BAO6714 COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING
IN AN ERP SYSTEM
Challenges and Benefits of SAP S/4 HANA
FI module implementation,
a comparison from ECC to S/4HAHA
PREPARED FOR :
Navneet Kaur - s8075413
Jaspreet Kaur - s8109931
Rita Huang - s8103117
Hugo Prieto - s8122378 (Leader)
from Brisbane campus
1
Introduction
The transition from SAP ECC systems to SAP S/4HANA can be challenging for many
companies; however, it also presents a new opportunity for organizations to manage their financial
(FI) and controlling (CO) operations. Only one-third (28%) of the companies actively using SAP
have upgraded to S/4HANA (Gartner, 2024).
SAP has announced that the ECC deadline will take place in December 2027. As a result, 25,000
companies across 180 countries face a looming deadline to implement the new software. This
research selects real-world case studies to examine the issues some companies faced when
implementing SAP S/4HANA and how they overcame those challenges. We will also discuss the
best migration strategies for a new SAP S/4HANA implementation, focusing on the FI-CO
modules.
Moreover, this report provides an in-depth exploration of SAP S/4HANA Finance, focusing on its
evolution from ECC, available deployment options, and the growing app ecosystem in the Fiori
Launchpad for Finance. It also examines strategies for optimizing configurations, avoiding errors,
and highlights functional changes in S/4HANA Finance. Furthermore, the report contrasts the use
of Fiori apps with traditional T-codes, evaluates data migration tools like SAP Migration Cockpit
and LSMW, and discusses advanced tax management capabilities, supported by case studies from
the literature.
1
2
Research Questions
The following topics are addressed through various case studies:
•
A brief history of SAP S/4HANA
•
A comparison between SAP Fiori and traditional transactional codes for end users
•
Key differences between SAP S/4HANA Finance and SAP ECC FI-CO
•
Key features, such as the Universal Journal (Table ACDOCA)
•
Examples of functional changes and successful vs. unsuccessful implementations, with real
case studies
•
Challenges faced by companies migrating to SAP S/4HANA and how they overcame these
issues
Report
In this era of information and communication technology, data processing and the automation of
business processes have become key cornerstones for the success and improvement of commercial
purposes or social objectives for many companies worldwide. Moreover, in the last decade, SAP,
Oracle, and Microsoft have faced fierce competition to capture, maintain, and control the share of
the enterprise application market (ERP).
Since its founding on April 1, 1972, in Walldorf, Germany, SAP has become the leader in
enterprise software solutions worldwide. It has a presence in more than 190 countries, with over
US$5.3 trillion in annual commerce, over US$746 billion in B2B transactions, and more than
107,602 employees globally (SAP Corporate Fact Sheet). In addition, SAP is ranked #1 in the S&P
Global ESG Scores, and 85 of the 100 largest companies in the world are SAP S/4HANA
2
3
customers, generating 87% of global commerce. It is also noteworthy that 80% of SAP’s customers
are small and medium-sized enterprises.
SAP S/4HANA is a SaaS ERP solution that is typically hosted on the customer's cloud platform
and managed by their IT team. It enables real-time data insights, faster access to data, and better
integration compared to ECC, thanks to its in-memory database. The monthly license subscription
ranges from US$20,000 to US$100,000, significantly lower than the On-Premise solution, where
the basic license can range from US$100,000 to US$1,000,000 (ERP Research, 2023).
In terms of a migration or implementation project, there are several key considerations that
customers need to be aware of before proceeding. Therefore, following a clear strategy and
outlining the business process outcomes, along with how the new migration will integrate with
existing processes, is essential. Utilizing BPMN 2.0 modeling to visualize and understand the
business functions is also a useful tool for SAP consultants working on implementation projects.
Using SAP Signavio helps design business processes between consultants, IT departments, and
business analysts within the client’s organization (SAP Signavio).
Choosing the best approach for a customer to implement or migrate to SAP S/4HANA can be
challenging (SAP S/4HANA Migration Strategies: Greenfield/Brownfield/Hybrid, & Comparison
between On-Premise & Cloud Options). Fortunately, SAP offers three different approaches, each
with a recommended strategy tailored to the client's requirements and current business processes.
