OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
Miriam Greenberg
● Miriam Bird Greenberg is a contemporary American
poet known for her vivid, lyrical, and often haunting
poetry.
● Background: She has lived and traveled
extensively throughout Asia, which has deeply
influenced her poetry. Her experiences in diverse
cultural landscapes are often reflected in her work.
● Her work frequently explores themes of migration,
displacement, and the complex intersections of
personal and political histories.
● Notable works include "In the Volcano's Mouth"
(2016), which won the Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry
Prize, and "Pact-Blood, Fevergrass" (2021).
1
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
Brazilian Telephone- Miriam Greenberg (2010)
● Theme: Innocence and danger, curiosity
and learning with “science experiments,
“old textbook”. Isolation with community
with theater, nature and unnatural with
“knotted trees” and “hairy fruits”, ,and
unintended
consequences
of
experimentation.
● Settings: Peach orchard and old bathtub,
related to rural environment, evoking sense
of a nostalgia and simplicity. Children’s play
and experimentation.
2
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
Brazilian Telephone- Miriam Greenberg (2010)
●
●
●
●
"Brazilian Telephone" can be interpreted as a commentary
on the intersection of innocence and knowledge.
The children's lack of understanding of the potential
consequences of their actions serves as a metaphor for
the broader human tendency to explore and experiment
without fully grasping the ramifications.
The poem subtly critiques the ways in which knowledge is
passed down and how children interpret and act upon that
knowledge.
The title itself, "Brazilian Telephone," may be a reference
to the concept of a telephone game, where messages get
distorted as they are passed along, paralleling how
knowledge and intentions can be misunderstood and lead
to unexpected outcomes.
3
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
W.B. Yeats or William Butler Yeats
●
●
●
●
●
W.B. Yeats, or William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), was an Irish poet and
playwright, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century.
Yeats was influenced by Irish mythology and folklore, which is evident in his
early works. He was also inspired by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the
Romantic poets, particularly William Blake. Yeats was a key figure in the Celtic
Revival, a movement aimed at promoting Irish culture and traditions.
In 1923, Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his always inspired
poetry, which is a highly artistic expression of the spirit of a whole nation. Yeats
was also involved in politics, serving as a senator in the Irish Free State from
1922 to 1928.
Yeats's influence on modern poetry is immense. His innovative use of
symbolism, his exploration of Irish identity, and his blending of personal and
political themes have inspired countless poets and writers.
Notable works: ‘Leda and the Swant’. “Death’, "Sailing to Byzantium" ….
4
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
“The Municipal Gallery Revisited” by W.B. Yeats
● Settings: the art gallery where Yeats observes portraits of prominent
figures from his life and from Irish history. The gallery serves as a
space for reflection on both personal memories and national heritage.
● The poem is structured in a free verse form with a conversational
tone, enhancing the sense of an intimate, personal meditation
● Key themes: Immortality through Art, Personal Reflections, Aging and
Mortality, Cultural Legacy, Irish Nationalism, Collective Memory.
● The tone of the poem is reflective, with a tinge of melancholy as Yeats
contemplates the passage of time and the inevitability of death.
● There is a sense of nostalgia as Yeats looks back on the past,
appreciating the moments and people that have shaped his life and
work.
5
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
“The Municipal Gallery Revisited” by W.B. Yeats
Stanza I: Historical Figures and Moments
●
●
Imagery of Thirty Years: Yeats begins by recalling images from the past
thirty years, including significant events and individuals who played crucial
roles in Irish history. The poem opens with an "ambush" and "pilgrims at the
water-side," setting a tone of historical and personal reflection.
Prominent Figures: He mentions figures like Roger Casement, Arthur
Griffith, and Kevin O'Higgins, highlighting their contributions and complex
legacies. Each description is tinged with a mixture of admiration and critical
insight.
Stanza II: The Poetic Vision of Ireland
●
●
Contrasting Views of Ireland: Yeats contrasts the "dead Ireland" of his youth
with the vibrant and multifaceted Ireland imagined by poets. He
acknowledges the transformative power of poetic vision in shaping national
identity.
Personal Encounter: The stanza ends with a poignant memory of meeting a
beautiful and gentle woman in a studio, reflecting on the ephemeral nature
of such encounters.
6
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
“The Municipal Gallery Revisited” by W.B. Yeats
Stanza III: Personal Loss and Memory
●
●
Overwhelmed by Emotion: Yeats is "heart-smitten with emotion" as he contemplates the
portraits of loved ones and influential figures like Lady Augusta Gregory’s son and Hugh
Lane.
Enduring Legacy: The mention of Hazel Lavery and others underscores the blend of
personal and collective memory, emphasizing the lasting impact these individuals have
had on Yeats and Irish culture.
Stanza IV: Artistic Excellence and Despair
●
●
Augusta Gregory’s Portrait: Yeats reflects on Mancini’s portrait of Augusta Gregory, hailed
by John Synge as the greatest since Rembrandt. This leads him to ponder the ability of art
to capture the true essence of individuals.
Lost Excellence: Yeats expresses despair over the potential loss of the unique qualities of
the individuals he admires, fearing that future generations may not match their excellence.
7
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
“The Municipal Gallery Revisited” by W.B. Yeats
Stanza V: Reflections on Legacy and Loss
●
●
Medieval Knees: The poet's aging is symbolized by his "medieval knees,"
acknowledging his physical decline.
End of an Era: He reflects on the end of an era marked by the household where
"honour had lived so long." Despite the inevitable changes, he finds solace in the
lasting legacy of those he admired.
Stanza VI: Connection to the Land
●
●
Antaeus Metaphor: Yeats, John Synge, and Augusta Gregory saw their work as
deeply connected to the Irish soil, drawing strength from this connection, much like
the mythological Antaeus.
Cultural Revival: Their efforts in the Irish Literary Revival aimed to ground modern
Irish culture in its traditional roots, blending the noble and the common.
8
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
“The Municipal Gallery Revisited” by W.B. Yeats
Stanza VII: Celebration of Friendship and Legacy
● John Synge’s Portrait: Yeats reflects on the rooted nature of Synge,
emphasizing his deep connection to the land and culture.
● Judgment of Legacy: The poet urges readers to judge his legacy not just
by his works but by the company he kept. The portraits in the gallery
serve as a testament to Ireland's history and the greatness of his friends.
● Glory of Friendship: Yeats concludes with a powerful statement: "Think
where man’s glory most begins and ends, / And say my glory was I had
such friends." This emphasizes the importance of friendship and shared
cultural efforts in defining his legacy.
9
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
Buffalo Dusk by Carl Sandburg
●
●
●
●
●
"Buffalo Dusk" by Carl Sandburg is a poignant and evocative poem that captures
the sense of loss and the passage of time through the imagery of buffaloes and
the people who once witnessed them
Setting: the American West, where buffalo herds once roamed in vast numbers
Theme: Nostalgia, mourning for a lost era. Extinction with the disappearance of
the buffaloes from The American Plains
Sandburg emphasizes the inexorable passage of time and the changes it brings.
The buffaloes, once a prominent feature of the landscape, have disappeared, as
have the people who witnessed their presence.
The poem relies heavily on repetition to drive home its themes. The phrase "The
buffaloes are gone" bookends the poem, creating a somber and reflective tone.
The repetition of "those who saw the buffaloes are gone" reinforces the
connection between the natural world and human memory.
