Child Development
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development - Stages
1. Sensorimotor - birth through age 7
- Beginning to learn from their environment
- Develops objects permanence, reflexes, self soothing, mobility
2. Pre-operational- ages 2-7
- Begins to use pictures and words to communicate
- Develops pretend play and imaginary friends
- Are egocentric and curious
3. Concrete Operational - ages 7-11
- Develops logical thinking
- Develops classifying objects, the idea of conservation, inductive logic
4. Formal Operational- ages 12 and up
- Able to use logic, problem solving, reasoning
- Abstract thinking
- Application of knowledge
- Sense of identity
- Social and moral questions
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Domains of Human Development
- Physical
- Senses
- Gross and fine motor skills
- Aesthetic
- Art, music, dance painting
- Appreciation of beauty and art
- Textures, tastes
- Cognitive
- Ability to think and process
- Recall and recognition
- Social and Emotional
- Ensures they can understand their own feelings and emotions of others
- Attachment , sharing, identity, social skills
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- Skills of listening, speaking, writing
Factors that can impact development
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Nutrition
Sleep
Prenatal exposure to drugs
Trauma
Safe and loving home environemtn
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological, Security / Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, Self Actualization
Stages of play
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Unoccupied- 0-3 Months
- Describes infants moving with no clear purpose
Solitary- 0-2 years
- Independent play
Spectator / Onlooker- 2 years
- When they observe but do not participate
Parallel- 2+ years
- Alongside but not together
Associate- 3-4 years
- Interacting without collaboration
Cooperative- 4+ years
- Collaboratively play with a shared interest and goal
Stages of Writing Development
1. Pre-Conventional - ages 3-5
- Scribbles
- Uses pictures to convey meaning
- Attempts to label pictures with words (scribbles)
- Is aware print expresses meaning
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2. Emerging- ages 4-6
- Looks like scribbles with more shape
- Dictates and draws pictures to generate ideas
- Understands letter / sound relationships
- Prints with uppercase letters
- Pretends to read their own writing
3. Developing- ages 5-7
- Letters are beginning to form
- Writes names and sight words
- 1-2 sentences
- Left to right
- Upper and lower case
- Begins to read own writing
4. Beginning - ages 6-8
- Legible writing
- Spaces
- Correctly spells high frequency words
- Writes about various topic
5. Expanding- ages 7-9
- Complete sentences
- Legible
- Prewriting
- Mostly conventional spelling
Six Stages of Second Language Acquisition
1. Pre- Productiona. Silent period
b. Initially absorbs language
2. Early Production
a. Continues to listen
b. Short words and sentences
c. Many errors
3. Speech Emergent
a. Speech is more frequent
b. More complex words, longer sentences
c. Less errors
d. Dependent on context clues and familiar topics
4. Beginning Fluency
a. Social language is becoming more fluent
b. Academic language and unfamiliar concepts are difficult
c. Difficulty in expressing self
5. Intermediate Fluency
a. Fluent in social language contexts
b. Near fluency in academic language and new situations
c. Gaps remain
6. Advanced Fluency
a. Fluent in all contexts
b. Able to transfer knowledge
c. Occasional mistakes
d. Ease of Communicating
Stages of Language Development
1. Prelinguistic- 0-6 months
a. Crying and cooing
b. No true language
2. Babbling- 6-12 months
a. Syllable repetition
b. Hand gestures
3. First words- 12-18 months
a. One word = one sentence
4. Two Word- 1.5- 2.5 years
a. Increased sounds
b. 50+ words
c. Context clues are important
5. Telegraphic - 2.5 - 3 years
a. Stringing many words together
b. Speaks in short messages
6. Beyond Telegraphic - 3 + years
a. Continues to develop vocab
b. Fully developed language skills
Common Symptoms of a Language delay
- Not babbling by 15 months
- Not talking by age 2
- Not able to speak in short sentences by 3
Writing
4 Main Writing Conventions:
• Grammar
• Spelling
• Punctuation
• Capitalization
Factors Affecting Grammar Conventions:
