..I€d EEo Fetui, a leg€nd in lalt lemi bmd have d mNal nde is very fdo$ pmblen Their dd the t€d Many y€ars ago Gianni Agnelli, the Fiat boss, wat€d to rdame (12) ....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, he the cs Fiat lerdi stood in htu wa]. Ee died in 1989 nd Agneli ftspecls his wish6, but things may chdae ir the tuture, A Reasoni because, at since S We us€ becduse d5 .nd sincewhen we want to explainthe reasonfor somethjng.4, and rr." a e more Lo,r.non - 'o l d, \pperh d d wrnrng 1n calling ta complain be.ause the goods arc danaged I am returning the gaods as/since they were danaged an affivaL I As and snce can comeat ihe beginningof rhe sentence.Normatty we do not beginsentences with because,but this is possblein infom.lspeech. As/since the gnods were danased an affiva|, tan rcturning them Be.ause yau?e a first-time custameaI need to seeyaur bank refercnces. B Result so t We useso io express a reslh. Notethe relationbetwe€nbecauseand jo: l'm calling to conplain be.ause the goods are danaged. (teaeon) Thegoods are damaged,so l'n calling ta complain kesutt) c Purpose;to and for o Weutethe to infrniiveto exp.ess purpose, to saywhywe do rhings Hewent to the aipart to meet Mr ri NOt {€r+€-s€er) I n ca ing to talk abautthe sales@nfercncenext week. M Zh taid / (;awt,m., t'otltl ait to rttto"c Chin\ , Mtlttyt|c t i wat@ ryltdu dtrt to tpccdtp rc.fornol thcldbolr ,rdrlcr. (Austr.liin FnNrciil Rcvicw wcbsire) a We can useil4orde.io orso ar to in placeof to. Theyare moreforrna. The CEAcalleda presscanferen.e in odet to explainthe neryet We can lse the negative/h onlet nat to ot so as not to We c.nnot useroi to on its own I ll call a taxi so as not to missny fliqht. INAI gke+e+ix1-n€F{€-,*h5-iqy4i9h*.) a We can ule fol followedby a nounto saywhy we do som€thing He ' tent to the airpott for a meeting with l\/lt Li. (= to hav€a m-cetng) (= to hav€somelunch) ShallwE go aut lor some lun.h) D Purpose:so t rat We canusero (that)to expresspurpose.Afterjo fihar)we usesubjecr+ verb. I grc$ tu qrcstiottL hotudoyor dewloplout.ortpdry so that it .ar euatftin ttpo,lte ta .l&ryi'E tstoh'.t expe.tdtio'rr(e-businesadvisorwebsire) pufpose a Fora preseni we usethe p.esent simpe, wil/or can. t'tt sendit by couiet so (that) it gea/ft'll get to yau on tine. t'n catlingyou so (that) | can che* you lastarder . a Fora pastpurpose we lse the pansimple, wouldor could. I sentit by couier yestetdayso (that) it gotli(d get to you an time I left wak earlyso (that) t could go thedoctorc. 42 L|NX|NGWORDS2 r 175 f the subjectof ihe fnsl pdl1of th€ sentenceand the subjectof th€ different, we can't use to. W€ haveto useso fthat). l'm calling to talk about the salesrcnferen.e. l'n caling so (that) we (an talk about the sales@nfercnce. She caled a prcss.onfercnce to explain the neryer She called a .onfercnce so (that) joumalists could ask quesrions. (dtfereitsubjecr) Manner: at as if and like n thiscase a W€canusea5or/itebeforeacause(subleCt+verb)tomean'inth€waythdt'. rherels no diffe€ncein meann9,butdsismoreformal. Herunsthe rcnpany as/like hisfatherusedto. Well havefou peoplevrorkinson thestand,as/like we did lastyeat As Cektftl EMp. lookJotstovh, ft .o dl.d d lotton @utniesLikeLrcland, Pofttrdl, Sprrl nndCr.rc.A afth.n stat.d of tJEnEU dluA fN poot/ thar tu EU avcras?, irst as Centtul (Business Europe website) Eutup.ti do. Centnl a Wecanuseaslfor rte beforea cl.useto sayhowgorneone or sorneth ng feels,ooks,sounds I havea bit of a tenpetature lteel as if/like lshouldgo hone. It looksas iI/like weTegoingto recoverour costsby the endof theyeat n tf Fotttro de.dd.s, I:ricdelNcrbcrrat thegianrCcnnansaviks!bo W$|LB ds if it t ?rc thelorrr'flcrt. (Business Weekvebsitc) a Wecanlse asand/i*ebeforea nounor nounphrase. In this(asea5means'something is something, and/ke means'something s sirnilar lo somelhing' Shevwtksas a financtalcontrol/e/: Gheis one) (sheth nksin a s m ar wayto one) Shethinkslikea financlal conuol/er: (it s a test) Werc usingtheEstonianna*et as a test fhe Estonianmalketis like a testfot Finnishnarket. (it s not a test.but is it s m ar to one) W4 Ho:tia, lauie goitg lo da itjut t llingla" "ot todo it Y.ri. going ta btaa,Ik ' do it brru. t.L b.lia. ia it 176 rt:|U (It{G WORDS 2 42 Practice Exerciset Eg Compiete these@ndsentence soit hdsa similafmeaning to thefiut sent€nce andconrains thewordir 1 lt wasinconvenient for e!€ryone,so the meetingwaspostpon€d.(as) astlr9...Yg.eJ!.Y..t"-.4t-..ilsgl-Y-e.'î'.4.lrl..f-"J..-e.y-e.!..)€!!9...!J..gr-..p.. . 2 | sentKarena copyof theminutes because shemjssed the meeting(so) Karcnmissed theneeting,. 3 I hada lot of papeMorkto do, so I finishedwo* late.(because) I finished wo* iate............ 4 l ll callyouback.I haveto go nowbecause I hav€a meeting. Go) l'll callyouback.I havea meeting, .................... 5 Hedoesn'tknow sol'll asksomeone else.(since) Exercise2 f E L,nderline thecorectword_ justb&lkl fot to nake sho(-termprofit. 1 Wele not in thisbusiness 2 l'll explain in motedetailjolfhat ourobiectives areclear 3 | wrctethe datejn mydiaryso tharlrolwouldotforgetthemeeting thismofning. 4 Hercsignedin ordettol fol spendmoretime with hisfamily. 5 iackcameto mein otdertolfor aduice. 6 we'll agrceto yourofferso that we canlcouldctosethe deat. 7 We agreedto theirofferso that we @n/couldctosethe deat. 8 Sherechecked thefigure5 sothattheauditors won,t/ylouldr,t findanvefioBwhenthevcame. 9 l'l rccheck thefigures !o thattheaudjtoElron,t/hr'ouldn,t findanyerrorswhenthevcom€. 10 t\,4any visitors comehereto see/forto seeourautomated production line, Exercise3 I X l\,4atch the beginnings of eachsentence 1-16withan endinga)of b). 1 | went to Barcelona to 2 lwentto Barcelona for 3 l'rnherefor 5 lthinkit3 timeto 6 | thinkit3 timefor 7 lt3 worthshoppinq aroundfor 8 lt3worihshopping aroundto 9 | left wolk early so that I 10 l'll haveio leavework earlyso thar I I1 | kept his business cad so that I '12 l'llkeep his business cardsso that I 13 l ll dealwithrt personally sothartherc l4 | dealtWth it llv so that the.e E E n n n n n tr n n n n ! ! a) the TladeFair a) a m€eting with ManuelLopez. !l a) havea shortcoffeebr€ak a) 9) a betterp ce. a) cango the deniist. (ould go to the dentist. a) wouldrernember hisname. b) 'llremember hisname. a)aren'tanyprobems. 42 LINKINGWORDS2 177 Exercise4 p f possible Areth€sesentences in English or impossible. WritePorl I l speakloudersothat everyone canhear. tr (an heaf. 2 l'll spe.klouderin orderto everyone n 3 sorryl'll explain myprcposal againto avoidanyconfusion. n 4 sorryI'llexplain myprcposal againsoavoidanyconfusion. n s sorryl'll explain myprcposal againsowe avoidanyconfusion. n 6 Wernailourclients€gula y notto losecontactwiththem. n 7 Wemailourclients regulafly soasnotto losecontactwiththem. ! 8 l ll takean umbrella sol won'tgetw€t. tr 9 ltakean umbrella so|wouldn'tgetwet tr 10 I' takean umbrclla soI don'tg€twet n Exe.cise 5 I Completethe sentences with ai or ,l€, or put asl/ikeif bothate possibe. 1 Whilelwasat university | sometimes worked........--4t......... a waiter goang 2 lhe negotiations verys|ow|y,....................... are I expeded. 3 Anna's sofunnyl5he3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,......., a comedian. 4 We'll9endtheoder in two consignments, .....................,. we agreed in the meeting, 5 Thiscaisis is not ............-.-........ the lastone.lts wo6el 6 I'm lucky.I havea smallroomat homethatI use....................... mystudy. 7 Youlookjust....................... yourbrother I Ina sltuation Iikethis,youshoulddo exactly ....................... it sal6in the book. Exercise6fllfl @ ot wo(ysin thrsdialogue. Uodrrli* ,n" .o,rcc-t Oh, hi, Pamcla.Coutd you give me some advicc? J cx: PAM!L{, Y.ah. surc. Itt about my laptop.I usc it a lot when I'm our ofrhe ofiice, (1) & /l;&e I wantedto talk to JcK you about sving my f'16 ... I, er, donl w"nt to lose e!"eryrhing ifrhele's a ploblen. p.Mrr.^: Hm. Do you b^ckrp yov cs Q) Jor / to make suE your work is safe? Oh yes.I h.ve a sm. stonge device that plugs into the USB port - nt (3) drli*e a porribte JAc& hard disk.And so ifanyonc srole my laprop it wouldn't be such a dis.lter (4) 6e.,!Jelr/ I would sril have aI my files. P,\MEL^, We , thatt OK rhen. The problem i! I often keep this device h the sameplace as my laptop (s)rrlJo ,'d, it's J^c(i esy for me ro find.And thari wh worries me. J c(; prM!1 , r cK eNEL^, t cK: p ME^, l^cKi preu, r^cKi pAGu, t cx: WeI, yes. lt's edy for me io 6nd, (6) ro /ro ,r.t irt east,for rhe thief too. Ah, hah.It soun& O) a/6 iryour geninB.litde bir pamnoid,Jack. So,is rheE somekind ofsolurion (8)r'lto people (9) drllik? ne ... who are worried? Do you Ee )our laptop (10) /o /rr acces the Inrerner? Ofcou6e. WeI, (11) e/ td @rry /so a not to roiy.bottlosng },our file. how about uitrg on lirc stomge? Um, wlhtt tlbr? It work (12) arldr,fa b"d dislq03) 6,/rle pur ponable device,but irt d InternersireOh. You cD upload files ro rhe sire whenewr yo! wt 174)to that/lihe rhey.re therc ro doqrload on Dother occasion. Ir .ould be with aorher compurei I use ir a[ the rime (15) ro tnarlro keep copis ofmy mosr importat fles. An,I see.Tha.som& (16) a/,1. a tealy sood idea.Wel. th"nk a 1or.I'I do dEr. eveloping an argument 1 A Words meaning and. but and sa a Units41 and 42 gav€wo.ds iikeard, butand so to join parrsof sentencesWe cdn lse onger wordsand phrases with the samemeanng to link borhacrosssentences and with n more comPlexsentences a d: ]n addition, Eesides,Morcovet, Fullhernore brl: Howevec Neveftheless,On the othet hand so: fherctorc, Consequently,As a result (for ex.mpe present.tons)andwrt ng Theseword! and phrasesaretypicalofformal5peech TheyLrsually comeat the startof a sentenceand hdvea commaafreMdrds,but can comeafter a comrnai. the middleol d sentence. SuppherA is cheaper,and then defiverytines are gaod. HoweveL supptierB has better qualty products and they have a gaad reputatian in the narket. Thisnew processprcduces lesswaste, and as a result it's nuch beftet for the environnent Orr sta.ksdre ovn\ in a dou.mnftlsspitul,thercJore theF.d t$t an i, ct.!t t tc: h l,nastotjt .oilidott.Tlot, at lcdlt,is th. tl@ry nuokr nos'!^ lh Qpk. (FortJcs.com wcbslre) B Exampfes: for example, for instance, such as a We.an usefor example ot for instanceNotelhepossibie positions Ourcastshaveganeup. Fot exanple, the costaf steelhasneartydaubted. Ourcastshavegoneup. Thecostof steel,for e,,mple, hasneartydaubled. . Weuseiuclrasin themiddleof. rentence to giveexamples lt isthesameas ttke'.Suchasrs fo owedby a nounphrase, nota wholeclause. Sone delays,suchas strlkesat badweathe,arcbeyondou contrct. Somedelatsarebeyondaur cantrcl,suchas sttikesot badweather c Additionaf/real information: in fact, act ratly a We useln fact,Actuallyot As a nafter of fa.t \a adda pi€ceof informationto whai we jlst sad. The lecondpieceof infomationgivesmorcdet. s. We haveplenty in stock. ln fa.tlAs a matbt ol fad we coutd delvet tanorrow We a so usethesewordr to emphasise what the rcalsiruarionis.Th s is surprisngo. differenrto what peopleimagine. I thaught we had somein stocla but in fact/actually we don't. D sequence: first ol all, as wetl as this, linally a WecanuseFist, Finly, Fitstofal/to beq n a serie!ofponh n a lormatargument.Forother nlmberedpo nrswe saysecord,secondly,er.. Toadd a poini without nlmbeinq we cans.y 45 w€l/as this, Besides thisar tn additian. At the end we ..n say F,ndl/y. Why choosethe C2e(hRepublic?Well, fiRt of a , it haslawet labaur cast-lthan ather neighbouing counties, and secondly, it hasa nable tuffency. As wett as this, it hasa tftined warkfofte wtth gaad labaur relatiant and finally, it hasa tuang tocatnarket ZII DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENTI I79 a To finish one point we can .ay Overallot Takingeverythinginta @nsideration. Ornll, a tuo 67% oJthe aduhloprktion is eflplayedar Laokinrfot uork, nahq be.tu\e _fe tdlepa i.ipation in the lalrotfotu hdsjunpcd ouetthe b6t two dtudet. (BusinessWeek Io f nisha formalspeechwe.an saytn conclusbn. ln .ondusion, l'.1just like to thank you aI very much fot coning, and I laak fotuvardta seeing you agnin at our next meeting on 31 septenber E Generafising: in general, on the whole a Thercaremanywordsand phrases we canuseto talk gene?lly:ln genenl, On the whale As a rule,TwicalLtAll in aI, Easkaly,ovetall,qrcadlyspeaking. Orydnkatiors tfpi.ally hd,efw 'Mto et' rclatioithips:cwtonca,b,sinssp tnes,supplie\, c'flploycas, drd shdteloldeo.(€-businesadftor website) a lf w-.wantto makea balanced argument we oftenuteoneof thesephrases followedby a ideawitha wordlikebd (seesection contrasting A .nd unit41). ln genetal thelapaneseeconomyhasnot beenverydynanicoverrccentyeaR.However, sometechnology and telecomconpaniesategrcwingveryfast. On the wltole lthink touie ight, although ldisagrcewith yau abaut thelevelof risk. F Summarising:so, to sum up, in summary a We canuse5q /n shod Toput it sinply,Tosumup and/n summaryto rlrnmadse 5o, to sum up the ,iain pointsof my presentation so faa vw area trulyintenatianalcanpany ofturinga full nngE of seNicesto corpotateandprivateclimn'in the arcasol finance,banking andtnsurance. Top"t it sirtply,Joodtto.cssosuill losctotnpetitiftft!' d' d dirtt rc t o.fEU hu ,$hip. (BusinesCentnl Eurcpewebsite) G Either ... or ,,., inshad of except for a We usee,therto begina listof possibilities. Wedo not begn w th or.Theotherpossibil t esaf€ intfoduced witho/. Eitherwe couldcanceltheprodud launch,or ponpaneit (NOTe*r€+€dd-€aF€e+) Butin speech we canbeginwitho/to complete theothefpersonb idea. A:'We couldjun cancelthelaunch.' Bt 'Ot perhapspost@neit.' a Weuse/hneadfo, to mean'inthe placeof something else'.Atthe endot a sent€nce, hstead is usedwithoutot Canwe havethe neeting on Fridayinsbad of Thu6day? thusday is no good?OK,canvle haveit on Fiday ins.€ad? a We useeycept,etceptfor or aparffromto mean'not incuding'. I havecontacledeveryoneexcept(for) Margarct. 180 43 DEVELOPII{G AI{ ARGUMENT'I 43 Pra<tice E x e r < i sIeI E C E E Underline thecor€ctwords. 1 Jfresistered mailis too slow,we couldusea @urieri!@gllinnead of. 2 Thefallin sharepiceshdsmadeinvestoE neruous. Onthe others,lrelhan4 it'san ex<€llent buying yout€ p€pared opportunity if to takea risk. 3 Asa rulellherpfore I don'tnomallyhavea biglunch,butl'llcomewithyouto the restaur.nt today. 4 All commodirypricesroselastweek,a/ioley.eptgold. 5 We canettherlo/wait for a train,or go by taxi 6 | knowMadridverywell.A6a natterof factlon theevholelworkedtherefor a shortt memanyyeafs ago. 7 As a nattet of fadlon the rvholestocksarc riskierthan bonds,but stockscang ve a b€tterreturnin the longterm. 8 lt'sconvenient for meto cometo wolk by car On ihe othet handI Eesides, Ihe lrain wouldprcbablybe 9 lt! convenient for meto cometo work by car On tie otherhandlBes,ijes, the companypayrfof the paRrng. 10 Investment in areaslor erample/such ai biotechnology canbe isky. I 1 lnvestment in someareas,br exanplelsuchas biol€chnology, canbe risky, 12 Canwe sendan emailexceptlorlinsteadof a laxl E x e r c i s2el l l l l l l Complete eachsentence witha wod or phrase fromthe listbelow. eec€llt aswell asthis either except inslead suchas neverthelessso in generai the€fore 1 People thinkit3 expensive, Out.........1St14'l1y......... overthe longterm t isn't. 2 Therestaurant isopen€veryday.,...........,...,,,,,,,,.,....... [,4onday, 3 She3 outofthecountry and............,,,.....,,,,,,,,.,.,.. unable to attend themeeting, going 4 lwas9oin9on Tuesday, butnowl'm on Monday ...............,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. . 5 .................................. lthinkthe meetin9 wentverywell,although we didn'tmanage io agreeon the composition of the newteam. 6 Somea.eas, ............................-..... recruitment, areoutsourced to othercompanies, 7l'msorry...................---.-..........youacceptthisprice,orwecan'tdobuslness. 8lt'sreliable,safeandeasytouse..........---.....,,,,,...........-,it3excellentvalueformo 9lt'sreliable,safeandeasitouse.....................,.............,themaintenancecostsca 10 ...-.....-...............----.-..., in short,its reliable, safeandeasytouse. Exercise 3 !!! Plt fourcommas in thisshortparagEph. ln geneftltakingan MBAis a good ideafor an anbitiousteung prcfessianal howewtyau do haveto nake sone tacifices. You,'iss out on lwo WE valuauework expeiencefar exanpleandit canbe vety 43 DEVELOPINGAN ARGUMENT I 181 Exercise4 A B C D E F G '8 o" R e a dt h r a c e a b o u t t r a n s p opdo l i c yi n c t y c e n t r e sC.o m p e t e t h ed . t d e b y c h o o s n gt h ec o r r e c t a ternatvefiom A, B, C or D below Thisexercseinc ldes revision oi !n t 41. Wanfto enter/the city? dorry, ttoaff hauo[o1ay, Tmf6c congestio. in cily centres is a big coursequire ddBerous. (4)............. cas problcm for borh busine$es and residents. causetrafficjds dd (5)............ mdr hou( .ilies, (S),.,.........Ansrerdm- a€ alreadt organisedin rhis q.y. Bur tbe most ndical Policy makersare bein8 forced lo lhink of of work iime m lon. (6)............. people measureis rord pncing.Asking notorisls to soludonr based on public trtrsp.n, rcad necd inccniives b€foE they chanee their pay ro enrercirycenrresis co.hlersirl, bu1 pricing and rcsl.icled use of onc kind or habilsmd ahemativcsro cars arc olten not anorher(l)....C..... unlidited accc$ ror ca6 availabl€or of pmr qualily.Thc fi6r thirg is is an incre$ingly common solLrtiod.So, ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . ... .p. e c r n s e er h i d r g i n a r , v e al all dmes. Wtal aE rhc Easors fo! lhis? lhar publ,c tanspon nrusr become more dd som€linesunpopul.r measurcswill be (2) ............ . cas cau* noiseandpolludonin eliabh and more comionable.(7)............. neededlo makc the citt ccnlrr a nrort reas where people walk. shop or so sights&i,re,and (3)............rhh rhey are oi bicyclerw shouldbeen.ourrged.(8)............ pleasanttlace io work rDd li!e. by hnvin,qmore cycle lanes. Somc l.rge 2 5 A aewel A -oirher C ln lact B Ako B However C And I both C .s. reslrlt D Ercept C50 c act!ally 1 0 A l h n dy c nstead Exercise5ACDEG td)ae CornpLele th s speechmadeby the eaderol a Koreaniradedeegarionat the end of a trip ro Wal€swith the wordsand phrases frornthe [sl beow fi|{f€fill in conclueion in addilion lherefore nneadol 'could lllst ray a few words?rh.nk you. well, (1) ..{irtt :r a rLre however n fa.t 'd ke ro rhankeveryoneheredi GNKior organising today3visit.We haveenjoyedmeetinqall the staff,seeng yoLrrnew pfoductsand l o o k i n g. o u n dy o ! r f . c t o r y( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .l.w. .o. .L. r l dl i k e1 ot h a n kt h e l o c a c h a m b eor f C o m m e r c e pf +!l who rnadethe wholetdp porrible.As you know,we seethe Europeanmarketasveryimportantfor our c o m p a n y( 3. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , i t i sc e n t r at lo o u ' f u t u r ep a n s .( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ,. r n e u r et h a t we can look forwardto evenclosercoope.ationbetv/eenouf two .ompanes in the lutue. ( 5 ) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 itth' si b ne k t t e tro k e e pt h e . e r € m o n i es sh o r to n o c c d s o n sk e t h s , (6) ...... ..................... , I wouldjust ke to t.ke this oppoilunityto ledveyou wirh somerhingto remembe.olrvisit, and so havegrcatpleasurc in pres€nting ihis bookwih photographs of Koreato L ' h e yo. d e.lo..! \Ar'rn o_9.(7r . . . . . . . I o o et h . t w e n d y " o o l " . v e p l e d " -e o _ wecomingsomeo1yo! to our countryrn the fuiure. Perhaps ihe nen iirne w€ meet t will b€ n Seou ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. .a r dJ fI o n . e a g a i nt,h a n k y o ua v e r ym u c h ' eveloping an argument 2 A Personal comment a The.eare mafywords and shortphrasesthar corneat th€ beginningof d sentenceand he p us to mak€a pe.sonalcomment. Givingyourown ideas lnformationyou havehe.rd Mon peopleknow this From ny point af view ln ny opinianlview Pesanally Apparcntly, lt seens that Cleatly,Of cou,i,e,Obviously Luckily Fanunately,Happily 'adly, Unfotturately, Unhappity Tobe hanestffrank,A.lually, ftankly Fo unatry,ltcrcm pkntyotsA$ lnt Merkohtdy.litdlly hdu.tedttlad a rcu t.ucl.:fpothndt d d @ oh'i t'andry. (GlobalBusine$Magrzinervebsirc) 'Frath\,,I nidn\ knou'!,lnt I ws Pdrkabo'tstdrtinrq hisbdrk.,tjust lon]ljb da,'snys Id,t.i to ftplkak lk !cni..t of.lin$ h h. U.S.I rus hhknq pdty rood onq dt Meftill Lynlt dn.]I tlto*ht I.o l dk. Ltft on y aM.' (AsiaIrc On Linewebsire) Otherwods usedto makea personalcommentrcude: adniftedty,coincidenta\y, cutiously, incredibly,interestingl)t ianically,natuely, paradoxicatty, prcdictablysigniticantly, surptEingly, unbelievably, understandably, unexpectedly. It youwantto qiveyourideasfrornoneparticu ar pointot vew youcanusea phraseke: (speaking), Technically kientifically(speaking), fton a financiat/technical paint of iet!, elc B Other linking words and phrases e Studyihi! listof commonlink ng wo.dsand phrasesused n speech. Givingth€ monrmportant example or situation you6elf Correcting supporting a previous statement Changing the5ublect finformal) (morctormal) Changlng thesubiect Especially,ln pafti.ulat Abave all 8y the way, Sa,Anyway h telation ta, As rcqatds, l"llovingan to, Asfaras. Dismisling somethlnq/Preparing to finish is concerned AnWay C Structures to focus on important information d W€ c.n lotus on importdntinformatonwth the srructuelhe + noun+ 6 Thesecondpart of ihe sentenceis usualyd 'that' clauleor a wh- quenro. (which,what, when,how erc) The thing is (that) the whole idea is just too risky. The thing is, how nud money witl all this cost? Nouns usedwith this structwe in lrde: answeafa.t, point, probtem, question, solutian, thing, The question is, what are we going to da abaut it? The trouble is (tha it s qoing to be vert e^pentve N We can {ocuson importantinfomation uringa cdlse that beg nswith whai: What we need is a few dars to think abaut this in nore detait. What rm going to do is call aur warehouseand seehow nany we have in stack. What wonies me is the tine they'rc taking to nake a decisian. 44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT 2 183 D At the end, in the end, at last O The phrases at the erd,ln the end and atlasrdo nor havethe samemeanifg: Atthe end refe6to a point ntime I spokefot 20 ninutes, but there wete a lat of questiorEat the end ln the end means'aftera lotoftime or'€ventually I waited until ten, and in the erd I /eft. (+ pdst tense) makesa commentthat we are ple3sednow because a long wa t hasended At |ast l've finished this rcportl (+ pesent tense e9: pres€nrperf€ct) Beat i'dtkets dte d ndtndl ua of stocks,n' tu sdnetuoytlut fu.s dr. a na\ndl .farceih the Iorests. Enk thotlrh it\ ta rh to u'otch,tlt 'rd',et is r|hu lrcohhi.t h the dd. 0trall Sr.eerJoumal E tt untess, otherwise a Conditionals with /f(units l7 and l8) are importantior developing an argument 'if The linkingwordsurlessand otherwlsehavethe meanlng not Lookat the nextthre€ exampeswhich all havethe samerneaning: lf we donl pay the invoke naw they ll cut back aur crcdit. Unless we pay the inwice now they ll cut backou credit. We should pay the invoice now othetwise they ll cut back ou ctedit. Wtdt pd ftB.ar I'c lrrdo Stuk Ex.ltut1*clcath out to?A ti!1tp uith Iiankfiltt ptubably ohl happc',,Mlets d ndiully dtcE typaaJptupoldl ca, b. p tatcllu. (accolrnrincy rgc Abbreviations in written English a Notelhe following abbreviatio.s whichae commonn writtenEnglish: = thatisto say(fromtheLatin'id en') ie (fiomtheLatin'erempllgratia') eg = for example NB = note(fiomtheLatin'notabene') Miak'i-lJarddobal B2Bfaod cx.hdileFoodttudu.+(k !'o naft l1t 1al,of g,uth a Ccn al Aktn.o\ USS3TSbnlood tarhe!h..o,i'rckdo iflah2001.OJlt.ldnou t, Foodthder hatles to .dpturc10D%, i. soh'cUStJ7t,r. (busine$newsanericaswebsite) g b, tl)euay drtw I1o1'. ary tu"2r2 ttin W end nr ary,"an?? Do td b,tu ^nJoar@b b^ ant nnq? Will tt r snd tu aar nonaJr rA4 44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUi/IET2 44 Practice Exercise 1trtrLqEiH Underline thecorrect words. l l likeall the marketingideas,hut in oatticularlinpafttculartthe frce sarnples. 2 Framourpoint of iewltn ourpoint of viewrharwouldnot be a goodsolLrton. 3 h seenslApparently, rhe Boardis goingto appointa newCEO. 4 lt seems thatIApparently a,haa the Boardisgoingto appointa newCEO. Fonunatelylwith 5 Soodfoftuneshewasn'tlinen;ng. 6 A.tuallylTruly,l've nevetreallytrustedhim. 7 MovingonlMovingon b the question offinance, we'llne€dro r.iseabout$2m. 8 WetriedaBuingwith them,butat theendl,intheendwejustgave!p. 9 Frankieb managed to get ajobat lastlintheendl 19 Unlesslotherwise we decidewithin the nextfew weeksit'll be loo ate. I I lt'll be too lateunless/otherw,se we decidewithin the nexrfew weeks. 12 We mustdecidewithin the nextfew weeks,unless/othena,lse it'll be too laie. 13 Somecountries in Elrope,ielegSpainandkeland, aregrowingstlongty. 14 ELrropeb threebiggest economies, lelegGermany, France andthe uK,areallgrowng strongy. Exercise2 H E Complete thereplies to thecomments belowbyfollowing theinstructions tn brackets andusingthewods andphfases fromthelistbelow p€.s€€19 anyway of couBe by the way aboveall appareftly Eftefall or rather unfortunatelyto befrank 1 'Weshouldhavethe prototype rcadybylune. (giveyourideas) .....Pft9..^411y.... , t thinkaugustrsmorerearrstrc. 2 'Theinsurance on thissystem doesn'tlooktoo expensive.' (mostpeopleknowthis).........................-.--, it needs ro be renewed everyyear 3 'l'vegot Wo spareticketsfor the operatoniqht.Areyouinterested?' (youwouldliketo go bui can't)............................. comrnltment. , l'vegota previous 4 'Soat theendof thedaylthinkwe didquitewell.' (change thesubj€ct) ....---...................... , whatdidMatthewsayaboutparis? 5'The jointventuEwithOptikaisrunningintoallsortsof problems.' (behofen)..-........... ............. inrojt in rh€firstptace. , w€ shouldneverhaveentered 'l 6 thinkit mightbetimeto setup an officein Estonia.' (suppoftthe previous naiament) ............................. operai€n Fintand. , we akeady job?' 7 'Whydidnt Robedqetthe newsales (giveinformation youhavehearo............................. a disaner , hisintervlewwas 8'Everythinqseemsverywell preparedfhereshouldn't beanyp.obems., (prepare tofinish)....................----..... , we cantalkaboutit againfearerrhetime. 9 'Carmenreallydeserv€d to get the newsalesjob.' reason) ..--.................--...... {givethe monimportant of herexpertence. . b€cause 10'l thinkweshouldtarqetournextlineof .lothesat a youngefmarket., (corectyourselfl...... Itsa goodidea, ---....itcouldbeagoodideaifwedon,ttoseour existing customeE by doingso- 1I4DEVELOPING 2 AN ARGUMENT 185 Exercise3 A B D unit43 ,-r 50 lncludessomerevieion of unit 43. Underne lhe corrcctwordsIn th|spresentation .bout roboticsThisexercise \1) Firstof alllAftet a , t'd ke to thank K€ikolshidafor her kind wods of introduction,and for nviting ' me hereto speakto you thls mornrng.Thetitle of my ta k is 'TheAge of the Robof, and be talkinq todayabout rcbotics,and (2)anywaylinpanicularrhet comrner.i. €xploitauon. (3) Espe.ially/clea y rherc'shugeinterestin the subject,ascan be seenby the nurnberof peoplein the audlencetoday and this it not surprisingas we predictthat overthe nextdecad€roboticss goir'lglo be we predidtthal heath-care one of th€ wodd! fanen growingindustries@)Togivean exampie/However, r c b o t si n l a p a na l o n ew b e a $ I b i l l i o n m a r k e t b y 2 0 1 0 . T h e y l l b e p r e s e n t i n h o s p i t a h a n d n u r s i n q food t|ays.ceaninq,supponingpatientswho homes,remindlnqpatientsto tak€ mediciner,d€livering €ke \s) exceptfot/instea.lof peellngthe qrapesl haveproblemswalkinq,and doingalmostevery4hing public general is lconcening the ?enerclpublic, SonyCalporat on th nks thal As far as rhe cancerned 16) the bestplaceto launchthe rcbot rcvolutionis homeente(a nment,becaus€s ng ng and dancnq robots (7) Erpe./ally/Furthernore, don't do an!,thingelsentialand t3 oK if they mak€a mistakesometimes. homeenlertainment is lkely to be rhe brggeslmarket(8)ev€ntua/t/at/a5t,with som,6househodshavnq robots. tlvo or thrce iust likethey havePCstoday.(9)As a nafter of fact/fLlovingon all the leadingp ayers NECand Omronare fvest ng lens ot m llionsol do a6 in lhe \1q suchaslfat exanpleMatsushita. hasbeenrapd, and scientstsnow dev€lopment of personalrobats.