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Chapter 2 Energy AND Environment Classifies Past Papers
Igcse Environtmental Management 0680 1 1
Environmental Science (Generation Taroko School)
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The photograph shows an energy resource being used to generate electricity.
(a) Name the energy resource in the photograph.
[1]
(b) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using the energy resource shown in the
photograph compared with using fossil fuels.
[2]
(c) Using electricity in a house can be expensive.
Describe two strategies to reduce the amount of electricity used in a house.
[2]
[Total: 5]
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(e) Look at the diagram of a geothermal power station.
turbine
steam
hot water
generator
cooling
tower
cold
water
rock
Using the diagram, explain how electricity is produced in a geothermal power station.
(i)
.
[4]
(ii)
Suggest why Iceland generates much of its electricity from geothermal power stations.
[1]
(iii)
Is geothermal energy a sustainable energy source? Give reasons for your answer.
[3]
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(iv) Much of the world’s electricity is generated using fossil fuels. Explain why environmental
groups want to reduce the use of fossil fuels.
[4]
(f) Are the advantages of living in an area of active volcanoes greater than the disadvantages? Give
reasons for your answer.
[6]
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(b) Solar power is an example of an alternative energy source.
(i)
Suggest three reasons why many countries are increasing their use of solar power.
[3]
(ii)
Give reasons why relying on solar power as a source of energy can be a problem.
[3]
(c) State two other alternative energy sources.
[1]
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(a) Describe the formation of oil.
millions of years ago; plants / animals / plankton, died,
fell to bottom of sea; covered by (layers of) mud or
sediment; this increased the heat and pressure; this
changed the animal and plant remains into crude oil;
requires an aerobic conditions;
[3]
(b) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of oil as an energy resource.
advantages maximum three
from, advantages:
(as a liquid oil) can be easily, pumped / transported / piped;
(oil is) versatile in use (e.g. fuel for heating, cars, commercial vehicles, planes, ships, generating
electricity);idea of ease of current use;idea of energy dense fuel;oil is widely available;
disadvantages (oil is) non-renewable; releases carbon dioxide when burned, which
causes, enhanced greenhouse effect / global warming; releases, oxides of nitrogen /
sulfur oxides when burned, which causes acid rain;
oil spills very damaging to, habitats / wildlife;
[4]
need to refine oil;
[Turn over
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(c) The map shows average oil consumption per person in 2015. medium oil
consumption per person high oil consumption per person
(i)
State the continent where oil use per person is low in all countries.
Africa [1]
(ii)
State the continent with high oil use per person.
North America; [1]
(iii)
Explain why oil use per person is much higher in some countries than in others.
any three from:
availability of oil explained (some countries have more oil than others); wealth / some
countries can afford more; higher use of, vehicles / electrical appliances / dishwashers / fridge
/ freezer / TV; technological, advances / development, so more industry in developed
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countries; to generate (more) electricity (for, industry / households); greater need for heating
in cold countries; greater need for air conditioning in hot countries; some countries don’t need
oil because they have alternatives readily available (e.g. geothermal [3] in Iceland); price of
oil varies between countries;
(d) The map shows the location of oil spills in a seven-year period in the seas
around part of north-west Europe.
(i)
Describe the distribution of the oil spills shown on the map.
any three from:
most in southern North Sea; in a line from, Belgium / north
France to, Denmark / Norway; greatest concentration off,
Belgium / Netherlands coast; scattered in, (northern)
North Sea / off coast of Norway;
(line through) the English Channel; cluster, off the North West coast
of France / west of English Channel; along major shipping routes;
[3]
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[Turn over
(ii)
Discuss strategies for minimising the impact of oil spills at sea.
any three from: booms (to trap oil); detergents (to break
up oil); skimmers (to remove oil from the surface); burning
the oil on the sea surface; manual / mechanical, collection
of oil washed up on beaches;
[3]
[Total: 18]
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To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment
International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at
www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
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(e) Geothermal power is also used to generate electricity.