It is important to discuss these strategies and their pros and cons:
Greenfield Migration – "From Zero to Hero": This approach involves building the system from
scratch. Its advantage is that the customer benefits from the latest solutions and has the opportunity
3
4
to redesign their current business processes. They can also tailor the system to specific project
requirements. However, the biggest challenge with the Greenfield approach is time, as it typically
takes longer than other approaches. This also means it is more expensive and comes with higher
implementation costs.
Brownfield Migration: This strategy involves improving or upgrading an existing system,
specifically migrating from ECC (the old version) to SAP S/4HANA (the new version). It is a
faster and more efficient system conversion, allowing the client to choose new components.
Brownfield migrations are generally shorter in terms of timelines. However, there may be technical
challenges, such as compatibility issues. As mentioned earlier, clients are facing the end of
mainstream maintenance by December 2027. According to Lees (2023), SAP is encountering
challenges in convincing older customers to move to S/4HANA. In fact, 69% of ECC customers
have yet to start their S/4HANA Brownfield migration. This also means that only 20,000
customers
have
licensed
S/4HANA
(Basis
Technologies,
2023).
Source: David Lees 2023 - Basis Technologies 2023.
4
5
As we mentioned earlier, the reasons why customers have not migrated to S/4HANA yet are
primarily because they are waiting for the latest versions of the public or private editions, along
with the associated best practices. It is important to note that when implementing SAP, customers
are adopting the best practices and solutions available at that time. SAP is constantly upgrading its
services, but these new features often come with additional charges for customers. This policy has,
at times, worked against the company. Another reason is that ECC is still a capable and useful
ERP solution for many businesses, which is why most clients show resistance to migrating to
S/4HANA.
Bluefield Migration – This is a hybrid approach that combines Greenfield and Brownfield
strategies. It allows clients to migrate in phases, adopting new features from scratch ("0") while
gradually replacing existing components. This approach results in better performance because it
provides real-time insights into the methodology. Selecting the data to transition is crucial; by
using transport objects and management tools, clients can migrate only essential data, minimizing
data loss, time, effort, and cost. The challenges of this strategy include choosing the best
methodology for implementing the system in parts and working with trusted, experienced SAP
consultants for the project.
SAP S/4HANA, the next-generation ERP system, integrates enterprise functions such as finance,
procurement, and distribution into a unified platform designed for digital transformation.
Leveraging in-memory HANA technology, S/4HANA processes data directly from RAM,
enabling real-time analytics and actionable insights without the complexity of traditional relational
databases. As a replacement for SAP ECC, S/4HANA offers enhanced efficiency, dynamic
5
6
business model support, and simplified operations, empowering businesses to adapt to modern
demands with superior performance and cloud readiness (Juturi, 2024).
SAP Fiori: Enhancing UI and UX
SAP Fiori offers user-friendly, consumer-grade business applications with intuitive, device-neutral
interfaces, enabling even inexperienced users to become proficient SAP experts. Utilizing SAP
Fiori design standards and tools, users can quickly create and customize apps that integrate
seamlessly with SAP S/4HANA and other enterprise solutions. The platform includes over 300
role-based apps for finance, manufacturing, HR, and more, supporting essential daily operations
such as work approvals, finance management, and self-service tasks (Selvaraj, 2024).
SAP Fiori modernizes the classic SAP GUI by allowing users to customize and optimize frequently
used business workflow screens (Jain & Bagga, 2021). Accessible on desktops, mobile phones,
and tablets, SAP Fiori provides real-time access to business functions through suitable handheld
devices. Inspired by the Italian word "fiori" meaning "flowers," the Fiori home page symbolizes
growth and productivity. Built with the UI5 interface and powered by SAP HANA, Fiori ensures
exceptional responsiveness and fast query execution. Its personalized, role-based user experience
enhances interactions across the enterprise, allowing users to efficiently manage processes on any
device, thereby increasing productivity and user satisfaction.