(11)lneanlAs a rcsuhprogress (omplex fof actionslikewalkingon two feet without lallingover undelstandthe technologynecessary ii! c ear that the development of 'robo sapiens'with somethng that An the othet hand/At the er4 \12) will lake longer,(13)espe.ially/otEthet a otlorcet. apprcximates humanintelligence /ln generclits clearihat In termsof competitionbetweencountriesJapanleadsin 114)Newftheless aretry ng hardto catchup. And lapan roboiicsat the momeft, (l5) although/apanfrcn \he Arnercans doesurcentlyneeda whole new areaof productsto sellto the world as profit margin5in oth€rareasof getssmaller consumerelectronics So,\16t ln factlta sun up, t'vetriedto showyou how I be evewe?e ent€ing a new age.the age oi the opportuniti€s robot,and t! an aqe that3 full of business Exercise4 A B D unit43 checkthe answeElo exercse3 beloreyo! do thiser€rcse Thenfind wordsand phrasesfrom the correcl below anrwersthat ares m ar to the expressrons r Tobesn wlrh 2 n iact 3 As regarde 5 O n t h ew h o e 6 Obviously Fit:t+ Pt..All 9 Nowever 10 n short 12 despitell-rela.t that l5 especially 146 repositions of place ..'t X A rnaf with a scariaroundh s neckis ,n a tih He is teaningagainrtthe wa of the tift. Thelitt is comingup from th€ nreet be/ow. h a mornenlthe manwill walk rrrough the fr doo6 and hto the office.He will put h s jacket o/r the coatsrandwhich is b//rear the tift. 3 Thereis a man!.vaitingfor the lilt. He haspressedthe button to go dorrn An the ather side of the lilr doo6 rslane. She is wa k n9 at\tay frcn rhe tif\ aqass the rco'Yl, pastthe photocopierrowdrdra meetingroorn. Jackis besbelnexrto the photocopie(Aboyethe photocopiers a shetf Ne s mov ng the boxes ol paperoff the sheJ orto the floor 5!e and Ma* a.e siningaftheir desksoppojireeachorher Ther compurers arein front of 1 lhem on thei. desks.Sehreenthernis a wane-paperbin and the photocopiers behlrd Sue. Malk haspLrthiscoat overthe backof hischan S!e5 bag is underh€r chair. 8 SLreis puninga etier /nJlde.n envelopeand Ma* s tak ng somethn9 ort of hisdrawer. A At or in? q We useatto ta k aboutthe positionof som€thing,or.bour the place wheresomethng happens4fshows a generalocation. Meet ne at my otfice. There'ssomeoneat the door I ll seeyau at the meeting. (posirion) (wheresomethlnqhappens) ,t, Weuse/ir withihe nameof a conrainer, placeor.re. to showrharsorneone or lornethinq nsideit. plenn/of papetin the photocopier There's she'sin the third rcom on theleft. Ou headofficeis in France/thenotth/paris. s stLrdythese ex.mples for pub c buildings: I'llseeyau at the airpott. (the p acein qeneral) I I seeyouin theaipan turmlnal(insrde rhebuitdinq) t hada hatddayat theoffice. (pefiapsI spenlsometimeoutot rhebu ding) t bebackin theafficeat thre€ (ifsidethe buildrns) 45 PREPO9TPNSOF PLACE 147 B Expressionswith at in and on a I a Note these fixed exprcssionswith at at the frantlback at the toplbotton at tle ieaede at the stationlaipott Notethesefixedexp€ssions with in: in the middle in my hand in the corner in the country in the nkrar in the photo/picture (= ir the chat in chargeofthe meeting) at the beginninglend at hanelwo*/schaol in a queue/linelraw in a book/nagaanelnewspaper in hospitallprison Noteih€sefixedexp€ssions wirh on: on the left/ right on teleision lthe radio on the phone/ the computer pagelnap on the scrcen on the on the M6 (motorwaysand .oads) on the first floot on the plaXornlpavenent on the Rhinekivea) you are containedn a smdllerspacewher€ on the plane/busltrain(but in a carltaxibecause you cant standup) a Wthaddresses,weuseinforthestrcetnameandatwhenwe5aythestreetnurnberasw Americans useon for streets. Out offices are in Piccadilly. Out offlces are at 14 High Street. I went shopping on fifth Avenue. c AboveI below over I under a Above/bebwmean'higher/lower than'.Theycanbe usedwiihoutan objeci. The lloor above/below usE occuptedby an t^sutah.e<ompany Fron the mountainlcould seethe lakebelow a Ovet/undet mean'diec.ly above/below'. Theybothneedan object. Weflew dght ovet WindsorCastleon ou wayinto Heathrcw fhere'sstll a lot of oil under the sea. In thiscaseit rslike'across'. Overcanalsobe usedfor movemenl. Wehaveto go over/acrossto the othetsideof the strcet. O€lcan ;l5ome.n'covering'. Theyveput a plasticsheetover the hole in thercoL a All 'oJr wo.os<anbeLsedtor posrtrons In a management hr€rarcny Aboveme b the gles DircrTorUnderme thetearc faur sabsstaff. D Opposite, next tolbeside, nearlby a Opposiremeans'exactlyon the othersideof a space. we satowosiE eachother in theneefing. O Nextro andbesidemean'exactlyat the sldeof. Sesdecanbe rnoreforrna. .tohnshouldsit nert tolbeside lreneat the neeting. 'close 'at thesideof . O lvearmeans io' 8y medns Iherc areoneot tvtogood restaurants near herc. can we havea tableby the window? Wehada halidaynearthe sea. (closeto the sea- a few ki om€tresaway) Wehada halidayhy the sea. (westayedon the beachmostof th€ time) laa 45 PREPOS|T|OI{S OFPTACE 45 Practice E x e r c i s1eg # 9 r y . Underline the coffectword. 1 Lookin theAppendix e/by the endof th€report. 2 got planesomeone When I iDlo, the wassittingin myseat. . 3 Whata fantnic view!Theskyaborclo!€r andthe seabetowtunder. 4 Nextwe€kl'll beatl,h Hungary for a fewdays5 TurnintoWenernAvenue andyou'llseeourofficesonlatyourl€ft. 6 Yo! canl missit- The€staurant isexa(lybyloppogre thecinerna. 7 | oftenworkinlat homein theevening. 8 | boughtthistie irlat Madison Avenue. - 5he3jun arlonthe phoneat thernoment. 9 she'llbe helein a few minutes l0 Thepowersocketisoverthere,bylaathedoor. I I Thisgraphisnt labelled propey.W te theunit5bylnento theX axis. 12 lwent to visitmysonin/af hospital yesreday. 'I3 Puta sheetabor€/oyer themachine to stopit gettingduny. 14 SienaisquitenearlbyFlorence. 15 l'll seeyoutomorrowat ten thirt!, lnlby myofiice. I 6 lt! a largeblock.Ouroffices areatlo, thefifteenthfloor 17 I sawSimonatl/h thestationwhileI waswahingfor a train. 18 I musthavebeenstanding inlafthe queuefor hatfan hour 19 You'llseeouroffices theylebylneala llrnirue storc.(thenextbtock) - they'rebylneara furoiture 20 You'llsee ouroffices store.(thenextbulding) Exercise2 [ f Complete thesentences with in,at or on. I I live....il\....ManorRoad,...4!-...number 295. 2 Youshouldn't pavement_ reallypark............ the 3 | hada lovelymeal.......-.... theplane. 4 l'd liketo live.......--... thecountrywhenI rerire. 5 Goto theendof theroad,andyou'llseethe bank...........the righi. 6 l'll be .rriving............ youroffices............ Barcelona at three. 7 Lisbon is............ themiddle of Poftugal, ............ thecoan. 8 i meetyou............ thefrontof thebuilding in ten minutes. 9 | wonderwhars...........rFlevnion rhisevening. 10 Thesizeofthe text............ thescreen isverysmall.Coutdnlit bebtgq€r7 I1 | lve ............ a smallvillage -........... theroadto Dover l2 ............ ih€ beginning of myca€erlworkedin marketing. 13 lt wasa verywell-run meetjnq. Erikawas._.......... thechair 14 | wasn'tlooking............ the mirrorandI neaiyhadan accident. 15 Shework.. ........Seville, ............ the Universiiy. 16 Thesalesfigures? Yes,lhavethem righthere.....__._...... myhand. l7 lwaltedpatiently ..-.-....... the backof the queue. 18 I thinkI lefi myb efcase .........-.. thechair............ the restaur.nt. l9 l'm off sickat thernoment, but I shouldbeback.. ........wofknextweek. -he 20 ldn Fhan.eN4nFrer,sslill .....prison. 45 PREPOS|T|O|TIS OF PLACE r89 E x e r c i s3e! ! ! ! Completethis emailbychoosingthe correctpreposition fiom the listbelow. towads over pasr thrcugh in front of by in +€- at (x2) on (x2) H€re ar€ the dlrectrons(1)..-...1P..-... ou.t'".0 om*. Tak€ rh€ A3 from oxiord and thenjoin the M4 (2)..................London notwar€sr)- com€ offrh€ M4 (3).................. junction 12 .nd contrnuesrElghl ahead. Conilnu€ (4) -.....--.....--... rhe nen tuo rcundabouts,so (5) .....-......-..... a BP ga€96 (6)......-....-......your nghtand yo! ll@m6 to 3om€ tEfic rrqhts-You are now {7),......,.........-R€sdins. Go strarghr (3),..,...._....._... th€ rrafiic rrghGand (9).._.....,......... rha nBn s€r of rishrs,rum d9ht. Henry strsot is the srh road (1o) ......-.....-..... your lhsr6 is E rong driv6 rh€ l€fi, Folld the oad to the €nd and th€ offi€ i6 (11) .,,...,,,...,,,... (12) ......-.....-..... lh€ slde of the ofrce - you @n park lh€clf you h€v6 any p@bl€msglve m€ a €ll. but lt! v€ry e€ey E€llyl Exercise4IIlI Complete wordin eachspa(e.Aswellasthewordsin sections thisemailbyputting9!e suitable A, B,C and D it isalsoposgible to useio, lhanks for s€.dins m€ the artwork ro. rh6 masdin€ adv€rt. I h€v€ a r6w @mm€nts about the layout (1) ..,..,,pt\,,,,..th€ page. The photosraph (2) ..,..........._... rh6 rop r@ks sood, bur insr€.d of being (3) ....,....,,.....,, th6 mtddrs I thlnk lt 6hourd bs (4) .................th6 r€fr,(5).,......-....--... ro rh6 t€xr- Th6n (6).-.....-.....-.... rh6 orhd @merwe courd have the @mpany Old you know there's going to b6 an arricl€ aboutour@mpany (7).........--.....-. th6 sam6 magazing? I hope lr willb€ ( A ). . . , , , . . , , . , . . t. h . .e. p a s s d i € c t l y ( 9 ) . . . - . . . . . . . . . .,. .b. u . t t h a t i s n t { 1 0 ) . . - . . . . . - . . . . .m . . y. . h a n d s . Can you also give the artwork (11) ...-.....-......-. Steve for hls @mments? He should b6 back (12) ..-......-......-. work on 190 A Verb + preposition * H€reis a n of verbsand ihe prepositonsnorma y usedwth them: rcnpete againsl fo.us on tue apptiedfor a newjob. Can you take .arc of the affi.e while l'n autT Drtot.ar no.k Mt ddnn(,l.d l,t lho . .ohtttuies nnldn\g Noj.id a d Ei.tsat thot oill b.,ejtJron rnn\g\ahs al moL,ilc ]rhrra thdt&h ddts t f trr,.r. (Bloombcre.con vctsite) r1t Rr @ro,\, k Jocrtedon knovlcdrcdkd tthh.l.g. (Thc Srrrishtslirncs Lrtcra*ive Rc.qnlaror ror ro wl\tand rk uccdfar hank:to neryLa d dor't tftn obje.t to tl(:. hrya. (Busnrcs .l.dk Wcck Ncbsitc) Someof the verbsabovecan be usedwithout preposiiion + oblect I hape/knaw/insist. lt depends Othe6 musthavea prepoeiion+ object. Thepro.ess consistsof tour main sljges. I n rclying on you fot yout suppon. lt belongs to me Thisvrrl leadto a lot ol ptoblens seeunt 16 4 In questionsthe prepostionusuallygoesat the end Whodoesthisbelangto? Whatdaesit @nsistof? Whaarcyou waitingfot? B Verb + objed + preposition a Wth romeverbslh€ obj€ctcomesbeforethe preposiiion. Hereafe somecommonexampes: ask soneane about/fol boftow sanethinq lrcn conparc sanethinq widl/to @ngntulate saneone on divide sonething into explainsonethingto inform soneoneabout/of insurc sonethin9 agai ntt split sanething into supply saneone with invite soneone to prcte.t soneone frcm prcvent soneonefrcm can theyinsurc usagainn frc sk? ,Nol,odl tr R!si. sharcsonethingwith spendsanethingon 6 tretdrcd to irrst tantlate saneth ing into We've tpent $2m on advenising this year. tto!t..t ifl ptudr.ior. (Le Mand. DipLanatiqre "absite) O cle dnn nr lrry Elli'a" his ofarcd r sol io, to fuhathe e6 ds tvli tosoJt\flanapoly:'Th.l lntld srlit thc cootp y iato tuD drd h [Mntu\oJtpptidetu] Stfle Ballw mn aneNnpaty auj lct Bill Cat.s f,tt theothex' (Wned nngrne rvebnte) Wirh remjndthe€ is a d tferencein meaninqb€tweenabourandof. Gillianrcninded ne about the aryointnenL (= she told me nor to forSeo (= sheis fe my sister) Gillianrcninds ne of ny sister 46 VERB+ PREmSITION 191 c verb + different prepositions ,! Someverbscan 90 with severadifferentprepositons Theyagreed to give us beftet terns af paynent. agreeio/with/about OK, 1agrce with you about the need far .utting casts. lnust apalagiseto susanfor ny aMul behaiou last niqht. Shall we askfot the bill? Ask the waiter about the dish af the day. l'm goinq ta complain to the nanaget about the serui.e in hete. I heard about the nev\/sfron a calleagueof mlne l've never heaftl of that company they'rc nat very well-known. llearnt a lot about nsurancefrcm my lanjob Canyou help ne - In laaklng for meeting raan 3 Thisproblem results frcn bad planninq, and h wil .esult in chaos. 1need ta talk to yau about the new constructianprcject What did yau thnk ol the neeting? What are yau thinking about? They'vewtiften to us ta complain about our poor setvEe. D Uses of different prepositions $ Someprepositions are usedlo ntroducepartculark ndsof inforrnaton Knowingthis can he p you to understand someof the diiiefencesin sectionC abolr oiten ntrodlcesrhe Do yau know about EUrcgulatians in thisarcd? We re thinking ahout changing ou advettisingslogan at otten ehowsdirection 1n looking at yau otder detaih on the sc.eenright now. I hate it when ny bassthouts at ne for often showspurposeor t nust apologise lor being late. Ive asked the waitet fot the bil fron often lhows the origin I haven t head frcm then fot a lang tine. fhis prablem results lrcm bad planninq. on often showsconfidence Can we agrce on a discount af 5ok7 we're depending on yau ta fin3h the jab by ftiday. ro often rclels to a pe6on 'l herebyempowery@, Adbro* T,wllLln!, to wlter ny plntrt!. And l.t'3 h€ar no rcre t.lk about hor I n.v.r deleg.te authority,'' Coutdyau explain thls clauseto ne, please? l don'tthink he was listening to ne 192 1l5 VEnOr PREPiOSI'ION 46 Practice Exercise 1 X Completethe sentences with a word from lin A anda word ffom lilt B. A: apprcve depend know lead believe sufier syFpar+$sewait B: about for from in of on to vfrh yourproblem, I | €ally-tyr4P4tli5-e...wi-tl. butthe€l nota lot I cando. Positive is important. You really have youlsef. 2 thinking so to ............................. youout5ide 3 fii you?e 4 What saying canonly............................. onepossible conclusion. 5 Ofcoutse thesizeof ourorderwi11............................. theprice. 6 Yo!rCVi! n.on9in mostareas, butwhatdoyou............................. marketingT 7 lmports always ............................. theef{ects of a nrongdollar 8 lawayshavetolookrmad-myboss doesn'i ............................. inforrna clothes. Exercise2 E Underline thecorrect word. I I thinkwe shouldaskthem&/aboutlw,th moreinformation. 2 Canyo! supplyusforlaboutlwith enoughpa.tsfor 5,000vehicles? 3 You'er d meabourloflforsoreoneI l.now 4 lf I foEet,remindmeabourlollforit againai theendof themeeting. 5 Themanagement unionagairstlfronlforcausing blamedrhe thestdk€. 5 l'm writingto informyoulot / aboutl on ov newG ge ot prcducts, 7 We mighthaveto splitthe otdetfotlinlintoNvoseparate shipments. 8 CanyouthankL4rMateusaboutlfotl with all hishelp? 9 l'd liketo congratulate Particia ohlforlaboutwinning Employee of the Month. 10 Thissafetyfeatureprevents theoperative agairsrlfromllv/t, suffefing anyinjury 11 Thisyearwe'llbe investing mo.ethanf4m onl,loltoplantandnewmachinery 12 Thisyearwe'llbe spending morethan€4monl,loltoplantafd newmachinery Exercise3 I D Completethesesent€neswith prepositions. Choosefrom:about,at, fot, frcn, ln, to, of at with. 1l'mwritinq......t9......attourcustomers...4he!|t..offersthismonthonseecledmodel 2 WhowasGeorye talking ................. ? Andwhatexactly washeta k ng ................. ? 3 Naveyouheafdanythinq ................. HeadOffi.e?Theysaidthey'ddecide thisweek. 4 Who3Giuseppe saponi? l'veneverhead.---............. hlm. 5 Doyoulikethe newdesign? Whatdo youthink................. it? 6 Doyouagree ..........-...... me........--....... this? 7 Theimp.oved fiqures.esult -................ sales alltheinvestments we madean yeaf. 8 Tre rrvenrnenB we remdftnqnowshouldresuh.......... ......oenersal.sêxryea youe.rlieribut l'vebeenverybusJr 9 | munapologise .................. not contaciing l0 l'd likeio complain ..........-.---.. themanager ........-......... thefood. yousignan),thing. 11 Makesureyoulook................. thesmallprint before 12 Unesstheifqualityimproves, we'llhaveto look-.-............... a newsupplier 46 VERB + PREPOSITIOI{ 193 Exercise4l$ffigU Complete thesentences withonewordfromlistA andonewordfromlistB. A: agrced apologisedapply belong comply explainheard hoping nsist listen pay qualit ey remind B: about on on from with with to to to {€+ lor for for for 1 Youcan...........e411..............&t...thegoodsintwelvemonthyinnaments. you? 2 Excuse me,butdoesthisumbrella .............................. ............. 3 Thefirrtthings to .........................--.. ............. theclient to I ndouttheirneeds. 4 I asked mylawyer to .................-........... thecontract ............. me 5 Ev€rybody ............................. ............. thedecision. lt wasunanimous. 6 Therc'sa newjobin R&D. lwonder if Chrir6 goingto...... ........... ............. t. good 7 iillisa Youcanalways ............................. ........... te.mmember herln a crisis. 8 They've ........ ....ihedelay ... . .. .................. andsdidthatthe temsarcin thepost. 9 I'm certain it nedrcrthetime. to foeet. yearWe're ........................................b€tterresutssoon. 10 lt'sbeena dlsappointing yo! . ........................... 1l Have ............. Jacke r€cennyT 5hehasn'twrtten forages. 12 Does thisproduci....... ................................Eutopeansafetynand.rds? l3 No,no,1............... ............ ...........paying. Yo!'remyguest. 14 lf we buildthefactoryin thatareawe l ............. a regional aidgrant. Exercise5Age'E Thes€cond Complete theemails withthecor.ectprepositions. numberin eachbrackeishowsthenumberof your Iv6 jusr be€n lookins (1-2) ....-..41......your weusite ano companns yo!r on-tin€ bankhs raciritr€6(2-4) ,................. ( 3 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c o m p o t i t o r sT.h € r e s a f 6 w r h i n g s I d l i k 6 r o $ t y o u you, how much will I pay (g!3) .-................ a) lt I want to boiiow mon6y (4-.4)..........-....... lh6loan? | .$!m€ rhat your (6-2) int6Est rale ch€aper operatlng ests will rosult ...........,....., a lower than a normal bank. b) | see thal ll I open an ac@unt this monrh I quarlt (7-3) ...,....,......... a credil cErd wilh sp€cial payment terms. oo you otr6r In6uEnca (3-a .................. ontine fraud with rhis €rd ro prclect €rd-hotde6 (9,4) .................. hacke6 who mtght I look loNard to headng (1O-4).-................ you. Thank you. Thank you (i1-3) .................. takinq e long lo reply, ,oor re€nt 6mail a.d I apologis6(12-3) ..-...-........... Here is the informalionyou requaat€d. a) You en r6ly (132) .................. lh€ fact lhat our intor€sl ralos ar€ v6ry 6mpatiliv6,lrut lcannol glve exact fiqu€s 63 ll depends (14-2)..........-.......lheamounl you w6nt to bomw linvit6 you {1t2) ..................ch€ck lhe table on ourwebsit6 forthis infomalion.l €n assueyou that w6 d6alwith tha pr@ss v€ry quickly afrer applyhg (16 3).................the loan youshouldnthav6rowaitmorethanafedat€b6for€hganng(17-")............. us b) Yes,6s soon as yo! tnfom !s (1&5) ..........-..-...any posibl€ fraud asecialed with yolr €rd we take €re (19-2).-.......-........everything and retund any mon6ythatyou hav6lost.In relationto our@n cunomerac@unls, w€ do everythingnecessry to pr€venl hack€E (20-4)....-............. edenng fi€ syst€m, and hav€ invest€dh€avily (21 2) .................. this sr€a ov€ I hope this ansers your qu.srions. Pl€se do not h*itate io @ntact us again if you lhink (22-4 -...-...-......... anylhing else. djective + preposition A Adjective + preposition I S o r n ea d j e c t v ecsa nh a v ea p r e p o s l i oanf t e r t h e mT h e p r e p o s t i o n m a y b e f o l o w e d b y a n o u n We re al disappointed with the paar figures. I n rcsponsible for a salestean of eight people that caves the south of the cauntty. Whenfollowedby a verb,the 'ing lorm mun be used. We might be intetested in placing nore ordes in the futurc a An adlecrive can a so be followedby a to infint ve. lf we needto menton. person,we usefor betweenthe adjecliv€and the infintve It's inpoftant to follow the safen/procedurcs It's inpottant for us to move quckly in thesenegotiatians. h\ goodJor childrct to ndhe thln ouat.lqi.6.TooMrh u.Ll iM,nU lihunliyr ttdhs thnt it\ hddo.fat n' ta \ct ban.lrti.\.tdr ,rcrr. (cu..di.n rvcbsite) B Feelings a Manyerampesof adj€clive+ prepostonareconnectedwilh leelings fed !p with l'n rcally excibd about staninq ny new iab. l'n not very keen on fied faad, to be honest Six b k at int.restedin lityillq ai 86yo 'tnkeii Por\ Bd a lati a. (Busncs Ncws Am$ic"s wcbsnc) . Forbehaviourlowafdsanotherperronwe useadjeciv€+ to Exampleencludegood to, krrd ro, nice ta pahte ta, tude to. When ny nothet was iI ffty @lleaqueswerc a very kind to rr,e. I thaoght he was ftthet rude to the waitress. l l l , t f , . ' Ir n r t , l i\ 1 * [ l i' _t. 'N,, med,!\ re. H@ota&wi'w pltf'ryut 47 ADJEqflVEr PREPOSITION195 C Other adjectives a Herearesomeothercom.non examples of adjective + preposition. itfor gu ry or usedto (= a(customedto) lackingin My opinionsarc verydilfercnt frcm you6. Au .onpany is famousall averthe wo d fot thequalityaf itsengineeing. 5hewasfull of enthusiasnwhenI expbineoou Eea. We'reusedto the delayson the netrc. Theyhappenall the tine. D Adie€tive + choi.e of preposition a Someadjectives canbefollowedbydiffe€ntpreposltons wth a smattdiflerence in meann9. Oftenonepreposition is usedtorthings.ndanother people. for 'Weae eocl'ftsponsibl. a paxnutu ptnal arca.'Efpatt Serui.et Advnq Gebd Jor r.ot good/badat (abI ly) sorryior (+ inq) I n veryangry about thedelay I n veryangry with themfot causingthisdelay Hewasannoyed about what thejourhatistwrote Hewasannoyed with thejaurnalist. Ive nevetbeenverygood at dealingwith .onflict. A newpetsanat the top wauldbe good fot the(onpany. 5he3verygood with diffiult cunones Areyau happy with ny suggestion? Cangfttulations! I n veryhappy fot yau bath. I'n rcsponsiblelor all thetranspotlandbgistics_ TheFinanceDitectoris directlyrcsponsibleto the CEA. I n sotry about all the troublel've caused . I n sotry for cauting so nuch ttouble. lfelt sotry for Georgewhenhe didn't get thepronotion. 196 47 ADJECIIVE+ PREPOsITIOI{ 47 Practice Exercise l Ett Completeeachsentence1-10 with an endingaH) I Areyou inter€sted 2 Thismodelis difierent g 3 Arcyouaware tr ! 4 Theywerereallyannoyedn 5 He3become verykeen n good 6 laneisreally n 7 I'msotired.l'm notused E 8 areyouready ! 9 lwasquitesurprised n lo lcould bewrcng n people. a) at motivating b) with usforsending thewronggoods. c) for another d nk? youarccreating? d) oithe difficulties e) aboutthis,but I don'tth nk it'sgoingto work. caf6sin thistown. 0 bythenumberofInt€rnet in items fromthe catalogue7 9) anyother h) fromtheoldonein someimportant ways. i) to thetimedifference yet. j) on keeping tit rccently. Exercise2 ! | Complete thesentences withonewod fromlistAandonewod trom stB. A: attached tired dependentpepcler involved sale suitable serious Br about for from in of on to *ith 1 Thisfundisvery...r9e4!+t:.........*i11....investors groMh. lookingfor long"term 2 Thefirewallshould makethenetwork..--....-.............. ................. attackby hackers. 3 Forfudherdetaik,seethecopyofthecontract........................................thslette previous 4 Stafting salary is....................... ................. experience. 5 I don'tthinkthey?e....................... ................. thE theyhaven'tbeenin touchfor weeks. 5 Wete ,,............,,,,,,,,, ,,,,..........,,, everystigeof theprocess, fromdesign to production. 7 | needa change. l'm....................... ................. doingthesame thing€very day. Hedge furds very isky re not 8 arc They ................... .......... thep vateinvesto.. Exercise3 I Undeinethecoffectword1 I m 'eallyangryaboutl)ufu themfor not lettingusknowsooner. 2 l'vespoken io Robert andl'm reasonably happywtrlfolall the a(angemenrs. 3 l'm reallyhappywithlfor t\,laggie, shedeserved to get prcmoted. 4 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlwthallthisrcnfusion withthewronqinvoices. 5 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlw,ththemfor sending thewronginvoices. 6 I'm sotryaboutlforvthat happened yesterday. 7 )'m sotryaboutlfor a i\ing so late- I got delayedin trafiic. 8 I feelverysorryaboutlfor Frances. shedidn't deserveto betreatedlikeihat. 9 Lowinflationis goodatltorleyfh everysectorof the economy. 10 She'dbe ercellentin HumanResources, shesreallygoodatlforlwith people. 11 Richard, canyouhelpuswiththistranslation? Youe goodatlforlwithFrcnh. you 12 lf ne€dto rcferthe decisionupwadr who areyou responsible forlto? I 3 A$headof depatment,how manynaff arcyou responsible forlro? 14 Whoisresponsible forlto the Scandinavian market? 47 ADjECT|VE+ PnEFOSITION197 E x e r c i s4eR R m Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similar meaning to thefirstsenr€nce. 1 Consumers findtheoldmodels a bit boring. consumels area bir bored................ry.i.t.t'r...t1e,..-"ld..l.eC''s!a.................. . 2 JLrlia lsAdrianswife. J, a isnamed... ............... 3 l'm notaccultomed to drivinqon the left. Irf nolu5ed 4 | needto getth€ roompreparcd for themeeting. I eedlo gelrhe'oomready ...... 5 Doyoufindarchaeology interesting? Areyou.. ............................ . .............................. 7 6 Whathe saidhasmademeangry l'n angry.. ........... 7 Mathematics wasalways mybestsubject. I wa<. walsve-y9oo0 8 Theadvenising campaign wasa disanerYousaidit wouldbe. Youwer€rght............... ............. . lt wasa dsaner 9 Therewe'elorso, peopLe In rheconference r.. La wasfull.. Thecor'ercnce 10 I don'trcallylikeheridea. l'n rct 'eay veryleen.. ........ Exercise5Enig Complete thesequenc€ ol ernalswitha wod fromthe n below a,i€r€ attachedcapablecompariblecovereddependentinvoved lackng are opposed preparedright similar useful Arc you (1) ......4W.41e....,, of the articreabout customor R€tationshtpManasem€nt (cRM) in ths rare$ Business W € 6 k ?l ' v e s c a n n € di t a n d ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . .i .r .l .o. .l h i s E m a i t . Basicallt it says that in the past @mpanies were (3) ..-......-.............. on lheir brend nam€, but in the tutur6 weI hav€ to b€ (4) ......................., for 6ustome6 changing s!pplier mo.6 ofi€n. To give betters€ruic€ w6ll need CRM soit .re (5) ........................ of inte€ralingcusrom€r hlomaton across rn€ saBs ror€, call @ntre 6nd w6bsiie That infomalion also be@mes (6) ......... .............for mark€tinq thtngs tike understandlngbuyingb€haviourrrememberyousayingsomelhing(7).......................tothisinameetingtastyeaiand as you are (3)........................ in tT purchasingdecisions tlhoughtyou shoutd see lhe artict6. Re: Cusromgr RetationshipManag6m6nt Thanks forthe email. Yout€ absorutery(9) .......................about th6 importan@ ofCRM, and if you remen,ue| proposed at that meeting thar w€ inv66r in new CRM soltwa@. Most p€opte @re (1O) ._......_............... to lhe idea, parly becaus€ofrh6dlflrcultyinfindingsofi\rar€(11)..._................wiltrourorhertTsystems.tsaidarthetimethatthey wereabit(12)..................._..invision,burir's.orbo(13)....................._forusto$an.f[puttog6rh6rashortreporr based on th6 id€as (14) ...-...........-.....-.. in rh6 arrict€and circulate it. Thanks again. 194 oun + preposition A Noun + preposition a Here s a listof nounsand ihe prcpositions normallyus€dwith them: abililyin ditficultywith B Noun + preposition (from unit 46) a Manyoi the verbsin unit 46 haverelat€dnount wlh the s.me pr€position. Hereare someexamoles: a9reementw th/about C Noun + preposition (from unit 47) a Manyof theadjectives in unir47 h.verelated nounswirhthesamepreposton.Hereare suitabty for D Rise, fall + oflin a Words.efedng io inc.eases and dercares(liker,!e, laL etc)can be fo owed by of or rn. Of rcfersto an amount./, referslo the thing thai hasincreased or decreased. Therehas beenan increase/riselreduction/fall in aaeratino Drofit of 3a/o. 48 NOUN + PREPOSITION 199 E Connection, relationship + withlbetween a One thing hasa link with another. Ihete is a link between tyo things. Wordsthat can be folowed by eltherpr€posiUon include:connectian,link,relatianship, conttast" differen e Thereis a cannection/relatianshiplcontun with what happened last year. Thereis a canne<:tionlrelatianshiplcont?st between bst Wat and thisyear F Need, wish, ,equest + for a Nounsmeaning'need'or tequest' hdvefor aft€rthem. Examples nc Lrd€applicationfo, demand fac need foc oder faa preferencefor, rcquest for. G Prepositionalphrases a phrares(peposition+ noun phrase): Hereis a listof commonpreposilional at shortnotice,at costprice,at a good pnceiat a proft/loss,at first sight I ve had ta call this neeting at short notice becauseaf the urgencyof the situation. It's tliffi.ult to sellat a rcasonableprcfit when labou castsare so high. by accident,by carlbus/taxr,by chance,by creditcad, by hand,by law, by rnstake, by posi/cou.ierby rcium {of post) We net in the streetby chance. lt was quite unexpected. Pleaselet us knaw you decisionby rctun as fw+ker delay will result in hlghet casts. tor a change,for lunch,for pleasu.e. for sale Wauldyou like to lain us for lunch? We always eat pizza. Tonight let'sgo to a Thaircstauant fot a .hange. in advance.in bulk,in cash,in chargeof, in connectionwirh, in debt,in the end,in lavourof, in general,in. hurry in the markel(companiet,in my op nion,in rtock,in fnancialtems, in the pipe ne, in touch,in trouble,in otherwords,in wrt n9 We need25o/oof the total pice in advance, with the balancean receipt ol the gaads. |'n sotry vtE don't have that nodel in sto*. We re expeclng sane mare next week. 