An engineer described the process of generating electricity by geothermal power with this list of
statements.
A
steam is produced
B
water is heated
C
steam turns a turbine
D
a generator produces electricity
E
a turbine drives a generator
The engineer has written the correct statements but they are presented in the wrong order.
Using letters A to E, complete the boxes to show the correct order of statements that describe
generating electricity by geothermal power.
(i)
One has been done for you.
B
A
C
E
D
[2]
(ii)
Explain the advantages of using geothermal power compared with fossil fuels for electricity
generation. any three from:
(geothermal) does not produce, carbon dioxide / greenhouse gases (at point of use);
does not contribute to, global warming / (enhanced) greenhouse effect / climate change;
does not produce, sulfur dioxide / SOx / NOx (at point of use); does not contribute to
acid rain; renewable (energy resource) / will not run out / has unlimited supply; hot water
(from rocks) can be used for other purposes (other than electricity); [3]
(iii)
State one other energy resource used to generate electricity, other than geothermal energy
or fossil fuels.
biofuel / bioethanol / biogas / biomass / wood / hydro-electric / tidal / wave / solar / wind / nuclear;
[1]
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World reserves of oil and gas are finite. Extra reserves have been found stored in shale.
These oil and gas reserves could be extracted by fracking shale.
The map shows the locations of these reserves.
oil and gas reserves in shale
(a)
(i) Describe the location of the oil and gas reserves in shale in North America.
any two from:
in (far) north(west) / Alaska; in centre
(of continent); in the east / southeast;
around southeast coast / Gulf of
Mexico; small reserve on west coast;
[2]
(ii)
Explain how gas or oil is extracted by fracking shale.
any four from:
hole / shaft drilled; to the shale rock; water
or sand or chemicals pumped into rock;
under pressure; rock fractures; releases gas
/ oil to pass to surface;
[4]
(iii)
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Suggest reasons why some people are opposed to fracking.
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any three from:
chemicals from fracking might enter water sources;
process uses a lot of water (supply issues for
drinking); risk of earth tremors linked to changes in
rock structure; risk of subsidence / sink holes; long
term impact not known / eq.; clearance of land in area
for fracking / loss of habitat; noise, land, air, visual
pollution; impact of waste;
[3]
PLEASE TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 8(b)
[Turn over
(b) Two students are debating the future of energy production.
Student A
Modern technology will allow
the world to produce all the
energy it will need without using
fossil fuels and other
non-renewable resources.
Impossible!
There will always be a need for
non-renewable energy resources.
Student B
To what extent do you agree with these views about the future of energy production? Give reasons
for your answer.
Level of response marked question:
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Level 3 [5–6 marks]
A coherent response is given that develops and supports the candidate’s conclusion using
relevant details and examples.
Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are generally used precisely and accurately.
Good responses are likely to present a balanced evaluation of the statement.
Level 2 [3–4 marks]
Development and support of the conclusion is evident, though the response may lack some
coherence and/or detail.
Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are used but may lack some precision and/or
accuracy. Irrelevant detail may be present.
Responses contain evaluation of the statement, but this may not be balanced.
Level 1 [1–2 marks]
The response may be limited in development and/or support. Contradictions and/or irrelevant
detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary may be limited or absent.
Responses may lack structure or be in the form of a list. Evaluation may be limited or absent.
No response or no creditable response [0 marks]
Indicative content for: ‘Modern technology will allow the world to produce all the energy it needs
without using fossil fuels and other nonrenewable sources’
[6]
[Total: 15]
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1 (a) Look at the graph below which shows the percentage of world energy that came from different
sources in 2013.
.H\
coal
natural gas
oil
nuclear power
alternative sources
(i)
State the energy source that was used most in 2013.
Oil
(ii)
[1]
Calculate the percentage of world energy that came from fossil fuels in 2013.
Space for working.
Coal,Natural Gas and Oil are fossil fuels and have
the total percentage is 80.