T-Codes vs. Fiori Apps
SAP Fiori's role, providing a modern, intuitive experience focused on simplicity and
responsiveness. Klein et al. (2016) note it boosts user satisfaction and productivity (Settibathini,
2023).
6
7
Based on Deepak’s research (2023), accessibility in SAP Fiori ensures all users, including those
with disabilities, can effectively use the platform. It operates on two levels:
Framework Level: Built-in features adhere to WCAG 2.2 standards, offering minimum and high
contrast themes, consistent icons, keyboard navigation, screen reader support, responsive layouts,
and text resizing.
App Level: Customizable accessibility includes clear status messages, error handling, consistent
control designs, and meaningful labels and tooltips. These features collectively enhance usability
and ensure that applications are accessible and user-friendly for everyone.
In SAP ECC, Transaction Codes (T-Codes) serve as shortcuts to access specific screens or
functions directly. For example, entering SE38 navigates to the ABAP editor, and SE11 opens the
ABAP dictionary. With over 100,000 predefined T-Codes, they cover a vast range of operations,
making navigation fast and function-specific (Sushil Markandeya & Roy, 2014). While T-Codes
offer efficiency for experienced users, they can be challenging for beginners due to the need to
memorize codes and their functionality (Zahid, 2024).
T-codes such as FB50 for journal records are now streamlined with the "Post Journal Entry" app
of Fiori. This improves the accessibility as well as usability for the users (Patel, 2024).
End-User Benefits: Mobility & Personalization
Personalization in SAP Fiori empowers users to tailor the Launchpad and applications to their
specific needs. Utilizing Fiori SDKs and Launchpad services, users can customize tile designs,
adjust table layouts and filters, and hide unnecessary UI elements. This flexibility enhances the
7
8
user experience, boosting productivity by adapting SAP interfaces to individual workflows and
ensuring seamless interaction across mobile, desktop, and tablet devices (Selvaraj, 2024).
SAP Fiori empowers users with extensive personalization and mobility features, enhancing their
overall experience. Users can customize the Launchpad and applications through Fiori SDKs,
allowing them to design or hide tiles, adjust table layouts and filters, and remove unnecessary UI
elements to fit their unique workflows. The responsive and adaptive design ensures seamless usage
across desktops, tablets, and mobile devices, maintaining consistent performance and a cohesive
look. Additionally, touch-friendly controls and customizable themes enable users to tailor
interfaces based on device capabilities and personal preferences. These capabilities boost
productivity and provide a flexible, user-centric environment (Deepak, 2020).
Difference between S4 (Simple Finance) and SAP ECC FICO
SAP S/4HANA Finance, formerly known as Simple Finance, marks a significant advancement
from the traditional SAP ECC FICO module by offering a more integrated and efficient financial
management solution. In SAP ECC FICO, Financial Accounting (FI) and Controlling (CO) were
maintained as separate modules, each with distinct data models, which often led to data
redundancy and integration challenges. SAP S/4HANA Finance unifies these components into a
single, cohesive module, eliminating the separation and enhancing overall integration. This
consolidation simplifies application configuration, design, and extensibility, facilitating a
smoother digital transformation for organizations. Additionally, SAP S/4HANA Finance leverages
the power of SAP HANA’s in-memory database capabilities, including data compression and realtime processing, which significantly improve performance and scalability compared to the
traditional relational databases used in SAP ECC FICO (Subrahmanyam, 2022).
8
9
Universal Journal: Merging FI and CO
A cornerstone of SAP S/4HANA Finance is the Universal Journal (ACDOCA), which merges FI
and CO data into a single, comprehensive table. In SAP ECC FICO, FI and CO data were stored
in separate tables, leading to data redundancy and making reporting more complex and less
efficient. The Universal Journal consolidates financial and controlling information into one unified
ledger, providing a single source of truth for all financial data. This integration simplifies reporting
processes, reduces redundancy, and ensures data consistency across financial components. With
over 360 fields from various submodules such as Asset Accounting (AA), Material Ledger (ML),
and Profitability Analysis (COPA), the Universal Journal facilitates multi-dimensional reporting
and real-time analytics. This streamlined data model not only enhances the accuracy and reliability
of financial reporting but also improves overall efficiency by eliminating the need for multiple
data retrievals and complex joins inherent in the SAP ECC FICO system (Subrahmanyam, 2022).