'Iruesto6 Ttst boughtuhateuelsta.kr wta avaiLdbLh lk b.lieI tl&t uorc lositire ew ea! in the pipeline,'an ondlytsoid. (ShanghiiD.ily ivebsite) on the basisof. on busness,on foot, on hand,on hoLd,on hoiday,on the Internet,on the otherllfe, on loan,on the market(productt,on order,on ih€ phone,on p!rpose,on sae, on strike,on television, on tack, on a trip, on rhe whoe I think we (an nave forwatd on the hasis of what we ve discussed We don t have any in sto.k ight now but there are 20 ikms on otder n ldr CaLd,nan.Ct,hdn ap tuna, w^ on hand,a da ra A.hl.itdct.at , xp.,i.ttll dpdl'ndt thej"dftidl cngn'eeitg (Busines Week website) The uonot'y tM on ha.h lot rcauery,Mr sakai:'d irt'sted. Theretwuld, he said,bagrowth d nng tE dtent qua ex (FT.corn websire) out of date,out of order,out of business Vetsian6? Yaursoftu/are is a bit out of daE isn't it? Theyre seling veEian 8 now. Sorry the lift is out ol otder. Youll have ta use the nairs. up ro oare,up Io you I useve\ian 8 of this sottware - it's the nost up to da€. I dan't nind which renaurant we go to. lt s up to you. 2|X, 4a OUI{ + PREPatSlTlOttl 48 Practice ExerciseI tIIl Completethe sentences with a prcpositionfrcm the list below. between betw€€n {or tor in in cf of te to with with 1 Haveyourcceiv€d a reply......l9---... theemailyousentyesteday? 2 ]he demand................. microchips isverycyclical. 3 lhe esultsthi5yeararein nrongcontrast................. thoseof theyearbefore. 4 Thereisa strongcofiast -..............-theseresults andthoseof the!€arbefor€, 5 What5thematter................. vourPC?Hasit dashed? 5 Lastyeartherewasa fall...-.....,,,,.... unemployment .................O,5o/o, 7lsthereanydifference...,...,,,,......thesetwoboxes?lheybothlookthesame, I Atthe momentlcanlthink of anyro|ution................. theproblem. profitswa5disappointing. 9 Theincrcase................. Therewasa ise................. only47o. 10 l'd liketo placean order................. fortycases of singlemaltwhisky. Exercise2 f ![ Completethe sentences with a word flom lin A anda word from lin B. A: .advantagefocus involvementobjection payment price suitability tFecbh B: of of for tor in on to *ith 1 We're9oin9to change suppliels. we haveso much....1!'...r14h!-e-.... tilh.. rhem. gonedown 2 The....................... ........... oil has by$2 a baffelsinceJanuary. 3 The..................................usingasmall@mpanyisthithey'teu5!allycheapel 4 We'rewastingtime,wene€dto.....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,,,,,,,,,.themainissue. yet. 5 We haven't r€ceived ..,,,,,,,,............, ,,,,,,,,,,, the lastinvoice 5 Doesanyone haveany..........,,,,,,,,..... .......,,,, thatpropos.l? OK,it3 aqreed, 7 Therearerumours ot theh,..........,,,,,,,,..., .......,... illegalarm5 dea15. 8 lt!aviolentfilm.l'mnotsurcabouti6.......,,,,,,,.............,,,,,,,avounoaudience, Exercise 3 tr underlinethe corect words, 'I 4lrn filst siglt it lookslikea gooddeal,but w€ needmoredetaikatltb a hurry 2 A: Shallw€ try usinga differentsuppli€rbyllor a change? B: tt3 uplout to you. 3 Arc you payingbylin ca:hot bylin opdit cad? 4 Thehousenextdooris torlat sale.ltS be€norlir the ma*et for ages. 5 Veryfew Eoardmembersarcatl,ir favourof the merge.,n/O, the whole,theythink it will createmo€ prcblemsthan it sohies6 We needto keep,iDlontoudr with the situationas it develops. 7 Are],ouhereonlfor business or onlfor de6ure? 8 A: Didyou do it bylon purpose? B: No,ot courseno! | did it bylon m,istake. 9 Byl/n financialt€rmsthqy'renot doingwell.rhefre $ t0m inlout of debt. I 0 A: *tick, irs PaulBrockJrcmTycoatlon th€ phone. B: Canyouput himatlo, holdwhilellook for hisfile?OK,l'veJound it- l'lltakeltat/on theother line. 4a I||OUll + PnEPOSltlOltl 20i Exer<ise4 E phrases. Studythe underlinedprepositional Writethe entence letteraFl) containingeachphrasenextto a phrase similar l-l2 below a) l'm sony,I think we weretalkingat crossoumoe' Letme makemyselfclear b) Forthetimebeinolthinkw€ shouldwait Weran makea decision later c) lt3 to our advantage to wo* togetheron this.We'rcall in the sameboat. d) lr wasfantasitic news And it (amecompleGtyout ot the blue. e) Ther€3two newproductsin the pio€line.They'llbe launchedlaterthisyear, f) Youhaveto be reallyon the ball.Theshuationchangesall the tim€. g) l'm speakingqfflhC_Egadof course,but the companyis closeto bankruptcy. h) As youcan5eeits quitecomplicated. Bul i!_a_lgblhellwe mun act soon. i) We?eadhidEg here.lf theytake usto courtwe'll prcbablylose. j) l m afraidthenewCEOisout of hisdeothwiththislatestcrisis. k) Sorry,its a!ftthe-qlr$iao. We couldneverag€e to that. l) h the lonorun sharesarea betterinvestment thanbonds. 1 aboutdiffeEntthingswithoutrealisingE 2 quick-thinking andquick-acting = 3 to sayit biefly andclea y L--l 4 in thesameunpleasant situation n ln 5 a situation thatistoo diffcultfor him n 6 in a situation thatmightcause trouble n ! 7 unexpectedty 8 beingplanned andprepared 9 overa lonotimeDeiod to for a shon-penod of trme possrble tt nol t2 unoff'crally n n n n n Exercise5llll prepositions, Complete thesequence of emaibwiththecorrect Thes€rondnumberin eachbracket shows the number of lettersin th€word. Th. IntBrurBG ior rh€ post of lt manager aE happ€nlnq n6n ssk. €nd PeEonnet have just s6nt m6 hrorm6ton (1r5) Aig'al. .ll the @ndldatos, I thoughr re should q6r logorher to diqse the CVs and th6 quoq ons wB are sohs rc tocus on in th€ lnt€ryi€ws. H6b Er€ ny ihouqht6,(2,2)...--....--.myoprnron rh6E rsa n6€d (3-3).......,,...som6on6 wlrh a good knowt€ds6 (4-2)............Bystem8lnreg€tion, b6eus6 rh6 ddn@ly (5-a) --...-......ourdcnr tT sy6t6m ts thata[ thB parls work soparEtely -!u. w€bait6, th6 bact-ffi@ p|b@slng. blllhg, our supply chain 6tc, I hop6 re @n find s endidato who has shown.u@56 (6-2)...---.....-deallng with alr th@ pro@ss in rh€ir pEvloG lob. but Personnerhav€ €r@ady wamed me thst ih€€.6 lack (7-2) ......,.....Earry 3ton9 €ndrdates. Arao, a lot or our lT jnfra.lructurc 16qult€ (&3) ..........--of daie and @rl h€v6 to mak6 a bis inv€sh€nt (+2) ,,,...,,,,.. n€w hardwa@sn. w6 n*d som@n6 whoS (lo-2).....-...... touch wnh whars (113) ...._....._sate (12-2) ,,...,,,....the mark€l and €n take €.ponsibiliry (133) ..--.....--.th6 whol6 pumha.lng prc(:esWhat do you think? lf3 (14-2) -....-....-- to you - l'm f.€€ for a reoting mGt momings n6x w€6k. Yes, w€ should have a me€ttng. lt will be good to disos ttE€ rfiin$ (1+2) ....,.......adwn@ (16-3) ...-........a chang€. Usuallyth6 int€Nlews are (17-2) .---....---. such shon noti@ that w dont g€t a.ian@ to calty took at lh6 CVs togglher and msk€ d€cbions (1a-5) ..----...--. the kind of qu€tions @ c going to.sk. Next Tu*day mominq woutd be good for 202 nds, graphs and figures A craphs and figures a Hercaresomecomrnon typesof graph: tlhtr@ffi Nlmbe6 can be writtenar symbols(10)or words(ten) nforma wlt ns r.rse symbosfor tarqe amountsand wods for everything else(ordnas likesecond,two numbe6loqether,esrimates, etc) Seeexercse4 on pag€205 Nolethe fo owing waysto tay numbers: f6 15 sixpaunds fifteen Notethai a decrna point is writtenas a dof. not a cornrna ke in some anguages. O25 noughtlzeropaint turaf/ve (NOTp€+F++,*/eF{y+rfe) Largenumbers: Acomma can be usedto separaterhous.ndsfrom hundrcdsNoticethe useof ,and inBrrish English. 6,244 sixthousandt a hund.ed (in BrEand ArnE) 6,284 sixthousandttuohundrcdand eighty(in UE, hut ArnEhasno,and,here) 2m two nillion (NOTFdli€F5) 2.5n two point five/two and a half nillion B Trends a Studytheseverbslhatdescribe ditfeenlrerds (= rendenc es). E t r : : L f| --| . . . t--'- t---.t - \ l \ r_L_ 49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGUNES 203 a Note ako: to doublq to triple, to halve. a Notetheseiregularvel1)foms: grow - gtew - grown 90 - went - gone fal-fe - falen ise-rcse-risen O Notethesenouns: a ise, growth, an inprcvenent, a fall, a drcp, a peak,a rccovery a half, a doubting ManuId.tulnsindbtry adeR inJdrsdryrose 1|.1%ton the sonepenodd fenr ea ier,Nnparcd uith faM^ of an 11.2% ti'e. (wan SrreetJoulnalwebsite) seerho uni 43 a Nore_hp'ollowinqplepoiilions: salesincreased flon 55.4mto r5.8rn. (nan and linishfigures) (diffepncebetweenstdftdnd finishfgures) salesincreased by $0.4m. Therewas an increasein salesot S0.4m. (aiter a noun or noun phras€) (b€forcthe thing that is changing) in sales. Therewasa 3'k inctease T1r slnrc of U.S. copitals|tndks de@tcdb nfonotio,l teelhololl hG norc thai tiplcd lihd 1960,frod 10% to 35%. Fieldstlrh a: biotctholog dtebooni'9. (B$ine$Weck website) C verbs and obie<ts to usevedsin theight way.Studythesethrcegroups. seear5o unit25 a lt s important velbsarealways fo owedby anobiecti Transitive We'llBise/lowe .ut/maintain hissalary (with an object) (BUTNOTH*.*l€ry+vilkahe4€s€r aii€in.) Intransitive verbsareneverfolowedby anobject: lnflationwill ise/fall/grodgo up. (withoutan obj€d) (BUTNOT@) verbscanbe usedwithor wilholt anobiecl: Transtive/lntr.nsitive We'llinoease/de$ease/imprcve/rc<ovetou maket share.(withan object) ANDOu natket sharewI increase/deqease/improvelre@ver (wthoutan object) D Adverbsand adiectives a Wecanuseadverbs aDdadjectives to givemorcdetails aboutvefbsandnouns. sleed quicklylquick rapid change grcdualy/gradual const.nt,regularchange steadily/steady significantlylsgnificant atge change sharylylsharp suddenchange slow,st€p-by-stepchange slightly/dight smach.nge Salesqrcw steadily. Therewas a sbady growth in sales. SoJdr, 6.25 billion USD hs poeBd itto Ronatia ow lE l6t dtude, with 16t y't\ fir"Es at 1998, otdi^! to lazst Tiade Regittry datd. (BLlcharestBusiness shawinga slight itdê Week website) E Linking words and phrases a Linkingwordsa€ usefulfordescibinqtlends.Theycanjoln p.rts of a sentenc€or link across sentences. see units41 -44. Herca.ejust a few exampesl contrast and, in addition b./t a/though (+ subject + verb), in splte of(+ noun phrase),however be.ause (+ subject + verb), becauseotdue ro (+ noun phfale) result so, thetefore addition 204 49 TRENDS,GNAPHSAiID FIGUNES 49 Practice Exercise1 n Wrte in wordshowyouwooldsaythe numbers in brackets, if British Engtsh. Thereisan exarnp e in secrion A andanother onebelo',ro helpyou. r (4s6,780) .f.eoj:..hrardred..*ad..fiftJ.tjx therr.'adr..t.'e.v.e^...hl,|^d..ced...a^d 2 \1,84) 3 02,300) 4 (12,030) 5 (12,330) 6 fi20,300) 7 (r23,000) 8 (12:,330) 9 (1,230,000) Exercise 2 f !! Llnderline thecorrect wordi 1 IleE wasa slightly/rtgbtsein profitslast month. 2 We roserhcreased our profirss/tghttlsr?ht lastmonth. 3 Thefewasa sharpfall,iolofoursales lastquarter 4 Oursales fellbylof6% lastquarter 5 we felllrecovercdov marketsharelastquarter. 6 Oursha€ priceh/t/beata lowldown la* monIh,6ut jt hassincerecuperat_.d/recoyeled and now standsatJin13.18. 7 Ou shatepticercached/meta toplpeakin May,but itl fallenbacksin(ethen. 8 lnflationis inc.easing s/owBlor,ry'y at the moment,/h/ by aboul1% a yeat. 9 lhete is a slow/ slowlyinc.easein the rateof inflation,of I by about1oka yea( profitswentfrcmt2-S.r.to/untilf3.1n. 10 Operating paidto sharehold€rs 11 Dividends raisedlrose by6%. Lanyeartheyfu///cut 12 Thkyearwe ralsedlrose dividends to shareholdels. Lastyearwe lel//cutthem. Exercise3 ! Complete thesentences witha wordor phEsefromthe listbelowLookca€fuilyat the punctuatiof to see I thewordsjoinpartsof sentences or linkaffosssentences. becausebecause of so although in spiteof ln-€dditisu however iher€for€ I saesareup sx. ....1t!...4C.Ci!i9t.. , marketsharcis up 2%. 2 5.lesareup5%.............................. isdown2%. , ma*etshare 3 5ales are!p 5%,............................market share isdown2%. 4 Sales areup 50,6. ........---.................. a dropin ma*et sharcof 2076. 5 Sales areup 5%. ............--..---.......... , we shouldgeta bonusat rheendof ihe y€ar 6 sal€sareup 5%, ....................... well allgeta bonusat rh€endof th-.y€ar 7 Saes.fe up 5% ......................--..... the newadvertising camp.ign. 8 Sales .re up 5% ........................---.. the newadvertising .ampaiqn hassrad€d. 49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGURES ZO5 Exercise4 E aFO. Matchihe rulesfor formalwriting15 withtheexamples 1 Usesyrnbo s for datesandla.geamounls ; t (fi61,Jecond) 2 Usewordsfor ordinals 3 Usewordsfor two numbe6together 4 Usewods at thebeginning oi. s€ntence 5 Usewordsfor estimates 6 Usewordsfor numbe6belowten n n n n ! a) We ll needtwentyfourpeEon teams. b) Twelvepeopletook part in the meetng. c ) $ 1 0 0w i l l b ep a d o n 2 8 A u S U s t . d) Thercarethr€emainrecommendations. e)We haveabouttwo hundredemployees. fl Thisir ouf th rd annualrcport. Exercise5 g from the i5t belowon the appropriat€lines1-6. Wrte the phrases morethan 50% arcund50% a littleovet 500,6 exactly50olo a most50% considerably 50olo slightlyrnorethan 50% a ittl€ lnder 50% muchlessthan 50% about 50% prccisely 404/d L...... 4AVd 2 a . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48-521o 52lo 4 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6ao/o 6 5oo/o ............ Exercise6IIIII a financial consultant, between @ ' , CompletetheconveBation (CWJ, ChrisWood director, AndrewCutting(AC),anda sales words. by und€dinin! thecorrect ^c, Right. B€forewe decideon the condicionsfor rhe loan,we needto havca caretullook at yourbusiness. I ve got rhe saler(1)lratqt/gaphic tot l2srye2rttg}jr here.UD. canyoujusr go through the figlres for me? cw, of couFe.Ar you cansee,sal€sat the stafi of the ye:r wer. gtire (2)fat / le'el,(3) so/ althoryhr\at\ nor srtptis;ng(4) beerce/d/e to we alwys have a quiet pedod after ChrisrMs. ^c, OK, but iherc Mnt 6nch of ^ (5) ttuwr / ttu ery over the spring period, was there? From your gnph I see rhat ar rhe (6) pe,l/r&,' in June you were onty Q) ketu'ed /up (8) by / with l'ro (9) hi ion / ni iors (L0) pornds/ oI potnds (11) sina/ o4 t[e J^nttary fisure. whai N, happened? We[.it... itwsa dificult tmding period for us - our nein comperitor(12) ,r,4e,l their Plices / In spiteoIi tt\e se.ond (1s) hdf / halre of the yed things (r3') sisnij&rt / sis"6antly. \14, HoM starte.l to lmProve. r, Um. How did that happen? c\r, WeI. we launched a senes of new producis onto the market, and you'[ see that sales (16) ised / nse (17) st'dtp/ sha"t over rhe aurDm. went (18) rolatltl a tirde (19) rrtr / overifeen nilli'on$ the end ofthe l€ar' cw, In fact the ff Nov, we wele very happy with those resDlrs.And we er"ecr the increse (20) o/tr salesto continue this leat Ou salesforeca*s m looking very good. e Um, we[. that does look pomising. ] tbinL Ne can - -. 205 unctuation A Capital letters a captalletteE (al5ocalleduppeKaseleners)..e lsedl to beqin a 5entence ior namesof people Thankyau lar you leftet of 28 iuly. Jin, Helen, Mr Armstrang, Mts lones for namesof ofganlsatons for titlee of books, etc for n.mes of places EurapeanCamnunity,Ministtyaf Finance As lin Tuckersaid in 'Managing Change',... Pais, FBn.e, Europe for calendarinfo.m.ton Monday,March,New YearcDay a I n b o o k a n d f r m t r t e s , r n r awl o . d t k ea n d ,a / t h €a n dp r c p o s i t i o dn os n o r u s u a l lhya v € capitals,unlessthey are at the beginning His latest filn is (alled ln the Heat of the Night . a Somewods can be writtenwith capitak,or n lowercare.Theseare: compdsspo nls the Ntnettes, the ninetles gnatl Sheis a salesdnecbr (generaluse),sa/€i Dlrecrcr (ob t t e) the eastof Scot/and(description), the far Easr(pac€ ndme) B Full stop (.) a Fullnopsareusedat theendof sentences a Fullnopsaresometimes usedin abbrevatons to showthatlettersn . wordaremissng.ln modernBritish English theyarenot usedsooften. prcr.ETaytotMp eg te et< C Comma (,) . A comrnain wiling represenls a briefpausein speech.Wh€na sentencehasseveraclauses, commasare placedbebreen1hemio makethe sentencee.ser to read We da a lot af business wlh Asla,and its an npanant matketfar us. We da a lot af buslnesswith Asia,which is an inpanant narket far us. But we lse a tull nop, noi a comma,to separatecompletesentences. We do a lat of businesswith Asia.lt s an inpaftant narket far us. (NOr@.) a A commais usedin lists,excepifor the lan nvo temswherewe useand. Thlsproduct is safe,hygienic,practicaland.heap We can lse a commabeforeard il the lasttwo temsin rhe listare long. Thisproduct E safe,easyto naintain, and kind to the envirannent. a Linknq wordsat ihe beqlnninqof a senrencearc fo owed by . comma. ln fact, the Poftuguesemaket is gtowinq fan. Linkingwods n the middleof a sentencehdvecommasbeJoreand afr€r The Pattuguesenarket, on the other hand, is qrowing fast. seeunn23 a Commasareusedwith non deflningrel.tiveclauses. Thisptodu.L which is the tap of our range, retailsat t250 a A commacan ntrodrcedirectquotes A Llay.ls agentsaid,'fhis will nean sone very larye claims.' 50 PUNCTUATION207 a Whenwriting directspeechwe usea commabeforethe actua wordsspoken.In report€d Compare: speechcommasare not Lrsed. Your salesdirecbr said, Yes,that might be possible.' Your salesdire.tot sakl it night be possible. I Siudywhe€ we put a commawith largenumbe6: 18,500 127,000 1,569 260 4,65A,000 a decmal a dot is usedher€.A dot in Englishrepresents Notethat in sorneotherlanguages point. D Semi.colon C) wLthrelated m$ningsusinga semi-(olon. a Wecanjointwo sente.ces We needbetbr technology;beftette.hnologycostsnoney. and longtemsin a n. Noticethe useof commas a A semi-colon is alsousedto sepaGte in thisexamPlel semicolons lnstlutionalinvesto' include^lonura,thelapanesesecuitieshouse;GECof the us; and Aatterhouse,the UKinvestnentbank. E colon (:) itemsin a list. a A colonintrcduces Theinput sele<torhasfourpositions:CD DVD,tunerandauxiliary partoi thesentence. a A coloncanintroduc€ an explanation oi theprevious is high. Chinais booming:outputis up, profis areup, confidence a A coloni9alsous€dto introdlceexampLes. weJe enteing a lot of new rarke6, egl the Balt, states. F speechmarks (' ') (" ") markt ar€usedwhenwe writetheaciualwordsthat a speech marks(alsocalledquotation goesinside. Th€ycanbesingleor double someone says.Punctuaiion "rhisshateissuewill supplythecapitalwe need,'satdAlanJonesof MSD. AlanJonesoI MSDsaid,'fhis shateissuewill supplythecapltalweneed.' put nsides nge speech marks, aid we put a Titlesof book, €ports,films,etc,aresometimes pun.tuation in thiscase. outside 1strcnglyrcconmendJin Iucker'snew book ManagingChange'. speech marks. Bookiilles,etc.canalsobe put in itaicsratherthan G Question mark (?) and eiclamation mark (l) a Quenionmark onlyoccurafterthequestion. He asked,what are thenost inportant issuesfacingaur company?' in fomal appropri.te marksareusedin inform.lwriting,bui arenotconsidercd a Exclamation etc. witing.Theyshowsurpise,pleasure, Guesswhat'shappened!I vejust got engagedf 2OA 50 PI'NCTUATIOiI 50 Practice Exercise I ! Rewriteeachsentence,puttingin anynecessary capitallette6. 1 we?emeetingprcfessorthomason tuesdaye\,€ningat eiqht. ....Were..x+1r.lx .F.-e.f.e.r..;.er ..fb.*..p-+..IwCry...cyet\rA4..4J..sit!1:... 2 lastfebruary i metmarycaryenter for thefi6t time. 3 timworksin the nofthof france,about50 kilometres frompais. 4 myfavourite hitchcock filmis 'stranqeE on a train. 5 carolworksa5an officemanagerin a marketing(onsultancy. 6 i'vejustrcceived the rcportpublished lastmaybythewo d t€de organization. 7 on ch stma9 daywe ll 90 to myparents' housenearbrightofin russex, 8 thinkjeanisgojnqto be interviewing thedeputyfinanceminister nextweek. Exercise2IlIlll Tick(/) theone5entence in ea(hgroupaFc)whichispunctuated correctly. 1 a) 'What3the bestwayto contrclour costs,sheasked?' fv b) 'Whatbthe bestwayto controlour costs?'sheasked. L 'Whatl c) the bestwayto controlour costs,'sheasked? 2 a) Weallagreed, thatprotectionism, wasnottheanswer b) Weallagrced thatprotectionism, wasnottheanswer c) we all ag€edthat protectionism wasnot the answer 3 a) Helenwho is a veryexperienced in\,€stment analy5t,agreed. b) Helen,who i5a veryexperienced in\,€stment analyst,agrced, c) Helen, who isa veryexperienced invertment analysl ag€ed. 'l'llsee youlater.' 4 a) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaid, b) Hetoldme,notto waitandsaid'l'lls€eyou later.' c) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaidl'll seeyoulater. 5 a) Thep.oblemissimple, the€stoo littleinvestment, andtoo muchwaste. b) Theproblemis simple;there3too little inve$mentjandroo muchwane. c) Theprcblem is simple: thereStoo littleinvesiment andtoo muchwane. 6 a)Thefiqures are:inflation 4%, unemploymeni 5.4%andinterest rales80/6. b) Thefigures are:inflation, 4%, unemploymenl 5.4%,interest Et€s,8%. c) Thefigures areinflation 4%, unemployment 5.4%,andinterenrates8%. 7 a) Annexplained yet. thatnobodyhadmadea decision b) Ann explained, that nobodyhadmadea decisionyet. c) Annexplained yet. that,nobodyhadmadea decision jun 8 a) Sales hn yearwere$4s00000 whilepofitswere 9620000. b) Saleslastyearwere$4,500000,whileprofitsv/€rejust $620,000. c) Saleslastyearwere$4,s00,000,whileprotitswercjust $620,000. n n ! n tr n n n n n n n n n n ! n n n n n ! n 50 PUNCTUATION 209 Exercise3!E*H#A Rewfte eachg.oupof wordsso that it containsthe punctuationlistedin br.ckets. 1 Fi6t of.ll is therea demandin the ma*et askedsue \one fuI nap, ane rcnna, one queniannark, A..1.1W,!d i^ the M4rket ?' Arked <ue-. 1Fi!:t.t..91..A,11, i.1...r.19.. 2 l'm sorryKimhesaidthegoodswouldariveon timebuttheydidn't lonefu stop,twoconnas) 3 lacksaidthatwe shouldtearup the plantfoEetabouiit andstartagain \onefuI nap, tuvaconnas) 4 When saw my bossI went up to him and eid Can I hdveFrid.yofi p ease lone questiannark, three canna, speechmarks) firmcouldn'twe saidF€neois(onefullstap,twocanna' 5 Ontheotherhandwe couldusea different oneouestionmark,soeechma(s) 6 Helo AlansaidTinahow wasthe meetingyeneday \anelull stop,thteeconna, onequestbnna*, nark' onecapitalbttel tu\/apaiBof speeah lookat themanLJaagan (onefullstop,wo connas) T lf l werevo! l'd askfor somehelpor perhaps group wasup I 8ol"andth€Ango-Dutch 8 Oilsharcs didwelllastweekStandadOilwasup 2% Exxon 2.3% \onetullstop,t/to connas,onecobn) Shellgained Exercise4XSEE Theexercise alsoncud€susing capitalletters andpunctuation. Rewrte thisemail,addinganynecessary (/'ve, / rt, etc). for contractedverblorms aoos$oohes It was grear to h€ar fbm you and hanks lor th6 photo ot everyone on the MBAcouE6 il brinqs back happy m6mories and im suro youl agr6€ rhat we were lucky te have such inter€stingpepts h ouryear im glad lh.tyou w€r6.u@esstulin your s€arch fora job in plblic €larions iv6.ot been so lucky so far im afraid i applied forajob atthe beginningol lh6 month in theinan6 dapanm€nt of a large swiss owned pharmaeutical company id ba very well qlalified for lhs iob but i slill havsnt haard an,'thing if i dont get an answer soon illlry wriling ag.in actually ifidonr ho.ranythlng iwont be too dleppoint€d ba€us6 it s€6ms their@mpany isnl doing loo wellat th6 momgnr and idonr rhink thered b6 many opportunlllestor pomolion ivs t16€nm66ning to 6mailyou fo. ages aboutsomelhinq else do you by any chan@ have alison andjimR,ddress im planning on vbiting lh6ir cily in the autumn and id like to €llin and s* thom wiat about you do you hav6.nv plans lo 6me h€r€ it would b€ wonderful to se6 you again a.d you knd you.6 w€t@m.lo stay whenever you want aor a iew days to visn my parents and ive got to pack and get readv w€ll lhats all for now im going away iomow rhanks again forthe phob and n was 5o ni@ to hear rbm you again 210 Test 1 Verb tenses: present (units 1-2) Exercise 1 Cornpeiethesentences by puttingeachv€lbintothe presentsimple or prcsent contnuous.use (/ .ontractjons m inne.d of I an, da't inneadof do not, etc)wherepossible. (youdo)? 1 A: what .........C..9..)Pi.a..C9.......... 'm B: an engineet (youdo)? 2 A: what .....^f.e...)P!a...d9.i1!...... B: l'm lookingfor a file. (notunderstand) 3 canyouhelpme?| ........................................ spanish. (talk) 4 CanI callyouback?! .... ....witha client. (notsell) 5 ThispDduct........................................ aswellaswe hoped. (know) 6 l'l getin touchwithyouassoonas| ........................................ theresults. (stay) 7 | ........................................ at thetvlariott Hotel. tllbethereuntilFrday. (youofier)anyspecial 8 ..........................--............ deals overthesummerT partsfortheautomobile ........(make) indlstry 9 o!r company ................... (you 10 When........................................ usually arive)at wo in themoming? (come) 11 Jack........................................ to wolkwithusontheNBCprcject fora fewweeks. (come) f.omLeeds 12 Jack........................................ in thenorthof England. Exercise2 (PO Decide if usesaFh)areusually associated withlhe present simple(P9or present continuous a) factsandpermanent situations E b) actiofsandeventsin prcgress now Ll forthefuture c) arrangements = Ll d) verbsof thinkinqandfeelinq e) habtsandrcutines n temporary stuations n 0 g) fixedtimetables tr h) current trends andchanges n l,,4atch sentences 1-8 belowwith usesaFh). 1 Shestalfingon anotherlinenghtnow,canI askherto callyoubacl? E 2 Weofiera net!orkingsolution thatiscustomised, rcliable andsecure.Ll 3 We relea5e figuresfor total salesandnet eamingse!€ryquarter. n 4 lm arriving in Munich at 10.30. n 5 Theplanearrives in Munichat 10.30. n 5 l'm workingin ourcustomer services department thismonth. ! 7 Internei fraudandqberc meisincreasing allove.thewo d. n is now8 OK,lunderstand whattheproblem n Exercise3 Putthetimeexpressions ftomthe listbelowintotwo categories: thoseusually usedwth the present simple, andthoseusually usedwiththepFsentcontinuousWfitetheexpression in thecorrect colurnn. aiier,always,assoonas,before,curently,everyday,hardlyever,never,at the moment,mostof th€ time,nexi time,normally,now,nowada)'s, occasionally, often, |a|ely,sometimes, thesedays,twicea year,until,usually, when Present simple ^++.er Presentcontinlous TEST' VERBTENSES 21 Exercise4 Putthewordsintoihe correct orderThefirn wordisgivenea.htim€. 1 | at dboui one o clockhaveusuallylunch. I justa sandwich 2 Lunch oftenis. Lunch 3 lfiom time to time visitin PadsHeadOffice. I 4 everhardlyam late in ihe moming. I everhadly takethe trainto work. 6 | prcparconcea montha salesreport. I 7 | mits a Eoardmeetingnever I 8 | am ate for a Boardmeetingnever. I 5 I Exercise 5 Someof thefollowing sentences areight andsomearewrcng.Puta ri<k(/) nextto the rght ones,and co.rect thewrongones. 1 I'm supplying youwitheverything on yourlastorder. | ^{e?...... 2 fr+g{€eing with youcompletely. . 3 Ou.chocolates arecontaining onlythefinenifgedienrs. 4 Ourchocolates ar€winningprizes alloverthewortd. 5 We'e settng up subsidiaries in PeruandBolivia. 6 We'reowningsubsidiaries in PeruandBolivia. 7 'm th nkingtheywill makea decition thisweek. 8 I'm thinkingaboutwhattheywilldecidethisweek. 9 At firstsight.itSseeming to bea sensible suggestion. l0 At iirstsighr,hel makinga sensible suggestion l1 We'rchavng a lol o'troublewithoursuppliers 12 In thesecircumstances we'€ havingno alternative. Exercise6 Competethesentences by puttingeachverbintoa formof lhe present simpeor present continuous. In eachsentence theverbsmaybe in thesameor differenr renses. (qoup),people I Every iimeinflation .................................. (demand)higher .................................. wages. (fall) 2 Inflaiion quitequickly, .................................. (mean)rhat which.................................. ih€ government rateslow cankeeprnterest 3................................iyou/wait)forVictoriachambers?t................................. betong. (ourcustome6/wanr)? 