10
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
Buffalo Dusk by Carl Sandburg
●
●
●
●
●
"Buffalo Dusk" by Carl Sandburg is a poignant and evocative poem that captures
the sense of loss and the passage of time through the imagery of buffaloes and
the people who once witnessed them.
Setting: the American West, where buffalo herds once roamed in vast numbers
Theme: Nostalgia, mourning for a lost era. Extinction with the disappearance of
the buffaloes from The American Plains.
Sandburg emphasizes the inexorable passage of time and the changes it brings.
The buffaloes, once a prominent feature of the landscape, have disappeared, as
have the people who witnessed their presence.
The poem relies heavily on repetition to drive home its themes. The phrase "The
buffaloes are gone" bookends the poem, creating a somber and reflective tone.
The repetition of "those who saw the buffaloes are gone" reinforces the
connection between the natural world and human memory.
11
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
“My Castle in Spain” by John Milton Hay (1871)
●
●
●
●
●
"My Castle in Spain" by John Milton Hay is a romantic and evocative poem that
expresses an idealized vision of love and aspiration.
Themes: longing, hope, and the pursuit of an unattainable dream.
The castle in Spain as a metaphor, represents an idealized and perfect vision of
love. It is a place of beauty, treasure, and enchantment, symbolizing the poet’s
ultimate aspiration.
The lady who dwells in the castle is the focal point of the poet’s longing. She is
described with reverence and admiration, embodying purity, grace, and
unattainable beauty.
The poem describes the castle's treasures, such as the spoils of Eastern looms
and Phidian stone statues. The mention of immortal singers and their songs
lingering like fragrant memories adds to the sense of timeless beauty and
artistic excellence within the castle.
12
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
“My Castle in Spain” by John Milton Hay (1871)
● Despite the vividness of the poet’s vision, the castle and the lady remain
unattainable. This unattainability underscores the theme of an ideal that can
inspire and motivate but can never be fully realized.
● The poet holds onto hope that through toil, forgetting, and learning, he will
one day reach the castle and the lady. This hope reflects a belief in the
possibility of achieving one's dreams through perseverance and dedication.
● Phrases like "crowning the gentle slope / Of a hill by the Xenil's shore" and
"Her face so pure and fair / Sheds light in the shady places" evoke a sense of
serene and ethereal beauty.
● The poet’s emotional connection to the vision of the castle and the lady is
palpable, adding depth to the poem. The line "The pearl I would die to gain; /
For there does my lady dwell" encapsulates the intensity of the poet's
longing.
13
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
John Milton Hay (1838-1905)
●
●
●
●
●
A significant American statesman, diplomat, author, and poet.
Mr. Hay is perhaps best known for his role as the private secretary to President
Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.
Hay’s most significant political role came later when he served as U.S. Secretary of
State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt (1898-1905).
He was instrumental in several major policies and events: formulating Open Door
Policy with China. He negotiated the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty and the
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which facilitated the construction of the Panama Canal, a
critical development in global trade and military strategy.
Notable Works: "Pike County Ballads" (1871): A collection of poems that reflect the
vernacular and themes of the American Midwest. "Castilian Days" (1871): A series of
essays based on his experiences in Spain. "Abraham Lincoln: A History" (1890):
Co-authored with John Nicolay, this comprehensive biography of Lincoln remains an
essential source for understanding the 16th President and the Civil War era.
14
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘At the Tomb of Napoleon’ by Robert G.Ingersoll
●
●
Robert G. Ingersoll's excerpt from "The Liberty of Man, Woman, and Child" is a powerful
reflection on the life and legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Ingersoll uses vivid imagery
and compelling narrative to contrast the grandeur and achievements of Napoleon with
the profound human cost of his ambitions.
Settings: Magnificent Tomb, Recounting Napoleon’s key military and political
successes.
●
‘At the Tomb of Napoleon’: a profound critique of the pursuit of power and glory at the
expense of human values and happiness.
●
Through vivid imagery and thoughtful juxtaposition, Ingersoll underscores the
importance of love, peace, and simple joys over the fleeting nature of ambition and
conquest.
●
This passage serves as a timeless reminder of the enduring value of humanity over the
ephemeral nature of power.
15
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘At the Tomb of Napoleon’ by Robert G.Ingersoll
The Grandeur of Napoleon's Achievements
❖
❖
Magnificent Tomb: Ingersoll begins by describing Napoleon's tomb with grandiosity—"a
magnificent tomb of gilt and gold" and a "sarcophagus of rare and nameless marble." This sets the
stage for the reflection on Napoleon's larger-than-life persona and achievements.
Career Highlights: a rapid yet vivid recounting of Napoleon's key military and political milestones:
➢ Early Struggles: From contemplating suicide by the Seine to his early military successes at
Toulon.
➢ Rise to Power: His suppression of the Paris mob, the triumph in Italy, and crossing the
bridge at Lodi.
➢ Military Campaigns: Iconic moments like the Egyptian campaign, the conquest of the Alps,
and victories at Marengo, Ulm, and Austerlitz.
➢ Downfall and Exile: His disastrous Russian campaign, defeat at Leipsic, exile to Elba, brief
return to power, and ultimate defeat at Waterloo.
➢ Final Exile: His somber end on St. Helena, symbolizing the ultimate decline from power and
glory.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘At the Tomb of Napoleon’ by Robert G.Ingersoll
Human Cost and Moral Reflection
●
●
●
Orphans and Widows: Ingersoll reflects on the human suffering caused by
Napoleon's wars, emphasizing the orphans and widows left in the wake of his military
campaigns.
Lost Love: The mention of "the only woman who ever loved him, pushed from his heart
by the cold hand of ambition" adds a personal dimension to the critique of Napoleon’s
relentless pursuit of power.
Contrast with Simple Life: Ingersoll contrasts Napoleon's tumultuous and destructive
life with the peaceful, humble life of a French peasant:
● Simple Pleasures: The imagery of living in a hut with a vine growing over the
door, grapes ripening in the autumn sun, and a loving family highlights the
simple yet profound joys of a modest life.
● Moral Superiority: Ingersoll suggests that a life of simple happiness and love is
morally superior to a life marked by ambition, force, and violence
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘At the Tomb of Napoleon’ by Robert G.Ingersoll
Philosophical Reflection
● Imperial Force vs. Human Values: The passage ultimately
critiques the imperial and militaristic values embodied by
Napoleon. Ingersoll elevates humanistic values—peace, love, and
familial bonds—over the pursuit of glory and power.
● Mortality and Legacy: By stating he would rather "have gone down
to the tongueless silence of the dreamless dust" as a humble
peasant than as "Napoleon the Great," Ingersoll underscores the
ephemeral nature of power and the enduring value of love and
kindness.
18
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘At the Tomb of Napoleon’ by Robert G.Ingersoll
Literary Devices
●
●
●
●
Imagery: Ingersoll's use of vivid imagery, from the description of the tomb to the
detailed recounting of battles and the serene depiction of peasant life, creates a
powerful visual and emotional impact.
Juxtaposition: The stark contrast between the opulence and turmoil of
Napoleon's life and the simplicity and peace of the peasant's life serves to
highlight Ingersoll's moral argument.
Anaphora: The repeated use of "I saw him" emphasizes the breadth of
Napoleon's life experiences and the cumulative impact of his actions.