Enhanced Asset Accounting
S/4HANA Asset Management encompasses four key functionalities: Master data maintenance,
business process execution, reporting and analytics, and access control (See figure1-1) (Ojha &
Chandan Mohan Jaiswal, 2023).
9
10
Source from: SAP S/4HANA Asset Management
Master Data Maintenance manages comprehensive records of technical assets, including asset
details, maintenance schedules, usage metrics, bills of materials, and resource capacities, ensuring
data consistency and compliance.
Business Process Execution optimizes asset performance and longevity by supporting scheduled
and unscheduled maintenance planning, repairs, quality inspections, refurbishments, and other
essential tasks, thereby reducing downtime and extending asset life.
Reporting and Analytics enhance asset management through effective tracking, monitoring, and
analysis, providing insightful reports and data-driven analytics that enable informed decisionmaking and improved asset utilization.
Access Control ensures that only authorized users can access specific resources and perform
necessary actions, safeguarding sensitive data and aligning user interactions with their
responsibilities.
10
11
Together, these functionalities create a robust and efficient asset management system within
S/4HANA, supporting business goals, enhancing asset performance, and ensuring data integrity
and security.
Planning Table Changes from ECC to S/4HANA
In SAP S/4HANA, planning data management has been significantly enhanced compared to ECC.
The introduction of the ACDOCP table allows for storing planned data, mirroring the structure of
the ACDOCA table used for actual data. Since Version 1610, plan results are consistently stored
in ACDOCP, streamlining the Controlling processes. While traditional transaction codes such as
KP06/KP07 (cost center planning), CJ40/CJ42 (project planning), CJR2/CJR3 (project planning),
and KPF6/KPF7 (order planning) remain available for planning tasks, the data they generate is
still stored in the legacy tables. However, the latest analytical applications in S/4HANA
exclusively access plan data from the ACDOCP table, ensuring improved data consistency and
enabling more efficient and accurate reporting and analysis (Subrahmanyam, 2022).
Asset Management Changes from ECC to S/4HANA
SAP S/4HANA improves Fixed Asset Accounting by integrating FI-AA data into the ACDOCA
table, eliminating index and total tables and removing the need for reconciliation between the
general ledger and Asset Accounting. Historical data and old reports remain accessible via
compatibility views. Both GL and AA now post directly to ACDOCA, rendering transaction codes
like ABST and ABST2 unnecessary. Depreciation management is streamlined, requiring only one
depreciation area per valuation and eliminating delta areas. These changes reduce redundancy,
simplify processes, and enhance efficiency in asset management (Subrahmanyam, 2022).
Real-Time Insights
11
12
The change from ECC's batch processing to S/4HANA's real-time data upgrades is a substantial
milestone. The financial transactions in SAP ECC are generally executed in batches provoking
delays in acquiring precise financial reports. The in-memory database of S/4HANA will help
organisations process and examine real-time financial data, offering instant perceptions of the
financial wellness of the organisation. This competency is important for decision-making in time
and improves the finance team's agility in reflecting vibrant market situations (Matilainen, 2024).
When a company is implementing a new ERP system like S/4HANA (High-Performance Analytic
Appliance), it requires time, resources, and effort. Although the implementation cost of SAP
HANA represents a significant investment, the benefits justify the expense. First, SAP HANA
processes its data in Random-Access Memory (RAM), and this in-memory computing speeds up
data processing and access, allowing users to perform real-time analysis. SAP HANA can be
deployed both on-premise and, in the cloud, offering various tools, such as the Migration Object
Modeler, Maintenance Planner, and ABAP Test Cockpit, to ensure a smooth data transition.