1. Cognitive
2. Behavioral
3. Environmental
4. Social
5. Cultural
6. Technological
7. Linguistic
Spelling Rules:
• 'i before e except after c'
• Change 'y' to 'i' before adding a suffix (e.g., happy → happier)
• Add 'es' not 's' to letters: s, x, z, sh, ch
• Double the final consonant when a word has a short vowel + 1 final consonant (e.g.,
hop → hopped)
• Drop the 'e' before adding a suffix (e.g., care → caring)
• Add apostrophe when letters are removed (e.g., you are → you're)
Cognates - Words that share a similar meaning across languages. (e.g., family →
familia)
3 Levels of Reading Comprehension:
• Literal – Focused on exactly what is there (main idea, fact recall, POV)
• Inferential – Combining text with other knowledge to infer
• Evaluative – Beyond what the text says, judgments (character development, fallacies)
Listening Comprehension & Metacognition
Listening Comprehension Skills:
• Passive
• Discriminative
• Informational/Precise
• Strategic
• Critical
Metacognitive Strategies:
• Predicting
• Questioning
• Clarifying
• Summarizing
• Visualizing
• Making connections
• Inferring
• Synthesizing
• Determining importance
• Rereviewing
Metacognition - The process of thinking about your own thinking and learning.
Syllabication - Break apart vowel sound, blend, read
4 IEP Components:
• Time frame
• Condition
• Behavior
• Criterion
Alphabetic Principle - Print → sound (assessment)
• Songs about vowels
• Includes letter names and sounds
Literacy Journal - Knowledge between written language & development and
development of language & reading
Scribble Journal - Encourages emergent literacy skills
Language & Linguistics
It is important to make recommendations based on both **quantitative** and
**qualitative** data. Judgments based solely on test scores should be avoided.
Learning and achievement will increase when there is **predictability** and **routine**.
Most common languages in Illinois:
English, Spanish, Polish, Chinese, Tagalog
Language Concepts:
Pragmatics - Social rules of language
Phonology - Sounds of language
Syntax - Rules that create the structure of sentences
Linguistics - The study of language and how it developed over time
Semantics - Meaning of words and their relationships
Accuracy - Correctly identifying and reading words.
Alphabetic Principle - A student’s ability to connect the sound (phoneme) to the letter
and letter patterns (graphemes).
Prosody - Using appropriate phrasing, expression, and tone while reading.
Phoneme - A single unit of sound
Encode - The ability to hear a sound and write the symbol to represent that sound
Decoding - The process of translating printed words into speech
Grapheme - The alphabetic letters that represent sounds
Morpheme - A single unit of meaning
Developmental Stages of Writing
- Emergent
- Develop understanding, scribble, tell stories
- Early- Match letters to sounds
- Understand the basics of sentences
- Grammar Develops
- Writing begins to make sense
- Fluent- String words into sentences
- Accurate spelling
- Increased understanding
Morphemes & Phonics
Free Morpheme - A base word that can stand alone
Bound Morpheme - A word part that cannot stand alone
Inflectional Morpheme - A suffix that is added to a word that assigns a new tense,
quantity, or possession (e.g., -ing, -s, -d, -er, -en)
Vowel Digraph - Two vowels placed together to create one sound
Blend - A group of consonants that form sounds such as /sh/
Diphthong - A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in one syllable (e.g.,
pain, fear, coin)
R-Controlled - A vowel followed by R that makes a vowel neither long nor short (e.g.,
car, animal)
Complexity of Phonological Awareness In Order
1. Word awareness
2. Rhyming and alliteration
3. Syllables
4. Onset and Rime
5. Phonemic Awareness
Homograph- words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and
pronunciation (tear)
Homophone - words that sound the same but have different meanings or spellings
Irregular Words
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Who
Said
You
Are
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Is
Some
Here
The
Fluency Exercises
- Repeated reading
- Practice line tracking
- Pair reading
Word Consciousness Exercise
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Read alouds
Labeling
Anchor charts
Explicit vocab instruction
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