80 % [1]
(iii)
Using evidence from the graph, describe the contribution that alternative energy sources
made to world energy in 2013.
alternative sources of energy do not contribute much in 2013 / only a small percentage of
our energy comes from alternative sources; only 13.6% (accept 12–15%) of our energy
comes from alternative sources; more than nuclear / less than fossil fuels / named fossil
fuels;
[2]
(b) Look at the map, which shows where coal deposits are found in the world.
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(i)
Describe the distribution of coal deposits shown on the map.
the distribution (of coal deposits) is not even / is uneven around the world; one
identified area; coal deposits are found mainly in the northern hemisphere / north
of the Tropic of Cancer / not many deposits in southern hemisphere; except
Oceania; few deposits between the tropics;
[3]
(ii)
Explain how coal was formed.
coal was formed over millions of years; huge
forests / swamps covered much of the Earth;
vegetation / plants died / decayed; layering /
covered with sediments; heat / pressure;
[3]
(iii)
The table shows information about how fossil fuels are used to generate electricity in the
United States of America. Draw a bar graph on the grid below using the data in the
table. Label your axes.
fossil fuel
percentage of electrical production
oil
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gas
25
coal
42
[4]
(c) Look at the diagram, which shows a power station that produces electricity using coal.
furnace
(i)
Using the diagram, explain how electricity is produced in the power station.
coal is burned (in furnace); the water is turned into
steam; steam turns a turbine; under pressure; the
turbine is linked to a generator to produce electricity;
[3]
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(ii)
Suggest the environmental impacts a power station that uses coal might cause.
visual impact of power station / cooling towers / pylons; loss of
habitat to build power station / clearance of natural vegetation;
atmospheric pollution (from burning coal); sulfur dioxide causes acid
rain; carbon dioxide enhances greenhouse effect / global warming;
increased water vapour / local precipitation; increased temperature
locally (heat island); warm water released into rivers affects aquatic
life:
heavy lorries on local roads increases air pollution / noise pollution (which scares
animals); unsightly ash heaps, etc.
[4]
(d) Look at the map below, which shows a world distribution of acid rain.
.H\
acid
rain
(i) Using the
map, state the
name of two
continents which
are affected by
acid rain.
1
North
America; Europe;
2
Africa; Asia;
South America;
[2]
(ii) Using the
map, identify one continent that is not affected by acid rain. Suggest a reason for this.
continent Oceania or Antarctica (Allow Africa.);
reason
low population density / no permanent population; less demand for energy; less vehicles
/ cars used; land used for agriculture and not industry; long distance from main
producers of acid rain; [2]
(iii)
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Explain how acid rain is formed.
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sulfur dioxide / nitrogen oxides; named source;
rise into atmosphere; mix / dissolve / react with
water in the atmosphere; pH lowered;
[4]
(iv)
Explain why international agreements are needed to solve the problem of acid rain. it is
a global problem / it affects more than one country / it is a problem in many countries; it
is caused in one country and felt in another / pollution crosses national boundaries;
because is blown / carried by the wind; named example to support; solutions will not be
effective unless all countries agree to them; difficult for one country to solve on its own;
some countries might need financial help; technology required; it is costly to install
alternative energy sources;
[5]
(e) Suggest why countries around the world do not use more alternative energy.
Content guide:
renewable energy sources are costly to set up some countries cannot afford the set-up
costs some countries may not have sufficient technology there are not many available
sites renewable energy is not reliable supply will not meet demand times of high supply
are not always time of high demand and electricity cannot be stored some renewable
energy schemes will face opposition / planning constraints etc.
fossil fuels cheap, already established and available
political agendas
Do not expect every aspect to be covered, even for answers in the top level.
Level 3 5–6 marks
Comprehensive understanding of the issue shown. Three or more reasons why alternative
energy sources are not more widely used well explained.
Level 2 3–4 marks
Some understanding of the issue shown. Some explanation of at least two reasons why
alternative energy sources are not more widely used.