Case Studies
In his thesis, Rana (2024) claimed that "SAP technology plays a crucial role in improving
operational efficiency and streamlining business processes." We selected this research because the
author focused on how Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) could benefit from SAP S/4HANA.
For example, many clients struggled with the high cost of implementation, so the author
recommended that small and medium companies use the cloud-based solution Rise with SAP, as
it could reduce costs with a more SME-friendly subscription model. The introduction of SAP's
Rise with SAP, a cloud-based ERP solution, highlights SAP's commitment to supporting SMEs
in their growth journey. This product is tailored to meet the needs of businesses of all sizes,
12
13
offering features that can help them expand their enterprises and accelerate market reach. SAP also
provides access to SAP Ariba, the world's largest business network, further enhancing the
potential for collaboration and growth.
As a result, Rise with SAP is less expensive and delivers significant benefits. The author also
focused his research on a survey conducted at a company named Lakhan Carpet in India, where
he emphasized the lack of education and information provided to CFOs of small and medium
companies regarding the benefits of SAP.
Rana (2024) also discussed several issues that clients faced during implementation, such as high
implementation costs, training and skill gaps, data migration challenges, and, to a lesser extent,
resistance to change. The solution to address these issues is hiring a competent consulting group
to perform effective project management and business modelling techniques for current business
processes.
Some recommendations from Rana (2024) include investing in training, evaluating ROI before
implementing any ERP software, and starting with scalable solutions. This is important because
SAP offers a demo version to incentivize potential customers to purchase the new version.
We have also selected a case study on Revlon researched by Helmi (2024), which argues that the
main reasons for Revlon’s ERP implementation failure were the lack of a proper project
methodology plan and inadequate employee training on SAP S/4HANA, leading to significant
financial losses and operational disruptions.
Founded in 1932 in New York, USA, Revlon is one of the top 10 largest players in the cosmetics
and skincare industry. In 2018, the company decided to upgrade to SAP S/4HANA. This decision
13
14
was driven by the company’s need to improve its business processes due to a reorganization. At
that time, Revlon was valued at USD $870 million. The company operates across 50 separate
businesses, using 21 different systems, the majority of which are SAP. Therefore, a unification of
these systems was needed. Moreover, the implementation was part of a merger restructuring,
during which the company decided to divide its sales division into four brands: Revlon, Elizabeth
Arden, Fragrances, and Portfolio Brands.
Revlon’s implementation took two years, and the transition was a complete disaster. The main
reasons for its failure stemmed from the lack of a proper project methodology plan. The
implementation ran concurrently with the company’s restructuring, and as a result, a roadmap,
business mapping, and business modeling techniques were not properly executed. Additionally,
many authors discovered that Revlon employees lacked adequate training and knowledge of SAP
S/4HANA. This led to a net loss of USD $294 million in sales and operational costs, caused by
significant shipment delays and inaccuracies in financial reporting.
Helmi (2024) concluded that Revlon attempted to run the implementation as a continuous
improvement process while simultaneously merging its business divisions. However, this
approach meant that cross-functional work never truly took place. The process of installation,
customization, configuration, change management, data transfer, testing, and training were all part
of the implementation, but training for users was not included in the budget. In summary, the
Revlon case is a perfect example of why business modelling techniques (such as BPMN 2.0),
business process mapping, and project management are essential for consultants implementing
SAP S/4HANA.
14
15
(Khatri, et. al., 2024) examines the change due to transitioning from the conventional SAP ERP
system to the new platform which is SAP S/4HANA. It offers a profound examination of the
influence of the S4/HANA upgrade on FICO (Financial and Controlling) operations in a
multinational company. The research underscores the in-memory computing capabilities of the
system which streamline data models as well as improve real-time analytics. This contributes to
substantial enhancement in decision-making, financial reporting as well as cost control. The core
advantages involve a 191.7% increment in the speed of data processing and a 66.7% decline in the
time of financial reporting. Challenges such as data migration problems, the requirement for
comprehensive staff training as well as incorporation with legacy infrastructures are also
discussed.