4 Whatexactly .................................. Nobody arcund her s carlodoesn't (hope) havemuch-experience of thissituation. | .................................. he (know) .......... .................... (do). whalhe .................................. (you/mean)? 6 Whaiexacrly...................(nor/understand). . | .................................. 7 Whatexacty...--.............................(you/say)?..........,......................(you/wa 8 ........................... .....(yourchicken/tane) oK?Thefoodhereis usually veryqood,butof.oulseit atl .. _-. (depend) on whichparticularchef .. . ....(work)in the ktchenon Test 2 Verb tenses: past (units3-4) Exercise I Wfitethe pastsimpleformof theseirregular verbs'I become....................... 8 fall....................... 2 begin....................... 9 find.................. 3 break....................... 10 foryet...........-........... 4 bring....................... 11 grow...................-..5 buy....................-.. 12 keep....................... 6 choose..............--....... 13 lead....................... 7 e a t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 15 meet....................... 16 pay............. ........ 17 send....................... 18 shui....................... 19 spend....................... 20 undeEtand.................. 14 lend Exercise2 Underline thecofiectwords. 1 WhenI gatlwasgettiaghome,I heardl washeaing yourphonemessage. 2 WhenI wasat NorcomI usedto dainlwas clainingall mytravelexpenses. 3 Whenthe compltercrashedlwas crashingI pinted outlwasprintingoul lastmonth'sf gurcs. 4 while the planefook offl wastakingoff, I stattedlwas sia,'tingto feel unwell. 5 We wantedlwere wantinga reliablefirm, 50we chose/ werechoosingPhillips. 6 We usedto havelwerehavlngan officein Latviaand Lithuania,but ihen we combined/werccombihirg allour Balti(operations at ourEstonia office. 7 WhenI afiivedlwasahving at the officeJanwaitedlwaswaitingfat tr],e. 8 Thedoorwasopenso I knockedlwaskno<kingandcanelwascomingin. 9 Iheyarguedlwerc aeuingaboutthe merger whenhesuddenly /osflwas/oslnghistemper 10 Whenlwaslusedto be in London lastsummer lylsttedlwas visiting a difte?ntnlseumeveryday Exercise 3 Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similar meaning to thefiBi sentence andcontains thewordin practises Thisexercise brackets. the pastperfectandusedto. 1 Michael madesomenotesandstarted witing. (had) After...........111i!kql..ll*d...&*ds.......... somenotes,hestarted writinq. (didn't) 2 ThisInternet connection isslowerthanbelo€. ThisInternet connection .... ........... to besodow (forgonen) 3 | wassurethedi5kwasin thisboxl I wassure................---.................-.-................. thediskl 4 In the past,the factoryptoduced4,000unitseverymonth.(used) Thefactory ...--...........--------..............---..---........ 4,000unitsevery month. 5 | thoughtthearticleseemed lamiliar(had) I thought .........................-...-........................... thearticle before. (akeady) 6 Franzleft beforemy arival. BytherimeI arrived, Franz. 7 whenI wasyoungerI wentskiinga lot.(used) 1.....-----....................-----.................--....alotwhenlwasyounger 8 Themeeting finished latesowe wentstraightbackto ihe hoiel.(had) Wewentstlaightbacktothehotelbecaule................................._.................... TEST2 VERETENSES 213 Exercise4 frcm th€ l5t below Compete edchsentencewith a suilablelime expression at on in wh€n while/when 1 The computercrashed...v.!hilC1.Yr\e^..I was loadingup the new software. 2 . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .d. .i.dy o uf i 6 t n o t i c et h €f a u l t ? 3 We sentyou the lnvoi.e.........................the end of lastmonth. 4 c entralEuropewas changingveryIapidly .................... the nineties. 5 we lent th€ goods ........................ the fifteenth.Haven'tyou rccelvedthem yet? 6 ............................ they raisedinterestratesihe eurorccovercdaganstthe dolldr. a sma mistake. 7 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h. .e.w . a sc h e c k i ntgh e i n v o i c essh, en o i i c e d . .9. .8. 8 T h et l v o c o m p a n i emse l g e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 9 9 w e m e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .i.q. .h. tf o r a b u s i n e sbsr e a k f a s t . y o ut h i sm o r nn 9 ? 1 0 W h a tw e r ey o ! d o i . g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I.c. .a l l e d . .e. .b. e gn n i n go f t h e y e a r . 1 l W e c h a n g eodu r a d v e n i s i ncga m p a i g.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h l 2 l ' l l c h € c km y f i l e sa n dc a l l y o u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h e m o r n i n g Exercise 5 by puttingoneverbin the pansimpleandonein th€ pasiperfect. Competethesentences (reali!e) ..Gee)t .......... | ...............hAd..r.el!\......... film srarted | ...............rca1i1e4. 1 whenthe (geoto thephone it .... ..................... ................ 2 Bythetirne| .......... ... .................. Giop) nn9rng. . .u. .t .).t.h. .a.t.y. .o. u . ........... . ( g o 0 t h e j o 3 H o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( y o u / f.n. .d. o (work) asan 4 Before | ......................... ..(oin)ABNL............................................. Investment anayst. (send) Meanwh e, my heranemailjun to seehowth ngsweregoing. ................ 5 | ............................. (akeady/spoke) to her boss. .............................................. boss (always/suspect) thattheconiract .................... 5 | .............................................. (not/be)legal. Exercise 6 or pastp€rfecicontinuous. intoeitherthepanperfect Complete thesent€nces by puttingtheverbin brackets (d€cide) t wastimeto changernyjob. 1 By an christmas L..........h4.d-..deSjded......... aboutdansing myjob forsometimebeforefin.llydecided. 2 | .....ha.d..be.a^..Jh.1Bi13.... {think) (wait) foroveranhourbythet mehearrived. : | .............................................. (already y, hear) thenewsb€fore shetoldme. 4 Actua | .....................:........................ (rise) p ce........... .... '........ steadily b€forc themerqer wasannounced. ..... 5 Thelrshare (notfinsh)work. give 1 ............................................ 6 lcouldn't hjma liftbecause 7 Theyqetonverywell,bltthey..............................................(nevermeet)untilt (look)atthe screen a day. be.ause 1......................... ................ 8 Myeyeswere hu'tinq (see) it wasgongto bea greatsuccess thenewdesign I realised 9 AftefI .............................................. (lose) because it ................ . ..... moneytor yeau. 10 Theyclosed downthefactory Test 3 Verb tenses: past and present (units5-6) Exercise 1 Underlife thecoffector mostappropriate answe6. 1 t'n waitingll'vebeenwailrc herefor ages. 2 Themarketsha!€ hadlhada sharpfall lastweek. 3 Themarkets ha€ hadlhada sharpfallthisweek. 4 Waita moment, /'ve/efal//eftthe innruction manualin theoth€rroom. manualnen to the PCwhenI wasusingit earllel 5 /'ve/eftl//eftthe instruction you vwkitg/have 6 Howlong are W beenworkinghe'€? yougoinglhave 7 Hurryupl Howlongare tou bealgoingto be? goods because they haven 8 Wecan'tsupplythe t paidldidn\ pay\he depos l. theyha!€n'tpaidldidn'tpay lhe deposil. 9 We couldn'tsupplythe goodsbecause 10 l'm waitingfor Sue.Whenhaveyou lastseen/didyou bn seehet? 11 l'm waitingfo. Sue.Haveyouseenher?lDid W seehet? Exercise2 Crogs out themistake in eachentenceandwritethecorrection at theend, 1shei5sendingemailsallvveekbuthasn'tplacedanod"ry"t.............14t...b1q1. 2 Wehavestaftedthiscou6eth€e weelsago. 3 A: 'Whathaveyoubeendoingallmorning?' B: 'l'vebeenw ttenlettels.' 4 Whenhaveyouarrived in thiscity? 5 Youhaveeverbeento India? 6 Paulahasbeenorganised a press conference. 7 saleshavebeenrigingsincethreemonths. 8 I livein thiscitysincelwasborn. 9 I waitherea longtime.wherehaveyoubeen? 10 Ldidnt givaa presentation before, so l m a bit nervous, 1l L'mwatingfof their€ply to our letterfor threeweeks. 12 Howlongdo youworkin thiscompany? Exercise3 timeexpression fromthe listbelow Completethe sentences witha suitable yet for €iF€e often ever never alrcady sofar jun always 'I 'velivedin mycity-centre flat---t!.^Sg... 1998.lloveit there. 2 Thanks l've...........--... wanteda goldRolex! forthe present! more. tve--.-............ 3 l don'tthink l should drinkany hadfourwhiskies. 4 Haveyou................ beenself-employed? 5 I ve ................ headthatwe'vewonthecontEctlCongratulations everybodyl youfinished 6 Huffyupl Haven't ................ ? 7 Ninahasworkedin thiscompany ................ overfiv€yearsnow 8 l've-............... Eftingbefore. lts an interesting beenwhite-waler experiencel 9l've.-..............passedthisbuilding,butthisisthefi6ttimel'vebeeninside. l0 We'vebeenverybusyon thestandthismoming................. we'vegiv€nawayover200brochr.res. TEST3 VEiE TENSES 2T5 Exercise4 complete sentence soit hasa similarmeaning to th€firslsentence. Youmayneeda newverb, the second possible. likethosein ex€rcis€ 3. Usecontractions where or a t meexpresslon 1 lan€doesn't workat thiscompany now thiscompany. Ja"e.....................h4r,..!9.t1.................... 2 Thiss thefirsttimel'vebeento ihe Unitedstai€s. to theUnited | ............--.----........ ............................-...... States before. jsn't here! 3 Thai3sttangelMywallet That3 ................... .. disappeared. nrangel 4 | sawa friendof you6a few moments ago. ....................... a rrenooryours. report. 5 l'mstillwrUngthis l. ...........................................................th|sreporiyet. 6 Westarted workingherethrceyeaEago. years. ...................... .....three Wev€be€n...... 7 lsthisyourfilstvisit10Latinamerica? you........................................ ................... Have betor€? 8 lt3 a longtimesinceI spoketo Giorglo. | ................ ................ ............................. lo GioEiofora longtim€ 9 lsAnnastilloutof theoffice? Has.......,,,,.................. ................................. backyet? 10 l'm sorrybut Rachel Dawlonisn'there. has.................. ..................... ................. out. l'msorybutRachelDaw5on 11 | lastsawDavidin 1996. 1.................................,,,,,,,......................since1996, 12 | ctsme to liveh€rcthreemonthsago. l'vebeen.......... ,,...... thr€emonths. 13 Hownupidof mel My laptopisstillin thecar Howstupid ........... mylaptop in thecar. oi mel| .......... 14 l'm stillreading thisreport. yet. | ................................................................ rcading lhisreport 15 Paulleftthebllding a momentago. ............. lhebuilding. Paulhas................................................ 16 Haveyoub€€nto Scandinavia at anytime? you................................................................ Have to Scandinav a? 17 l'vehadEnglish l€ssons in mycompany sinceJanlary ......... l'vebeen......................,......... Erglshsince January I 8 lt3 agessincewe lan hadan orderfromCWP. We..............-..................... anord€rfromCWPlorages. 19 Thisisthefirsttimel'veeatensnails. l've...-........................................................... snails before. 20 | nartedplaying tennisaboutsixmonihsago. l'vebeen................................................................ aboutsixmonths. 2l I don'tfemember Helen\phonenumber phone HelenS l've..--.....................-...................................... number. 22 sheh.s a different opinionnow 5he.......................-........................................ herm nd. 23 Thelasttim€ls.w M.rgarctwasMonday. I haven'1.............-....................-............................. Monday. 216 Test4 Verb tenses: future (units7-8) Exercise 1 llnderlinethe cofiectanswers. 1 W aiI Iat me. ALbel l'l havebeen r€ady in a moment. 2 We'd better wait he€ until the rain itopilnil/ siop. 3 That looks very heavy.Wil/ //5ha// / help you? 4 We finish the cou6e tomor@w so we're g)ing out/we go out fot a dink. 5 l've just head the weathet lo.ecatr, and i6/it's going to be sunny tomorrow 6 A: Do you want me to phonethem? B: No, it3 all .ight, iT doli m dol149 it.' 7 Pleasedon't leaveuntil I cone back/wil .one back. 8 Juliewon't be here next 'week.$e'll wo*lshe'll be ,rorking at our other office. 9 Theflight attendanti5callingus. I think we wll//v!€re 9oin9 io boad the plane. 10 fhey'I proba ylhey obabt wiil cut backthe traaningbudgetnextyear Exercise2 Cross out themistake in eachsentenre andwritethecorrection at theend. l'i...lgtY.. t"...pl+y... 1 tg€+€fhr lenn6on Sarurday. Wouldyouhke1ocome? 2 Thevisitors fromiapanwill hereat 9.30. job. 3 Justine will probably to getthesales going 4 Sueis lendmehercopyof the repon. 5 Byefor now I seeyoulaterthisevening. 6 sorryl'mnotseeyoutomollowI haveto goto London. .................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,......,,,,,,, 7 Whatyougoingto discuss at thenextmeeting? 8 Theflightprcbablywillbe delayed. Exercise3 (/m dolngr), Decide lf usesaFh)areusually with evl4e|o,l?g associated to, ihe present continLrous theflrture coniinuous(/7 be dolhd or the futureperfect(/? l)avedone). a) luturefacs.................!*i!!................. or f ),edf Jturearrangements................................ c) nstantdecisions ........... d ) f J r u r ep l d n sd n d i n l e n l i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . e) p€d ctionswithpresentevidence ............. aboutthi futu.e 0 generalopinions q) lookingbackfromthefuture h) activiiies in prcgrcss in thefuturc Matchsentences 1-8 belowwith usesaFh). 'I wete goingto launchthe newmodelat the Bologna show d 2 sorryaboutthisconfusion. l ll tookintoit ightawayandI'llcallyouback. n 3 l'm meetinq mybankmanaqer on Thulsday. We'rehavinglunchtoqether L l 4 |ihinkwe llprobably year. makea smalllossthis Ll 5 Nextyearwill be the renthanniveEary of our companv. !! 6 Duringrry pFs.ntarion lllbe describing th. keybenefitsofour rewseace. Ll / Judgrng byrhesengutes, we'regorngro makFa smdlllossrhisyear n 8 . lt3 nota difficuhjob. We'llhavefinished bylunchtim". tr TESI4 VERBTENsEs 217 Exercise4 Complete thes€cond sentence soit hasa similar meaning ro thefirstsentence. Th€answers inctude these totms:will,wan't,shall,prcsent present simple, continuous andfutu€ contnuous. 1 | promise to phoneyouwhenlget back. you. whenr set back,.........|.i!1..p19t:-e........ 2 Wo! d youlikemeto closethewindow? .................................. I close thewindow? 3 After the conference we cantrar,€lbacktogether. Whenthe ..........-....................... we cantravelbacktogethe. pdce. 4 They€fuseto lowertheir They........-....-.................... lowertheirprice. 5 Whatjobwillyouhaveaft€rthe company reorganisarion? What......................,...........doingaftefthecompanyreoEanisation? 6 l'll waithereuntilit nopsrainingWhenit stops rajnin9 .............--................... leave. 7 Howabouthavinga drinkafterwo ? ....--....................-.-... we havea d nkafterwork? 8 Ale youfreetomorrowevening? A€...-.........................,,,,, anythinq tomorrow evening? Exercise 5 Rewriteeachsentencewiih will, shallot goir,gto, $ing the velb unde ined. I Sarahdoesn'tplan to get involvedin any researdyet. ..J*f*h..i:nl!-..1q!.Y..1e...4-. invotved in anyresearch yet. 2 Howabouth.vinoa gameof tennisat theweekend? ,..................,,,,,,,,.........., a gameof tennis at theweekend? 3 l'vedecided to !llJ!! Arabicin Caa.o. . Arabicin Cato. prcmise 4 | to be backbeforcmidday. .. beforemidday. 5 | haveanappointment to seethedoctor, solcan'tcome. . thedoctor,soI can'tcome. 6 | promisenot to i9I9g!. 7 l planto dq my MBA in F6nce. my MBAin Fran... you you 8 Would likeme to beb with thosebags? with thosebags? qooe possible 9 lt! for us to backlaterif you like 10 . backlaterif you like. intendto lsk my bossaboutopportunities for promotion. - my bossaboutopportunities for promotion. 1l I want to hale the salmon Lhesalmon,pl.asF. 12 l'vedecidedto hayethe salmon. . . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h . .e. .s.a. .l.m . . o. .n . 2ia Test 5 Passives (units F10) Exerrise 1 Crossout the mi5takein eachsentence andwrite the conectionat the end. 1 NilshiE+€€a€#€ra newFb in Brazil. 2 Yourparcelwasbeenposted'€sterday, 3 A newjndustdalsitei5 be developed out5idethe town. 4 All the food at the receotionwasate. 5 Goldis nill producein largequantitiesin SouthAfrica. 6 Nothingwill beingdecidedbeforenextwe€k. 7 Theprerentationis givingat the HotelIntercootinentat. 8 l'vejust heardthat Cadai5beenpromotedto Ma*eting Dir€ctor 9 Theintroductionto the reportwasw ting by the CEO. 10 lManycustomeEarelosingthroughpoorafter-sale5 s€rvice. Exercise2 Rewte eachsentence with a fEssiveve6, without mentioningwho did the action. 1 Theauthoritieshaveclosedthe casino. .........119...sn'j*"-..f sr-..*-4.^..ietd.|....... 2 Someone brokeintoourhous€last!\,eek. 3 Peopleall overlhe worldspeakEnglish. 4 Thelocalauthodtieshavefinallyopenedthe new motolwata 5 Someoneleft this umbrellain receotion. 5 Thecity councilwill banall raffic from the cjty centre. 7 Fi6t w€ mb(the two liquidt th€nw€ lea\€themlor 24 hours. 8 TheorganiseEa€ postsoningthe meeting. Exercise 3 Completeth6 secondsentencasoit hasa similarmeaningto the firn senienceandcontainsthe wod in 1 Theyhavejun servi(edall our machines. (had) w" .................h+ygjl.'l...kd_..+!1..9!f.{:..}+li!ôt,c.ui."d. -- , .o..,,*"o.y","*f"*n;;;.d,J-- Tomorow| .,.............._-...,,, 3 Theypdnt€dlome business cardswith the n€w togo.(had) We-.-.......................-......... 4 Theyarecomingto deanthe carpettomorow. (having) We...................-................ 5 ]hey havejun ref(6edmy requenfor oedit (hao 219 TEsri PASSTVES Ex€rcise4 a4 52 underllne the cor€ctwordsin thisarticl€. v, A Race Against Time ,- olemmrs acos Euopee ateady lJtrt sraaugrleur sta .d to norry. wlly? B€aurc low bi.th .ales combined with loreq Iife expelarc' (2)acdrlary hea|t thar the conlinent wil soor have fewer peoplewotkins md few{ People payine 1ae9 As a rcsull, a whole mep taken ptace. 'rne spesker,dircctd of the populationdivision of the UnitedNatiom,(6) ,igli/t8rt d/rar ,tgrliBrred that ihis is a global problen, norjusl a EnrcFd one.Ho{ever thetuctr (s) took plo.etws lhe few comtries wberc the popllation will prcb^bly (10) iacreoseI be increased. And as the population8 eel sndler, they e also getting oldei F om 2007 onedds d enomous pdl of Eurcpe\ cmor (7) is,orclr" is,ord: tbe situation in Eurcpeis psticulely snous. tsk di Wpttati,o (11)Nilt sta t*ill be staledro ctir. solutionswiu hale ( 12)mrrdlr, ,. of measurcsmu$ 13)rakelbe raken ro deal with the problens thar rhis chage fte findinss of a recent Europ.a. Conni.sion study: Iralys popllation lound to deat vhh the problems that tttis Nitt (13) createt h. crcat.4. Cenînly in demognphics(4) v'ill brinelvill be (8) expecktis exp..ted lo drop fron gove.nmenh must (14) .ftowd8e I be 58 rnillionto 48 milion by 2050,Spain\ \9) \'ill Joltt t il bela .a fton 40 nillio encoltuged prieate persion plms, and At the rccenlAnnual World Economic Forun iD Dav@, Swilzerltud, a ession called 'Refomirg Pcnsion Systcms' ro 35 million, and Ccmlny s from 82 milion to 76 nillion. Swcdcnis oneof old"fashioncd tax and social security moA.k must (r5) took dtlbe loak.d dt i^ d completely new Pay, r Exercise5 Donot mention who didth€ soil hasa sirnlarme.nng to ih€ lrsi sentence. Competethese.ondsentence 1 Someone checked thesefigu€stor melastweek. L !+d..tt'e1.e-..!jA4l.-et .S!!ejl-e-d. ...... .... astweek. 2 Theygrowmuchlesscoffeen Coombiathesedays. -hese d4s 3 someon€ de vefedthisp.ck.gelhismorn.9. T's p.craqe theod dockands area. 4 Thecitycouncil is redeveloping T'e ojddo.kl.-ds a,ea pui !p inlereet raiesaqarn 5 They've nLeen .let yolr ide. in ihe meeing tomotrov'. 6 We discuss You ided somenewsoftwarc on myPCyesteday 7 Thetechnician innalled .................... on myPc Yesterday | ......... 8 Tokyois myplaceof birrh. ........................ n Tokyo. | ................................ 9 Whenisyourdateof birth? .....born? ....... .. ....................... Whenexactly. 10 Someon€ sioe Petersc.r hn w€€k. 'loe lc'lwe"l 11 D d anyonetell Alexaboutlhe meeiing? abort'lhemeetnq? ,,;";";,;;";;;"";;;;;;;;;;,i;; 220 Test 5 Modals (unitsi.t-14) Exercise l Undedine thecoffectword/s. 1 ThatlookslikeCartoroverthere,but it qaatlmun t be HeSin G€rm.ny. 2 Marieisnt at heroffice,soshecanlmustbe on herwayhere. 3 | think youne€dtolha!€ ,e.esray ro get someadvicefromyourco eagues. 4 lsyourcardoordamaged? Someone mun fiedlhaverr'atto bre.kin. 5 ltb gettingverylate.I rhinkwe d bettert we w)utd payrhe biil and teave. 6 | night/canbe ableto hetpyou,but t,mnotsure. 7 Yes,its a goodidea,we should/musr consukmo€ (tosety withthe unions. 8 lt! absolutely necessary wesho{r/d/mujr conslltmorectos€ty withtheunions. 9 LlCy.an'tharclnusthaveh€adthe badnews.Shetookssohappy. 10 Satry, I musttolhaveto qo now.tdont wantro oe Er. 11 Younight notldon,tneedro comero themeeting if youtebusy. l2 Thi!invoice can'rlmu5fnt beright.It saysf550 to repai.rhephorocopierl Exercise2 Complete eachsenience wirha wordor ph€sefiomthe tisrbelow haveto hadto d€irt+arc+e didnl havero musl mustn,t rnlst have mighthave should coutd 1we'retryinganewdresscoae.we..denli..|4v.g..t9..wearfomalctothesonFridays. 2 You.................................. touchthatbuttont Thewhoteproduction tin€wt stopl 3 l'mnot9ure. butlthink| ,,,..............,.........,...... rnade a mistake, 4 Before wea9ree, we'll..--.-........,,.........,,,... sluoyihecont|act rnmoredetail. 5 Sorry I can'tstayanylonger| rcatty .............. .................. mytrain. 9o nowor t, rniss 6 lf youneeded thegoodsu.qentlla we ........ ....... ... .......speedup theoder 7 Sorry l',mlate,but| ....... .......................... golo rnedocror.s. 8 lt ................................. b€enembarrassing foryouto torgethisname 9 lth nkwe ......... ........................ a(cept theirofferlt3thebestwe,ltget. 10 Luckly,L....................... .......attendthe meeiing y€sterday, soJmanaged to finisha nrypaperwolk Exercise3 Matchthe usesof would.)-g)wirhthesentences i-7 betow a)ofieflfghetp b)ofieringthinqs c) potitercquestd) tnvitations e)repodrng wharsomeone said 0 imaginary futorewith ,if, g) pasrrefusai I Wouldyoumindca ingbackt.ter? C 2 Whatwouldyoudo if th€yrefused ro neqoti.te? n 3 Wou/dyoulikesomemiikin yourcoffee? I 4 WouldyoLrlikerojojnusfor dinnertomorrow evening?n s Theywouldntreduc€ rheprtceunderany circumstances. ll 5 Wouldyo! likemeto openthewindow? n 7 Hesaidhewouldcal ba.klater n TEST6 MODALS 22'I Exercise4 Complete thesecond sentence sothatit hasa slmibrmeaning asthefirsts€ntence. Usea wordor phrase can't miqht should hdveto don'thaveto €cgh{-i€ can'tbe miqhtbe m'.rst be shouldb-" 1 lt wouldbea goodideato bing in a fim of consulrants. we ........9$|J...1-o-....... b ng in a firmof consultants. not necessary for you 2 lt's to leavea deposit. leave You.................................. a deposit hesin Pans. 3 I m surethatisnt John.b€cause That.................................. John, because he'sin Pas. 4 ann isalmostceftainly witha custom€r Ann.................................. witha customer. 5 expect meeting will be finished byten. the Therneeting .................................. finshedbyten. 1.,,,.............................. taIe. 7 Wearcnotallowed to dispose of waslein thatway. We. ................................ dispose of wasteinthatway. 8 Perhaps l'll seeyouon Thu6day evening. ......seeYouon Trru6day evening 9 ts therulethatwecheckallbankrefercnces. We . ..................... ....... check allbankreferences. 10 You'dbetterspeakto herassoonaspossible. You........,,,,.,,,,,,,.............. to herassoonaspossib speak e. Exer<ise 5 Competethesecond sentenc€ sothatit hasa similarmeaning asthefirstsentence. Usea phrase lromthe listbelow f,€h*e€ can'thave couldhave shouldhave(x2) mt]nhave shoudn't have mightnot have I Perhaps Davidmadea mistake. madea mistake. David......x!41''t...hav.e...... 'm 2 surethatsheworkedveryhardon thisprol€ct. worked veryhardonth s prcject. She.................................. expned akeady. 3 L'msurethewarranty hasn't .............. Thewarranty................... expned akeady. you good idea for 4 lr woLrldhavebeena to tellme. You..................................ro|d me. you 5 Perhaps didnt seethe inewe launched at rheMunichFair You.................................. seenthelinewe launched at theMunich Fail 5 lwdsexpeciinq by now themto call .......... called bynow Th€y....................... our sornLrch 7 i wasa badldeafor usto drop prices ourp cessomucn. We................................ dropped posslble problem 8 ll was for usto seethis coming. we .................... ......seenrhiroroblem Loning Test 7 Questions (units 1F15) Exercise I Whenwe makequestionsin spok€nEnglish,w€ often teawout the auxiliaryverbandthe subjectpronoun. Forexampfe.inneadof saying,Doyou |ikeit7' we say,Ukeir?,.Wdtefult questionsusingthe lldediled I Finished yet?We'reallwaiting! 2 seeyoutomonow?Areyouburyall day? 3 YouIookrela€d. !o4e a nicetime? 4 Paulsa bit difiicult.(!eW what I mean? 5 Hi,Tim.Coming out for a ddnklat€r? 6 Eeenwaitinglong?sorrytor the delay. 7 Intereningconferencqisnl it. Eniovinoyoulself? 8 tlea&lthe laten?babelis takingeart retircmemr Have-..ye$...{i.îtk-d-.. y.el3 Exercise3 Matchthe beginnings of the phr6s€s with thehendings. I Doyoumindif 1... 2 Wouldyoumindif | ... 3 Wouldyoumind..- a) closing rhewindow? b) closedthe window? c) .losethewindow? Somebody asksvlbuld.youmird ff I cl6ed ttrc window2yol wantthe windowclosed.Tick(/) the answers youcouldgive. 4 Yes,lwould. ! 5 ruq ol coure not. E 6 Goahead. ! 7 Please do. n tEltt 7 QUE5IIONS 223 Exercise 4 (dont insieadof do no0. W te shortans e6 for ead question,beginningasshown.Usecontractions 1 DoyoulikeBrazil? Yes,...........!...d..e.......... . No,........1..-d9!\:: ........ 2 DoesKaren likeSrazil? Yes, .,,,,,,,,........--.-..-..... . No,,,,,,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,,,,,,, , youwo*edherelong? 3 Have Yes,...,,........................ No,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,,,,,,,,,,, 4 Areyoucoming wlthustonigln Yes,........................-..... No,............................. . 5 lsKaren coming withustoniglt? Yes, -..-.......................... No,...................-.......... 6 Canyoucomeon Friday? Yes. -........................... . No,.................-........... . 7 Wll yoube heretomonow? Ye5,............................. . No,...-......................... . pay 8 Didyouhave lot? Yes,.............................. to a No,---........................ 9 lsthatyourcoat? Yes,.........,,,,,,............... No;........,,,,,,,,,..,.....,,,, . Exercise5 Completeeachs€ntence,usingthe vetb in brackebwherenecessary, (havego0 the fit€, haven,tyou?, 1 A: ,...-y.g*4...h4!e..4p-t-.. 'Yes, B: of cou6e.' 2 A: They'llbebackby4.00,.................................. ?' B:'lexpectso.' (eave)no /, areyou?' 3 A: 'You,,,,.,.,,...........,,,,,,,...,... 'Sorry, B: I reallyhaveto 9o.' 'They've 4 A: beenherebefore,.,,,,.,,..........,.,,,,,,.,...... ?' 8: 'Yes,lthinkso.' 5 Ai'Youcanm€d Madoleine et th€station,,..........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.... ?' 8: 'Yet of course.' (forget)thesamplet 6 Ar'You...............-----......... didyou?' 'No, Br of cours€not.' '.................................. (be)hereyesreday, 7 Ar wee you?' 'No, B: I wasnl I A: 'Youdont happen to knowthetime,.................................. ?' B: '59rry | don'f 9 A: 'LetShavea brcaknow,.................................. ?' B: 'O( goodidea.' 10 A:'Youhadthesamethingfor lunchyEterday, ..................................?' B: Yes.' Exercise 5 Putthe wordsin the con€ctoiderto m6kequestions. 1 takevEadoyouf ....De-..ye*...+*t+e..Y.rf.+.? 2 pleas€ lcans€€themenu?..................................... I excus€ mehereanyoneissitting?........................... 4 tromwhidrcountrydo @meyou? ........................... 5 towhoyouwereiunnowlalking?......... ..... 6 \ivhatmeando youer€ctlyby dtal? ........................ 7 a littl€morespecificyoucould b€7 ......................... 8 'ivhattimethenextbainto Brussels is? .......... youcanrellmev,/hattimeisthenexttraintoBruss€ts?.................................... 9 l0 thisbriefcasetowhodoesbelong? ...................... 1l couldI tromherea phonecallmake? 12 do thinkyou I couldmakelrom herea phonecall? Test 8 Conditionals (units 17-18) Exercise 1 Undernethecorrect words. 