Personal Reflection: The shift from historical recounting to personal reflection in
the latter part of the passage makes Ingersoll's critique more poignant and
relatable.
19
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
Robert G.Ingersoll (1833-1899)
●
●
●
●
Robert G. Ingersoll (1833-1899) was a prominent American
lawyer, orator, and political leader known for his advocacy of
agnosticism, humanism, and free thought.
Often referred to as "The Great Agnostic" due to his
outspoken criticism of organized religion and his promotion
of secularism and rationalism.
Ingersoll is best remembered for his public speaking and
writings that challenged religious orthodoxy and promoted
secular humanism.
Most notable speeches: "The Gods" (1872), "Some Mistakes
of Moses" (1879), and "Why I Am an Agnostic" (1896). These
works critiqued religious dogma and emphasized the
importance of reason, science, and human rights
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
Wislawa Szymborska (1923-2012)
●
●
●
●
●
Wisława Szymborska was a celebrated Polish poet, essayist, and
translator, renowned for her insightful, often poignant exploration of
human existence, politics, and the natural world.
She received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1996, recognizing her
as one of the most important literary figures of the 20th century.
In awarding the prize, the Academy praised her “poetry that with
ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to
light in fragments of human reality.”
Collections of her poems that have been translated into English
include People on a Bridge (1990), View with a Grain of Sand:
Selected Poems (1995), Miracle Fair (2001), and Monologue of a
Dog (2005).
Her poetry examines domestic details and occasions, playing these
against the backdrop of history. In the poem “The End and the
Beginning,” Szymborska writes, “After every war / someone’s got to
tidy up.”
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘A Photograph From September 11’ by Wislawa Szymborska (2005)
●
●
●
●
●
"Photograph from September 11" by Wisława Szymborska, translated by Clare
Cavanagh, is a poignant and haunting reflection on the tragic events of September
11, 2001.
Focus on the individuals who were forced to jump from the burning towers of the
World Trade Center.
The poem captures the moment with a deep sense of empathy and respect,
avoiding any sensationalism or unnecessary dramatization.
Szymborska emphasizes the individuality of each person, noting that "each is still
complete, with a particular face and blood well hidden." This acknowledgment of
their unique identities underscores the personal loss and the human tragedy behind
the statistics and images.
The mention of "hair to come loose, for keys and coins to fall from pockets" brings a
touch of the mundane into the horrifying scenario, reminding us of the everyday
lives that were abruptly and violently interrupted.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘A Photograph From September 11’
Literary Devices
● Imagery: The vivid imagery in the poem captures
the moment of the fall, the personal belongings
falling, and the individuals' suspended state.
● Enjambment: The use of enjambment throughout
the poem mirrors the continuous fall, the
uninterrupted and inexorable descent.
● Tone: The tone is somber and respectful,
reflecting the gravity of the event and the poet's
empathy for the victims.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
A Brief History of Toa Payoh by Koh Buck Song (1992)
●
●
●
●
●
Koh Buck Song is a prominent Singaporean writer, poet, and country brand
advisor.
He is a prolific writer, having authored and edited more than 40 books,
including nine collections of poetry and haiga art (a Japanese art form
that combines haiku poems with ink sketches). He is also a consultant in
branding, communications strategy, and corporate social responsibility.
Koh Buck Song is a significant figure in Singaporean literature and culture.
His work has helped to shape the country's identity and to promote
understanding between Singapore and other countries.
"A Brief History of Toa Payoh" is a reflective poem that delves into the
transformation and significance of Toa Payoh, a residential town in
Singapore.
The poem captures the rapid changes and modernization that have
shaped the area, while also lamenting the loss of its historical and cultural
essence.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘A Brief History of Toa Payoh’- Analysis and Themes (1)
Modernization and Change
●
●
Rapid Development: The poem emphasizes the swift pace of development in Toa Payoh, illustrating
how the town has evolved from a "brave new world" of public housing (referred to as "giant
pigeonholes") to a modern urban area.
Loss of History: The poet laments that despite Toa Payoh's early significance and pioneering role in
Singapore's urban planning, its historical importance is often overlooked. The line "there is no history
made in Toa Payoh" reflects a sentiment that economic and political developments overshadow the
town's cultural and historical narratives.
Urban Identity and Legacy
●
●
Early Significance: Toa Payoh is depicted as a trailblazer, a "pioneer in its time," contributing
significantly to Singapore's urban landscape. The reference to the SEAP Games, the first of its kind held
in the town, highlights its role in Singapore's sporting history.
Community and Self-Sufficiency: The poem nostalgically recalls the self-sufficiency and pride of Toa
Payoh's early residents, mentioning landmarks such as the town center, bus terminal, and the
emporium. These were integral parts of the community's daily life.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘A Brief History of Toa Payoh’- Analysis and Themes (1)
Personal and Collective Memory
●
●
Generational Shift: There is a poignant reflection on how the children of Toa Payoh's original
settlers have moved on to new towns like Woodlands and Pasir Ris. This shift underscores the
transient nature of urban living and the continuous cycle of development and relocation.
Destruction and Renewal: The imagery of "cranes and the wrecker’s ball" signifies the ongoing
redevelopment that strips away the old town's familiar structures. This renewal process, while
necessary for progress, often leads to a loss of historical and sentimental value.
Reflection on Progress
●
●
Historical Perspective: The poet calls for a recognition of Toa Payoh's place in history, similar to
the respect given to other historical sites like Sentosa's museum. This suggests a need to
balance modernization with preserving the legacy of early developments.
Swift Rebirth: The poem concludes with a reflection on the fleeting nature of growth and rebirth
in Singapore's rapidly changing landscape. The rebirth of areas like Toa Payoh often happens so
quickly that their historical contributions are not adequately acknowledged.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘A Brief History of Toa Payoh’- Literary Devices
● Imagery: Vivid descriptions such as "amniotic fluids, swamp and
swill" and "giant pigeonholes sky looking" paint a detailed picture of
Toa Payoh's transformation.
● Metaphor: The comparison of modernization to "labour pains" and
the "wrecker’s ball" as colonizers evoke the harsh but necessary
changes brought by urban development.
● Alliteration: The use of phrases like "swamp and swill" and "strip the
old town" adds a rhythmic quality to the poem, enhancing its lyrical
nature.
● Nostalgia: The poet's nostalgic tone highlights the emotional
connection to Toa Payoh's past, evoking a sense of loss and longing
for the simpler, self-sufficient days of the town.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘This Is a Photograph of Me’- Margaret Atwood (1964)
●
●
●
●
●
Margaret Atwood (1939-) is a renowned Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic,
essayist, and environmental activist. She has made significant contributions to
contemporary literature and is widely recognized for her feminist and dystopian
themes.
She is the author of over fifteen books of poetry. Among her novels are The
Testaments (Nan A. Talese, 2019), winner of the Booker Prize; The Blind
Assassin (Doubleday, 2000), which won the Booker Prize and the Dashiell
Hammett Prize; and The Handmaid's Tale (Houghton Mifflin, 1985), winner of
the Los Angeles Times Book Award and the Arthur C. Clarke Award.
"This is a Photograph of Me" is a poem by Margaret Atwood that appears in her
1964 collection, "The Circle Game".
The poem uses the extended metaphor of a faded, damaged photograph to
depict a woman who has drowned.