Besides that (Khatri, et. al., 2024) highlight the significance of stakeholder involvement, strategic
planning as well as vigorous change management in certifying a successful transformation. The
study offers valuable perceptions for companies considering similar upgrades and provides
direction on analysing the difficulties of the transformation procedure. Moreover, it emphasises
how S/4 HANA encourages organisation adaptability, enhanced efficiency as well as regulatory
compliance which makes it a cutting-edge tool for contemporary financial operations. In addition,
the incorporation of predictive tools as well as advanced analytics further reinforces financial
predicting competencies and enables businesses to estimate market trends in a better way.
15
16
Conclusion
With its user-centric interface that enhances accuracy and productivity, SAP Fiori has drastically
transformed the Financial Accounting (FI) environment within SAP S/4HANA. The SAP Fiori
Launchpad, with its range of FI-specific apps, enables finance professionals to perform tasks more
efficiently and intuitively.
To maximize system performance and reduce errors, best practices for FI configuration must be
followed. A solid foundation for system configuration is established through a thorough
understanding of business requirements and the application of SAP Best Practices. Regular
patching and updates maintain the system’s security and effectiveness, while comprehensive
documentation and training ensure users have the skills needed to utilize the system efficiently.
Before going live, a thorough testing process in a controlled environment helps detect and resolve
potential issues, ensuring a seamless transition to production. By implementing strong security
measures, sensitive financial data is protected, preserving the confidentiality and integrity of
financial operations. Through the case of Revlon, we have demonstrated the potential damages for
a leading company if these steps are overlooked. Additionally, we have focused our analysis on
providing guidance for small and medium-sized companies during implementation.
In conclusion, the report has addressed all key questions with a focus on the Finance and
Controlling modules. We would also like to note that finding real case studies was a significant
challenge, as most companies are reluctant to share private information or disclose their failures.
Despite these challenges, we have successfully outlined the best practices for implementing SAP
S/4HANA and highlighted the advantages of SAP Fiori.
16
17
List of references
• Agelidis, K. (2024, April 3). These Fiori apps will get your financial accounting on track.
IBsolution GmbH. https://www.ibsolution.com/academy/blog_en/smart-enterprise/saps4hana/these-fiori-apps-will-get-your-financial-accounting-on-track
• Arziaev, A. (2024). Data migration management for SAP S/4HANA. Apress.
https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0333-8
• Asksapbasis.com. (2024). SAP S/4HANA: The future of ERP. Asksapbasis.com. Available at:
https://asksapbasis.com/sap-s4hana-the-future-of-erp/ [Accessed 15 November 2024]
• Eckert-marco.de. (2024). Upload general journal entries S/4HANA Fiori app. Eckertmarco.de. Available at: https://www.eckert-marco.de/2022/12/16/upload-general-journal-entriess-4hana-fiori-app/ [Accessed 15 November 2024]
• Guerrero, S. (2021). Custom Fiori applications in SAP HANA. Apress.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6358-7
• Gunturu, N. S. R. (2024). An overview on SAP S/4HANA deployment options and transition
paths. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology,
209–216. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Srinivasa-RaoGunturu/publication/381430999_An_Overview_on_SAP_S4HANA_Deployment_Options_and_
Transition_Paths/links/666cda9aa54c5f0b9465f526/An-Overview-on-SAP-S-4HANADeployment-Options-and-Transition-Paths.pdf
17
18
• Hossain, M., & Ahmed, S. (2024). Impact of SAP S/4HANA upgrades on SAP FICO: A case
study. Journal of Quantum Science and Technology, 1(3), 47–53. https://jqst.mindsynk.org
• Helmi, W. (2024). Revlon’s ERP implementation failure. Kurdish Studies, 12(2), 1228–1233.
https://doi.org/10.58262/ks.v12i2.091
• Jain, N., & Bagga, T. (2021). SAP S/4HANA framework: I-ERP towards digital
transformation. In 2021 9th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and
Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO).
https://doi.org/10.1109/icrito51393.2021.9596165
• Juturi, V. P. K. (2024). Embedded architecture of SAP S/4HANA ERP application. Universal
Journal of Computer Sciences and Communications, 6–9.