1 lf we sentthe goodsby sea,ihe transportcostsw'i{/ueqd be much owef. 2 lf thetprcnotelpranotedthebrandbetter,they'llgainrnarket share. 3 ll youleft/ had left ealier,you mighthavegot thereon t me. 4 lf anyonefrom HeadOfficevisits,theyalwaysnaylwil/ stay n a fivestarhote. 5 lf I weleyou,/ d/i 7 callthenTechnical supportnumber. 6 lf l hayeliadmoretime,l'd beabletocomeup witha solutlon. I lf it breakdownlwillbreak doM, ittakesddysfor theservice engin€er to arrive. 8lfyouneededrhemoneyDryenIly,Icouldphone/couldha!€phoredAccountsnowtot 9lfyouenterthedateinthewrcngfomat,thecornputerdoesn'r/d/drtrecognisetheinfo 1a ft wed beenlwewercmorccareful, we wouldnt havelostsomuchmoney. ll lf I hadboughtmo€ sharct,I wouldbeconelwould havebe<orne rich! '12 lf yoursecond goes/ev,// interview thejob. 90 well,l'msurethey'llofferyou 13 ll youvwuldhavebackeduplba.ted up yourfilesmo'e of\en,yauwauldnl iskldidn't risk asingall 14 ll youhadn'tlwouldh't havea(ed soquickly, w€dbelwearein b 9 trouble. I wish I haL€lhad 15 | needto contactHeadOffice. mymobilephonewith me. 16 lwish ir 6/rvasF.idayl Exercise 2 in oneoi thesetorms:wil/do, wouldda, wauldhave Complete eachsentence, usingtheverbin brackets 1lfwegotavirusonthenetwork,we.............rdl1.rld...l9r9.............(ose)allourdata (be)in Parisai isn'tate,1.............................................. 2 li mytrarn sx. 3liyourtalkhadbeenshorter,lthinkthey.............................................(a a I'youte mewhdlyouwart.| ............... {get)ir fo' youarI.e a 'po'r. (get)morcinqurries 5 We.............................................. if weadv€rii5ed moreoften. (miss) 6 lf we hadn'tleftsoearly, ......... thetran. (notsee) 7 lf wo*edabr@d, | .............................................. myfarny sooften. 8liyouhaven'tgotanychange.1..............................................(eav€)the (sortoui)theproblem 9 We.................-.......................--.. muchsooner l we hadhadih€manual. (you/do)? 10 li youwerein hissituaUon, what--......................... ....... .. Exercise 3 Completeeachsentenceusingif ot unless. 1 Theirofficesareverynear.We'll walk therc,................. itb ralning. 2 We would probablyget the contract................. we dopped our pricea little. 3 C o m eo n ! . . . . . . . . . . . .w . . e. . h u r r yw e ' l lm i s st h e p l a n e . 4 ............ you haveany quenions,pleasefeelfreeio call. 5 Whatwould you do...........-..... they refusedto negoiiaie? 6 l d o n ' t f e e al b l e t o t a k e ad e c i s i o n . . . . . . . . . . .l.h. .a. .v.e a ltlh e f i g u r e s . TEST8 CONDTTIONALS225 Exer<ise4 Completethe sentence {or eachsituation. 1 Emmadidnl leaveearly,andsoshemissed herflight. kd le{+ e^r!y f fnmd . she 4q4!dt:!...kyg...yi.ted hett ishl 2 Hedidn'tmakemorecopies, sowe don'thaveenoughfof everyone. lf he....................-''''''. . ....................... enouqh forev€ryone. 3 l fo.gotto bing yourmap,sol wenttothe wrongbuilding. lf | .............................................. to thewrongbuildinq. , | ..........--...............-.................. 4 Theydidn'rinvestin newt€chnology, sotheydidn'tsurvivethe recession. lf they.................-.....................--................. ......................... therccession. , they.............. 5 Youdidnl wait,sothishashappened. lf you.............. ......... this................................... . you you 6 | didnt realise we€ sobusywhenI asked to helpme. lf L...........................................-....................---. ......... to helpme. , 1....... 7 TheGovernment sotherewasnla c sis. didnl collapse. lf theGovernment ............................. ......,,,, a crisis. , there.................................. 8 Theydidn'tbringouttheirnewmodelon time,sotheylosimarketshare. |ithey....................-........... ............, they.................................. market Exercise 5 Choose for eachs€ntence. thecorrect continuation 1 I wasnltakingnotes,andnowI can'trememberwhal shesaid. a)| wishI tooknotes.b) lwish l'd takennotes 2 Thisisa veryunusual situation. a)| wishl'd knownwhatto do. b) | wishI knewwhatto do. 3 Ouroffices arcin thecitycent€andthe rentisveryhigh. a)| wishwewereoutside thecentre.b) lwishwe areoutside thecentre. 4 Theygavethejob to anexternal candidate, but oowtheyregretit. a)Iheywishtheyhadn'tdoneit b)lhey wishtheydidn'tdo it. 5 | can'tenterthesystem I don'thavethe password, because ;) lf onlylwouldhavethe passwordb) lf onlyI hadthepassword. 6 Therearetoo manysimila.models on themarketnow. a)lf onlywelaunched ourveGion ea ier b) lt onlywe hadlaunched ourversion earlier nextFdday. 7 l'm wodedaboutthe meetinq Weneedto reachan ;qreemeft. a)lwishwe succeed. b)| hopewe succeed. Exercise 6 complete eachsentence usingtheverbin brackets. (be). I We'renotthe marketleader, but lwishwe .........!Ygl_e.......... 2 Hemadea messof allmyphotocopyinq. lwish| ....-... ........(do)it myself. 3lpressedthewronqkeyonthecomputerlfonly1.. ........---......(notdo)it. 4 lcanl undedandanythinq Mariesa),s. l wish| ....................----..... {speak)French. (order)that 5 Youdessen look good-lwish1............................. too. (be)a flyonthewall. 6 They?e meeting atthemoment.lwish 1...-.................--...-.. (give)itto mebeforc. you......-...................... 7 Thisinformation isimpodant.lwish (have) 8 LooklThere3 . s3leat Haffods. lf only| ............................. myVisacardwith me. E n tr tr ! n n Test 9 Verbs + -ing or infinitive (units 19-20) Exercise 1 U!ds[!g the coffectwords. restaurant. 1 | realycanl affordlqrailealrhg in suchan expensive g 2 Do you mindto comelcont backin haffan hour? 3 Doyouwant to comelconingbackin halfan hour? 4 Katedeniedb givelgiing the officekey5to anyoneelse. mistak€. 5 Headmitted to ma*e/nd*inga s€rious 6 Remind / RenembermeIo callSyMathisafternoon. 7 we havebeenting to enterlenter;,,9ihe Chinesema*et for sometime. 8 | hopeto belbe,]ogat the nextmeeting,but l'm not sureif I canmakeit. I thinkI canmakeit9 | expectto belbe,hgat the no( meeting. you keep 10 lf sheisn'tin the offi(e when call, to lrylt4l,ing. ll I considered option.I evenimagined b resignlresigning. everypossible that we can't do it. We haveto try hardet 12 I refuseto be/le!€/be/leving lan time,but lwon't do it again. 13 ladmitfo belbe,ing a littlecareless people allthetime.lt! sorude. 14 I cant stand to lnterruptlintetrupting 15 Whercdo youfanq to golgoing fot lunchtoday? I 6 l'vearrangedlo mee|/rneetirgthemat theirhotel. l7 We guaranteeto der!€rldelt€lng the qoodsby the endot lune. l8 lmagine to wrl4lw/hnh9 the lotteryl 19 ThemanagerFfusedto seelseet9 me. 20 | realisedI hadfoeotten to packlpactinganysparebatteries. it means b aftivelativing in Bonnaftermldnight. 21 lf lmissmyconnection, i\, it was too heaw 22 | ttied to liftllifting but 23 | etioy b qrt awaylgetingawayto the coastat the weekend. 24 I'd loveto getawaylgEftingawayto the coan thiswe€kend. 25 | iied to peEuadehim, but he rcfus€db rnenl/istert g to me. yout factoryThankyouverym!ch. 26 | '€allyenjoyedto visitlv,i5it/ng 'lhey 27 decidedto otderlorder,inqI ,000 units. 28 Heofferedio meetlmeethgmeat the airport. Exercise 2 eitherthe-ingformor fo + infintive. Compleie thesentences with a verbfrcmthe lin bebw.Choose get getthrough give raake ise unpackwat causecome compromise a minakeon the invoice. I Headmitted ..........k4fri4........ with usfot a drink? 2 Doyoufancy.................--.----..... fasterthan inflation. 3 wages tend..-......................--.. -one. whenl call.l keep ............. .. . ane'gaged 4 l .anr m.n.ge.............. ...... fora couple 5 Doyoumind................--.---....... of minuteswhile lwritethisemail? 5 Theyagreed................-.-.......... usthirtymoredaysto paytheinvoice. 7 Thetransport dpny.....---....................thedamage. company position wasv€ryiqid. Theyrefused ............................. . 8 Theirneqotiating 9lsawhim...-.............-----.......thpgoods,andtherewasnodamagevisible. 227 Test 10 Reported speech (units 21-22) Exercise 1 Complete€achquenionin directspeed, endingasshown. 1 JackaskedmewhetherI wasgoingout for lunch. ..........'..Arc..g..fitl...e!+1..ftr..ltnsl?1............. rack asked me. 2 CarolaskedAnn what sh€haddonethe daybefor€. ........, Ann?'aik€dCarot. 3 Johnaskedus if we oftenw€m to Germanyfor meetingis. ........?, Johneskedus. 4 Kateaskedme how manyintervieu/s l'd donethat day. ........?, Katea5ked me. 5 GeorgeaskedSueif 5hewas9oin9to changejobs. ,,,,,,,., Sue?,asked G€orge. 6 Aliceaskedmewho I hadtalkedto at the conterence. ........?' Aliceaskedme. 7 Thetechnicianaskedme if I wouldbe therethe nextday. ?' thetechnician ask€dme, 8 l\,4ary askedmewhereoul newoffi(es!\€F, ?' Maryaskedme. 9 Heaskedmeif l'd seenSillre@ntly. ?' heaskedme. 10 Heaskedmeif l'd be s€eingEillat the conference. ?' heaskedme. Exercise2 Rewriteeachsentencein reportedspee.h,using6 verbfrcm the lin below advised apologised for congratulated on invjted offered Freni5ed rcfused suggen€d 1 'l'll meetyouat the airpo( sue,'saidMike. Mike.......d:g!ait:gd...t9..X-e-e.i..5149....... at theairport. 'Would you 2 liketo cometo the productlaunch,.,ean?'askedChds. chris.................-----.-..''. .. . ._____--...theproductlaunch. 3 | wouldnt signthe contractif I wereyou, Dave,'saidPatsy. Patsy ..............................:.........,.............-....,,,,,,........ theconfact, 4 'Howaboutgettingan alternati€quote?'said Nick. Nick..................____.._.....................................___..... quote. an alt€mative 5 'l'm teniblysorryfor arrivingso late,'saidSerena. serena...---..-...................... 6 'ShallI giveyoua lift?'saidMa*. Ma* -----,.,,,,.,,,,,,.----------...................-.................--mea lifl 7'Well done,you'vewonthe Emplo)€e of theY€araward!'hesaid. He...........--.---.-..............her-..........-.-....................Employ€€ of theYearawad. 8 'No, I can'tacceptanytunher delays,'saidPat. Pat..................--.....................--.-......................,. anyfurtherdetays. 22|l Test 11 Phrasal verbs (units23-24) Exercise 1 1-12 with theirendinqsaFl). lvatchthe beginnings of sentences I;I 'I n myjob ldeal 2 TheGovemment istryingto €ut form.Canyoufill 3 Herettheapplication and 4 | dealwiththerctailsideof the business, tr tr tr tr 5 | hopelohn qetsbettersoon.we can't do 6 Thanks foryourcall,andlloot of ou|company, 7 Fi|stl lltalkaboutthe history n n you yoLr PC, make srre 8 Before switchoff the n back market in the 9 Someof thesmaller compaaies n will prcbably betaken n l0 We needsomenewofficechails.l'll look 1l These daysyouneedto do a lot of €adingto n keep whofits n 12 lt'simportant to finda candidate a) afterthewholesale sde. b) up withdeveopments in thefied. rclated to c) withallthep.perwork team. withouthimon thenegotiating e) i) in withthecornpany culurcand theotherpeoplein thedepartm€nt. 9) oownon oureaucracy. on io ourprcductrangeandmarkets, t overin thenextfewyears, t foMardto meetingyouonthetenth. andseewhat throughthecatalogue lind. can in bothsidesands9n it at ihe bottom Exercise 2 wordswilh a phrasal verbfromthe st below Rewrite byreplacing the underlined eachsentence comeac.ossdealwith go on go over l66k{eA/erd*€ pickup putbackto runoutof sortout takeup 1 Lth]!! l'm SerSlg_edq th€ woekendverymuch. I k r@k'rM +otu ^rd tP. . trr weeleldverymu(h. metres of tloorspace. 2 Themachine !l!C!aboutfoursquare ......................,...,,,,,,,..,., abouttoursquare metres of floorspa(e. Themachine ,,,..............-the meeting untilnextweek. 3 thinkwe'llhaveto dclEjr thinkwe'11have...............-....................-.....................nextweek. 4 They.re not an easycompanyto dorbljrnelsrdUl. ..................... ...... Tl'ey.re noraneasy company ...................... 5 Canyou!q!!Edmefromtheairportin vourcar? lromtheairport? Canyou........................-.....,,,................--....... 6 sorry l'm rcallybusy,I haveto continuewritingthesereports. ............... theserepots. Sorryl'm reallybusy,I have just plt wele tryingto it dqbtnow 7 Therc!a smallproblem. problem. We?ejusttrying..............-...... Therc!a small the mainpoinisagain. 8 Before we finish,l'd justliketo summalise -.--....:...... the mainpointsagain. Before we finish,l'd justlike you 9 l've lostmy pen-Letmeknowif lj!!! it bylhalle. l'veronmypen.Leimeknowil ................. the me€ting tomonow.Wehaveno morctimelgfr. 10 We'llhaveto continue W€'ll haveto continuethe m€€tingtomorow. We have. IEST 1 I PHR]|TSAL VERBS 229 Exercise3 Complete thesentenc€s witha word{rcmthe lin below away back by down into off €€ over out through up 1 Ho|d......-o......a moment, that3not exactly whatI said. 2 Ciarewilltake...............-myjobwhenI change department nextmonth. 3 l hateitwtrentheyputyouon hotdandyoucant 9e1................. . 4 Thetotalbillforfournightsworks.........___..... at f380. 5 Thefactorywillclose....__...__...... nextyearTheyre movingprcduction to China. 6 itt goingto be difficultto get................. withsLrch a smattbudget. 7 Paolagrew................. in a littlevillage outside Venice. 8 l'lldropyou................. atthestation on mywayhome. 9 l'll look........ ......theproblem andget ................. to youtornorow l0 No,I don'thaveit anymore. I rhrewit ............. .. . Exercise4 Complete thesentences with a phtasal verbfrcmthe tistbetow catchup with cut downon d€pifi-€a faceup to get backto get on with get roundto lookforwardto moveon to run out of 1 Willwe havetimeto ...C1-_9t...i4..9!!... Gunterwhitewe,rein Be in? 2 lf you'veall helped yourself to coftee,I thinkwe should............................. th€ meeiing 3 Thereponsayswe can.............,,,,,........... a lot of wastein thefactory 4 lvetriedeveMhing andt'vecompletety ................_............ newideas. 5 Sorryit!taken 50longto.................-........... youremait. answering 6 Afeyougoingoutfora drinkrightnow?thavea fewthingsto do hercin theoffice,but t,ll ............................. youlater. 7 Please feelfreeto contactmeif youhaveanyfunherquenions. | ............................. hearing fromyou 8ltlnotgoin9tobeeary,butyouhaveto.............................yourresponsibt/tes. 9 Nowl'd liketo.................___.____.... thenextstidewhich 5hows oursates byreglon. 10 Ineedsometime to lookintothis. Cant............................. youlater? Exercise5 Matchthe beginnings of sentences 1-12withtheirendings aH). 1 My pa€niswerequitest ct andbroughtme tr 2 Whenareyouarriving? W;uldyoulikemeto pjck n 3 Whenareyouleaving? Wouldyoulikemeto drop ! 4 PeterTAnycomments? Wouldyouliketo come n s Wouldyoumakesur€youturn n 6 | can'tmakethemeeting on lhursday. Canwe bring n 7 l can'tmakethe meeting on rhursday. Canwe put n 8 Yes,it is a strangeword-Haveyoutried looking n 9 l hopethe con of our raw materiats witt .ome n lO I lltry andlindher canyouhold n 1l HelJo? Areyouthere?| thinkw€ werecut n 12 Mydo{torsalslshoutdgive n a) it backto Friday? b) it forwardto Wednesday? c) up In a verytraditional way. d) ofi ihe lghtswhenyouleave? e) up smoking. g) youup? h) off whenwe entered a tunnel. i) in here? k) it up in a dictionary? 230 fest 12 Makeldolgetlhave (unit 27) Exercise I llatch the usesofgetin sentences 1J with rheirdictionarydefinitions aFh) (sth.= something,sb. = somebody) I I didnl get homeunrileightlastnight. E 2 I'm qettifga dnectflighttoDussetdod. n 3 Weteonlygettinga 4% payrisethisyear n 4 My nam€s Hugh,H-UG,H.Didyougetthar? tr 5 lts no good.Well nevergetthemto agree. n 6 l'm gettinglired.Shallwecontinve tomorrow? n 7 | shouldgetsornething for mywtfeat tre airporr.n 8 l'll getlastyeat figurcs. lustwaita moment. tr a) obtairvbuy e) i) g) h) br ng sth.to a place/felch undeEtand peEuade sb.to do sth. travelby/carch(transpon) Nowmatchthesesenrences withsomeoithe definitions aFh)above. 9 l'm sorry| d dn t quitegettharlan point. 10 Don'tworryyou'llsoongetusedto it. ll I'rngettfg a bit oi a headache frcmtookingat thescreen iortoo tong. I 2 lsthatyournewcar?Whendidyougei it? l3 Canlget youa coffeewhileyoutewairing? 14 got herebytaxi. n n ! n n n Exercise2 Complete thesentenceswith makqdoot have.you mayhaveto change thefom. I Whatafeyou....q-ollt....ar theweekend? 2 l'm.... ............ se.ious doubts aboutthewholelhing. 3 OK,sha||we.................. a start? 4 Could you...,,.......... . mea favou.? 5 Can| ............... a suggestionT Whydon'twe............... a m€eting to discuss wharto ............... . 5lthinkweneedto...............moretesrsbeforewe...............afnatdecision. 7 Th€company.............,,,, a loiof money lastyear, butlhisyearwe,re not..,............ sowell,We rnightevenhaveto .................. peopie some redunda.t. 8 lt..................meeattymadwhenpeoptec.n,t.................thei.jobspropert in ................anyplanswhenthesituaiion isio conrueng. 9 Goonl .................. a gottt doesn't matter if you........,,,....... a m6take. 10 Thehelplgotf.ommyemployer......_........... it possibte forme1o.................. anN4BA. l 1 l ' m . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . m y b e s t b u t l r c a l l y G n ' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e n s € o f t h e s e toi tgoul r € s . t , troubleseeinq whattheyallefer to. 12 Themenulooksreallygood.l'm goingto .................. French onionsoupasa startef, andthenthe sreaK with b6arnaise sauce. Buitthinkt'll .............._... withoutdessert. t,m.................. a bit of anefiortro loseweight. TEST'I3 RELATIVECLAUSES 2!'I Test 13 Relative clauses(units28-29) Exercise 1 Undeiinethecorectwords.In number10choose the mostcommonusage. 1 Thestationerywhotuahqlyou o'deredhasarriv€d. presentation 2 the speaketv,thichlwhose I heardbeforelunchwasverygood. 3 Everyone evhrthlthat I metin the Milanofficeaskedhowyouwere. 4 lhe pe6or ol whkhlwhoie newspaper I borrowedhasdisappeared. 5 the petsotit/tholwhon is relponsiblefor ihis isAntonioPlatini. wl,lchlwhose featu€saredescibedin theleaflet,sellsveryw€ll. 6 Thisproduct, 7 lhis Wadud,whichlwhose6 our bestseller,is avaihblein four colours. 8 Theperson whoselahat bookthisiswantsit back. 9 Theperson whoselthat lentmethisbookwantsit back. 10 Johnis someonewrh whon I useto worklwho I usedto work with. Exercise 2 (who,whtct that) It youcan,put a bracket pronoun Decide if youcanmissout the relative rcundit. f you can't,und€dine it. (that)youcanu5eto linkto a Pc. 1 Thereisan attachment freewiththeproduct, 2 Theattachmenl, is usedto nkto a PC. lhal comes 3 Thepe6onwho I toldyouaboutisstanding ovff there. 4 Themea, whichwasnothingspecial, costusmorethanf50 a head. 5 Themeathatwe hadlastnightwasn'tverygood. 6 ThefirstthingthatyourcustomeE will noticeisthe price. 7 Theinformation, whichis strictly confideniial, comesfroma verygoodsource. 8 | cannotprovide thatyouwanl. the information Exercise 3 Rewflte eachpairof sentences asonesentence usingthewordin bracket!. (which) I Ranishowed mea magazine article.lt wasrcallyinteresting. aJ^tiflg..*hish. R"",....t1P.led..x9-..4.. l.rja?!.r.e.p.a{.... realyInreresnns. 2 Somelapanese visirors cameyesteday. Theygavemethisgift.(who) TheJapanese visitors ......... ..,....,,.,............,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,. thisgift, gaveit to me.(that) 3 Thisis a gift.TheJapanese visitors who cameyesteday Ihisisthegift.................... gaveme. .............................. 4 I boftowed a fiiendslaptop-Hewanlsit b.ck.(whose) Thefrend.......................... ........................ back. (who) 5 A marketing manager wo*s in mydepartment. SheSleaving the companytomoffow Themarketing manager.... ... isleaving the company tomorrowyeneday-lt wasveryintereninq.(that) 6 Wewent to a presentation Thepresentation ..........----................................... veryintercnlng. 7 | met a woman.Hersisterwork for A8N.(whose) I met...,,,,,,,,,,,,............,...... ...,............ ABN. Hewantsto seeyou.(who) 8 A rnaniswaitingin reception. Th€man............................ ...................... seeyou. 232 Test14 Nouns,pronounsand articles(units30-35) Exercise 1 crossout the mistakein eachlineand wite the correctionat the efd. 1 | spente{se talkingto Jack,and then I went home. ''Ye..a.tr.\.e 2 Ka 3 sister is doctor 3 It this umbrcllayour or mine? 4 Theysaythat the wine is good for you in smallamounts. 5 Wite down the .eferencenumberall the time you sellsomething. 6 Canyou giveme an advice? 7 Ilr sorrywe hdvelwo hflsbut eitherone is in setuice. in London. 8 | needsomeinfomation5aboutaccommodation 9 We iied io qet the machineworkingaqainbut no one of us coulddo it. 10 walkingwilltaketoo long- lets90 withthetaxi. l 1 sorryI m late,ihe trafficwereverybusy. 12 Ourmarketing director isexcellent, shehassomuchgoodideas. '13 A: Howmanypeople yourstandthisaftemoon? visited B: Noat al. of.,ane? 14 Haveyouevermetihe colleague 15 Therc3coffeeandthere!tea.Youcanhaveboth. to makea decision, 16 Thercistoo fewinformation 17 We havetwo paymentoptions- everyonehasdifterentfeaturcs, predictioos in the Ministrys reportT 18 Naveyouseenthe inflation got chai6enoughfot themeeting. 19 Wehaven't 20 Therearenonespa€partsin stockat themoment. 21 Thenew5areon in a few minutes. at the report3end. 22 You'llfindallthestatistics playerin eitherthefilmandmusicinduslries. 23 We'€ a leading lor oneevery 24 Thereareenoughfreesamples 25 Alisonkeeps talkingaboutthatideaof hels. please? 26 Couldyougivemean information, 27 Canyouspeakup?| can'thearnothing. 28 we lookedat two sitesbuteitherof themw€retoo smalL. therewasnonesinglequestion. 29 At theendof mypresentation, Thereisn'tno oneto seeyoutoday. 30 Please comebacktomorrcw. youfinish. putthemanualback in it3 properplacewhen 31 Please job he3lhe bossson. 17 He! onlygorrle betause Exercise 2 nounandoneuncountable noun.Putthewordsintothecoffect Eachpairof wordscontains onecountable the wod. columnandw te a/anor somebefore desk/fumiturebaq/luqqagework/job iravel/tip accommodation/flat dollar/money trouble/problem chance/luckwine/litre equipment/machine f.ctlinfomation advice/suqgestion hour/time email/corr€spondence countablenouns a Oat u!ca!d&le_!9tJ!5 tore ^ccoMModatio^ ETI 14 TIIOUI{S. PRONOUNS AND ARTICLES 233 Exercise 3 Complete thes€.ondsentence sotharit hasa similar meaning ro thefirstsentence andcontains theword (someihing) I Theboxisnl empty. ............4ere3...*-u+!.|li19...i1.............. treuox. 2 Let me tellyou what I thinkyou shoulddo. (advice) L e rm e 9 v e y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 We travelledthercon the t€in. (by) We ravelledrrere 4 | feelworied. (something) 5 Everymominglwalk to the office.(foot) E v F rny o r n i n gI L o r e t o t h eo f r , ( e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Matin s a iriendoi rny boss.(one) valin 5 7 Chrs advsespeopleabouttheirrax.(adviser) Ch'sis... ...................................... 8 t\,lanlelaknowsthi5 business betterthan anyone.(knowt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b . .e. .n. .e.ft h a nM a n u e l a . (got) got 9 | haven't anythingto do. Ive ..... . . . . . d. o . (everybody) 10 We areall tea drinkeGhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , t, e . .a. ... . Peoplewho are unemployed needbette.trainingprogrammes. {the) prcgrammes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b . .e. .t.t.e. trr a i n i n g 12 The prototypeneedsto be changeda lot. (redesigning) 1I Tlêprctotypeneeds.. 13 We can't do anything.(nothing) '14 T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d . .o. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What did that pieceof machinery cost?(how) . that pieceof machinery cost? 15 Thereis littlerravelin my job. (much) T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r a v eiln m y j o b . l6 Claradoespeoplesaccountslor her living.(accountant) Clara s 17 No one was on t me yesteday.(late) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y. .e. .s.t.e. r d a y . 18 Therewas nothingI coulddo about it. (couldn't) | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. b . _o_u.ti.t... . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Nobodyat all was available to seeme-(single) .....---.................. available to seeme. ",/as 20 Thereisn'tany €asonto worry (no) 2l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r. e . .a. .s. .o tno w o r r y The €pod did not containthe informationlwanted. (in) T h ei f f o r m a t i o lnw a n t € d. . 22 Thiscopybelongsto the customer.(copy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e.r. e . porr. TL5i- (anything) 23 ]here'snothingin theposrthismorning. ...--.............-.--...intheponihismorning. Test 15 Adjectives and adverbs (units36-40) Exercise 1 in eachlineandwritethecorFction at th€end. Cross out the mistake .............i*ef.91t9.4 1 l'm reay in+er€.*ing in forcigntravel. the newshopping centeunti theendol theyea. 2 They'llhaveflnished 3 P€terhasbeenworkingveryhardlyrccently. 4 l boughta bluelovelysilktie. Thepeople wereioo f endly. 5 We hada grcatumeon holiday. 6 Thismagazine articleisextemelyexcellent7 | thoughtthe meeting wentverygood. 8 UsingmyPCfor a longtimemakesmyeyesteeltiring. neveron theseplodocts. 9 Wegivediscounts in extending the gua€ntee) 10 Arcyouinterening 11 Thereistoomuchnewequipmentthatwe'restilllearninghowtouset............. to cancel I 12 lt wassoa riskyproject thatwe decid€d teamis notenoughexp€ienced. 13 n myopinlontheirmanagement 14 Theircompany islargerasours. 15 Theircompany isjun asbrgethanouts. 16 lt! thebetrerpriceI canotfer 17 l'vebeenworkingin thiscompany sincethreemonths. wassuchtensewe hadto calla shofibreak. 18 Thenegotiation 19 WhenI willgetback,l'll giveyoua rinq. closes. 20 | haveto plckup myticketuntilthetravelagency 21 Youworkmuchhardera5| do. 22 Thepresentation wasenolghlong,andsothealdiencegot bored, muchlittleusefllihanlastweekl. 23 Themeetino wasn'tvelvuseful.ltwas 24 Golfisn'tasgoodforyourhealththanswimming. 25 ' Lwalthe.eby six,sotry andbe herebythen. Exercise2 withoneof thefollowing wordsiChoose fromlo on,at far,sin.e,duing,ago, Complete eachsentence after\/vatds, aftet,later. mybirthday? 1 Shallwe allgo out for a med--........o.^'......... ....................... . 2 Henadedworfinqhere'ouryears L him....................... . 3 | wonr ohone m nowl'll phone thfeeweek. 4 | haven'theadfromth€m........--............. lastweek. heard fromthem....................... 5 | haven't .--.................... midniqht. 6 Thisbarcloses just.----.................. timetocatch thetrain. 7 Luckily I arrlved time. 8 L€i3trytostartthemeeting........-.............. sowe (ouldmeetfor lunch....................... . 9 My p€sentation willfinishat mid-day, l'll betalkingaboutthreemalnareas. 10 ...--.................. mypresentation yourpresentation you'llbe .bleto rel.x. 11 Don'tworry...-................... moreth.nan hour l2 l'vebeenwaiting ....--................. youa||......-...--........... here.l'llsee . somethings to finish 13 Dontwaitforme,lhave night. onethatworks.........--............ 14 We haveth€e shituin ihefactoryincluding TEsT'5 ADJECNVESAND ADVEIISS 2:'5 Exercise 3 andcontainsthe word/s sothat it ha5a similarmeaningto the filsi sentence Completethe s€condsentence in btackets. I Yourspeechwasreallye(cellent(spoke) tDake .e llv kell 2 we $aned workingon the proiectin lanuary.(wo*ing/since) ... We,,.............................. 3 Retailbankingisn'tasprofitablea5invenmentbanking.(more) Invesvnent bankin9........... 4 She!a verycarefulworker(works) She............... thanthis. (ever) 5 I haven'tseenworseseruice Thi5is.........................---. 5 Monicaleft Pa s in July.(slayed Monica .....,,,...........,,,,,--7 Doyoufind operaint€rening? Are,,,,,,,,,.,........................, 8 Theme€tinqhada positivefinish.finished) . Themeeting 9 Thishesbeenhardwo* for you. (wo*eo Jlrly, ..........,,...........,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,, You..............,,,,,,,,,.,.......... 10 Frankis a goodMiter (writes) Frank ............................--. 11 Kateis ill.{well) Kate,.....,,,,,,.....,,,,,......,,,,,.. 12 could you not talk so fest,please?(slowt) you......................... Could 13 lhe chines€marketi5biggs thantfie Indianmarket.(at Thelndianma*et .........,,,, (us0 of products asRichard. 14 Alansellsthesamenumber Alanse1|s........................... than Romy.(ban) 15 Theoiher membeEof the t€amaremoreexp€rienc€d Romy..................... ........... 16 l'll s€eyou in a few houB.{later) f ...................................... 17 | shrted thisjob in 1998.