The poem creates a haunting image of loss and the struggle for recognition
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘This Is a Photograph of Me’- Margaret Atwood (1964)
●
●
●
●
●
Margaret Atwood (1939-) is a renowned Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic,
essayist, and environmental activist. She has made significant contributions to
contemporary literature and is widely recognized for her feminist and dystopian
themes.
She is the author of over fifteen books of poetry. Among her novels are The
Testaments (Nan A. Talese, 2019), winner of the Booker Prize; The Blind
Assassin (Doubleday, 2000), which won the Booker Prize and the Dashiell
Hammett Prize; and The Handmaid's Tale (Houghton Mifflin, 1985), winner of
the Los Angeles Times Book Award and the Arthur C. Clarke Award.
"This is a Photograph of Me" is a poem by Margaret Atwood that appears in her
1964 collection, "The Circle Game".
The poem uses the extended metaphor of a faded, damaged photograph to
depict a woman who has drowned.
The poem creates a haunting image of loss and the struggle for recognition
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘This Is a Photograph of Me’- Analysis
●
Form and Structure: The poem is written in free verse, which allows Atwood to create a
conversational tone. The lack of a rigid structure mirrors the blurred and indistinct nature of the
photograph described in the poem.
●
Imagery and Description: At the outset, the photograph is described as a "smeared / print: blurred
lines and grey flecks / blended with the paper." This vague and indistinct description sets the stage for
the reader's journey from surface-level perception to a deeper understanding.
●
The Setting: As the poem progresses, Atwood provides more details about the photograph's setting:
a tree branch, a small frame house, a lake, and low hills in the background. These elements create a
tranquil, almost mundane scene that contrasts sharply with the revelation that follows.
●
The Twist: The turning point in the poem comes with the line: "The photograph was taken / the day
after I drowned." This shocking revelation shifts the reader's perspective and prompts a reevaluation
of the entire scene. The speaker's presence in the lake, "just under the surface," introduces a sense of
unease and mystery.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘This Is a Photograph of Me’- Themes
1.
2.
3.
Perception and Reality: The poem explores the idea that initial appearances can be
deceptive. The photograph, initially seen as a simple landscape, conceals a darker
truth beneath the surface. This theme is reinforced by the speaker's statement that "if
you look long enough, / eventually / you will be able to see me." It suggests that deeper
truths require sustained attention and effort to uncover.
Invisibility and Presence: The speaker's presence in the photograph is hidden yet
omnipresent. This can be interpreted as a metaphor for the ways in which women's
experiences and identities are often overlooked or rendered invisible. The lake distorts
the speaker's image, symbolizing how societal perceptions can obscure the reality of
women's lives.
Memory and Loss: The poem also touches on themes of memory and loss. The
photograph, a moment frozen in time, captures a scene that is both ordinary and
tragic. The speaker's death by drowning adds a layer of melancholy and reflects on the
permanence of loss.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘This Is a Photograph of Me’- Literary Devices
●
●
●
●
●
Imagery: Atwood uses vivid and evocative imagery throughout the poem to paint a picture of the
photograph described. Images such as "blurred lines and grey flecks," "a thing that is like a branch,"
"a small frame house," and "a lake, and beyond that, some low hills" help to create a sense of place
and set the scene for the poem's revelations.
Metaphor: The poem uses metaphor to convey deeper meanings and emotions. The photograph
itself serves as a metaphor for the speaker's existence and the hidden truths about her life and
death. The distortion caused by the water serves as a metaphor for how societal perceptions can
obscure reality.
Personification: Atwood personifies the photograph, describing it as if it were a living entity. For
example, the photograph "seems to be / a smeared print" and "blurred lines and grey flecks /
blended with the paper." This personification adds to the sense of mystery and unease
surrounding the image.
Symbolism: Several elements in the poem carry symbolic significance. The tree branch, the small
frame house, the lake, and the hills all represent aspects of the speaker's life and death. For
example, the lake symbolizes both the speaker's drowning and the hidden depths of her identity.
Irony: The poem employs irony to create a sense of contrast between appearance and reality. The
tranquil scene described in the photograph belies the tragic truth of the speaker's death.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘The Czar's Last Christmas Letter'-Norman Dubie (1977)
This poem by Norman Dubie takes the form of a letter written by Nicholas II, the last Czar of Russia, to his mother,
Maria Fyodorovna. It's a dramatic monologue that reveals the inner thoughts and emotions of the dethroned leader
during his imprisonment in 1917-1918.
Setting and Context:
●
●
The poem is set in a barn in the Urals, where Nicholas II is being held captive after abdicating the throne.
It takes place around Christmas time, creating a poignant contrast between the traditional celebration and the
Czar's bleak situation.
Structure and Language:
●
●
The poem is written in free verse, with no set rhyme scheme or meter. This reflects the chaos and uncertainty of
the Czar's situation.
The language is simple and direct, capturing Nicholas' internal monologue in a way that feels personal and raw.
Overall Impact:
●
The poem offers a humanizing glimpse into the experience of a deposed leader. It explores themes of loss,
regret, and the fragility of power.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘The Czar's Last Christmas Letter' - THEMES
●
Loss and Regret: The Czar reflects on the loss of his power and his past life. He
regrets decisions like going to war with Japan, which led to the loss of a loyal
servant.
●
Isolation and Fear: The poem portrays the isolation and fear Nicholas feels in
captivity. He worries about the fate of his family and wonders if their letters are
being intercepted.
●
Unexpected Comfort: Despite the hardship, Nicholas finds a strange comfort in
his dethronement. He is free from the burden of ruling.
●
Shifting Power Dynamics: The poem hints at the changing power dynamics.
Nicholas describes a young soldier, possibly a guard, who poses for his daughter
and seems intimidated by the former Czar.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘The Czar's Last Christmas Letter' - ANALYSIS
Imagery and Symbolism:
❖
❖
❖
Dubie employs vivid imagery and symbolism throughout the poem to evoke a sense of
place and atmosphere.
Key images include the Christmas recital, the sound of wind passing through winter pines,
the sight of bread frying and legs being washed, and the image of decreasing fractions.
Each image carries layers of meaning, serving as a metaphor for the narrator's inner turmoil
and the broader historical context in which the poem is set.
Irony and Contrast:
❖
❖
The poem is marked by a subtle sense of irony, particularly in the contrast between the
opulence of the Czarist court and the humble surroundings of the barn where the family
now resides.
This irony underscores the theme of transition and transformation, as well as the fragility of
power and status.
OLD HISTORY IN A NEW BOTTLES- WSC2024
‘The Czar's Last Christmas Letter' - ANALYSIS
Characterization and Voice:
●
●
Through the characters of the Czar, Alexandra, and Illya, Dubie paints a nuanced portrait of
a family struggling to cope with the aftermath of political upheaval and personal tragedy.
The Czar's reflections on his identity and his newfound sense of resignation and
contentment are particularly poignant, highlighting the emotional toll of loss and
uncertainty.
Allusion and Historical Context:
●
●
●
The poem contains several references to historical events and figures, such as the war with
Japan and the Czarist regime.
These allusions provide context for the narrative and deepen the reader's understanding of
the characters' experiences and motivations.
The character of the Czar reflects on his former life and the loss of his power and status,
while also grappling with the personal tragedies that have befallen his family.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850)
●
●
●
●
An English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English
literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).
One of the greatest poets of the Romantic era.