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Level 1 1–2 marks
Basic understanding of the issue shown. Descriptive points. Little or no explanation.
No response or no creditable response scores zero marks.
[6]
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4
(a) Coal is a fossil fuel.
Explain how coal was formed.
any 4 of:
from dead organisms / trees /
plants; on sea beds / swamps;
covered (in sediments);
compressed / pressure;
reference to millions of years;
[4]
(b) The table below and bar graph opposite show the reserves of shale gas and other natural
gases in 10 countries.
country
shale gas
/ arbitrary units
other natural gases
/ arbitrary units
China
1115
120
Argentina
800
12
Algeria
707
160
United States
665
320
Indonesia
580
150
Canada
573
68
Mexico
545
17
Australia
437
40
Russia
285
1680
Brazil
240
14
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country
(i)
Complete the bar graph for Russia and Brazil using information from the table and the
key.
[1]
(ii)
Some countries are starting to extract shale gas.
Which country would have the largest percentage increase in its available gas when it
starts to extract shale gas? Circle your choice. [1]
Argentina
(iii)
Australia
Brazil
Mexico
Russia
Explain your answer to (b)(ii).
has the highest proportion / amount of shale gas to natural gas / would go from 12 AU to 812
AU / go up by 800 / increase by over 6000% (6566);
[1]
(c) Fossil fuels will eventually be used up.
Explain how fossil fuels can be made to last longer.
any 3 of:
encourage public transport; car pooling / car sharing; hybrid cars; walking / cycling ; insulation
/ turn off lights / don’t leave appliances on stand-by; increase efficiency / decrease use; use
of alternative sources of energy / named alternative;
[3]
[Turn over
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(e) Look at the photograph, which shows an oil pipeline in Alaska, and read the information.
vegetation grows very slowly
caribou migrate across the
region to search for food
caribou breed close
to the pipeline
animals, such as bears and
wolves, live in the region
ground below surface
remains frozen all year
pipelines can leak
oil in the pipeline is warm
(i)
Suggest why there were concerns that building the pipeline could damage the
environment.
any 3 of:
vegetation would be damaged / habitat loss; vegetation will take time to recover; oil spills
/ any impact of oil spills; caribou cannot migrate and look for food / caribou would have
less food / forced to migrate; could disturb breeding of the caribou; might frighten
caribou away;
visual pollution / ruin the view / noise pollution/ air pollution (if qualified);
melting permafrost / boggy ground;
(ii)
[3]
In some places the pipeline was raised above the ground. Suggest two reasons why the
pipeline was raised above the ground.
any 2 of:
to stop the warm oil coming in contact with the ground / prevent melting of the
permafrost; so caribou (and other animals) could pass underneath the pipeline ;
reduces heat loss from oil in pipeline; easier to build / maintain;
[2]
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(f)
Fossil fuels such as oil have provided much of the world’s energy in the past.
Suggest reasons why some countries are developing alternative sources of energy but other
countries are continuing to rely on fossil fuels.
Level marked question
Indicative content:
Fossil fuels will run out / are non-renewable / alternative energy sources are renewable / will last into
the future Fossil fuels cause global warming / air pollution / acid rain / alternative energy sources are
cleaner / less polluting Fossil fuels are subject to price fluctuations / security of supplies / conflicts
Fossil fuels can cause problems during transport, e.g. oil spills Dangers of mining accidents /
extracting fossil fuels ,Scars on the landscape from mining
Use of alternative fuels will make fossil fuels last longer Some alternative energy supplies are
cheaper to run Sites for alternative energy are limited Some need a lot of land to generate a
small amount of energy Costly to set up
Some countries may no t have the technology – developing Unreliable, e.g. sun does not always
shine idea , Abundant supplies of fossil fuels locally Fossil fuels are e energy rich
[6]
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(e)
(i) Geothermal power can be generated in volcanic regions.