(doin9/since) 18 Dianeis on holiday.she! bad nextweek-(awayon holiday) nextwe€k. ........................................... Diane is .....................-........ to- (time) 19 ThetEin arived exactlywhenit w6 supposed Therain adved................ (time) 20 Hisinterventionw6stoo lateto savethe negotiations. ............ Hedidn'tintervene 21 | \,!onl anivether€lat€rrhanrwo. (get/by) t ......................................... 22 Weli€d hardbut finalv we garc up. (end) ..................... . Wetnedhad but.............. 23 lrs tw€l!€ andl've beenwaitingfor you sinceten. (two) . l'vebe€nwaitingfor you hours --...-...........--.. Test 15 Prepositions (units45-48) Exer<ise1 Compete e.ch sentence with a prepositionof place.Choosefrcmat in, on, ovet ta, under. 1 Mybrotherwok ......4i--...theairport. 2 canyoucallmeback? l'm.........-....... themiddle of a meeting. 3 Thetaxidrcppedmeoff ................. myhotel..... .......... the citycentr€. 4 Wef]ew...............the newsportsnadiumaswewerelanding. 5 Hehada suitcase ................. onehand,dndhisguitar.............. ..theother. 6 Godownthecorrldor andmyofliceis ................. theright. 7 There3 a fireescape ................. thebackof the building. 8 5hewasn'r feeling wdlandherdocior senthef................. hosptal. 9 Wehada lovelyl'ohday............. .. lhe country. l0 Hehada portraitof himself hanging................. thewall. I I Theauthor3namei5................. the bottomof lhe page. 12 Before thetunnelwasbuilt,youhadto drive................. theAlps. 13 lhavetixjunior manage6 workin9.......,..,.,,,,, me, 14 l'll beworking................. homefor mostof tomorrow 15 Hello. ThisisUkike speaking. l'm................. Pas,................. iheHotelVeEailles. justr!n9.Shes................. 16 Susanna's therestaurant. 17 Susanna'sjust run9.Shes................. thebusstop. 18 I m gavemea lift. ............... thestation ................. hiscar 19 I metKati.............. .. thebusyesterday. 20 Stratford is................. the riverThames. Exercise2 Decide whichprcposilion fromthe listbelowgoeswlth eachverb. abolt (x2) againstfor (x3) ffom in into of(x2) on (x3) to (x2) wth(x2) 1 | mustapologise .....fpl.....beinqlate. justsaid. 2 l'd justliketo addsomelhing .......--........ whatJawad 3 lsthefactory insured .....-........... fire? 4 Thecost? Well,it depends ..........---.... wh.t you're looking ................. . 5 Thewholepackage .............-... the mainunitplls allth€seaccessories. consists 6 l'vedivided mypresentation..---............ threemainparts. 7 Weneedto d versitto prevent us................. becoming too dependent on oneprodud. 8 Please. letmepay................. this. 9 Wecansupplyyou................. a full ranqeof sizes. 10 Wespecialise ................. commercial caterinq equipment. 11 Doyouknowanyahing ....-..--........ the Portuguese market? gettingthecontJact. 12 Hecongratulated us---.............. 13 Llsbon reminds mea bit ..---.---........ SanFrancisco. you,,..............14 | agree ................. that. 15 Doesthisbagbelong................anyonehere? l6 Inthe net!meeting lthinkwe shouldfocus............-.-.. ihe planning schedule. TEST16 PnEPTOS|T|ONS 237 Exercise3 Und€dinethe corec( word in theseadjectiv€+ preposition combinatons. I Ar€ you cerran tolabolt/fro.n that? 2 l hoperh€ydon't 9o on strike.We?edependentollonlbythem for our 5!pp €s. 3 Thisline is verypopularforltolwith customersookingfor va ue for money. 4 Our countryis lackng ,n/oflfor enercyrcsources w€ haveto impo( allour o . 5 Ate yor awatetalbylof jun how seiou5this probem is? 6 Are you nterested l' /forlof long-termgroMh for you. savinqs? 7 I n rcspansibletar / to / by a tedm of eight consultanls. 8 li anylhinggoeswrofg, l'm di€ctly responsible forlaolbyih€ CEO. 9 Let me Lrsea calculatorl'm not verygoodarlforlby maths 10 lt would be goodatlforlby yourcarc€rif you workedabrcadfor a few y€ars 11 'm annayedwithlfarl abourtherrlackof ilexibility 12 m arrcyed with I far/ about them with / fot /abaut beinq so inflexib e Exerci5e4 Competethe sentences with a nounfrom listA and a preposition frornlist B. A: advanlage advice inv€slment lack matter pe55rni9miR€e reason repy soltion subslitute trouble B .bout for for in sl of of on to to wth with 1 A1the momentthe Pl--isg.9{.........oil is abour$25 a bafie. 2 Canyoute methe........ . . . . . . . . . . . . .t h e d ea y 7W e ' v eb e e nw a t i n ga l o n gr i m e . 3 T h er n an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .p. ...o p o s aI i st h a ti t s m u c hc h e a p e r 4 T h e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . p r o p o s aA i st h a ti t s v € r ye x p e n s i v e 5 W h a t St h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l .i l. l ?s h el o o k sr a t h e u r pset 6 H a v et h e ys e n ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y o ! r l a n € m a i l ? 7 Thereba . expei€nceat the lop o{ the company 8 l ' m s u r ew e c a nl n d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .i sp r o b l e mb,u r t m a yr a k es o m et r n e 9 C l e v ear d v e . t i s i fi gs n o . i yt a r e a s o n a bper c e . . . . g o o dq L r a l i a 1 0 T h i t y € a r w e ' r e m a k i la] gm a j o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n. e. .w t e c h n o o g y . 11 Canyou g ve me some ......the ben way ro nven rnysavlnqs? 1 2 E v € r y o n ewso r r i e dT. h e r e !a l o t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . ... t h e f u t ! r eo l t h e e c o n o m y Exercise5 Compete thetexlwiih ihe prepositions of placefromthelistbelow acrossat(x3) down nslde near nextto off on (x3) oppositero Lizlejlearlytogotohe.jobinterview-shegot(1).......''o.....rhebus,paidherfareandwe (2)..............-.. . Shesatdown(3)............. . a woman.Theysta.tedtalkinganddiscovered theywere (4) bothgoing ....-............ thesamestop.'l'vegot an intetuiew a placecalledMurcort i5) ...._.__......... House.'said Liz.'ls ii (6)................. thebusstop?''Yes, it3notfar Youwalk(7)-................ thepark. (8)................. (9) (10) forbesRoad,andit3 ............-.--the riqht, ................. theend,'thewoman (11)...........-...-just(12)................. replied.'ln fact,llive theoth€rsldeof thercad, , sol canshowyou (13)................. theway.'whentheyaffived th€rrnop theygot{14)......-.-........ toqether Appendix 1 Regular verbs: all forms Presentsimple (unitl) Atfirmative: l/youlwe/theywork.She/he/itworks. Do l/you/we/th€y lrork? Doesshe/he/itwork? Question: Negative: l/you/we/theydon,twork.Sh€/he/itdoesntwork. Presentcontinuous (unitl) are helping.she/he/it is helping. Affirmative: lam helping.You/we/they you/lve/they Am t helping? Are helping? 15 she/he/it helpingT Question: Negative: l'm not helping.You/we/they aren'thelping.she/he/itisnt helping. P.st simple: rc9ul6t (unit3) affrmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theysiarled. Didl/you/she/he/itlwe/theystart? Question: Negatlve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidn'tstart. Pastsimpl€: iri€gular {unit3) affimative: l/you/she/he/it/we^heywent. Did l/you/she/he/it/we/theygo? Qlestlon: Negatve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidntgo. P.n continuou3(unit3) w€re helping. Afinmauve: l/she/he/it$rarhelping.You/we/they you/we/they h€lping? Wasl/she/he/ithelping?were Qlestionr w6r€n1holping. Negativer l/she/he/itwasn'thelping.You/we/they P.3t perfect (unit4) Affirmative: l/youlshe/he/itlwe/iheyhadleft. Hadl/you/she/he/it/we/lheyleft? Qlesiion: Negative: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyhadn'tleft. s5ed to (unit4) Affirmaiive: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyu$dtowork. useto work? Didl/youlshe/he/itlwe/they Question: didnl useto work. Negative: l/you/she/he/it/we/they Present p.rf€ct (unit 5) l/you/we/they haveleft.She/he/'thasleft. Aff rmativei l/you/w€/they left?Hasshe/he/itleft? Have Queniof: haven'tleft.She/he/ithasnl l€ft. Negative: l/you/we/they Pres€nt p€rf€<t continuoui (unit6) havebeenwaiting.She/he/ithasbeenwaiting. Affirmative: l/you/we/ihey beenwaiting?Harshe/he/iibe€nwaRing? Havel/you/we/they QuesUon: haven'tbeenwaiting.she/he/ithasn'tbeenwaiting. Neqatve: l/you/we/they APPENDIX1 REGULAR VERES 2'9 wir,luniti) Afiirmatve: Question: Negatve: 'll (= wlrj)+ verb. l/youlshe/he/it/we/they Willl/you/she/he/it/we/they+verb? l/you/she/he/it/we/th€y won\ (= wil not)+ vetb. gotng to (unir7) Affirmative: l m/youte/she's/he5/it's/we rc/theytegoingto help. Am i/Areyou/lsshe/lshe/15 itlArcwe/Aretheygoingro hetp? Question: Negative: l'm not/Youaren't/sheisnl, etcgoingto help. Future perfect (unit8) Affirmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywillhavefinish€d. willl/you/she/he/it/we/theyhavefinished? Question: Negative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywon,t havefinished. Passive{unit9) Adle shehelps. Shes heping. Sheheped Shewasheping. shehadhelped. Sheha5helped. Shewill help. Shewill haveheped. err5]le shei5 h€lped. Sheis beinghelped Shewas helped. Shewas b€inghelp€d. Shehad b€€nhelped. Shehasbeenhelped. Shewill be help€d. Shewlll haveb€enh€lp€d. Reponcd spe€ch(!nit 2l) Acrualwodsspoken Eepad ' always workthere' Hesaid(that)hework€dthe.e. 'l'mworkingthe.e.' Hesaid(thaohewai workingthere. 'ltook it. Hesaid(thaohetook rtlhadtaken t. 'l wasreadn9 it.' Hesaid(that)hehad beenreadingit. 'l hadleftbythen.' Hesaid(that)hehad left bythen. 'l'veforgottenit.' Hesaid(that)he hadforgottenit. "ve beenreading' Hesaid(that)hehad be€nreading. 'l canhelp.' Hesaid(that)hecouldhelp. 'l will help.' Hesaid(that)hewould hetp. 'l mayhelp. . Hesaid(that)hemight hetp. 'l could/'rould/rnight go.' Hesaid(that)hecould/would/mightgo. 'l rnlsvshould Hesaid(that)he must/shouldgo. 9o.' Infinitives Present: passive: Present Past: Pastpassive: to like to be liked to haveliked b havebeenJiked Appendix 2 |rregular verbs verb Past simple Past participle oegrn began begun bent bleed bit bled binen/bh bled bnn9 brou9ht bro0ght build built built catch bought caught borJght caught deah dug did dealt drg do bind dus ddnk fall teed fight fell fed felt fought fed felt {ld ned lought fly ioqet forgot get give 9o gnnd sor 90t 9iven gone hang hung had hung had hidden hit hit held laad laid led hud lav left APPEITDIX2 IRiEGULAR VENES 241 Verb light Past simple PaJt participle lvlight€d lent let lain lit/lighH paid ride dng rire p(.n put rang dden run9 said sought sotd sought shaken thoot shot shut sing sit shut sng shut sung sllde rlept slid slid speed 5peI 5pend spill spin spit split spring spelt/rpelled 5pilt/spilled sp€h/spell€d sp€nI spilt/spilled spat split spoilUspoiled spat split spoilt/spoiled spran9 sprung strn9 nun9 tau9ht iaught tnought thought steal sting tell think Appendix 3 Spelling Pr€sentsimple ve.bendsin -r. Blt verbsendingin o, r ch,sh,x add-es. ln thethid pe6onsingular. a p€senrsimple Hegoes He misses Shewatches t{e wishes Sherelaxes whena verbendsconsonant +y. the/ changes to -ie5.Butwe do notchange the-y after. vowe. hutty - hunies .opy copies BUT rtay - fayr enJoy- enpyg Pr€sent continuous (and adding -ttg generally) We leaveout ewhenwe add-tngto a velb.Butwekeepa doubleee. decide- de.iding wite - writing BUT5e€ seeing agree agreeing le to -y'ng.Butydoesnotchange. whena verbendsin'te,we change die - dying lie lying BUI huny-hu ying vowel-consonant'. Thishappens whena verbendsln'consonant Sometimeswe doublea finalconsonant. plan- planning stop - stowing BUTmeet- me€ting vn* - wotking isnressed we doubleihe lan consonant. Mosttovo+yllable verbsareregularButif thefinalsyllable na*et ma*eting BUI bqin - beginning discuss- discussing Past simpl€ (and adding -€d g€n€rally) y to -ie. + y, we change Whena verbendsin consonant tty - tried deny-deniel1 hu y-huried copy- copied we doublea finalconsonant. Thishappens whena verbendsin 'consonant-vowel-consonani Sometimes plan- planned regrEt- regretted stop - stopped BUT meet- meeting Nounsadds to makea plural.8ut after <h, -sfi,-ss,-x we add-er. natd' - natches wish- wishes glass- glasses box- boxes lvloslnounsendingin o add-s.8ut a few have-e5. kibs photos pbnos snJdios BUI herces potatoes tonEtaes + y, we changeyto-/bJ.Bulwe do not.hangeyaftef. vowel. Whena nounendsin consonant pdny Darties sloty sloties BUI day - days puney - totheys Adverbs we fom manyadverbsfrcm an adjective+ /y. Ona few occasions we leaveout e. safe- safely strange- strangely BUI ttue - truly whole wholly +y, we.hangey to'it. whenanadjective endsin consonant easy easily angry- argrily WhenanadjecUve + /e we dangee to -y. endsin consonant prcbable- prcbably sensiUe sensibly Whenanadjective endsin -,c we add-alt. Thereisoneexception. autonatic- automatically ronantic- ronanl.ally BUI publk publicly APPEI{DIX 3 SPELIING243 Thesuffix-fulhasonlyoneI When,ryisaddedfor adverbs, a doubte / isformed. su..essful successtuIy Thereisa usefulrule:i beforee exceptaftercwhenthesoundis,tl field believe scienceGoundis not n:, .ecer,r€(soundisr:, Exceptions to this rulea€ theit weighandwelght gandu The ettef g is alwaysfollowedby u. question reguire qualitl Silent lett€E ManywordsconiainletteEwhich do norobviously folm a sound.These a€ sornetimes ca ed 3ibnr ten€rs,. Thesilentlet1e6areunderlined. bt douOt ps psychotogypsy(hiatist nb plunbu kumb sc s<bn.e desserd gn sign foreign wh wha why kn Lnow knife w gong viE Samesoun4 differ€nt sp€lling Thesamesoundin Engiish isoftenspeltusingdiffe€nttettefs. Ineachgroupbetowthe soundundertined s thesame. vowels consonants canpany trAlble ubbish blq4,d relatbn Sbarc swe contsious deticiaus ead nest hgne thalJgh Cheap funiturc waEh eafth fafthet wtd pbone ljnish tauEh shltt wait geat late wE-ight new lqld dgwn faund SameprcnunciatioD dlfferent sp€lling and meaning These wods arecalled'homophones'. Common examptes are: allawedlaloud saw/sore couttlGught ttivokoo farellair waitlweight findlfined warntwDn knewlnew wastetwain no/know writelright Words with a syllable whi.h is not prcnounced Somewordsarespoken withfewersyllables thantheylook.Thisoftenteads io spetting prcbtems. tibnry people Wednesday (spokenwith 2 sy|abes,not 3) temperature vegetableintercnlng comfortable (spokenwith 3 sylabtes,not 4) l{ouns and verbs with . and s advke prc.tice lrouns) advise wctise (\e-bs) 244 Appendix 4 Diagram of the English verb system No'€s to the diagAm has forrn Usingthe diagram tensetstem in a simplfied Thediagram isa wayofshowingthewholeEnqlish . lt canhelpto studythe individual if youseeat thesametimehowtheyare.ll rclat€d tenses . lt showsthatthee isa patternandlogicto English verbs. . Somepeoplelikea visualpicture and eam. to helpthemto unde6tand at thesametim€: Readthroughthesenotesandrcferto thediagram I thepresent sirnpeas actionîtuation. Thefirsttimelineshowsthe pastsimpleasa completed (facts, habiB,etc),andthe wil/futur€ that90 allalongthetimeline rcf€ringto actionvsituations gene€l fact beliet. asa future or 2 whicha haveth€ m€aning oi an acton In tenses, Theseco.dtimelineshowsthethreecontinuous (thereisalsoan associated meaning thatth€actionhasa limiteddutation) progress 3 tenses, whichall havethemeanng of looki.gbackThe Thethirdtimelineshovlsthethreeperfect perfectlooksbackfromthe present, andthe pastpedectlooksbackfiomthe past,theptesent futurepedectlooksbackfromthefulure. 4 of whichallhavethemeaning continuous tenses, Thefourthtimelineshowsthethreeperfect Notethaithisisa combination of themeanngsoi the lookingbackat an adionin progress. prevousNvolrnes. 5 of ooking Theiith timelinethowslhe two waysto usegolhgto,whichbothhavea m€aning of alltheseverbtenses. UnG ]J of thebookhavea muchfullerexplanation verbsthata diagram cannotshow.Manyof lheseotherusescanbe Thereafesomeusesof Enqlish 'the pan' in refe. to soc/:ldinance anddistantprcbabllitlaswe asib English can by on€ ldear explained moreobvious meaning of dkbnceintme. so. . Knowing helpsto understand whyCould/ ? is more thatwe canusethe pastto showsocialdistance polite formalor thanCan/...? . Knowng thatwe canusethe pastto showdistantprcbability helpsto understand whywe uset fol Ministet, rd ...). imaginary or unlkelysituations UfI were theFinance AI?EXDTX 4 DIAGBAM OF TIIE EIIGLISHVERBsYsIEM PastSimple simple I s',r'rd thisjob dlr.,9wB ago. I usudvte.w Pastcorfinuoui R€6ent arouncl730. wirl future I'll befony nextyear lnflationw l probably Fututecontinuous <^^.^.> WhileI wE tMtdng at ABCI rnovedfton Sdes to Ma*eting. 245 <-^.^> We'ft producFat Pagtperfect I'll bc wo*lng at our perte.t Futurepeded b ."'' 2.'t { Thehergethadahady hepperrdvhenI joined Pastperfect (ontinuous jobtor mr€er,tlrrs E the endof theWt sales w l he€ lntoved. Futureperfe<t <ontinuouS Perfect contl uouS 2--'J --t .@ <."v"> l4h'd beenseling the saneprodu1forwE beforewe dEnged the t thisretrort aI |ro/''ing. was gping to Sony I was going 6 a you,but I coarpletely torgot. I I lf I retirewhenI'm sixtt l'll have been wo*ing herc bt norc thantr/entyWE. going to future ---\ l'n going b askny bossfor a pay rise. fhafs going b be diffrcult. Appendix 5 British and American English Mostdifierences between &itishEnglish andAmerican English aremalteEof pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, hee. In spellinq. Ihesearenotcovered termsof thercarefewdifferences in formal,written English. Butin infonnal, spokenEnglish thercaresomediffer€nces. Thefollowing arcthe mostimportant. ,rave and ,Eve got ln BrEha!€got ismorecommon. InAmEha!€is mo€ common. Butbothcountries usebothforms. Britilh English Ame can English Haveyou gat anychildren? Do you haveany.hildten? rve got two children. I have two childrcn. I haven't qot any.hildrcn. I don't have anychildren. Present perfect and p.n rimple perfect n BlEthe present isusedlorthe present resultof a pasractionandlifeexperience upto now(unit5). n AmEthe pastslmpleis morecommon,especially with lust, aheady,yet,everard never. You tai hasjust arrived. Yaurtun justanived. I've aheadyspokento heraboutiL I alreadytpoke ta hetabout it. Haveyou finished the repoftyet? Did you finith the rcpodyet? Haveyou everea'€n sushi? Did you evereat sushiT It's neverdone thatbefore. lt neverdid that befote. goftE In AmEgoltenk usually usedar thepastparticipie of theverbget. It'sgot quite late.Maybeweshouldgio. lt's gotten quitelate.Maybeweshouldgo. He'sgot a newjab. HeSgotten a newhb. shal and srrorrrd tor suggGitlons InAmEshouldisusedin suggestions wheresha//ismorecommonin BrE. Sha we breakfor lunchnow? Shouldwe breakfar lunchnow? Quostioh tagj tags(unit16)ae muchlesscommonin AmE. Question YaucanspeakFtench,<an'tyott? VoucanspeakFrench,ight? tI cal a tati, sha t? l'llcalla taxi,oK? IninformalAmE the-/yending to adverbs isoftenleftout.Ako,in infomalAmEan adj€ctive issometimes place usedn of an adverb. It'sworkingrcally slowly at themonent. lt s wotkingrcal slow at thenonent It s workingrcally well at the non$t. lt s wotkingrcal good at thenonent. (seeunit13).InAmEmush'tis akoused. ln BlEcan'tisusedto saythaisomething islogically impossible I calledbut theres no anflver Theycan't be at home. I caledbut theres no ansvrcr fhey can't/mustn't be hane- APPENDIX 5 BR|T|SH ANDAMERICAn| ENGLISH247 Prepositions NotethefolTowing difierences in the useof p€positions. aritish English Ameri€n Engtish What did you do at the wpekend? Whatdidyou do on the weekend? Patis in the teamnow Patis on the tean now_ 16 ten ninutespast three- ft's ten ninutes past/afEr three. It'stuventyto three. It s twentyto/of three. We'rcopenfron Mondayto.lti satufliay. Were openfrcn Mandaythrough Saturday. I lookedout of the window. I lookedout the window I stayedat homeon hturday. I stayedhomeSatutday. Hewroteto meabouthisvisit. tle wroE ne about hisviit. yestuJay. t 'iet an old colleague I net with an old colleague yesterday. I lookedroundlarcund the nuseun. I l@kedarcund the museun. Shewalkedaowads/roward /r,e. Shewalkedtoward ne. I haven'tseenhin for severalweell. I haven'tseenhim in serEtalweeks. Go a''d ... n AmEtheword'and'isoftenleftout of thisnructure. I'll 90 and speakto Mary t ll go speakto l\4ary. Emphatic do In BlEdo canbe usedwilh an imperative foremphasis. Ths is ra€ in AmE. Do havesonenore coffee- Havesomemarecoffee. sornerrrte c end sorreprace ln informalAmEioreplaaq anyplaceandno phcecanbe usedaswell a9somew/terc, anryhere ard Lets find somewherc to eat Let'sfind sonewherc/soneorace to eat me Notethisdlfference for theword'hospital'. My nothet is in hospital. My motheris in the hospital. two hundredand fitly tA/ohundredflftt ORtwo hundrcdand fifty On the telephone HeIo,is that Paul? Helb,is dtis Paul? 249 Answer key 3 happ€n€d/cll€d 4 wasexplain ng/interupred5 wereinvestiqalinq/rcsgne 6 Jinished/qM7 w3swaiting/@lled 3 wasceanig/d@pped 9lound/waslookinq 10ariEdôld Unit 1 Presenttime I 2 don'tknow 3 doyouknow 4d@5n1wo{ 5 Y6, I do 5 shercdc 7'mwlnq SlheyrenolEpynq 9 shappennq 10A.etou enjotlnq 1 1S h e s! p e a k n q1 2 Y 6 ,s h e i j 2 is 3 knos 4'm 5 doyoudo 5wo 7 make 3don'tmake 9inrclwr l 0 i s n t l l s u p p i e r1 2 ' F 13 d oy o uo l l e n. o m € 1 4 h a r 1 5 d o s 1 l a k € Unit 4 Pasttime 2 2 usedto/was 3 hadboughvnaned 4 ued lo hde/changed 5 eid/hadnl anired 6 hadlocked/was 7 uie! io be/usedto wa k 3 renl back/iound/hadiaken 9 saw/knew/hadmet grcwn 10wasl@king/turned/w/had sed 2 Ms sure/had *t 3 caled^tillhadn l linshed 4 hadspoken/rea 7 hadn'lFen/put 5 hadgi@nreh 6be@me/hadaEadywo.ked a hadro/hadrunou ol t hadsiopped/gotoui ot l0was/hadaFadyleil 2 @mpaigned/had ddpaigned 3did$eDanesejed 4wathad been perfomed Thadtaen 3@re/hadbeen 5 waslhadben 6 perfomed/had 9 t@sed/hadfdued r0made ll feaEd 12wanred 4 a begnning/bexpedaions n9lb marketshae 5 a Gapp@ach 6 a 5 attracting/b attention 2 hadban ldidyouget 4lnifiad{ofhadiinished)5@ni 6 hadnrdecided7@c 3&slooknq 9 gave l0 d alreadytaken 1r complered12ent 13inleryiewed14lelr l5(hanged l5went 1 7w : sW t i n q I a w a s b * o d n ! ( o r h a d b < o m el )9 d d n ' 1 h a v e2 0 h a d Unit 2 Presenttime 2 2 u*n lo 3 ued ro/rculd 4 u*d ro 2 a . ey o ud o i n gI a . e y o u w o { i n g4 d o } ! ! h * 5l.one 6l'mcom'ng 7 I m d e ai n gw i l h 3 l d e a l w i l h9 a . ey o ug o i n q l 0 d o y o u g o Unit 5 Prcsentand past 1 2lootal 3d6niwo 4 B n t w o d i n g S l h l n [ 6 ' m r h i n k i n g7 B n . y i n g 3 s t a y s9 r a k e l 0 a r c r a k n g l l a G 1 2 a r e b e L n g 2 @.evers.en 3 haven r compla ned 4've a €adyspenl 5 flave$ey Ep Ed der laken 5 [*n1 gor 7 ha3goie up I 3iun efi t haF lallen 10Na@you 3 don'tbeliaeI 4/ 3a 4b 5a 6b 7b 3a 9b !0a 5r' 6ldon't undeEtand7.onl.ins 3/ 2 ieed 3ooyouknN 4!rc*nq 5think6@* Torganie 3',e expeclnqt have 109i€ I 1 areyourvisiro6rbyinq12don'rknw 135 dealing14donlwod/ d notwoding 2 is movinq I i5 @kinglor 4 provde5 I E ie5 6 s rryingio 7 Ginve{igating 3 wants Unit 3 Pasttime 1 2iun 3tu 4n*r 5 y€t 6 aLways7 since 3ryer U hd b€en 3 harlalle^ 4 haveperfomed 5havecul 6tuvelaun(hed 7 haswirhdrawn 3 ha5had t has5pent 10haslaken 2 D - b € € n l A - l o r 4 c - j u n 5 B - a l r e a d y6 D y e t 7 B - q o n e AA-rolar 9C-&er 10D-nmr Unit 6 Presentand past 2 2 didyoulee/told 3 tel/rd d 4didn'tsee/qot 2 Did/h.ve 3 Did/make4werc 5made Sddn'ttke 7Didn1/lke 3 w a s n i 9 s o l d l o M E n t 1 1 w a s 1 2 d i d ^ h i n k1 3 d l d n l h a v e1 4 b o u g h t 2 went 3 @e pofrot nq/dopped 4w6@*idg s called/eid 2had 3qave 4cme 5 supplied5 beqan Tbuilt ajoined 9t@k 1 0 r c n 1 1 b { a m e 1 2 € n 1 3 s o l d1 4 c u l l 5 m e a n t 1 6 t u m e d 17changedl3made 19grs 20 bought 2 havewo*ed her€ 3 hasiunadved 4 havemade 5 | saw 6 went Thasb€€nawa 9left l0has eli 2 a€rare/hareetup 3 d@sn'tlook/have come 4Hawyouseen/et( 5 harejusrmevDoyou kn@ 6 haven@r spoken^pok€ youlread 7 @rt/haveb€€n/Do youknow 3 havewo*edlwant/Have 2 v. b€€nphoninq/!qone3 Haveyousen/'w b*n @kinqtoNatd 4 he youben pndu.nq/'v€invened Z5O AF'ER TF' 2hentbeen s veb€en 4 tpfr s@ud 6 iatked 73b€er 3 venwefdone 9lmagined10Hav€you*r ben (of oftenth nk) 12had t3'reknM r |ve oftenrhouqhr 14,rehad l5 haveb€one 16'vea readydone17pul la didn,tqd t9 hareyu ptn 2 began 3 have(ashed 4 announced 5 haspeak€d 6 fett 7 was 3 dropped 9 rel€aFd 10 hde dsen I I hasgained 12 hs managed 13hasoothil 14bought l5havebe.ome Unit7 Futuret r,/ 4ltir€€h.ki* 5/ 6t+€m 3 Tnisfinewas@aled byoneol ou b6l youngd€siqneu 4In etry.lhat6nt b€done 6 ThBrearmoE itun a mi liondollaEit beinqspenlon adren: n9./ Morethana mil ion do la6 is b€ingspenlon ad@nisingrhisy€ar 7 Tnit Fyment maynot b€authoried by$e r'{.ounts Depanmenr. 2 c'epd I ndn"buled . d?,.-. b.cl 5 Loffpr.o 6 . ana'j"d 2 willbeneeded3 arebeingordeEd 4aEbeingprinled5 shoutd beI nished 2 W e r c g o i n g i o o p e3ni t l l p o b ab t ys u c . e e d4 t t s F t o u t h € n 5 wharae yougonglo do? 6 Arcyoudoinqanrrhing Unit l0 Passive 2 2 a mm e e t n 93 i 5 9 o i n 9 b b e 4 w i l b e 5 i s g o i n g t o h e 6 wil p@babyrepa.e 7 a@9oln9to t6r/ae€stn9 3 amgonq 9 @nt be 2 l e 3 a r c 9 o n q b b a 4 ? e 9 o n g b r e l t l u d u r e5 i si l g o i n gr oh a p p € n 6wIbe 7wiIprcbabydisppear3 e qoingto ha@(orte having)9, ter 1 0? e9 on sr o o l l e r 1 1 , t h a w 1 2 w I b e 1 3 w i t i h e n v j o b i n r c t @ 14 rc goingro expand15'lbe t6 tmea. lT Une€d l3wont be(orrenotgongb be) t9'm goinglovkit (or,mvisiling) 2 0W l l r o uh a v e 2 1 ' l i g i v e 2 I adve 3 w lbe 4'E Eeing 5 l p.obabyilke 6 are.,rdoing 7,thaw I t e n a y i n g9 ' m 9 0 n g 1 0 1 g i v e 2log@ 3wasbom 4cleaned5 haEdemanded5 asembted 7 @e you bo.n I lo bel@king 2lw6 qi€n 3 weE pomied deliEry 4Thslabicwasfiade SWemfe5enl 3 hd beenbbught 4 harb€enencouraged 5hasplvat5ed 6 ha@arb rnvgled 7 hasb*n mded (orhasdded) 3 havebeen5otEd uhit 8 Future2 2 i5sid to be 3 aF knoM to be lookingat 4 I betded lo bedse oping 5 h eportedro ha€ 5p€nt 6 is lhoughl ro be/ s thoughllo ha@ben 7 is u.de6t@d lo h:E negoliated 2 w l l b em d l n g 3 w i l l h a v e m @ e4dd 6 r l o $ a n 5youteave 6 @'vercceEd Twillhav€cpaid 3 they'e I w6 goinglo wile lOthope r l d u e r o a t r v el 2 t h o p e t w o n , tt 3 t d o n l t h t n k t , l t a B t 5 s h a t@ 2 6 beihgd€ahwirh 3wilbedetEre! a hasbeenincluded {ori5 n(uded) 5 @nbe opMed 6 areonlygu.Enteed Unit 11 Modalsand relatedverbsI 2d 3a 4c 5l 5h 7q 3e 2 leaw/atrr 3 wl l beeeng 4witthav€finished5 wjl b€ptainq 6 hsr 7 wrI have{aned 3 wil youhavelearnl 9 Wityoubeusing lO R 2B-expe.l 3D-wilfal 4B-w pbbabv 5a-abouilo 6c 7 A - w l l h a v e b e g u n3 B w t t b €t i q h n n q9 D k p t a n n i n i oq isdueb 2 @re goinqro be 3wittbe.oteding 4, hawp@duced 5'llbedrusnq 6wil haveaq@d 7 happ€B S come 9gets lOmeel rrwil have l n k h e d 1 2 w t t b € f t n d ^ g1 3 h f t t 4 w a s g o j n g l o h e Ljnit 9 Passive1 2 isseen 3 w ll not be linished ahavebeen.@d 6 cannotbe sh pped 5aEbeing@€wEd 2 l 6 n c o n € 3 b € a b l e t o4 l . o u l d n 1 5 w a s n l a b t e t o6 w i l y o u 7 6n E do 3 lo beable 9 | muslspeak10| manag€d 1o 11 I coud 2 b€.blaro 3 coutdnl 4 coutd 5 canlb.ab. to 6 can/can r 7 can'l/b"ablelo a b€abtetol6nt 9coutdn,tl0(oud 2d 3g 4. 5f 6e 7a ah 2 l'll pu!youlhouqh r ca^t helpyou 4 aoutdyouiet me 5 t lu{ qo 6 Couldyouhold 7 r'llwail a can'ta 9 t'Uneed 10Cantca tyou ll.ouldyouspeak 12Canyouhear13Coutdyourepeal 14t,] beon 15l'llqel backto you t5canyouqnd lTt,ttputone 2 h 3 e 4 . s d 6 b 7 a a I 9 t l o m 1 1 i l 2 k 1 3 1t 4 n ANSWERKEY 25I Unit 12 Modalsand relatedverbs2 2d 3b 4a 5h 6l 7e 3g 9 1 0 k 1 lj t 2 i [Jnit15 Questions 1 2 say 3Y5,ldo 4 d6 thii machine m* 5setupMicrosoft 6 did Mi@eft ei up 7 i€lephonedme 3 did youtelephone 1 nun 2 haveto 3 haveto 4 musr 5 haw to 5 mun 2D 3r 4r 55 6t 7D at 9r 105 11t 12r130 14l 2 c a n 3 h a w t o 4 5 h o u d 5 c a ^ 6 6 n 1 T s h o u dS d o n t h a @ t o t hav€ro 10$ouldnt rr should 12@n 2 h a d t o 3 . o u d n ' i 4 h a d r o 5 . o ! d n , l 6 $ o ! l d h a w 7 s h o u l dr nh a v e 3 d dn'thavato 9shouldn'tha€ 10ddn1havelo Unit 13 Modalsand relatedverbs3 2 < a n lb e 3 m u sbt e 4 m i g h t b e5 m a y n o t b e6 o n ' t b e 7 m u nb e S r h o u d b € 9 < o u l d b e1 0 @ n ' l l l c o u l d be 12munbe 2d 3b 4a 5i 69 7e 2 m i g h t3 c a n t 4 m u n 5 m i g h l 6 @ n 7 ( a n l S m u r t 2Doyouwo*from home?r canyouundeEland GemanT 4 Hawyouak€ady hadlunch? twil youbeba.kntimelorlunch? 6 Areyouenjoyinqth€.ontercnce? 7 Did,ou aE€ewilh her? 3 Haw )ou @r lpokento P€r€? 2 hN youinvnei 3are)ougoing 4didyoupal( 5ae)ouherc 2 vlhat haw youdone? I where d d ,ou pul the rcpo.t? 4 Whydo you slayh€F? 5 H@ reE youtee nq yeneday? 6 wheE areyouslaying? 7 Whodo your€ponb? a WnE is lhis b.q/Whoe bagis th s? 2 w€r doyoudo? 