Wordsworth's poetry is known for its focus on nature,
imagination, and the human condition. He was a master of
the lyric poem, and his work is full of vivid imagery,
emotional depth, and philosophical insight.
Wordsworth's most famous poems: "I Wandered Lonely
as a Cloud" (also known as "Daffodils"); "Tintern Abbey";
"Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of
Early Childhood"; "Resolution and Independence";
"Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,
1802"; "My Heart Leaps Up"; "The Prelude"
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud - William Wordsworth
●
●
●
●
●
Published in 1807 in Poems, in Two Volumes, and as a
revision in 1815
Based on one of Wordsworth's own walks in the
countryside of England's Lake District. During this walk,
he and his sister Dorothy encountered a long strip of
daffodils.
One of Wordsworth's most famous and beloved poems. It
is a beautiful and moving celebration of the natural world.
FOUR stanzas. The 1st stanza introduces the speaker,
who is wandering alone like a cloud. In the 2nd stanza,
the speaker comes across a host of golden daffodils. The
3rd stanza describes the daffodils in more detail, noting
their beauty and number. The 4th stanza expresses the
speaker's emotional response to the daffodils.
Full of sensory details, which help the reader to
experience the beauty of the daffodils firsthand.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud - LITERARY DEVICES
● Imagery: Wordsworth uses vivid imagery to describe
the daffodils, such as "golden daffodils", "fluttering
and dancing in the breeze", "ten thousand saw I at a
glance", and "continuous as the stars that shine".
● Simile: Wordsworth uses similes to compare the
speaker to a cloud and the daffodils to stars. This
helps to create a sense of connection between the
speaker and the natural world.
● Personification: Wordsworth personifies the daffodils
in the fourth stanza, giving them the ability to dance
and fill the speaker's heart with pleasure. This helps
to create a sense of intimacy and wonder.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY (1792 - 1822)
● An English Romantic poet who, along with Lord
Byron and John Keats, is considered one of the
second generation of Romantic poets.
● Shelley was a radical in both his poetry and his
political and social views.
● Shelley's poetry is characterized by its beauty, its
passion, and its idealism. He wrote about a wide
range of subjects, including love, nature, politics,
and the human condition
● The most famous poems: "Ode to the West
Wind", "To a Skylark", "Ozymandias", "Adonais",
"Prometheus Unbound", "The Masque of
Anarchy", "A Defence of Poetry"
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
TO A SKYLARK - PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY
●
●
●
●
●
"To a Skylark" is one of the most famous works by the English Romantic poet Percy
Bysshe Shelley. It expresses deep admiration for the skylark, a small bird known for its
powerful and beautiful song. Shelley uses the skylark as a symbol of poetic inspiration and
unbounded joy.
21 stanzas, each composed of five lines. The rhyme scheme follows ABABB. The
consistent structure and rhythmic flow mirror the continuous and harmonious song of the
skylark.
The tone: admiring and contemplative. Shelley’s admiration for the skylark’s beauty and joy
is evident, yet there is also a contemplative undertone as he reflects on the differences
between the skylark’s existence and human life. The mood is a mixture of awe, longing,
and introspective melancholy
The skylark symbolizes pure, untainted joy and artistic inspiration. It represents an ideal
that humanity strives for but rarely achieves—a state of perfect harmony and bliss.
The skylark's flight and song symbolize transcendence and the creative process. The bird’s
ability to soar and sing without inhibition reflects the ideal of artistic and spiritual freedom.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
TO A SKYLARK - LITERARY DEVICES
● Imagery: Shelley uses vivid imagery to describe the
skylark and its song, such as "blithe spirit",
"unpremeditated art", "vernal showers", and "golden
lightning of the setting sun".
● Simile: Shelley uses similes to compare the skylark to a
cloud, a star, a poet, a lover, and a priest. This helps to
create a sense of wonder and awe around the skylark.
● Metaphor: Shelley uses metaphors to compare the
skylark's song to the music of the spheres and the voice
of the Eternal. This helps to elevate the skylark to a
symbolic level, representing the beauty and harmony of
the universe.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
JOHN KEATS (1795- 1815)
● Born in London 1795, Died in 1815 due to
tuberculosis
● Second generation of Romantic Poets,
along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe
Shelley
● Keats's poetry is known for its vivid imagery,
sensuous appeal, and exploration of themes
such as beauty, love, death, and the
imagination
● Some of his most famous poems include
"Ode to a Nightingale", "Ode on a Grecian
Urn", and "La Belle Dame sans Merci".
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
TO AUTUMN - JOHN KEATS (1819)
●
●
●
●
●
"To Autumn" is written in three stanzas, each consisting of
eleven lines. The poem’s structure mirrors the progression of
autumn from early ripeness to the eventual onset of winter.
The poem is an ode to the season of autumn,
Keats celebrates the abundance of autumn, detailing the
ripening of fruits, the swelling of gourds, and the blooming of
late flowers. This theme highlights the season's role as a time of
harvest and fulfillment.
The poem subtly acknowledges the passage of time and the
cycle of seasons. While autumn is depicted at its peak, there is
an underlying awareness of the impending winter, symbolizing
the transient nature of life.
Keats's language is lush and evocative, appealing to the senses.
The imagery of sights, sounds, and textures creates a vivid and
immersive experience, capturing the essence of autumn.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
TO AUTUMN - JOHN KEATS (1819)
●
●
●
First Stanza: Focuses on the abundance and ripeness of
autumn. Keats describes how the season works with the sun
to produce a rich harvest, filling the landscape with mature
fruits and late flowers.
Second Stanza: Depicts the personified autumn amid the
harvest. Autumn is seen in various scenes: sitting on a
granary floor, sleeping on a half-reaped furrow, and watching
over the cider-press. This stanza emphasizes the labor and
repose associated with the season.
Third Stanza: Shifts to the sounds of autumn, contrasting
them with the songs of spring. Keats describes the evening
setting in, with gnats mourning, lambs bleating, crickets
singing, and swallows gathering. This stanza reflects the
transition and the unique beauty of autumn’s music.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
TO AUTUMN - Literary Devices
● Imagery: Keats uses vivid imagery to describe the beauty of
autumn, such as "mists and mellow fruitfulness", "close
bosom-friend of the maturing sun", and "the redbreast whistles
from a garden-croft".
● Personification: Keats personifies autumn in the second stanza,
giving it human qualities such as "patient look" and "thou
watchest". This helps to create a sense of intimacy and connection
between the speaker and the season.
● Alliteration: Keats uses alliteration throughout the poem to create
a sense of rhythm and flow. For example, in the first stanza, he
uses the alliterative phrases "mists and mellow fruitfulness" and
"close bosom-friend".
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
POEM IN OCTOBER - DYLAN THOMAS
1.
2.
3.
"Poem in October", free-verse, is a well-known work by Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, written
in 1944.
The poem is a reflective piece celebrating Thomas's 30th birthday, encapsulating his love
for nature, childhood memories, and the passage of time.
The tone of the poem shifts from nostalgic and reflective to joyful and celebratory. This
blend creates a rich emotional tapestry that mirrors the complexities of human
experience, particularly in relation to aging and memory
Symbolism
●
●
●
Hill: The hill symbolizes the journey of life, with its ups and downs, and the perspective
gained as one ages.
Birds and Nature: Birds, particularly the heron, and elements of nature symbolize
freedom and the continuity of life amidst change.