https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/ujcsc/article/view/899
• Kärkkäinen, J. (2020). Service design for SAP Fiori development. Jyx.jyu.fi.
https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/72283
• Khatri, D. K., Jain, A., Jain, S., & Pandian, P. K. G. (2024). Implementing new GL in SAP
S/4HANA simple finance. Modern Dynamics: Mathematical Progressions, 1(2), 17–30.
http://mathematics.moderndynamics.in/index.php/mdmp/article/download/8/8
• Khatri, D. K., Jain, S., & Goel, O. (2024). Impact of S/4HANA upgrades on SAP FICO: A
case study. Journal of Quantum Science and Technology, 1(3), 42–56.
https://jqst.mindsynk.org/index.php/j/article/download/Impact-of-S4-HANA-Upgrades-on-SAPFICO/34
18
19
• Kulkarni, S. (2019). Implementing SAP S/4HANA. Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-14842-4520-0
• Lees, D. (2024, November 16). The true state of S/4HANA in 2024. Basis Technologies.
https://www.basistechnologies.com/blog/the-true-state-of-s4hana
• Lonnemann, P. (2022). Assessment of decision criteria for SAP S/4HANA deployment options
and design of a decision model (Doctoral dissertation, University Innsbruck). https://www.seresunit.com/wp-content/uploads/DPA/DTA22_Arbeit_Lonnemann_Philip.pdf
• Markandeya, S., & Roy, K. (2014). ERP and SAP overview. In SAP overview (pp. 1–20).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4804-0_1
• Matilainen, A. (2024). Change requirements on product data structures in S/4HANA
implementation.
https://osuva.uwasa.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/17811/Uwasa_2024_Matilainen_Aleksi.pdf?seque
nce=2
• Mathew, B. (2015). Beginning SAP Fiori. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-1335-3
• Ojha, R., & Jaiswal, C. M. (2023). SAP S/4HANA asset management. Apress eBooks, 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9870-1_1
• Patel, D. (2024). Developing a strategy to deploy SAP Fiori technology to an industrial
customer.
https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/857842/Patel_Damyantiben.pdf?sequence=2
19
20
• Rana, N. (2024). Analysis of SAP technology in enterprises (Bachelor's thesis). Metropolia
University of Applied Sciences.
https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/866843/Rana_Neha.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed
=y
• SAP. (2021). Using the SAP Fiori user interface. SAP. https://learning.sap.com/learningjourneys/overview-of-financials-in-sap-s-4hana/using-the-sap-fiori-user-interface_c17a68c52367-4fcd-80f7-cab607261b56
• SAP Fiori Apps Reference Library. (2024). SAP Fiori Apps Reference Library. SAP.
https://fioriappslibrary.hana.ondemand.com/sap/fix/externalViewer/
• Selvaraj, S. (2024). Futuristic SAP Fiori dominance. ESP-IJACT ESP International Journal of
Advancements in Computational Technology. https://doi.org/10.56472/25838628/IJACTV2I1P105
• Settibathini, V. (2023). Enhancing user experience in SAP Fiori for finance: A usability and
efficiency study. International Journal of Machine Learning for Sustainable Development, 5(3),
102–115. Retrieved from https://ijsdcs.com/index.php/IJMLSD/article/view/467/187
• Subrahmanyam, R. S. (2022). An overview of SAP S/4HANA. In SAP S/4HANA Conversion
(pp. 1–23). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8091-1_1
• Vaka, D. K. (2024). The SAP S/4HANA migration roadmap: From planning to execution.
Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 11(6), 46–54.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dilip-Kumar20
21
Vaka/publication/382062824_The_SAP_S4HANA_Migration_Roadmap_From_Planning_to_Ex
ecution/links/668aebca0a25e27fbc2fb74a/The-SAP-S-4HANA-Migration-Roadmap-FromPlanning-to-Execution.pdf
• Zahid, U. (2024). Role of system application and product in processing (SAP) in industrial
strategies: An overview of Loft.
21