3 H@ onqha€ F! been@* nqrhere' 4 wrt did you do beloe ihar2 5 Doe5you iob inrclvemuchl.avel n97 5l! ihi5yo( li6t vi5itto Lron? 7 Whend d Jouariva? a Hd onq aE you srayingfor? 9 Wherca€ younaying? 10 Whals il ike? 2 8 @ t u r y 3 h w d u c h 4 h @ i 4 5 h o w l o n g6 w h a r T w h o s e a howolren 9whid 10whar ll shch 2a 3d 4c 5c 6b 7a 3d 2wrldefiniiey 3miqht 4ls almostcenainro s ru^liketto 2 hghlhave 3 6n1 have 4mighl 5 cn't 6munhaw Unit 14Modalsand relatedverbs4 2 Wouldyou 3 Wouldyoulike 4 M.y | 5lalking 6 Shalll 7 L€lme S C o u d 9 y o u s h o u d1 0 c o u d r c u 1 1 c o u l d 1 2 o p e n1 3o p e n e d Unit'15Qu€stions 2 2 doi'r you 3 ddnlyou 4haveyou 5 hashe 6willyou 7 5 he sdidn'r@ 9aGn1r loihallwe 2 enr theiar, didnlyou 3 5n1MrPete6,i5 1 4 s Mf PeleE,3nl r 5 hava@Eded thenoder h*n t they 6 ha€nlcan.eedthenodet havet,rey 2 lhedad€tng emina. e 3@6h 4you lelt 5l(ould 2 who didrougertheintomalonirom? 3 wh (h lundsdoyouin@srin7 4 whai wasrhe weatef lik€in sreden7 (of whar was$e ealher in sw€i€n 2 1 3 h 4 a 3 . 5 e 7 h 3 i 9 q 1 0 1l l k 1 2 m 1 3 J 2 shal!w 3wn1he 4shouldnlhe 5 wasn'lit 6 ha@n'tthey Twuldn'til aisn'ril t harelhey l0 doesn't il 2 W o u l d y o u l i k3e d o n l m n d 4 D o y o u m i n d5 O i @ u e n o l 6 wouldyoulikeme1o 7l'd apF*iate$at ash.llwe 9 wduldyoumind l 0 r s h o u l dr r w 6 u l dy o ui k e r o 1 2 o f c o u e Unit 17 Conditional5 1 Line3 CouldyouspeI that lor me,ple&? Une5 Woud youm nd ednq you pa$pod? Une6 Doyouthinkyoucouldbookm€anedy momingcdllT Llne3 lmnder il youcouldiell melvhenbrcaHanis? L ie l0 Wouldyoumind1l lefta messgelor a coleague? L ne 11 Wouldyou ikemeto lendyoua pen? 2 take/@,||ani@ 3 wo*ed/we'dger 4goetis s don'lhwy/re' be 6chanqe/qi@ me Tdick/t@nr aoderend 9lend/wi yourelurn 3 hN/,|ldel 7 Mit/'llgi€ 4 banned/Muldn't be 5knew/'dtel 6l€ve/'ll(aLh 3 had/'dlm 252 ANSWEB KEY 2 r c n t 3 d o n t 4 w i t 5 s 6 u n t 6 s 7 i s g o t n q t o b €B b e 9 U n t 6 l0rcnt 1r@ud t2woutdnil3didnl 14wutd 2 to take 3 hearing4to rctuh 5torsk 6 buinq 7 duming a b a c . € p t 9 t a k i n gl 0 t o c o p y r r b e n g 1 2 t o b i n q l 3 t h t n k i n q 14behavingI5 to tran 161odea Unit 2l Reportedspee(h1 2 dolwi 9w 3 mrked/wouldnibe 4 @uld happen/@ored 5 ms/don l5em 6lan.y/give Unit 18 Conditionals 2 2lle'llb€ backaflerlun.h 3 SheS 9on9to conta.irhefi nt€E 4lwanl lo makea phone.a 5 rm meering thebankmanaqerar e ev€n 6 l loundout aboultheprcblem a longtme ago 7 lhave1obebackin theollic€bylh.eeth.q 3 l,tttelyouknM 2look/mighll€e 3 hadInen€d/wo!dn'rhavemade 4 @'d found/w€d havemoved 5 k€pt/mighr preent 5Id known/mudn'1havedone 7 hadbeen/coutd ha€ suc(H{ 2 $eelme 3 theyd/our/before45h€rqht$e^ 2 n c a s e3 a 5 o n g a s 4 u n € s 5 a s l o i ! a s 6 i n c a r e 7 w h e ^ S o n e s 2 (lhat)hed .eadthe '.pon and(rha0hed dn'i undeErand 5<tion 4 3 helinished h s presenralon hewargoingro havea d nk 4 {lhal)+e waspepadngtheiquE bui (rhal)she Mu dn'lberons 5 ($a0 sh€ ikedplayingrennisbul (1tur)5hed dnl do r veryonen 6 (ha9 shewa59oin9to visitrheI Po$ 5ub5idiary bul ($ar) shewasnr sm when 2 had 3 .ou d stly 4 enioy 5 hadtaken 6 knew 7 coutdtype s d d n ' i i n r e n u ptlh a d r o h a v e l l o u r d d o 1 2h a d n b. ro u g h l 7P|IC 3PISI 4P|IC 5 2 G n 3 A 5 o n g a s 4 ' d h a v e 5 ' d S w o u t d nht & 9 i n c a s e1 0 u n e $ 1 1 1 2u n l e $ 6ptIC 7plla 8t 9p/tT tOp/',tc 7 d a@utd/have 2 h i s 3 h e ' d s e m4 $ e d a y b e t o e 5 l h e 6 $ e y v e 7 m e 3 l h e r c 9 w a s lob€toe ]l hadlone 12wasl3that t4me 2a 3d 4c 59 6h 7e 3l Ljnit 22 Reported spee(h 2 Unit 19 Verb+ -irg or infinitive 1 2 e y 3 l e i l 4 i a d S r o d / e i d 6 s i d ^ a d T s a d / t o l dS e i d r o ^ e l 2 g o l n g 3 1 0 u s e4 s p e n d i n5gt o c l o s e d @ n6 t o d e t E f 7 @ t t n 9 3 l o s i n g9 l o p E p a e 1 0 1 0 b e l l w a i t i n gl 2 t o s i g n 1 3p d t p o n i n q 2e 3b 4a 5d 6k 7i 3i 9g 2 to e(ognie 3 ldvertsn9 41okdve 3 l h n k i n g 9 l o f y 1 0t o h e l p 2 whar$e lene6'URLmeant 3 d/whelher I hadprepared theliquE 5 wrti^9 6 to rpeak 7 dak nq 2 peBuade h m lo 3 rcmindmelo 4 hep youlo 5 expe.therto 6 encouraged melo 7 iorcedusio 2 losing 3 ro (ash 4 io do 5 to lix 6 to.ome 7 cating a io wait 9iodo l0askng ll roiype 2laking 3lopay 4 worrying5robe 6 pretendinq7 Glertng 3103hd Unit 20 Verb+ -ing or iniinitive 2 3 meting 4benq slomake 6tospeak 7saynq abop€n 9 o p e n i n g l 0 q v i n q 1 1r o l o o k a t l 2 t o a i n o u n c e l 3 q u i n n 9 t 4 e f l i n q 1 0 11 t h 1 2 1 5 illwherher hehadrehembercn(or he,emenbefed)b b!.k up rhe ii e 6 whyI hadluhed off theaif.ondtoninq 7 illwhe$erI ipokerralia^ 3 h @ m u . hh ?h a dp a i d ( o r hpea i d ) l o f h h c r 2 ruqqded Sprcpoed 4aEeed 5 decided 2 l o l d l h € m3 t o l i s l e n4 s i d 5 l h d d 6lake Tsringup 3nortosay 9lochaif l05hould@pon 11rcmlnd€d rhemthal 12tomk' unit 23 Phrasalverbs 1 2iomeei 2b 3d 4a 5b 6d 2 hord(or hans)o. 3 rill;n 4 go (or G[y) on 5 g)ueup 6 dea with 7 pi.kup 3 9o (or.ome)bacl 9lakeup l0tmkaier 2belng 310be 4iobe 2lobook 3to{an 5being 6betng 9tohave l0iolon 4tocome 5toqo 6d$ing 710give 3 rclking rr@*n9 1 2 q € n n 9 ( o r 1 o g e l ) 1 3 m i s s i nogL , r 14 to have l5being r6Lft9 17 Jinkhtnq(or rolinish) 2l@k uplhe inlomaton/lookthenfomarionup/tookir up 3 kep dM our cosE/kep ou. .ostsdowd/keeprhen doM 4 dowithoutmymobiephone/do wilhout1 5 tumeddM lhe id€/lurnedthe deadownnuhedit d@n 6 en oul thepmblem/en$e prcblem od/son ir oul ANSWERKEY 2 dropoff 3 ru.n !p 4 checkingLn 5 qei by 6 ed olt 7 drawup 3l@kingrhrough9cal on t0ringup ll kep dNn 12lindour l3 breaking down l4printoul l5backup 25! 2 meeting3 shoppinq4 inlerening /coilusn9 5wearnq/laning 6mr@ming 7 oninq ad nq 2 me€r 3t3ke 4$kn9 5 working 6mrk 2 back 3 off 4 doM 5 ihouqh 6 on 7 oul 3 @r 2 of beinq 3 by lakinqover 4 Beforcqo n9 5 nsreadol usinq Unit 24 Phrasalverbs2 2 back10 3 dowi on 4 out of 5 on to 6 in wilh 7 up wfth 3 up lo 2 up 3 off 4behnd 5 of 5 b3.k Twirh 3on 9on r0ihough 11ro 12out 13 n r4wilh 2 g e t $ r o u g h3 c l / b a c k 4 h o d o n 5 g o a h s d 6 € n g / u p 7 t @ k i n l o 3 g e t b a c k t o9 $ e a k u p l 0 b e a k i n g u pt t c u t o i i t 2 s n / o d 1 3 q o d e r 2 sA€+ S lhir+ 4v** 3 hopingrhalthemarker MUld qo up 4 trol b€rngan exp€iencedn€gotiaror 5 Arsuminq3herculdn'r fr,nd 6 nol kneinq il wouldcearc $ manyproblems Unit 27 make /do,/9et/have 2 did 3 make 4dohake 5 do 5do/ma[e 7 make 3 made/do 9did/mEde lOdid/made 1l make/do 12do Unit 25 Verbsand oblects 2a 3t 4b 5e 6.7h 39 2/ 3t 4,/ 9X 6t 3/ 4t 7/ Ar 9/ tOji 5X 6,/ 7X g,/ 9,/ 1At 11/ 12'l 13t 14/ 2 a)r 2b)I / fte ma.ker nqdepartment 5 a) 2holday 3lun.h 4.han.e/look Slime SaltematveTbreak 8 appontde.l 9thetish l0doubt ll dill(uly 12headache/day ofi l3 @rd l4go 15@nveElion 5b)J/ myfamyandlriends 2 g e t 3 d o i n g a m a k e 5 n a d e 6 d o i n g 7 9 o r S m a d e9 d o n e l 0 m a k e l l d o 1 2 q o t 1 3 m l d e 1 4 q o r r 5 m a d e1 6 d o 1 7 d o 1 3 g o t 1 9 m a d e 2 5u99estlo them 3p@miFdm€ 4etpainedloihem 5 cau5ing uspoblem5 6 lhe chclenro you 7 theLulr ro ther4hnician8oldthem 9 lhewhoe sitlalon to$em l0tod me ll introduce youio Joephte [rnit 28 Relativeclauses1 2ND3ND4O 5D 6ND 2le la.kelheanideaboulma*elinq 3 ent $em an ema yesieday ! erta^ erailro.Fei lusoFer\ea A depafrrl yrn.ddy 5 od h m $e dGplay modelthartb*n in lhe window 6 bd lhe dGplay modeltoa rcmdn who.amen rhismoming 7 gav€hermy rcport$G morning 3 gavemyrcponb hers{@taryrh5 morning 21ohat 31otl1o 4tollot sl.tlra 2lhal 3 wtro 4whde 5who 6who 7 whose athai 9who 10who r (which)4/ 5 (hat) 6/ 7/ 3 (who) 9/ 10(rhal) 2 hav€b€n waitnglor rnayedal 4 usuaydea w$ 5.h(lalhe emplerlbm 6 am responsible for 6 rolfor 7 to/for 31o/ror 5P 7t 3P 9Lr0P]]P 12P Unit 26 The -,rg form 2a 3. 4b 5g 5l 7e ah 254 ATIiWER TEY Unit29 Relative clauses z 2 nothing3 anr{hinq45on6ne 5 anrvhere6 Fmelhinq Tson@ne 3 antlhing 9 anylhingtoNoone 2 who ou d be a us€lutcontacrlor tbu 3 wh6e CVison youfdesk 4 who s.omingnexlweek 2 enjoyed ouel6 3 taughrhimsef/isrea.hing himFtf 4hunyouEeff 5 expEi heEff 6 helprcuetvE 7prepa€youett a inroducehyseff 9 blan€you6eJ 10maketouetvs 6 wh6e preentaiionI head 7 iharlwai €llnq youabout 3 wherctheyreloinq 1obui d the newla.rory 3J 4n St6ey 6ir 7/ 2 fell/elared I anylim€, anywtleE4 @member/Mrry5weryUre 6 havthen 7 anylnere a iomewherc9lhemelres tO€chorhe. ail zwh6e 3who 4whom 5 rhat Srhar Twhar aihal 9 whee to$at 2 Fmewhere 3 anywhere 4 somene 5 Everylne 6 Anyone 7 smelhing a everylhing 9 anythinq 3/ I helpyouelf 4 met s inircnuce you6ett 6.hange 7 askmFetf srctar 4who 5whal 6whi.h 7/ awhch 9/ t o l a / h a l1 l l 12whar Unit32 Determiners 2 wh ch wa5rhe iargeslluxuryg@ds@mpanyin rhe rcdd 3 whichwoulddecdeihe fulureof rhe ndunry 2 a t s o l r h e h 3 b @ o f t h e m 4 m a i y o t l h e m5 h o s r o i l h e m 5 who wasthe chleiiinanciaofiicer 6 wh chwasm€antlo bea me$agetor Ahaulr 7 whichrcpresented 34%of Gucd!totatnock 3 whoGuccihad b€enlooknqror 9whowastheheadof a non-lood rclatgmup(a tedppR l0whlchwasa42%stakein Guc. z s<h 3 Notone 4 Someof 5 Some 6 enher 7 OurcuromeEe..n a bo$ dals 9Attot t0any ll Ereryrhinqt2amobiephoneeach 13 Ereryodion ha5be€n 14*erylh n9 lJnit 30 Countableand uncountablenouns 2 ncr'e,lh3 en r ei$e.4At 5e€ry/al6each7Mry Bnonegany r0 borh 11ei$er 12each 2AB/maiy 3Ghlch 4H@much 5a€ 6a.e 7 equrpm€n Sim a d i n s 9 a pieceoi equpmenl l0a machine1t some/wast2 mu.h t3tr/se 2 Ew.ypani(lpanr3Nolasingepe6on 4 Nenher idea/Neithe. oi theideas 5 Soheof $e audien(e didnr 6Noneotmycoteague7Alwewa is 8weren'tanyddumenB9Nerherhotelwas/Netherotlheholes@re ro Sorhrhepropoekael8orhotthepropoekae rr Noieol rhe* rrems ae t2ioneatall 2 fme 3 much 4 many 5an 6 bfie 7 many B much gmuch 10m.ny 2 A - aachode 3 C - Nelhercodpany 4 A - a I ts 5 C _ftey arcbolh 6 C-ery 7 3-mo5tot 3 c-Mrrlhing 2a)G 2b)s 3.) s 3b)c 4a)t 4b)c Unit 33 Possegsives and compoundnouns l@d:Theretbmet Therc,s crothesrhaven'tqothanyjTnere arcomej lieyre rcrk: I havent got much;TheFGsomejfteEk job:I hawnt sol a; rhereraj t|s a money: I haven t got much;TheEGsomejfteEk d o a " . l h a \ e nl g o n a l y ,- F q . a r f 1 a , 1 e / r expenses: haven tgoi maiyrTherc ae omqlteyte idea:lharen'tqolmu.hjI hawnl qoi an;Th€Fisan; ts an 2you 3youE 4you6 SourM 6 o u & t v e sT m n e B M y g h e r 1 0 r 2 Ajicet l andsname! 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HegoneoJMedl LFchStop anaysE. I Tolot t d.al on is .ompany@6 k benerthan ou6. 4 | @nt to my do<roAandhe3compurerse! al the palienir,recodr 5 ll! imponantio Kognie that wery ompany h.s is own panrcubf.u e, 6 My bo$s PAreadsall rh€ cBroders bneu 7 L@kat thoe trm Mercd6. ones our dnetloG andlhe orhel3a visitol!. 5 p e 6 o n5 a 7 m u . h 3 a n 9 b m e l O a t j m u c h 14a oi ol rs infomauo^ 16an Unit3l Pronouns 2 no one 3 anylhinq 4 anyone 5 Something6 emede sanrihing 9 *ryth nq lONothing 7 ftrrone 7 ndfl neun9/!t6,o@r 1 ( Fd( Lcm/d"pa.rnffsoF 4 iiternara.G/summerlle 5 inflaionligures/pnce ranqe 6 ma*et suNey/rushhour 7 inlomaion te.hnotoqry/.ar keys 3 3hopasistanvpow. laitu€ 9 shopftoorrcrker/@rking tun.h 10iNUGdc6nl,?cr/banktoadj1 pmduclteatures/p@ducron.oss T2ma*et l@derlmarkelinqbudgel 2 Jad<ol 3 ercr ol 4 6i9€ of 5 t* of 6 pi<e ol 7 n@keoi B i@d ot A 2fryp€n 3mine 4iama!dftumenis 5 colleaque ol he6 6islo(bo$3 7 an expertin company 3 shos lhe el6 figu6 9 cunomerof 0!6 2 two squaEwden 255 SWER I(EY Gnons 3 an am-ing ne efiwaE 4 a difiicult $@eno^th package transition peiod 5 hiqh-qualily Taiwane compder chips 2 €he€&3€** 4F€€ 5 €r$c{ 6shR 7li* 3R.*€r 9d 6 a mllplanned inv6hent nEteqy 7 deap hiqhjp€€d htehet acc6 3 a r@lulionary ne handh€ld.ompubf 9 a @nd€rful ns w.shinq pordef Unit 34 Articles1 l0 alvlulch€p planjcFmnns 2 a n l l h e 3 a l T h e 4 a 5 t h e n h e5 l h € / a 7 a a a 9 a l 0 a n n h e 11anlth€orher 12$e^he 13rhe 14lhe Porruque 2 late - adv 3 a€ adj 4 wel ad. 5 ha'dly adv 6 good 7 ha.d - adj 3 had a& 9lan adc r0 iast adj. 2a 3 anl 4 -l- 5 al- 6- 1 ala a la 9 arl 2-/a 3at-h6e 4 /lhe 5 ^h€/a 51 0 A / a n l ar r a ^ h e r 2 2 @nwntion.l 3 rapidly 4 pbp€ y 5 qood 69@d 7we l 0 d @ l l d r e c t t 1 2 € t y 1 3 . h € a p 1 4 q u i c k l yl 5 f q h t 10ala adj 3bady 9easy 16huge Ta^he 3 rh€/anh€ 9-l- Unit37 Comparing I 2 r h e 3 - 4 - 5 a 5 a T T h e3 9 $ e l 0 r h e l l l 4 t h e 1 5 a n l 5 r h e l 7 r h e r 3 - r 9 a 2 0 i h e2 r - 12 13rle 4 a 5 - 6 - 7 a f t e 9 a 1 0 - 1 l - 1 2 a n 1 3 t h e1 4 - 1 5 1 6 1 h er 7 - 1 8 a 1 9 f t e 2 0 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 r h a2 4 r h e2 5 - 2 $e n6l pDlitable 3 Renl 4lhan 5 rcEe 6 best 7 as ongas 3 wo6e 2 sm.llerrhan I ls inreetng thadnorasinrresing as 4 $e honen 5 b€ne.ftan 6 a59@da5 7 mo€ ditl(ur 3 ai largeas 9 wo& rhan Unit 35 Articles2 2 a5/a53 than/des 4least 5 ben 6most T rhan/hadSatas 9lun/as 2 Crcle 3 h6pira/<hool 4 Healhrcw/underg.ound 5 HemutKoh^he Chance orlcemany 6thealpyMonrSlanc71henediutu@3 home 9 NeYo*/lheUnited ttates r0lunch 11Deu$che SanklheCilyof London/$esian 12un{eaiv 13takewndehere^heL.keDi5tria.^he nonh-@3r/Enqland r4 Bondsr@r 151hep@f 16ftelJK^hesourh-easr/CanieduryCathedGl r?c@n 13lohn/rcrk/thefrome 19lraly/cr 20TheDanube/Cen|a €urcpe 3 mores.<1ions ol lhe €pod rhanme 4 a5longasle4e<ted/arlong4 r'derpecled 2a)The 2b)- 3a)- 3b) Ine 4a), 4b) lhe 6a) 6b)Ihe 7a)- 7b)lhe 9 $e ben communi@ton5ki15 l0 $e m6l inlercitingpeple I havee€r met 5a)rne 5b) 2 a t 3 t h e e n d o t l h e4 n l h e 5 a t 6 r h e s u t o n d 7 a l 3 a l 2th€ 3rhe 4fte 5$e 6 7 3 glhe 10- 11 12 13 1 4 - 1 5 r h e l 5 r h e r 7 $ e 1 3 1 9 t h e 2 0 r h e 2 1 ( o r r h € )2 2 l h e 2 3 t h e 2 4 i h e 2 5 - ( o r r h e )2 6 $ e 2 7 f t e 2 3 t h e 2 9 3 0 . 3 r l n e 32the 33ihe 34rhe 35 rhe 16rhe 37 33the 39lhe 4! unit 36 Adiectivesand adverbs 2 mprdeddramatcaly3 hasd@pped signifi@ndy 4 pauFbrielt 5he imp@edsteadly 5 rc.overeds@ly 7 hasnFn gradually 2 bored 3borng 4eKiling smded 6larqe 7 enomoG a bad 2 hed t pomoted r badlyd6lgied 4 exiremevhelplol s east rc.osniebre 5 undpecredlydelayed 7 completetillesal 3 qute ate 6 mon imponai!preni.tioh I haveeEf gi€n 2lorer 3 better 4doEattE live 5 tukiest 6 Eeater 7 wo6r a morcensible 9 eaier l0mosraggre$Lwll hiqhef 12b61 Unit38 Comparing 2 2a I rhebener 4moreandmorc5lhewondlarc.n 6 dighlly 7la*ei a moF andmoreexpensive 9morequickt 10muchbeiter 11lhesamea5 a littk/abn b./mu.h morcorls/buqhly lun/eecty 2 nea.lylvntually3 just/esart 4 a ltile/a bh 5 farlmuch 2 thefane* g@ing 3lhemosi.ftryd€sqned 4bslseling 5 rhele6r kn@n 6 themosrrapidt.hanging 2 roughly th€eme lrliqhtyls 4aLm6tasmaiy 5alm6rdmu.h 6 rcnsiderabt l6s 7 moElhanl'ri.e sbyfar 9 nornea,ly l0a ol 256 ANSWER XEY 2oughlylheeme i consde6b/y more 4 similar5 dilfe€nt 6alot T b y f a f 3 t w i . € a r m a n y9 i w c e a s m u c h1 0 a i f t l e Unit 39 Adverbsof degree 2c 3d 4a 59 6l 7h 3e 250iew 3loohuch 4such 5e 6loomu.h 7omlch 3emany 9 solillle 101@shon ll tallenoughl2enouqhmoney 2 somu.h 3 somany 4sofs 5 b linle 6t@ Tsuch 3 enough9e 2a)50su(ce$ru that 2b)su.ha succesrhar 3a)50@llhat 3b)su.ha goodode. pMes ngt,slemthat 4a)suchalqebankdehs$at 4b)soraEethal 5a)iofasithal 5b)5ucha fan niemelconnedonrhat 2bLt 3 still 4lhough 5hspiteof 6wher€5 7 anyway 2a)Intpiteof myheadache I slil @nt to $e meeiig /h 5p1eof havnqa headachestillmnt to rhe merinq. 2b) | hada h€da.he, but I nil rent to lhe meelinq. la) someanabdsrhinkihar siq* wil lal in vaue,whereasolhe6 d egree 3b)Allhouqh$me analtdlslh nk thar ntrks w ll ia I in value,othe6 d 5a9@. rta)D6pile lhe dilfituhie in rhe negoraions, re won the contac. 4b) Enn thoughrhee @re diffituhi6 in ihe negolations,we won the .ontraar. 5a)Whereasoilpl.6 rcFdlhlylanyear, thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown. 5b)Oilpd@soe sllqhlyal year,ahhough thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown. 6a)Ive win€n tvvi.e,yel lslil havent recd€d a eply. 6b) Despnewritingtwic, I nill havent receiv€d a rcply.(or Despitehavn9 wr fien lwi(e Inillhawnl rcc€iEda rcply.) 7a)Ahhouqh hedidn'iu* anynoles,hegryeanex.eenl presenlalon. 7b)H€d dnl ue anynor6 Hegaveanexcellent preEnration,lhough 2 a l $ 3 d e s p i l e4 a l l h o u q h5 . s w e l 6 B o t h T w h e . e a 3 sasmllas 9)d l0athough 11despite12Althouqh 2 wa5sucha dnicullp6bem 3ft€t@lewopies 4i@Inb5pa.€ 5 p r e s e n t a iwoans$ q o o d 6 d d n ' r s e l e n o u g h u nTi tk5s b u s y 8so manybr*hurcsrhal9 ioo nrlerme Unit42 Linkingwords2 2 s ol * h e r a . o p y otlh e m l n u t e s . 3 b<auseIhada lol oi papeM lo fnhh. Unit 40 Timeadverbs 2at 3at 4on 5 n 6ar 7on 3in 9in 10on 11on 12in 13at s hed@5n1kn@,llarkbmeoneehe. 2b 3so that 4 n oderlo 5 tor 6 can 7 could 8@udn1 9woi1 2a 3k 4m 5f 6i 7e 8i 9b l0l ll n 12h13d14c 2 neNtwee[ 3 $e dayaftertomori@ 4 at n]ght 5on time 5in time 7 tor S d u r n q 9 n l o y e a u a q o l 0 b e l o . eI l D u f n q r 2 w h l l e l 3 w l i l e 1 4 d u r n 9 l 5 b y l 6 u n t l T t h e n 1 3a f t e d a d s 1 9 A f t e r2 0 l a l e r 2 Q:Nowlonghawyouhada subsdiaryin Ponuqal? Ai Sn(e 1998. 3 Q: NowlonghasPeterMidd€lhoffbeenCEO?A Sincethe 5radol the y?ar 4Q: fowlong hasyourconpanyhadrheem€ loqoTA Fortenryysr 5 Q: fowlonq ha€ youowiedyourTeekom shaB?A:slncepdatstioi. 6 Q: Fowlongha€ youknen A exSonTA: Fofa onqrime. 7 Q:NM onghaverou lvedin this!M7 A: Sncelwasbom. 2 ago 3 tor 4duing 5 afier 5 belore 7 for Ssince 9 for r0$hile l l 5 n ( e 1 2 a g o 1 3 B e l o r e1 4 w h i . 1 5a t l e t u a d s1 6a f t e r ljnit 4l Linkingwords I 2 Although 3despte 4whie 5 Whe€a 3 a 4 b t b 6 a 7 a 3 b 9 b 1 0 a I l a l 2 b 1 3 a1 4 b 2t 3P 4t 5P 6r 7P 8P 9r 10P 2 aglike 3 like 4 as,,l ke 5 like 6 !s 7lke A atl ke 2 t o 3 l k e 4 b e c a u s5 e t h a ! 6 b 7 a s I 3 i o r 9 [ e 1 0 t o l 1 $ . s n o r l o M r r y r 2 a 5 1 3 l i k e 1 4 s o t h a rr 5 t o 1 6 i k e unit 43 Developing an argument1 2 h a n d 3 A s a t u l e 4 e x ( e p l5 e r t h e r6 A s a m a t t e r o f l a cTl O i t h e w h o e a Onft€ olher hand 9 36ides 10suchas 1l lor example 12 nsleadol 2 *ept 3 therclorc4innead 5 n qene.al6su.has TElher 3 As@llas $is 9 Nmrihd6 10So 6ihouqh 7bll a{heEas 9 a n y l v a y1 0 r n 5 p € o f l l a r h o u q h 1 2 a r h o u q h b) odlt v Fd rh" Mad"d o'file re d5 LpBdl"lon"o!fi p "! 2a)We.an hande lhe tEnspon arangemenisand ako the insuEn@. 2b) We can hand€ bolh the lransponaraigementsand the insuranc. 3a) want ihe eles lisu6 lor octoberand N@nber as@ll. 3b) | want the sa es I sures lor o.rober as @ll as N@mber 4a) we?e setting up ofiices in Peruand alo (in) E.uador 4b) we'E setting up ofi @s in Peruand (in) Ecuadort@. Inqenera!, taknqanM&Aisa goodid€ tor anambt ousyoungpEle$onal, hl]wr youdo haw to makesomeldifice' Youmksout on lvvoyea6 valuablem|t axpe ence,for *mde and t cn be veryexpeisve. 23 Fi6toa l ll 3A-aswelas 4D-Secondl5 y C asaresult 6A H@rer 7B Inaddnion 3 D - l o r e x a m p e9 A - s u c h a s ATIISWER KEY 257 2 l n a d d l o n 3 h f a . r 4 l h e r e l o E5 r i a r u t e 6 h @ m r 7 l n c o n d u s i o n Unit 47 Adjective+ preposition 2h 3d 4b 5j 5a 7i ac 9i lOe Unit 44 Developingan argument2 2 sfelron 2fiomourpontolvs 3 Appaeddy4 trFms rhat 5 tonunaret 6&tuatt T l M d n q o n t o S i n t h e e n d9 a l a n 1 0 U n t € sl t u d 6 1 2o l h e m i F 2Of@u6e 3 Unforlunalely 4Bytheway 5Iobeirank 6Ahsatl 7Appaeny 3 Anylvay9 Abryeatt l0or6ther 3 atiached to 4 dependent on 5eriousabout 5 nrctved in 2 wilh 3for 4 about 5wiln 6 about Tlor aJor 9for lOwth ll at 2 lo Addan 3 to dtung on the eir 4 lo. rhe meeing 5 inteEied in archaeoloqy6 aboutwhal he eid 7 at ma$enar<s 3 aboutlheadwnising Ghpalgn 9oipeope l0onherid6 2 npancular 3Cleary 4Toqveanexampta5 excepr ior 6AslaraslhegeneGpubic isconcerned7 funhmor€ asrnudt 9 Asa manerol fact l0suchas 1tp6aresuh 12 0n rheotherhand 1 3o r 6 t h e . 1 4 l n l e n e r a1 5a f t h o u g h] 6 l o s u n u p 2 at&ned 3 dependenr4pepared 5cpabe 3 inrcl4d 9nght l0oppGed ll compatibe 2Asamatteroliac13 r'6iar as...isconcehed4To9i€anebmple 5In EeneG 6 Cleay 7 Funheno@3Asa rclutt 9Ontheo$erhand l0tosumup rl excepllor 12athough 13*ntu.Iy 14or ra$ei Unit 48 Noun+ preposition 2ror 3 with 4 benreen5with 6i./oi 2 pnceol 3 advanrage ol 4 tocu5on t paynenrto. 6 objectionro 7 nwlvement in I suhabilry lor Unit 45 Prepositions of place 2on 3 above/be@ 4in 5on 6opp6n.7.t l l n e x t l o 1 2 i n 1 3 o v e r1 4 n e a r1 5 i n 1 6 o n 20 by 2 forlup 3in/by 4lorlon 5in/On 6in 7 an/lot Santhy 9t^/n 2 r 3 h 4 c 5 j 6 i 7 d 3 e 9 r r 0 b 1 lk 1 2 9 2on 3on 4in 5on 6aun Tidoi 3at 9on 1 3 n 1 4 i n 1 9 i d a t 1 6 n 1 7 a t 1 3 o nn t 9 a t 2 lowads 3 al 4 der 5 p.st 5 on 7 in a $@ugh 9.r 7 ber€en 8to 9in/oi lOlor 2 r i 3 t o f 4 0 1 5w i t h 6 i n 7 0 1 a o u t 9 i n l o i n 1 1 t o . 1 2 i n l 3 t o r 14up 15in 16lor 17at l3abour t0 on Unit 49 Trends,graphsand figures 2 at 3 in 4on 5 nexr 6 n 7 in 3on 9 oppositet0in lt to t2at Unit 46 Verb+ preposition 2beeve n 3wairfof 4lead1o Sdependon6kn@aboul 7 suflerIrcm 2wilh 3ol 4aboul 51or 6 abour Tinb Alor 9on t0 from in 2 lolabout 3lrom 4 ol s of 6 wilh/abour7 fbm 3 in 9lor 1 0 l o / a b o o lt 1 a r 1 2 l o r 2 om lhou$nd, nrc hundcd and$idy 3 1$€l€ rh@end, rhe hlndred 4 rwelt€ lhouend.nd lh iy 5 twt€ lhouend,thR hundcdandth.ty 6 me hundcd andt*€nry thou5and,$re hundrcd 7 onehundr€dandh€nty threerhouend 3 o.e hundrcdandr*nty $ree rhouend, threehundredandlh dy I one mill@n,tm hundredand$iny ftouend 2 imed/slbhrt 3in 4by 5EMr! 6 ht/tow/EoveEd/a1 7 mchedheak 3 slowly/by9sN/of 10to 11Ge/l€ll 12ra$d/.ut 2 HowMr 3 ahhough 4 in spiteoi 5 TheEfo€ 6 so 7 becue or 2belonglo 3l5tenro 4 explain/io5 agre€iwirh 5 appvlor Tetyon 3 apoiogiedlor 9Remnd/aboutlohopnglor ll headlmm r2compywilh 13insisron 14quairyJor 2with 3 aboul 4lmm 5for 6in Tlor 3 againn 9i6n lotrom l l l o r 1 2 f o r 1 3 o n 1 4 o n 1 5 r o 1 6 f o f 1 7f r o m t B a b o u l 1 9 o t 254 ANSWERKEY Test1 2aalm6l 50q/62ba lnbundef50% 3 a a b u n d5 0 % 3 b a b o u i 5 0 % 4a€n. y s0% 4b precisey 50% 5 a a i i e d e r 5 0 % s b d i q h l yn o r e t h a5n0 % 6 .onr deGblymoreihan 50% 2Uat 3allhough 4be.ause 5 ecwery 6peak 7up 3by 9mitton l 0 p o u n d s1 1 o n 1 2 c u t r r s i g n i f i c a n1l l4yH d e w r 1 5 h . t l 1 5 r @ 1 7s h a r p y1 3 l o 1 9 o v s 2 0 i n Unit 50 Punctuation 2 LaslfebruarymelMaryCaeenier lor thefi6t line. , abo-r50l'lor4? I'on odn!. 4lvlylarcur€ Nilchco.ktim k 91fan9e6 ona Tran'. 5 Cao worksasa^ oli .e managern a ma*ei n9 consutancy 6lw jun rcceived ihe reponpublished a( MaybyrhewoddT6deOrganzaiio^ 7 OnChrshasDaywel 9oto myparenG' houp nearBighronn5usx 3 lh nkJeans qoinq10beinletos n9theD€puty finance Minkterne{ wk 3 don'tundeEland4 m talkn9 5 isn'tseinq 6 know 7'm naynq 3 a F y o u 0 L r d D oy o -o f f e ' 9 r o l e i l 0 d o y o u . d l l d t r N " b)Pc c)Pc OP5 e)Ps 0Pc a)Ps h)Pc 2a 3e 4c 5q 6f 7h ad Prenr slnple:aNvays, assoonar, befoe, e@rydry hardy trr nweL mosioi lhe lime, nextlime, nom.lly, o.caionaLly, oien, Grel, smetimes,twicea year, Penl conrinuous: at lhe momenl,nM, n adays,$6e daF 1 lusually he llnchar abodoneo crock 2 Lunchs oft€ntun a sandwr.h. 3 I visnPadsH€d Oflicef.om I mero ime 4 amhadt evs lat€in th€morninq 5 | hadt mr lake$e rranro work. 5 I prcpare a !15 Eponon.€a month 7 | n*r missa Boadmeeln9 3lam n4r laretor a Boadn€tinq. 3.onrah4t 5./ 6weowi 7 lhink 3/ glrseffi r0l ]]/ 2c 3b 4a 5.5a 7a 3c 2l'm 5orryKm, heeid theg@dswouldaiiiveon time.bur$ey d dn1. 3 Jacksadihar@ rhoud l€r up th€plans, togel aboutit andnan again 4 Whenlsawmybo$,lMnl uplo hm,.nd e d, CanI ha@Friday ofi, pleae? 5 Oi theothe.hand,we couldue a ditiecnrtnm..oudntwe?'eid f.an@h. 6'Nello,Alan,sid Tina,Howwaslhe menngyened:y?' 7 lf wereyou,i'd askiof bme help,or pedapslookarlhe manlataqrin 3 O shafesddwell anwk Standard Oilwasup2%, Een wasup La%,and grcupShelgainen lhe An9lo-Dutch 2.3% r 9@supldenand 2 I iallinq/meaG3 a€you wa nng/doil th nk 4 doour<unohe6wanlk*ms 5 hope/k^@tisdoig 6 doyoumean/doil undedand TaEyousyng/Doyouwant 3 0c you.chicken ta$e/depeidr/ sw*ln! Test 2 1b{ame 2 began 3blole 4 b.oughr 5 bought 6(hose Tate 3iel 9 tolnd l0lorgor ll g@ 12lepr l3led 14lenrl5mel l5pad 173ed lashut 19spefl 20 undeElood (opriona DearAngela, comma) ll wasgrealto heartiomyou,and$ank lor thephotooi *ryone on rheMBA cou6e.llbrngsbackhappymemodes, ahdlm sureyo! l age thatwe wep 2 ued rocraih 3 mshed/wa5pdnrnqo 4was€ling ofl^laned luckyto havesuchnErcstngp6ple n oury€r 5wanlen/d6e 6 used1ohave/combined 7atrved/waswaiiing I m gladrhatyouere succesfuinyblf €dloralobin publcelaions |ve 3 kndked/.ame 9@eargung/lost 10watv sred notbsn solu.ky$ lar l n alraidlapplenlorajob arlhe begl^ning ol $e fronth n lhelnan.edepanme ola algeSws-Mnedphaha.eulcal 2didn'lue 3lhadn'tfolqonen4uedlo prcduce5l'd rcad(orsan) (ompany'd bev€rywellquaied iorrhetob,butInil haven'r heardanyrhinq. rf 6 hadalready left 7 ued ro !o sking/used lo sti Sthameetinghadlnished ldonlqetan ansmrbon, llry wiliig againAcrually, illdon't hearan,,lhinq, I won1betoo d FppoinledbeGue 1 ehs $e I .ompany isn'tdoinqto Mll at themoment, aid ldonl thinkthere'dbefranyoppodunitiglofpomotDn. 2 W h e n 3 a r 4 r n 5 0 n 5 W h e n T W h i l e / w h eani n 9 a l l 0 w h e n 'vebeenm€ninglo emailyoufor aq6 about somelh nqee. Doyouby.ny , Fdn!"-"F Alkona-d J'r \ doaA. rT pta.n'ngon{}lng lrtr Ltryn lhe aurumnand|dlketo.a n la n d s e e i h e m . r v n a l a b o u l y o u ? D o y o u h a v e a 2n got/had y nopp€d I didyoulindouvhadqoi 4loined/hadwo*ed pansiocomeherc?rt @uld bercnderlultoee youaqain,rnd youkn@ 5 *nl/had a mdyrpoken 6 hadalw4$ suspe.lei/wasnt youre rekome to sraywhen4er youw.nl Well,that3 all lor now I m qoinqawaylomorow lor a lM dayrto vkll my I hadbed waiting 4 hadak€ady head 5 hadbeei dsing 6hadn'tinished parcn$,and'vegoi lo pa.kandgetreaCy. fi ank againlor rhephoro,andit 7 hadner met Shadbeenl@kinq thad@n r0hadbee^losinq was$ niceto hearlrcm you aqan Al thebel, (optiona.omma) Test3 2 h a d 3 h a v e h a d4 r w b f t 5 l l e f t 6 h d e r c u b * n r c r k i n g 7 a r c ' o u g o n g3 h N n ' t p a i d 9 d l d n l p a y l 0 d d y o u a n s e ANSWENKEY 259 2 stanen 3 beenwriting 4didyouaniE 5Hareyou 6 hasbeenoryanGing/has oqanls€d 7 for rhe months 3 haveiEd/havebeenliving 9t'€banwaitnghm lOthmntqi€n l l l vebeenwaitinq l2 haveyourclked/helou benrcrking 2 always3 aheady4*f / nulr lN , o1ts r a6f i r Coonbb 3 wd. d. F@ rhisao- nq 4 6 beingrenmbp€d 5 havebeenpur up agan 5 wlll bedl<used in the m€€rinqtomorcw 7 hadsomenM oltwarc nstaled 3 wasb.rn 9rereyou 10Pete6c.was wasAlexlod 12 Hat. ba.lup copyol this ti e b€n 5jun 6 yet Tfor 3ne€r 9 ofG^ t0Sofar 2 ve nsef been 3 My wallethar a vejusrsen 5 havenl fin sh€d(or wftinq) 6 rcrkinq h€rcfor 7e€rbenlot tinAnen@(orrer visid LatinAmenca) a haven i spoken9Aniacome lCqone ha@n,l sn Oavid 12livingherefofr3 ve eft 14hen'rf nished l5 jun teft t6Mb€en l7learning(ornudyng) 13hmnlhad l9n@reaien 20 plainglennisfor 2l torgoilen 22 \ changed23*n Marqarclsn@ 2 m u n 3 n e € n t o 4 h * l r i e d 5 r e ' d b e t l e r6 n i q h t T i h o u d S m u n 9 c a n lh a v e r o h a v e i o t i d o n ' t n e €r do t 2 ( a n r 2 m u n n ' t 3 m l h r h a v e4 h a v e l o 5 m u n 6 . o u d 7 h . d r o S m u s t h a w 9 s h o u l dl 0 d i d n ' t h : E l o Test4 2i 3b 4d s9 6a 7e 2 n o p s 3 S h a l 4 w e ? € q o n 9 o u l5 i t t g o i n q t o b €6 t l d o 7 c o m eb : c k 3 She be@rking 9w?egoinqio 10lhey'ttpobabty 2 w i l b e h e r e3 w l p r c b a b y q e4r i 5 9 o l ^ 9 be n d 5 t l l k y o u 6 won't(orcant)see 7 WhalaF rou 9o^q 3 wit pobabty b)prese .onrnuous()wil d)9onsto e)qoinqro i)wll 9) futuc p€rle<l 2 d o n t h a @ i o 3 c a n l b e 4 m u { b e 5 s h o u t d b e6 m i g h l b e 7 G n l amlqhrt harclo l0shoud 2 mun have 3 can'thaF 4 rhoud haw 5 mqht norhe 7 shouldn t have S couldhaw 6 shoud have Test 7 2c 3b 4i 5a 6h 7e 3q 2 Shall 3.onfeenceends(orf nkhesof i5o@r) 4 wonl 5 wittyoube 6ll 7 Sha 3youdoing 2 s h al M h a v e3 ' m g o n g t o 5 t u d y4 ' t t b a b a . k 5 t m a t n g 6 lwon't iorgel 7 Im qoingto do a Shalllhelpyoo 9 we'rcome 1 0 l ' m g o i n g t o a s1k1l ' l h a E 1 2r ' m9 o l n 9 b h* 2 wasposted 3 Gbens d* oped(or Gto bedeEropd) 4 w.s aaten 5 is sri pbdu.ed 6 wi be ddden 7 k beinggi@. 3 hasben prcmoled 9waswifien 10arclost(o.arcbenqldt) 2 ourhousewas bokeninrolastweek 3 Engshisspoken a lder the@rd. 4 the newmoloeay hasrinaV opened. (or ben opened). 5 ThkumbreLla was eftin Repton. 6A lrafic wi I bebann€d tom thec t cenrc. 7 -ia rh" 1o 'qu'4den'{ed. -er lh.} ae leh lo,24 4or5 3 Themeelinq h b€ng pslponed. 