Sea: The sea often represents eternity and the subconscious in literature, reflecting the
depth of Thomas’s thoughts and memories.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
POEM IN OCTOBER - THEMES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nature and its Beauty: Thomas vividly describes the natural surroundings of
his hometown, Swansea, as he takes a walk up a hill on his birthday. The
imagery is rich and colorful, capturing the essence of October with its morning
birds, mists, and the sea.
Childhood and Memory: The poem juxtaposes the present with memories of
Thomas’s childhood. As he climbs the hill, he reflects on the innocence and joy
of his younger days, creating a poignant contrast between past and present.
Passage of Time: The poem is infused with a sense of nostalgia, highlighting
the inevitable passage of time. Thomas's reflections on his birthday serve as a
reminder of aging and the fleeting nature of life.
Renewal and Celebration: Despite the melancholic undertones, there is a
celebratory aspect to the poem. Thomas finds solace and renewal in nature,
marking his birthday with a sense of joy and appreciation for the beauty around
him.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
JOYCE KILMER (1886 -1918)
● An American poet and journalist.
● Kilmer's poetry is known for its simplicity, sincerity,
and love of nature. His poems often celebrate the
beauty of the everyday world and the simple
pleasures of life. Kilmer's poetry has been praised
by critics for its emotional honesty and its ability to
evoke a sense of nostalgia and longing.
● Main Street: published in 1917 collection Main
Street and Other Poems. The poem is a
celebration of the ordinary street, and the people
who live and work on it.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
MAIN STREET - JOYCE KILMER
Analysis: The poem represents a nostalgic viewpoint describing a small-town
street which contrasts with the impersonal view of city streets. Rather than
focusing on his nature poetry, he poem highlights how human, comforting, and
communal familiar places are.
Small-town Street: The small-town street is referenced as the Main Street in the
title. The poem describes Main Street through various seasons, using imagery to
display charm, and how familiar it feels. Through this the theme of personal
connections and community show that everyone is recognized and appreciated.
City Street: The city street is described as busy and impersonal, full of traffic and
noise, where there is no human connection/interaction.
Overall theme: The modern world values mechanization and urbanization over
human interaction.
https://allpoetry.com/Main-Street
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
MAIN STREET - JOYCE KILMER
I like to look at the blossomy track of the moon upon the sea,
But it isn't half so fine a sight as Main Street used to be
When it all was covered over with a couple of feet of snow,
And over the crisp and radiant road the ringing sleighs would go.
Describing
seasons of snow,
autumn, spring,
are used to
describe the
beauty.
Now, Main Street bordered with autumn leaves, it was a pleasant thing,
The use of the
And its gutters were gay with dandelions early in the Spring;
word “humaner” to
show familiarity
I like to think of it white with frost or dusty in the heat,
from the street.
Because I think it is humaner than any other street.
https://allpoetry.com/Main-Street
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
MAIN STREET - JOYCE KILMER
The personification
of city street as
being
A city street that is busy and wide is ground by a thousand wheels,
overwhelmed by
And a burden of traffic on its breast is all it ever feels:
traffic and the
hustle of the city.
It is dully conscious of weight and speed and of work that never ends,
Concluding that
the city has no
But it cannot be human like Main Street, and recognise its friends.
humanity,
compared to Main
Street.
There were only about a hundred teams on Main Street in a day,
And twenty or thirty people, I guess, and some children out to play.
And there wasn't a wagon or buggy, or a man or a girl or a boy
That Main Street didn't remember, and somehow seem to enjoy.
https://allpoetry.com/Main-Street
Showing the
communal themes
of Main Street,
using the past
tense to show
nostalgia.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
MAIN STREET - Literary Devices
● Imagery: Kilmer uses vivid imagery to describe Main Street and the people
who live and work on it. For example, he describes the street as being
"bordered with autumn leaves" and "gay with dandelions early in the Spring".
Describes the butcher's cart as making "music on the cobblestones".
● Personification: Kilmer personifies Main Street in the third stanza, giving it
the ability to "remember" and "enjoy". Create a sense of intimacy and
connection between the speaker and the street.
● Symbolism: Kilmer uses Main Street as a symbol of the ordinary and the
everyday. He suggests that Main Street is a more humane place than the big
cities, because it is a place where people know each other and care about
each other. It is a celebration of the people and places that make up our
communities.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Wu Sheng (1944 - Present)
● A taiwanese poet, activist, environmentalist, and
farmer.
● Still lives in his hometown in rural Taiwan, farming,
planting, and writing about his love for nature after
turning away many chances to go to the United
States.
● His poems convey deep love for the environment,
and he strongly believes in keeping the
environment you’re born in pristine. He is an
environmental activist as well.
● His poems are simple with personal and emotional
tones
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Writing a Poem Is All I Can Do For You - Wu Sheng
Structure and Form: The poem is written in free verse, common in
contemporary poetry which gives the poet freedom to express their
emotions.
Analysis: The writer shows the awareness towards the limitation of
poetry to their main cause, which is preserving the environment. They
acknowledge that writing the poem is the only thing they can do towards
advocating for environmental safety in future generations.
In this sense, “You” are the future generations who will suffer for not
being able to see the thriving environment, and the author is saying
writing the poem is their way of trying to preserve the beauty of the
environment.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Writing a Poem is All I Can Do For You - Literary Devices
Here is where river and sea
Meet in loving-kindness
Fiddler crabs, New Guinea mudskippers, far-eastern curlews,
corn crakes
The wetlands stage where dazzling performances unfold
Home where the egret plucks out its food
The white dolphin's near-shore corridor
On this land, generations of farmers and fishermen
Have wiped away their sweat and enjoyed the cool breeze
Greeting the tides! Ebbing and flowing
History forms on the mudflats
Transient and mesmerizing ripples
Rhetorical Device of
Imagery to describe the
environment around,
depicting its beauty.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Writing a Poem is All I Can Do For You - Literary Devices
The openness permits us a far-off gaze
Enough for us to set our hearts free
To feel the insignificance of life
And the insignificance of interests
Will future generations on this island have
The chance to experience?
A petrochemical plant known as Kuokuang
Is pressuring the anxious and aggrieved west coast
The last remaining mudflats and wetlands
A banner known as 'construction' flutters shamelessly
Against the seaport wind
With the pressure of imminent development, it looks like
The coastline will soon be closed, shutting off our view
The pristine view replaced with smokestacks, oil spills,
and dust filling the sky
More imagery to show the
destruction that will
happen towards the
environment that future
generations can not
experience.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Writing a Poem is All I Can Do For You - Literary Devices
How should we report
The environmental impact
Assessment?
Describing how the poem is not a
weapon that can attack those people
against the environment, and is only
able to call attention to it.
And all I can do is write a poem
How I wish my verses
Could be smelted into bullets
Sited into insatiable brains
Or forged into blades
To pierce the expanding breasts of greed
But that's not possible. All I can do is bear it
Writing a sad and useless poem
Swallowing unrivaled worry and sadness
My verses are not bullets or blades
They frighten no one
Nor know to whom they should kowtow
They can only fill syllables and lines
with tears
One recited after another
One after another, shouting to Heaven
and Earth
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Czeslaw Milosz
● A respected figure in Polish literature, and
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
● He was born in Lithuania because his
parents had to escape their native country,
Poland, because of political uprisings. As an
adult he left Poland due to Communism
after WWII and emigrated to the United
States.