Describe three advantages of using geothermal power compared to other energy sources.
any three from:
renewable / won’t run out; continuous; makes use
of natural resources; cheaper running costs; does
not cause air pollution / release carbon dioxide;
does not contribute to acid rain or global warming;
conservation of fossil fuels;
[3]
(ii) Other than for tourism and geothermal energy, suggest why people continue to live in regions
with volcanic activity.
any three from:
renewable / won’t run out; continuous; makes use
of natural resources; cheaper running costs; does
not cause air pollution / release carbon dioxide;
does not contribute to acid rain or global warming;
conservation of fossil fuels;
[3]
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1
The pie graph shows sources of marine pollution.
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litter from land
5%
oil rigs in the ocean
5%
industrial waste water
from land
10%
sewage from land
30%
oil from marine
transport
10%
air pollution
from land
20%
run-off from farms
20%
(a) (i) Calculate the percentage of marine pollution that comes from the land.
sewage from land 30% + litter from land 5% + air pollution from land 20% +run-off from farms 20% +
industrial waste water from land 10%
85 % [1]
(ii) Complete the table by matching one source of marine pollution from the pie graph with each
type of pollution.
type of pollution
source of marine pollution
acid rain
air pollution from land / marine transport
excess fertiliser
run-off from farms / sewage
pieces of plastic
litter from land / sewage /
industrial waste water
oil spill
oil rigs in the ocean / oil
from marine transport
[2]
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(b) (i) Describe three ways in which oil spills damage ecosystems.
1 any three from:
cover / destroy, habitats / feeding grounds;
toxic / poisonous / causes death of, plants / sea creatures / birds / land organisms;
2 (block sunlight) prevent photosynthesis; description
of impact on, food chains / food webs; rare wildlife
can become, endangered / extinct; reference to,
effect on reproduction; block gills of fish;
3 oil covers birds feathers so cannot fly; oil can
damage, skin / eyesight / sense of smell; clean-up
methods can cause additional damage;
e.g. oil spills deplete oxygen / deprive aquatic organisms of oxygen;
(ii)
[3]
Suggest strategies for dealing with oil spills.
any three from:
take immediate action (to reduce environmental impact); booms / floating barriers; to
prevent or reduce spreading; skimmers / boats / vacuum machines / sponges / oilabsorbent ropes; to, remove oil from the ocean / transfer oil to a collecting tank; use,
dispersants / detergents / chemicals; to break up the oil spill; set fire to the oil spill; to
burn the oil so it cannot, spread / affect marine life / reach the coast; leave the oil to be
dispersed by, strong winds / currents / wave action;
[3]
(c) Radioactive waste can be detected in oceans.
Name one source of this radioactive waste.
any one from:
(leakage / discharge from) nuclear, power stations / processing plants;
nuclear power station accidents; nuclear powered, submarines /
ships; military waste; medical sources / hospital waste; industrial
waste; fall-out from nuclear explosions (in the atmosphere);
illegal dumping;
plutonium;
[1]
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Section B
5
The diagram shows some of the processes used to generate electricity in a nuclear power station.
containment structure
(a) Use the diagram to describe how electricity is generated within a nuclear power station.
any
four
from:
uranium (fuel);
(uranium) decays / chain reaction / (nuclear)
fission; water pumped into reactor; reactor heats
water / conversion to thermal energy; turns it to,
steam / vapour; (steam) turns a turbine;
(turbine) turns the generator (generating electricity);
[4]
(b) Describe three reasons why using nuclear power to generate electricity is better for the
environment than using coal.
1 no CO2 emissions; OR (so) reduced impact on, enhanced greenhouse effect / global
warming /
climate change;
2
no sulfur / SO2 emissions;
(so) no acid rain production;
3
environmental impact of acid rain explained;
lower volume of waste materials;
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(c) Describe ways a country can reduce its energy demand without damaging its economy.
any three from:
education (on energy consumption); increase efficiency of existing energy sources; reduce
energy consumption (of buildings) with, better building insulation / having more windows to
improve, light / ventilation; use more energy efficient machines;
examples of action, e.g. turn the thermostat down / shower for less time;
transport policy / named example of transport policy;
[3]
(d) Building a nuclear power station is expensive. The table shows the percentage costs for building
a new nuclear power station.
costs
equipment costs
percentage costs
steam supply system
12
generating equipment
12
mechanical equipment
16
instrumentation and control system
8
building materials
12
labour
27
other costs
design
10
fuel
3
total
(i)
Complete the table by calculating the percentage cost for labour.