2 am havingnrycr rcpaired 3 hadsohebusinesGdsprlnledwirhlhe ne toqo 4 arehavn9thecarpdcleaned tofro@ 5 havalust hadnryrequenlor .edit rclued 2mean 3beGken 4wilbrtng 5t6kptae 6 hightightei7 b€ignored 3 isexpeci€d9wil fal 10in.reae 1twittst.t 12tob€found 13ceare l4encouEge 15belookedat 2 Wtl I s ,bu tomor@? 3 D d you havea nke limeT 4 0o you knowwhar I mean? 5 Ae youcohing out Io. a d.ink latet 6 Haveyoub*n waillnqlong? 7 Areyouenjoying youuellT 3 Hae rcu head $e larn? 2whatthi5m€ns 3h@muchrhr.on5 4 whatime $e bankopens 5Im inlheighteat 6 whe.€lhe OperaHou5es 7 lh( is lhe way10the s<ienceMueum a $no lhe sp€akeri5al the nerl se$on (orwho rhe speakerar the nextsss on k) 1.26 3a 4 5,/ 6,/ J/ 2 sheds/$e d@sn't 3 iha4/lhavenl 4 am/r'mnot Sshek/rheisnt 6l6n/l.an'l 7lwil/lwon1 3 drd/lddnl 9 tk/ilisnt 2 @.1 they 3 aEnl €avinq4 havenlrhey 5can'lyou 6 didn'liorcer T Y o u @ @ i t 3 d o y q 9 r h a lr e r 0 d i d n r y o u 2 Canlk thenenu,pease? 3 Excuem€, s anyoie siningherc? 4 WriCn.ounta/do you.ome I@m? s Whowrc you ralkinqio jun now? 6 what eEdly do you msn by lhal? 7 Coud yoube a litlle mF $€.ific? 3 wlEI tihe is lhe nexttrain 10Bru$es? 9 Canybu tell mes,hatt methe nexrraln to 8tus*ls ts? 10Wro d@slhis bnelcasebelonqto? 11Couldlmakea phonecal lom he€? 12Doyoulh nkI couldnakea phon€ca!lom here? 250 AI{5WER t(!Y Test 1l 2 p b m o t e 3 h a d l e f t4 s t y 5 I d 6 h a d 7 b m k s d e n 3 c o u l d phone 9 d o e s n l l 0 @ d b e e n l l w o u l dh * b e o m e 1 2 9 @ s 1 3b a c k eudp / w o u l d nr st k r 4 h a d n t / w e d b el 5 h a d 1 6 w a s 2 wil be 3 wouldhaveasked 4 will gel 5 wu d g.t 5 rculd haw miFd 7 wouldnt see 3willleave 9 @uld haresrted oul l0rcudyoudo 2g 3l 4a 5d 6j 7h ae 9i 10k11b12f 2 tak6 up 3 lo pur backthe meeingtoô pul rhe meetingba(k to 4 tode.l wilh 5 pickmeup 6 lo 9o on witinq 7 to so,'iir out 3 lo go over 9 you ome ac6s t 10run our ol rim€ 2@r l u n e $ 2 i l 3 U n l e s4 l 5l 3lhough 4out 5down 6by 7up Soli 9 nto,6ackl0 away 6!ne$ 2 hadmademorecopetmuld havehad yourhap/rcu dn'thav€gon€ 3 hadb@uqht 4 hadinvened n newlechnology/rcud havesuNi€d 5 hadwa ted/wouldnthavehappeied 6 hadrcalled youfte 50b!5ylwouldnl he askedyou 7 hadcolapsed/wouldhav€been 3 hadbrcughtoutrhenns modaloniime/@udnl ha€ l6i 2b !a 4a 5b 6b 7b 2q€lonwilh 3 cutd@non 4 tunourot 5 gel roundlo 6 catchupwlh 7 lookfo ardlo 3la(e upro 9 froveonto 10gel backto 29 3l 4i 5d 5b 7a 3k 9l l0j ll h l2e Te* 12 2h 3b 4t 59 6.7a a e 9 l 1 0 . 1 1 b 1 2 a1 3 e ( o r 1 a4 ) d 2 haddone 3 hadn'1done4 spoke(orcould3peak)s hadorde@d 6 wa, (orwerc) Thadgven thad 2 havinq 3make 4do 5 make/have/do 5do/dake 7 frade/dong/male 3 maketdo/havi^9/mak ng 9 Have/dake10frade/do 11dong/make/having r2 have/dohakn9 Test9 Test13 2 (ofrng 3 to coma 4 giving 5 makn9 6 Remnd Tloentei atobe 2wh4 3$ar 4wh6e 5who 6who* 7 which 8 whose 9thal 9 t o b e 1 0 t r y i n g1 1 r c ! 9 n i n 91 2 l o b d * 1 3 b e i n g1 4 i n r e r u p r i n g l0wholuedlowolkwith 1 5 g o i n gl 6 1 0 m e e l l T r o d e l v { l S w l n n i n gl 9 t o s e 2 0 i o p a c k 21arivn9 22ro ir 23genngawa2 y 4 t o g e t a w a y2 t t o l i 5 t e n2 6 v i s i t i n g 3 (who) a qId s(ha0 5(ha0 7 !a[id 3 (that) 2.omng 3lo lGe 4 to gel thouqh/gefii^g5 waitng SlogiE 7 @usinq 3 to @npbmise 9 unp&king Test10 (of'lhedaybeioE) 2 Whatd d youdoyasreday 3 Do youoften go lo Gemanyfor meetoqs 4 l-lowmanyinlefr ew haveyoudoneioday 5 AE you 9o iq b chansejobs 6 Whod d youla t lo.r $e.ontercnce 7 Wi vor behet o' ther) oTorow SWhercaEyournewolices 9 HawyouFen Bil @@nly l0Wil youbeseeng3i atlheconle@n@ 2invtedJeanlocometo3 advisdDav€notto siqn 4 suqqan€d qening 5 apologed for a(ving 6 ofiered(to qiv€) ? onqEtllared/on winninq 2 who (ameyestedayqde me I lhal lh€ )apane* vRito6who cane yenerday 4 wh6e laplopI borowedwanisit 5 who@*s in my depanm€nl 6 lhal we we.l lo y5l*d.y w6 7 a @manwh6e sinerwo stor A whoiswaning'n t(eplonwanE b Test14 2 isa d*tor 3 you6{oryourumbrela)4lhalwln€ 5ev€rytme 5 ome advl(e Tnelherone 3someinlomation9noneolus l0bylaxi 1 l l h al i a f f i w c a 1 2 s m a n y 9 @ dd e d s1 3 N o n e a r a l1 4 l a n e g c o l e a g u e 15.ilner l6 roolinleinlonaion lTeachone lSMinsq! 19enouqh.hairs20 nosparcpans 2l ftene6 s 22rheendof ihe rcpoft 23bolh 24 everyone25 hets 26someinfooation 27can'thed antlhing 2abo$oflhem 29 lhercwaql a sinqe quesuonl0 sn'tanyon€31 ils aounbbledouns: a dest,a bag,alob,a lip, a ptublem, a.han.e,a itre, a machine,a dollaLan email,a facl, a suggesion, an houf Uncounliblenouns:someiurnilure,someluggag€,somewo*, sme tGvel,ome trcuble,eme luck,sre wine,eoe equipnent somemonry some cotrgpond€n.e,ome inlomation,$me advice,sone time ANSWERKEY 261 / s o n ed d \ . p 3 b , f a - 4 ) o n e l h ' n g b m ] ' n g 5 o n l m 6 oie ot my bos3 friends 7 a tax advier 3 Nobody(orNoone)knds ihisbusinEs9 goi nolhingio (orEveryone) 10Everybody heredrnks rr Tlieunemployed 12redgigning 13is norhn9we can 14F@mu.hdid r5isnlmuch 16anaccouniam (or Everyone) 17 Everybody waslate 13 couldn'rdo anr,rhlng 19Noia snglepeuon 20ftere!no 21warn'tii 22ihe.unomer!opy Test15 2 byihe€nd 3veryhad 4lovelyblu€ 5 e fr endly(orwy fdendly) good(orabsoluleyexcelenr) 6 errremely 7verywl 3f€ltrcd 9Wenever9ve 10 nleenedin ll somuch l2 !u.h..islryprcje.r l 3 n o le x p e r e n eedn o u g hl 4 l a r q e r $ a nl 5 a s l a r c e a sl 6 l h e b s n p n c e l T f o r r h r e e m o n $1s3 ! o i € n s 1 9 w h e ng e lb a c k 2 0b e l o e 2 l l h a n r d o 22too ong lr nu(r lej,selr .or ri a5userular l4 ar smn'T 2ago 3laler 4ior 5 since 6at 7 n 3on 9.ltEB:ds ll Aner 12for l3laler 14at lOOu.ing 2 've beenrcrking on thB prcj{t 5in.eJanuary 3 ismoE prclirabe lhanreiaibanking. 4 wolksverycareluy. 5 $e @d sefr.e rve *f en. 6 rrayedin P.nsoniil Tyou nterested n opera?SinBhedpdlvely. t h*h.kedhad. l0w tswell. 11 5nl well(orB un@tl) 12speak mo.eiMt pteae. 13 snorasbigasthechnesemadet. 14justasfranyprcducG asRl<had. 15 sthe eanexperieicen fremberot ihe ream. 16seyoulater 17'vebeendolnqthBjobsin.er998. lSawayonhoridayunlilr9onime 20 n tme ro 5avetheneqolatons.2I |get$eEbyNvo. 22 ntheendwegaveup (orqaveupin theend) Test15 2 n 3 a t / i n 4 o v e r 5 i n / n 5 o n 7 a t 3 r o 9 i n 1 0 o n 1 r a t 1 2o € r 1 3u n d e r1 4 a r r 5 i n / a t 1 6 i l T a t 1 3 t o / i n l 9 o n 2 0 o n 2 l o 3 a g a i n s4t o n / l o r 5 o t 6 n t o T i o m S i o r 9 w t h 1 0 i n l l a b o u l 1 2o n 1 3o l 1 4 w l h / a b o u lt 5 i o 1 6o n 2 on Swirh 4in 5 ol 6in Tlor 3ro 9at r0for rr aboul 2rea5onlor3 advaniaqe ol 4 trouble wlth 5 m.tterwilh 6rcplylo 7 ackol 3 solulion io 9 sub{hotefor l0invesrmenrinll adviceon 2 nsde 3nextto 4to 5ai 6n€ar7a.b$ Sdown9on r0at 1 1o n 1 2o p p o s i t e 13al 14olf 263 lndex with pastsimplein AnE Appendx 5 p246 wth pEent p€rfectp26c A wiihsinguarcounlable nounspl27D,1423 be .bout to (etumngro ruture)p39t b€fo€non-Eadabl€ adjadiE pl51C pe6onor organetio^ vdlo d* acton p42 adtedives andadlelbsp150A.p2030:AmE.nd 8lE difieGn.6 Appendix5 p246 adjediv6andadwdswilh sme iom pls03 e n d l n 9 i n - . d p 1 l 0pBl 5. 1 E endin9in -lng p1100,p151E gEdabeandnongradable p151C iregula.adjecrig pl548 oder ot adjediE pl 510 possi€ adjedivesp13aA wilh psent onlinuouspl4c wilh pEent p€rfe.t p27c wnhpsentsimplepl0C aslinkingwordp170A,3 p1543,159D in compaGons wod5andphrargmeahing and pl7aA Bnyor sme? pl27D,pll0B pl27D in aftnmatwsentence5 pl270,p1303 in negaiB.nd qu€nions p127D in olfe6andreques$ nol . .ny (innegari@ *n&ncet p1350 anybody/anyone p]30A,B of rnypl.e (Ama)Appendix5 p247 apostrcphe s (l) pl333,pl39C artkl$ (r, rhe, elc)u34, u3s in Elaii€claoespl22A p]43E,p147t nofilcle whentalkinggeneraly noanldewilh nam6oi (ounvis,(ompanies elc pl43E, sp<ialuss of noanldep147O wi$ pRnrsmple p10c adwd endngs({lly, -il, -y) p1503.App€ndl 3 p242 adwds .nd .djediE pl 504, p203O frequency advedsp10C,pl 50a compannq advedspr59D oder ol advebspr 50a after after :nd pal (AhE/8lEdiii€rcn.€)App€ndix5 245 .ftor $at GhMinq a equence)y'3c, p167a in ime expKionsp167t wth pan sinpled pastp€rfe<tp22B wth preenr5imple @p@ perf€.ipl&a pl55D,pl53A a... $ (incompadsont linlingrcd pt74A,p175E wlh pa51@nlinuouspl9F wi$ pae perfe.l p33a wnh presnr sifrple p33A a pFp6itionpl9l C,D in .dn phraFrpl99G in limeexprsionspl aC,pl55,4 pGilion/lo@tion p136A,p1378 pl 1D bewilh peent (@rinuous h.d wilh p6r periectp22a h.d ben w h pan p€rfect@it nuousp23D haE wfth p6ent perfeclp26,A in Pasiw asreporringvErbp95C be .llowld ro/nor .llowrd ro pemhsion/prchibiUon p54s,C 264 trDEX B + going to (reiernngro tuture)p34B assr.Gvelbandadio^@rbp15D In pan.ontnuouspr9D .ommandtin repoftedsp€€.hp95E comp.rattet andsupe att€s u37, u33 onesyllableadje.ttes p1543 onetllab e adredsp1590 te or moresyllabe adjeciB pl 548 t*o or morcsyllab e advedsp159D phEs6andntuciures common wrh comparatives and in presnt pede.t @ntinuousp30C p155E comparng aclions omParne g q u a l l nh g rp 1 5 5 D be.bl6 to or @uld?P5lc in êgaiives andqueslionsp5lC n Mtng inneadof 6n p503 ininitie tormolen p50A wlih.5long at, on @nditionth.t, pFviding,pbvidint th:i so r6n9ar p73c wilhim:gineandsuppodngp73C be€nto andgoneto p27D wth part3imple or panp€ri<r p223 with prcent s mpleor prcenr p€lf€d p33A betide(positon/o.atoi) p1370 p199E conneciontrclationship6 < o u l d( m o d a l € 6 ) u 1 1 u ,1 2u, 1 3 u , 14 p903 n .eponed $*h PemBionp54C,p620 BirishEnglGh/Ahe c.. Eiqrkh(difiednc8in uege) wod5andphras meaninq blrpl78A pt3D,p59E,F un(enainry wilhqlslion ta95aftermperarNespToC + mysell/you&lf etcpl310 n .eponed5pe*h p9og rn.oun phr.espl99G Positon/lo.alonpl370 wlh pastperr<!p22c wrh prcenlsimple or pG*nr pedeclp33A c . a n ( m o d a r v . 6 ) u fu, r 2 ,u r 4 wth question p70c rigs atlerimpeDtives .6!ld or b€ abletoTP51C singula f/ plurallom5 pl264,C wilhsp{ilic m.aningl27E D p53E ofle6andinvilalions p6lD Permisson with quenionLgs afls impe.alivep70C ceftainlyanddedu.uonp53B defining relanwdaus pl13 A, C definire anicle(!h6)p142A,p1430 wilhpla@namep1468 sp{ili. maannq pr47E posirion wilhwill andwon1p34A,p533 d e s p i t . / i snp h e o l p t T t G delermineE(a, tne, this, etc)u32 combininq rntenc6 usnga @laiveclau* p122A .ome + -ing (sporc/o!1d@racrivilie) p32a wilh qu6rron lagsp70A,c INDEX wirhp6en1tlmpleploA 26s with prsnt pede<lp268,p27C,p30A,pr 66C wilh prerenip€rfeclcontinuousp3I E for example/forinstanrepl73B with queniontaqs704, B commonoaresions wilh do p114A p€nidein phEsa€rb6 prorc panidein ph6el v€lbspl03C be due to (cferinq to luruF) p39F pGilionin sent€nce plOC,pl50A with preenl perlearp27c withprcenrsimplepl0c E p]91C,D uegeasPeposnion €achandev.ry p135E ea(ho$erlone anoth€rpl31O p2063 endot senlence adjectwendii9p1103,p151E padcipleending^ elaiveclaus pi230 anacrvnyin prc96s in rhetuturep33 p38 some$inq th willdeiinney happen €l lhe end or In lhe end?p133O @kingb..k iioma pointn thelururetoanearer la kingabouriuturc dents that 5E I kelyto happenp74C eventhouqhandrhhoughpl?00 with presenlpede<ip26c with50peals p!55C 6wry and€..h pl35E pl30c ev.ry oneor everyon€? p130A,pr 31C everyone/everybody ewryon. or .v.ry on.? pl3lc everythingp1304,pr3rc L@Lngba.ktom a pointn theiururetoan aclvnyin G get 5omelhn! done p47E q6+-inq (spon5/ourd@raclvilig) p32a exdafr.tionma* (l) p207G + nriniive(€Ie.nnq !o rulde)p39r F a fs (oO1348 soinq to (eletr n9 to lulure) u7 lutur€*nG lhal are kelyto happenp75c goinglo of p6ent.ontinuous? p35E goinglo ofwill? p35D plansandinlenlions p34 pcd clionsusingevden.ein prcsenrsituationp34B cleding 10n€r or d nanl l me n luturep34B goneto andb*n to p27D gotten(pastpafti.pLeol qet n AmE)Appendix 5 p246 p43c,pl73D shownga sequen(e H had + pastp:rti. ple p22a p4lc, pr73D sh@inqa sequen@ pu.p6e/@n) p174C + noun(expGsinq afternounsmeaninq'ned','wish' or'requ6t pl99F forand sinc p27C,p166C in nounphras (for pl€atuE,for *le, er)plee6 with pasrsimplep304,pr66c wilh pastperl€.t .onlinuousp22D necsary/not n4essry p54C 266 [{D€X wiLt .onditionalsp73c wilh preenr peden p33A wnh pPenl imple p33A wnhpresenr5implepr0c in spireolldespitep171G indelini| arlicle(a/an) u34 ind€Jinile pbnounsp130131A,3,C haE/hs + paslpanidplep26A hde somethnq dore p47E wilh questontaqsp708,C hav€ Gtale@lb andactionwlb) pr 5D,pr r sC .ommoêxprsionswithhaveprr5c have/hd. 9or p115C:AmE?BIdlfi€rcn.d Appendix5 indiredspee.l'Ge reponedspe.h) aJtermodawlbs p50a aner |gt and makep33D afier ve6s ot p"rceprionp363 msning'post pll5C nol n contnuousr€n!5 a5a naG verbpt 15C ne.Esary/noln(&ry wilhp@*nl5ifrplepl0A wt,roul b paiD, p363 p54A,s, p55F adle.t€ endinqpl T03,p I 51t after a pRed n9 velbp32A,p37C pll0-1 11c, p194a afterpreposirions pr10a,p171G 4 a noun(getund) ar beginn ngof clauFp111D beforeanother velbp37C panicpleendingin rclarire . aus$p l23D p33c wilhflrura<ontinuour wilhpasi€ lormspaTD pl10 wirhpreenlcontinuous phrasa€d5 p99C,p1028 in*pa,able + obje.i + infinir'€ p863 his(posF$ive prIA adje<ti@ andpDnoun) homophon e5Appendix 3 p243 H o w , , . ? ( q u e n im od n)!r5 + inliniive(€lel|ingto iltoc)p39f How long,,.?wirhp@nt pededp27c HN m.ny,,,?wirh@unrable noun5pr27D How mudr.,,?withuncounrabe no!n5pr27D I idaginary iurue aenr p75O,p79E, pta3E haEnarypan4nB p73B li[ely tuiurc denrs p74C,p79E po$rbrepan ftft p7&A th nqslhar aG alwaysor qenerat rruep743 if ohly . alter nounsmeaning'inc|€e' or 'dmaF' + to + nfniti@pa2B,p37C panicen ph65a@lbsplo3c invaninive ve.bsp438,p203C rregurarwlbs appendi{2 p24o it + pa$i@ot repodingv€d p95c pronoun) iaelt (r€flexi@ p1I1 D J .aprrao. Mf .are?p206A by./an pl423 Pre.€ded wiri pan simpleih AnE appendx s p246 wnh p6enl p€rfectp27C pt 93D K rnnounph6es (in.dhn.o in debt,in a hurry,erc) in t meqpresioGp]3c, pr66a in time or on rihe? p1563 pcdon/loGtion pia6,\ B In pasve a rcpoidng velb p45c [{DEX L nodal€d6 u11. ul2. ul3, u14 u18 ine |ern + un@table mun p159E diKtand indiEt languagp u14 + uncounrable n4n p159E let , hfinitiE wilh@t ro p33D Lefs... G!qq6d@) p63F like (linkinqwqd 'ande e, lhaf) p175E + lng peTC linkingaods andph6g p1820.p203t ue ot @mmawilh 6nkin9wd! P206( nm ... rh.n (inonprtons) p15&c + object+ infiniive p86B 6. nst + ndn p159E . lhd6 (o0 pr 3,r3,pr 624 lnh uEwntal'lenouFp1270,p1341 nBt (modal v€rb) u11,ul2,u13 + -1|l9p87C h Ep..bd 9..<h p90€ p59E n6t he {d€ductjon) M n6ln'a d donl h.w to? p5)43 iry b6661€ .djrriE) p133A ny$la(ElbdppMdn) p1310 + Infnldw withdt lo p830 commo elp6ioB lili mt€ pl l4A n.n.e€ + t r infiniliE p32B wirh @nr.ble ruB pr27o, pl Ls n.y (trFd.lEtb) ul 1,ul3, !r4 mlglrt(modal wb) ul1, u13 in €poned tpeechpsoB not he wnn pent @nlin@6 p11D uith pent pste<t p26A {ith pent psfe<t @ntjnwu p30C sith p|Ent simplep10A (ure.binr}' p59E + ing in n<Eli6 andqElim mine (p6siE p544 C, p55F trery/Nt nffiry tm p.65iblenegatiEtom p55F Bib aryhody, rE6.dy, er<p1308 lilh rE&l Erb6 pYlA lidr Ft .., -y p135D rilr p.3 @||linDB p13D l'dr pan psted p22A with p6t psled @nlrnbG p23D may not ul1, ul3 nlth N po'un) p13aA p32A wnh p6t Flfe<t p22c wilh p6t sintplein AmEAppendk5 p245 wilh prent pef*t pa6( wfth pr*m simpleploc 257 26a TNDEX showng a equencep43C lixedexpresionswilh on p] 373 in nounphrases(on businest,on foot, on holiday, er.) no (inn€qari€)p13,t135D n o o n e / n o b o d y p r r1o3 r a 3 , ,c no pla.e (AmE)App€ndl 5 p247 nobody/noonep13Gl3l4 B,C non-defin n9relatreclaus pTr&A,prrqD n wrillng6lhe.lhanspe(h prlaA useol @mmas wilh nonietininqrclaliwclaus p206c n lrmeexpe$ions plaC,p156A on rine or in tlneT pl668 parlicle in ph€el ve65pr03c P6ition/octon pl36 78 frrh <ondlonakp73C opposjte(Peposilion) p137D + obled + infinlrivap353 opinons/rccomme^dal onsp55D oughr/ouqhr.l to have(crtc5mof panactoB p55El + prcpo5tonarph6spl99G cohmonploralnoune^dngsAppendix 3 p242 cofrpound nounrpr39D couilablenounspl264, C, pl27D (ounlable anduncoontable nou6 pr27E general/spednc pr27E,pr47t me.nings meanrng inceae'and'd{€a* p2033 engllaror p uGllom pl26C uncounrEble nounspr268,c, pl27o ouE (po$esiFponoun)pl384 ou6€lv€5(rellexive p6noun)plllD parlklein phrael@dsp103c own (hy own,rlurM, etc)pl33A P wirhphdslvads 023 toma andinpetsonawdtngp46 rocusonfrponairintomallonp42B andpceduresp43c t5tems,pro(6sas + n l i n t € p 4 6 Cp, a 7 0 h+pa$kol reponing v.lb p95C + to b. + pan pandpep370 or no pra.€(amt)Appendt5 p247 .ommain arqenumbeEp202A, p207< symbosor @rds?p2024 o n pdsivesenbncesp42A pc non af@ commonvells p 1904\B p6ilon in aclve aid pa$ivesenlences p42A posilion wih phr&l@lbsp933.p99c @6s wilh 1!lo obi{.rs p47D,pr 07E wilh 1ranst re wlbi y'3E, p r064 B,D wrtlr @rbswilh rwo obledsp47D w(h transiti@vebs onlyp43E pastandafier (AmE/BlE d ilercnce)Append | 5 p247 a silualion in prcgre$in $e pall pl9E inlomalionabouta backEounddtualon pl9E + (onditondaue p75D wth tifreexprcsion5.s, wh.n andwhile pl9f wilh be (fooing pa$ ve)p37D alier nounsmeaning'in.reae' or 'd&rca*' p193D common/nxedphraFswilh ot pl39c, D in.ondton claulep73B pa.ti.e n phraelredspr03c wiihlme expreslonr p22C wilhvedsot th nkingp22B pan perfecrandpasrperfear.ont nuousp23E Panpedectandpansinplep223 [{DEX 269 pdt perfe.t contnuousp23D,E pastperfect@nunuousand pan perled p23E differcn.esin AnE/&E ueq€ App€ndix5 p2'16 JorcompletedpenodoJtime p23E lor habitualactionsin the pan p1a td sp(nic evenlsp26c p75D in @ndhonclause pasldmpe of @nlinuous? Pl9G wth afterandb€foE p223 w th limeexpElionsp13C pastr mpleor presanlp€d€d?p27C.p30A pe@nalcomments/opinions uFiul @d5 andph.as pl a2A @mmonpaft<16led in pr03c .ommonp€p6irion5 ls€n in p1024 noan de in tont oi pr4lE,p146,a p.eeded byth. pr 46s with lime expE5ion5ever, nev.r, dFdy andyet p26C withrim€*pB5ion5lhatEferlo thefutuFp36A pr&nt perlector pasts mpleTp27C,p30A pr*nt pertector presenlp€rfecrcontinuous? P31F pr*nt pedector presenl simpe7P30B prent perted@it nuousu6 for adion5or s tuationsin progres p31D for empha5ising lenq$ol timep31D for rcp€at€dadionsp3I D wilhlim€exp6sio6for 5ince,ately,Renlyp3lE pr*nt p.d..i .ont nuousor pE5enrperfe.lTP3lF lo. aclionsandsitualionsitut areganeat rrue p108 lor adionsrhatarercpeated regua yp103 for pemanenrladspl0B plac ro. no er andiouhali5m p14C,p333 lo. rimerablB andschedule n .oidition.laurep743,C with tequencyadwbr p10C whhrimeexpr6ionsp 10c wnh ime expBions ftar rcier b lhe tuturcp33A pent s mpleor p€senicontinuous? pl4A pr*nt 5impleor pre5enrped*r? P30Aig po$8i@ adtedivetplorcuB p133A po$6si6and <ompolnd oounsutl andpE.lio App.ndir ! p243 PrcPdiiionsu45, u46,!47, ula p194A,B,c, pl95D afteradje.rives alts @mro. @'!s p1904,B aits nounspl9aa, 3, c, D, E,F alter phra5al8tb5 ploza p1950 choice of pEpo5iton d llerencesin AmE/&Euege Appddrx 5 p247 poslton in quErions p7l I p1904 posionrnrelative dals p1198 preposLrional phraesPI996 p@positions of da@pr3G137a,3, c, D rerb + difterenrpepqirions pr 9r c u*s ol dfieE pftpcilions p1.910 presentconrinuous ui, u2,u7 lor tixedtim€rable@ endaror pog6mme p33B ior tuturearcngemenlsp1,K, p34C,pl5E for tempodryactionsor situadoNpl l in condirjonclaue p743,c p€seni conrinlousor golng to? p35E pFsentconiinuousor pent parfed olinuous? p148 wilh t mee&nsioB p10F ditferen.g n AmE/3rEuege Appendix5 0246 in condition cauep74B.C wi$ tor aid eine p27c with trequencyadved5p27C pnirionwih wlll andrcnr p34a,p58B p@noun5 p13G1314, ind-.linile B,C p6es vepbnounsp138A E lexi€ prcnolnspl31D omksonn AmEfupendir5 p246 indlre.tquslioB p71E neg.t w questionsp67E position p71F,p] 90A ot prcpositions in quenions quenionwod qu6tons P66B quenionwods a5lhe sublectp67D with modalwlbs p50A wilh p.sl .ont nuoui p13D with paslpedear.ont nuousp23D wnh pastpedectp22A wirhp@nt @ntnuousp] 1D wih peent perfedr@nrjûousp30C wnh pEent perfe.rp26A wilh psent s mplep10A 270 tf,tt€x beforegradable adjdivesp151C,pl63E quora on ma*s {ee sp€ed rorts) rl.ce andtor p263,pl66C wilh p@ni pedec(p268,p27C wilh p@nt perfectonlinuous p31E R pluElvelbpr26c + singulafor pl73a eQ€$inga rcsuhp174B, foremphasis: s tflls litde,so much/rcmanyp153D ror pumos $ at ro p]74C,s that p174D eglla @rbsAppendix1 p233-9 plauvead@6s(wlre.,wneo, wny)pr23c pr22A n combined Qnrences wilha p.dcipleting, +d)pl23D eratve prcnountGnar,whi.n, who, eto u2a p1198 andprcpGitionr omi$ionin a deiining Elalip clau* pl l9C e long .r wlth condionak p73C s, so.h andtoopl6SD 5 o m e p 1 2 7 D , 1 3p0r83,4 B in one6andrcqu6|lpr27D p1303 sd€ or .rry?p127O, sonebody/soheone p130A,B (AnE)Appendrx somepla(€ 5 p247 or$n.plae (AmE)Appendix 5 p247 wlh pan p€iecl p22B spenn! Appendx 3 p242-243 + obje.l+ Ebourpl908 rcponed sp.4h u2l, u22,App€ndix 1 p239 .eporting(o mmandsandequals p95E edph&sidga.ontan prToc wrh paslped.ci p22c rcponinq verb5lnpa$t€ p95C s + a + a d , e c t w r n o up n] 6 3 0 w$ reponed sp*h u21 t(h, $aidt@p163O + obtect+ infiniiivep36B onesyllable adjedi€sp1s43 h@ or motesYllabe adjectvespl s4B onesyllable ad@d6pl590 irb or moresyLlab e advedsp I 59D .ommonphaseswirhsupedat6 pl53c phEsl wb5 pqAB sepa6ble thall(modalvelb) ui1, ul4 Shall1,,w8...?(suqqeniontp39t p63f,App.ndiy5 p246 p63E shall| ..,?(otfe6/inMtadoB) should(nodalwb) u11,ul2, u13 T rane (srar€verbandadion @6) pt50 in rcported$Rh pgo8 ps5D opinlontRommendarions suggesuons in AmEAppendt 5 p245 crilicishot past.dions p55E p55D opniontreommendadoE te@ changsin reponed speh p908,p91C in (ompan$ns pl54C,p153A thar (rela ve ponoun)u23, u29 thal da@ (arte.wrbs) p33E + 5up€ali6 pr4rD,pr52A deinneani.lep142Apr4lD, p r458,C, E [{DEX diff€Fn@ in AnE/BrEusge App€ndix5 p247 lor specitic meaiin96 p147E sp€.ialus ol rhe pt46c n neqati@andquenionsp23F a habnor siate o $e pan p23F habiEor Fp€aledacrionsp23F 6€d to or would? p2lF (refldi€ p@noun) pl3l D themselves then Gheins a equ€n.€) p43C,pr67F think Gtaleverbandactionwlb) p15D rhink + ll (to eler lo tuture)p39F rhRpaft phrael@t6 p1023 wlthp@nr dmplepr0a andd€n lhoughpl70D lneexpBionsut, u3,u5,u7,u36,uto wirh furue tens p35F wirhpasrconri.!@smeani^g p19F whh pasrp.rfe.lp22C wth preenr conrinuou5 for 5ituarionrh.ppeningn@ p11F wth pre*nt contnwus tor talkingaboolf!tue p14c wiih p@*nt perled ior unfini$ed rimep27C wilh p@nt peded<dtinuousp31E wilh p6ent s mpleto exp6 fequ{cy p10C wilh p6ent s mplelor ialkrngaboutiutuE p14c pr91c,D common usge a5pEpo5ition to andpait (Amt/&E diffeEnce)Appendix, p2a7 io infinnive(erp6ln9 pua6e) p174c V €lb tFlem (diagcm)Appendix4 p24!-245 + ing or infintreu19,u2O + oblect+ preposnion pl903 + obted+ to + infiiitire p33C + quslionw.d (how,whoE, ac) p1068 + (thaoclause p338,pr07c + iwo objecGp45o,pr07D +tr ! objecsutig for p107E commd Elt) endngsAppendix3 p242 inrEBtiE p43E,p106C,0,p203C icgu ar €rb5 Appendix2 p240-241 ol perceplion(4, ho.r, erc)p€58 regular w& Appendix 1 p23H singular/plu.al wlb toll@ingiingularnounpl26C t6n5hi@p!3E,p106A,S,D,p203C nanttre/intansitiP€lbs pl060 w|,osandobtedsp203c p15l C wnh gdd:ble adteciives W t6. s andrld pl 63D ransi vevedsp431,p104,p203C + nnini€ (o Ef4 to turure)p39F w.r/weE goinqio p39E velbsfor de*ibing lEnds p2028 + obie<t+ lnrlnirie p36B rell andg@d p1503 U Elarlwponounp 1233 whtt clauFsloremphasising nlomationpla2c in witinq inneadof on.t p503 alwdrssinquar pl263,C phras with undnlable nou6 pr 268 lypesol uncountabl€ nounpr263 wlh qeneral p127E meanings in condilion clauep75E,pla3E wilh prent perfectp3&A wilh pe nmpb pj&a ar a futu@lime exprsion p33a wlDt ...?or wlich .,.?p65c Whrt .bo!r ...? p63f Wh.t ... tuA andWhat .,, like?P71G 6 rclaliw adw6 p123c sten .,, daus e&6 n9 a .onditionp74B lvnh Panconlinuouspl9t lith Pr*nl pe,lecrp33A wilh Peedt simplep3&A when...? qudiq md p6B where Elat@ adre|6p123C wheE .-.?qslon @rd p66B ste|6 andahhoughp171F 271 272 TNDEX litfi @dtiomls pTAD whld, th.t d {to pl13B, c lintinq rN rhingspi93E que5ton@d P568,C Whidr ... or Wh€t ..-? p66C whiL, .hhoulh andlt.|s whih d durlnr? pl6/D wi$ pan @dM6 pr 9F pcilion wnh !.obEHy/denniGly p34A tshninq to th€ ftJtuEp34A pl71F in eponed q!5tioE p95D wdd (rFdalw6) u] 1, ul4 who, wlrldr or lhat p1138,c who q wnm? P1laB who .,-?qFnion @d p668,D al.tw p@ounp1188 whoh d who?p1188,p1191 whore elattE ponoun u28 who*...? querlioi wod p66B why €lariEadve6p123c why...? que3uon rd p660 will (mod.lt€ib)!l1. !14 furue/pa*nt dgtt psl D ofhR/rlquaB p510,p52l l6t nt d*isions andihoughs p3zrA polition{ith pFt bly/d.nnh.ly p3aA efening 1otE lutu€ p3zrA wlll + b. + -l'!9 (tut!€ @tnw6) p36C wlll h.s + p.n p..!cipl. (duE p€rh) p38o wlll or golie to? p35D $rh tutuE p.r,.<t (inst ad of wlll h|E) p33D wllh qu8tlon t gr altq imFlare P7|r in Gportedipeedr p90B cp€red ..ri63 in rne pan p8F w@ld llt + infnhiE ro de. to Juiurcp39F l@ld or u.d to? p23l Nuldwoddnt hlw for inaginaryp.n 4.nt Wbrld you llt ...? p63E wbid yo|r nhd ll ...? p53c Y insie.dol but Inwitlnop!7oc rnh p.n 3hpl. InAnEApp.ndlx5 p246 wih p@nt p.rtectp25c yqcdtyoscdE (E lqiF F@noun) pI31D p78l The author GGd tb.- IG.rcr sites ro colled 6c l.f,o.* used A@odrrlcy Ag! http://w.accoudta'.rzse.con/ Aeice Bcile m.grzine hnpi//\l/nefic6ia..om-/icput6/ Atia Paci6c E.donic R€yis hrtP://siaecon_con/A?ER/ Please nore th.n somc murr no . ronger De JcEve soDe r€qtt|-le ari.Rt bEp://ff 'orL/ASIANOw/ars'rk/ Acndie Findcial R*is hnp://ww.Ji.coD.iu/ Bl@nb..g hnp.//M.bl@obe,g..om/ Brillco,r.nr hnp://@brir5c;cnt.coml BucbrEst Buincs vet http://wbbw-o/ asin* aeiiios http://wcbw.cor/busbj/ Bsio6 Catr.l Elepe http://w.b.ems.con/ Br.ils Day Soqrh A&i6 http://w.bday.co.zal Busi.€$ New AmFi@ http://w.bnmsid..on/ Esir.s Rwi*veLly http://'TT.bM..om..!/ B6irers Tihs singapoE htrp://busiDs-rim6.sia1.con.se/ B6i!.$ Vb.L hsp://BwbuinesMek.com/ c.bd http://M..ebd.com CcrE l E|mp. Rdid hnp://wcc-rcvieworg/index_hrtrrl Chin. D.itt h$p://wl.chin.d.ily_com.cnl CNAC Bsine$ http://'9T.mnbc.om/ hnp://monercm.com/ CNN 6mci.l Cm.ctis hftp://speci,ls.ft.com/.otucctis/ Cz.cbTo.Ly hftp://w_eurcpeninrcrncr.com/czech/ D.l@j P.t abotg htrp://dp.ru/m.iL.n.php3 Der Spi.gd hap://wlv.spicgcl-de/spieg.l Fbui!e!! forun hft p://M.ebutinesforum..oml Fbui.e$ adviro. hap://M.dvis.com/w/E,B$incsr{dvisor Ecdomitt http://w.cconomlt.coh/ Enb.pd.lr In..n..ion.l hnp://{/ne.nftpeneur.com/ EurcButire$ http://M..uobuif,.$.ncr Firuci.l Forr hirp://w.n.rion.lpo$.com/inuci.lpcr/ Forb.r..on hnp://w.forbcs.com/ Foitu!. http://\l\Nfortur..com Fd!tf|'t.. All€mei!. hnp://w-fd.com/lN/tNt 6plrra/ eFAZ/ FnDtnut." Rurd.chau hnp://M-6-.ktucll.del.nglsh/ Flcom hftp://n.s.li-com/ Globd Bu.indr Mlgrtin hrp://wbankleumi.co.illenglish/rEd._hagazinerhdr'1 Goridi.n hftp://Mguadhn.couk GqlfB$i!B M.t&i!. hftp://Rgullbllinc$.com/ rrt..6tio..l H.ol.lTtibu. hnp://Miht.com/ hd.p€rdht hnp://*windcp€nd.ntlo.ukl Ildalty Veet http://w.indusrywc.k.coh.i h!id. Cbi!.Tod.y http://Mcurcpeoinicoct..onlchina/ rilh Tifr €s hftp://Mjrhnd.com/ Lrir TEd. hn!://M-lrtinfldc.6on.irewsite/index.cfrn I- Mord. diploh.tiq@ hnp://u|wen.mond+diptonariqDe.ft/ hon.y..o6 http://mon+mn.com/ Timq http://M.nltimB-com/ N*Yo.t irp://wob5dercduk/ Ob@er Pngu€ Posr hftp://wpngucpost.czl h.tp://M.quicken.com Qui.kcr Shdgh.i Drily http://M.shanelaid,ny..on/ Tim6 hnp:/Auin*times.rsii1..om.sg/hone SiraapoE BBirs slmni. Bcir.s veek hdpJ /w_g^.si/ed Sud.yTih6 hrp://m.sunday rim6.cauk/ http://M.elesnph..o.uv lbLgEph Th. Ildatry Stan.r.rd hnp://wrh6ddrd.con/ Thc StnitsTime hftp://str|itstim6.sia1-com.sglhome The Tim6 hrp://wthetimes.cduk/ ThGSE ct.com hnp:,//w.ih6beer.cod/ s[ seEt Joor@I E@pe hftp://inrdcrive.*j.com/eurcpean/p/eumhome.hhnl TIE ! StE. Tradipr http://m.Mt.con-/ Po* hfr p:/,/w.MhingtoDpo*con/ E$irgtd Vrrd htp://wwiEd.con/ .ftd.rTr.d.OtE!. Mageire hftp://M.worldrdderus_con/ N.* hnD://.taihaem.Ehoo.com/headtnes/bs/ bl@ As Egistration subscription- and some rEquiE a lr. bdp://M$i, inr.coD Audio CD Tracklist 01 Unil 1, Exercise4 02 Unil 1, Exercise5 03 Unii 2, Exercise4 04 Unii 2, Exercise5 05 lJnit3, Exercise2 06. lJnit3, Exercise4 07 Unit4, Exercise3 m .Unit4, Exercise4 09 Unit5, Exercise4 10 Unit6, Exercise3 11 Unit6, Exercise 4 12 Unit 6, Exefcise5 13 Unit 7, Exercise2 14 Unit 7, Exercise4 19 Unit8, Exercise5 16 Unit 10, Exercise4 17 Unil 10, Exercise5 18 Unil11,Exercise 4 19 Unit12,Exercise 4 20 Unit 12, Exercise5 21 Unit 13, Exercise5 22 Unit 13, Exercise6 23 Unit 14, Exercise4 24 Unit 15, Exercise6 25 Unit 16, Exercise5 26 Unit 17, Exercise4 27 Unit 18, Exercise4 28 Unit 19, Exercise4 29 Unit20, Exercise4 30 Unii 22, Exercise4 31 Unil23, Exercise5 32 lJnil24, Exercise5 33 lJnii27, Exercise6 34 Unil28,Exercise 6 35 Unit29, Exercise5 36 lJnit30, Exercise6 37 Unit 31, Exercise5 38 Unit31, Exercise6 39 Unit32, Exercise5 40 Unil34, Exercise4 4't lJnil34, Exercise5 42 Unil36, Exercise6 43 Unil37, Exercise5 44 Unii 38, Exercise5 45 LJnil40,Exercise5 46 Unit4'1,Exercise5 47 Unit42, Exercise6 48 Unit43, Exercise4 49 Unit 43, Exercise5 50 Unit44, Exercise3 51 Unit49, Exercise6 52 Test 5, Exercise4 oo *Q { * ; ffit st ;o lillill

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