● Due to living through many upheavals.
Many MIlosz poems concern loss,
destruction, and despair/
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A Song on the End of the World - 1944
● Themes: human resilience and the cyclical nature of life even in the
face of immense suffering.
● Settings: written in Warsaw, Poland, in 1944, during the height of
World War II. The city was under Nazi occupation, and the war had
caused immense destruction and loss of life.
● Imagery: The poem illustrates everyday activities—bees circling
clover, fishermen mending nets, and women walking with
umbrellas—while emphasizing the continuity of life even as the world
ends.
● The poem suggests that the end may come without the dramatic
signs typically expected, unnoticed amidst normalcy.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A Song on the End of the World - 1944
Analysis: The poem takes a paradoxical view of the
apocalypse as coming on an ordinary and beautiful day. It
describes a cataclysm, often associated with tragic and
horrible events, happening on a completely ordinary day.
Structure: The poem is in free verse. The use of the word
“song” in the title serves as a paradox because the poem
lacks rhyme, meaning that even though the title mentions a
song, the poem isn’t really in song form. This advances
Milosz purpose of showing the paradox cataclysm.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A Song on the End of the World - 1944
A prophetic old man declares the finality of this moment, emphasizing the
permanence of this world's end. His words: "There will be no other end of the
world," can be interpreted in various ways:
● As a denial of the impending catastrophe.
● As a recognition of the cyclical nature of life, where endings are always
followed by new beginnings.
● As a focus on living in the present moment and appreciating the small
joys of life, even in the face of uncertainty.
Overall, "A Song on the End of the World" is a complex and haunting poem
that challenges readers to confront the realities of war and suffering while
also acknowledging the enduring power of life and the human spirit.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A Song on the End of the World
On the day the world ends
A bee circles a clover,
A fisherman mends a glimmering
net.
Happy porpoises jump in the sea,
By the rainspout young sparrows
are playing
And the snake is gold-skinned as
it should always be.
The speaker contrasts
the world ending with
beautiful use of IMAGERY
describing beauty in
nature and joy (Happy
porpoises). This
represents the contrast,
where the happy image is
different from the event
of the world ending.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A Song on the End of the World
On the day the world ends
Women walk through the fields under
their umbrellas,
The second stanza builds on
juxtaposing ordinary elements
of life verses the tragic event of
the world ending/
A drunkard grows sleepy at the edge of
a lawn,
Vegetable peddlers shout in the street
And those who expected lightning and
thunder
Are disappointed.
(…)
The speaker addresses
the paradox in the poem. Where
the events associated with the
end of the world doesn’t
happen.
THE WOULDS OF WALL STREET - WSC 2024
The biggest box stores of all—hypermarkets—were also ascendant in the
1990s, with so many Walmarts opening in small cities that economists
dubbed their impact on local communities “the Walmart effect.” Explore the
impacts that such “big retail” can have on communities, then discuss with
your team: would your neighborhood benefit from having a store like a
Walmart—or does it already? Consider the following poetic and artistic
selections, then discuss with your team: what aspects of the consumer
experience are they capturing effectively, and how would you update them in
the year 2024?
■ “A Supermarket in California” | Alan Ginsburg (1984)
THE WOULDS OF WALL STREET - WSC 2024
Alan Ginsburg (1926 - 1997)
● Allen Ginsberg was a prominent American poet,
writer, and activist who emerged as a leading figure
of the Beat Generation in the 1950s.
● Ginsberg was deeply influenced by Walt
Whitman's free verse style and expansive
themes, as well as Eastern religions like Buddhism.
● His most famous work, "Howl" (1956), is considered
a landmark poem that challenged social and literary
norms. It's a long, free-verse poem that celebrates
nonconformity, sexuality, and critiques social
injustices.
● Notable works include "Kaddish" (1961), a long
elegy for his mother, and "Planet News" (1968),
a collection of poems reflecting on the Vietnam War
and counterculture movements.
THE WOULDS OF WALL STREET - WSC 2024
“A Supermarket in California”Alan Ginsburg
● "A Supermarket in California" by Allen Ginsberg is a short,
free-verse poem published in 1956 as part of his seminal
collection "Howl and Other Poems."
● In this work, Ginsberg imagines encountering his literary idol, Walt
Whitman, in a modern supermarket.
● The poem explores themes of consumerism, the loss of
individuality, and the search for meaning in contemporary
America.
● Ginsberg contrasts the vibrant, natural world celebrated by
Whitman with the artificial, commercial environment of the
supermarket.
● The poem concludes with a sense of longing for the past and a
reflection on the alienation felt in the modern world.
THE WOULDS OF WALL STREET - WSC 2024
“A Supermarket in California”- Themes
Consumerism and Abundance: The supermarket becomes a
symbol of American consumer culture, overflowing with choices
and material possessions.
Loneliness and Yearning: Despite the abundance, the poem
hints at a sense of loneliness and a yearning for deeper
connections.
Juxtaposition of Sacred and Profane: The act of shopping takes
on a spiritual quality as Ginsberg imagines poets like Federico
García Lorca and Walt Whitman walking alongside him.
Celebration of the Mundane: The poem elevates the ordinary
experience of grocery shopping to a moment of poetic
contemplation.
THE WOULDS OF WALL STREET - WSC 2024
“A Supermarket in California”- Themes
Famous Lines:
● "What peaches and what penumbras! Whole families shopping at night!
Aisles full of husbands! Wives in the avocados, babies in the tomatoes!" This line vividly depicts the supermarket scene, emphasizing the abundance
and highlighting the families navigating the aisles.
● "And you, Garcia Lorca, what were you doing down by the watermelons?" This line introduces the surreal element of imagining another poet amidst the
ordinary, blurring the lines between reality and imagination.
Overall, "A Supermarket in California" is a fascinating poem that
uses the supermarket setting to explore deeper questions about
consumerism, human connection, and the search for meaning
in everyday life.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
To make sense of where they are now, some writers also
look towards homes they have left behind. Consider the
following selections, then discuss with your team: should
people spend less time thinking about what they’ve left behind
and more time rebuilding it?
■
■
■
■
■
“Nostalgia” | Giannina Braschi (1980)
“Elegy” | Mong-Lan (2005)
“Chicago Zen” | A. K. Ramanujan (1986)
“The Dreamy Age”| Muhammad Shanazar (2006)
“Iron Bird” | Zheng Xiaoqiong (2008)
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Giannina Braschi (1953 - Present)
● Giannina Braschi is a celebrated Puerto Rican poet, novelist,
dramatist, and scholar. She got influenced by Gertrude Stein (A Long
Dress) and others. Following are some notable works;
● Empire of Dreams (1994): A collection of her translated poems,
known for its postmodern style and exploration of themes of memory,
fragmentation, and the immigrant experience.
● Yo-Yo Boing! (1998): Credited as the first novel written entirely in
Spanglish, it tells the story of four Puerto Rican teenagers in New
York City and their struggles with identity and belonging.
● United States of Banana (2011): A sprawling and satirical novel that
critiques American imperialism and its impact on Puerto Rico.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Nostalgia - Giannina Braschi(1980)
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
A short and powerful poem that captures the bittersweet essence of nostalgia.