(ii)
The power station is predicted to cost 14 billion USD to build.
100
[1]
Calculate the total equipment costs for building the power station.
(12 + 12 + 16 + 8 =) 48%
14 x 48/100 = 6.72
6.72 billion USD [2]
(iii) A nuclear power station creates radioactive waste. The management of this waste is
expensive and difficult.
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The most dangerous waste costs 93 000 USD per m3 to manage. It is estimated that the
power station will produce 12 m3 of the most dangerous waste each year.
Calculate the estimated cost of managing this waste per year. 93000
x 12 =
1 116 000 USD [1]
[Total: 14]
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3
(a) Costa Rica plans to be carbon neutral in the future.
Carbon neutral means that carbon dioxide emissions are balanced by carbon dioxide removal.
(i)
One strategy is to gradually stop using fossil fuels by charging factories and companies
10 USD for each tonne of carbon dioxide they emit.
Explain how this strategy can help Costa Rica become carbon neutral.
financial incentive to reduce, consumption / emissions; money
raised can used to fund environmental projects; idea of financial
payment / off-setting, carbon (dioxide) emissions; switch to
renewable / alternative forms of energy;
[2]
(ii)
Another strategy is carbon capture and storage.
Outline how carbon capture and storage can be used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
any two from: carbon dioxide: captured during
photosynthesis; stored in trees; stored underground /
oceans / sequestration / named method;
removed / stored so does not enter the atmosphere;
[2]
(b) For 300 days in 2018, 100% of the electricity generated in Costa Rica came from renewable
resources.
(i)
Hydroelectric power is a renewable energy resource.
State two other renewable energy resources used for generating electricity.
1
biofuels; geothermal power; tidal power;
2
wave power; solar power; wind power;
[2]
(ii)
© UCLES 2021
The diagram shows the Reventazón dam, a hydroelectric power station in Costa Rica.
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dam wall
reservoir
electricity transmission
lines
generator
turbine
river
Use the diagram to describe how a hydroelectric power station generates electricity.
any four from:
(stored) water in reservoir is high up / behind a dam / has gravitational potential energy;
water flows down to turbine or from dam or downhill / water has kinetic energy;
(moving water) causes turbine to rotate; (turbine) turns
generator (electricity produced); kinetic energy is
transferred to, electrical energy / electricity;
[4]
(iii)
© UCLES 2021
An engineering student recorded in a notebook the electricity generated in megawatts
(MW) from the Reventazón dam over a one-week period.
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Monday was 219
electricity
generated was
MW on
MW
25
153MW on WednesdayTuesday
Thurs
and Sunday both
0
20
175MW on
MW
Sat
=
7 Friday
300
MW
Present the data from the notebook in a suitable table.
Day
Electricity Generated (MW)
Monady 219 Tuesday 153
Wednesday
250 Thursday
175 Friday 207 Saturday 300
Sunday
175
[3]
(iv)
The Reventazón dam provides electricity to 525 000 homes in Costa Rica. Suggest
other ways the Reventazón dam benefits the people of Costa Rica. any two from:
(reservoir used for) leisure activities; source of drinking water;
water storage / irrigation; sell the electricity to other countries;
control of water flow / flood prevention; fishing; economic benefit;
[2]
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(v)
When the Reventazón dam was built, a large area of land was flooded to make the
reservoir.
Some people were concerned that vegetation covered by water would decompose and
release methane.
Explain why people are concerned about the release of methane into the atmosphere.
(methane is a) greenhouse gas; contributes
to climate change / global warming
[2]
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