The poem is just two lines: "Nostalgia is a fruit with the pain of distance in its seed" This
concise form emphasizes the intensity of the emotions associated with nostalgia.
Themes: Longing for the Past: The poem highlights the yearning for a time that has
passed. The "fruit" of nostalgia represents the memories and emotions we carry from the
past.
Bittersweetness: The "pain of distance in the seed" acknowledges the inherent sadness
associated with nostalgia. We can't relive the past, and this distance creates a sense of
loss.
The Power of Memory: The poem suggests that memories, though tinged with sadness,
have the potential to nourish us like a fruit.
Braschi's metaphor compares nostalgia to a fruit. Fruits are often associated with
sweetness and pleasure. However, the "pain of distance in the seed" reminds us that
nostalgia can also be a source of sadness.
The poem invites contemplation on the nature of memory and how it shapes our present.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Nostalgia (1980)
● Rhetorical Structure: Metaphor describing Nostalgia as a fruit
● Nostalgia as a Fruit suggests nostalgia has a sweetness (fruit
is often associated with pleasantness, enjoyment, nourishment)
pointing that nostalgia brings positive feelings such as warmth,
joy, comfort.When people reminisce about the past they recall
happy memories, experiences, and moments that bring joy.
● The Pain of Distance in its pit represents the sadness and
longing in nostalgia, where the distance is the separation of
time and space to what you are remembering. Represents that
the time is gone forever.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Mong Lan
● Poet, visual artist, dancer.
● Born in Saigon, and left Vietnam in 1975
to America on the last day of city
evacuation during the Vietnam War
● She won multiple awards in art and
literature
● Received a sponsorship to return to
VIetnam and lecture on her work
● She now lives in Buenos Aires due to her
tango background as a performer and
instructor.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ELEGY- Mong-Lan (2005)
● Analysis: The poem reflects on hope, uncertainty, and passage of time.
The use of “elegy” suggests a tone of mourning (an elegy is a poem for
the dead), as if the speaker is reflecting on past losses or hardship.
● The poem explores the idea of hope arriving unexpectedly and the
desire for serendipitous moments in life, even amidst routine and chaos.
This highlights an optimistic outlook, where positive changes and
fortunate events are always possible, no matter the circumstances.
● The poem weaves together the mundane (meals) with the cosmic
(aeons), emphasizing how small, everyday moments coexist with vast,
timeless elements. This interplay suggests that meaningful experiences
and hope can be found in both the small details and the grand scale of
existence.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ELEGY- Mong-Lan (2005)
● A free-verse form, lacking a specific rhyme scheme or meter..
The short lines and conversational tone create a sense of
intimacy and vulnerability.
● "Elegy" traditionally refers to a poem lamenting death, so the title
sets a mournful tone. The question, "& what if hope crashes
through the door what if," introduces a sense of uncertainty
and a yearning for something unexpected to change the
situation.
● "that lasts a somersault?" suggests a fleeting moment of hope,
perhaps fragile and temporary. A somersault implies a brief
moment of weightlessness or escape from reality.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ELEGY- Mong-Lan (2005)
● "hope for serendipity" clarifies the desired form of hope - an
unexpected, positive turn of events.
● "even if a series of meals were all between us / even if the
aeons lined up out / of order" introduce a sense of loss and the
vastness of time.
● "A series of meals" might symbolize shared experiences or a
past relationship.
● "Aeons" refers to vast stretches of time, highlighting the
insignificance of human life spans in the grand scheme of things.
● However, "lined up out of order" suggests a disruption in the
natural flow of time due to grief.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ELEGY- Mong-Lan (2005)
● "what are years if not measured by trees" poses a question about
the true measure of time. The slow growth and enduring presence
of trees might be a more meaningful way to measure time than the
arbitrary units of years, especially when dealing with loss.
● The specific details about the loss or the relationship are left
open-ended, allowing readers to connect with the emotions based
on their own experiences.
● The poem is a poignant exploration of grief and the enduring power
of hope. The poem acknowledges the pain of loss but also leaves
a space for the possibility of unexpected moments of joy and a
new way of understanding the passage of time.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A.K. Ramanujan (1929 - 1993)
● Poet, translator, folklorist, philologist
● Born in India with poetry in both English and Kannada.
● Ramanujan was a highly respected scholar of Indian literature and
linguistics. His work focused on bridging the gap between Western
and Indian thought, emphasizing the importance of local languages
and oral traditions.
● Poems are known for its thematic and formal engage,emy with
modernist translationalism.
Some notable collections include: The Striders (1966), Second Sight (1986), The Collected Poems (1995) (posthumously awarded the
Sahitya Akademi Award)
● Ramanujan's essay, "Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?",
challenged Western notions of rationality and logic, proposing a
more context-sensitive and holistic approach to understanding
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A.K. Ramanujan (1929 - 1993)
● Poet, translator, folklorist, philologist
● Born in India with poetry in both English and Kannada.
● Ramanujan was a highly respected scholar of Indian literature and linguistics.
His work focused on bridging the gap between Western and Indian thought,
emphasizing the importance of local languages and oral traditions.
● Poems are known for its thematic and formal engage,emy with modernist
translationalism.
● Some notable collections include: The Striders (1966), Second Sight
(1986), The Collected Poems (1995) (posthumously awarded the Sahitya
Akademi Award)
● Ramanujan's essay, "Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?", challenged
Western notions of rationality and logic, proposing a more context-sensitive
and holistic approach to understanding Indian thought.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - A.K. Ramanujan
● A complex and layered poem that explores themes of illusion, the
search for meaning, and the possibility of enlightenment in
unexpected places.
● "Chicago Zen" challenges conventional notions of enlightenment.
It suggests that the path to a meaningful life is not found in exotic
experiences or grand adventures, but in finding peace and beauty
within the ordinary.
● The poem's title is a playful paradox - "Zen" being associated with
Eastern spirituality, juxtaposed with the urban setting of "Chicago."
● This reinforces the poem's core message that enlightenment can
be found anywhere, if one approaches life with the right
perspective.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - A.K. Ramanujan
● Part I: These lines offer seemingly mundane advice: tidying the house,
naming children. This creates a sense of normalcy and routine. However, it
could also be a metaphor for putting one's life in order before embarking on
a spiritual journey.
● Part II: It then describes a moment at a traffic light in Chicago that triggers
a vivid vision of natural elements like forest fires and a Himalayan river,
blending the urban and the spiritual. This also reflects how mundane
events can unexpectedly trigger profound realizations or memories.
● Everyday events such as seeing Lake Michigan or dealing with a mundane
task like removing lice from a child's hair: transport the narrator to different,
far-off places, highlighting a blend of the mundane and the mystical, and
suggesting the omnipresence of deeper truths within ordinary experiences.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - A.K. Ramanujan
Part III: "Now you know what you always knew" introduces a sense of revelation, a
realization that the search for enlightenment might be based on a misconception.
●
●
Lines 14-28: These lines offer a series of metaphors for the unreachable "country" - a
place of peace and meaning. Each metaphor (jet travel, boat ride, drugs, space travel,
circus acrobatics, guitar) represents a different path that ultimately leads nowhere.
Lines 29-34: The poem suggests the true path lies not in exotic experiences but in
facing the ordinary: answering phones, answering the call of nature. These seemingly
mundane acts take on a spiritual significance when approached with mindfulness.
Part IV: The poem concludes with a repeated warning: "Watch your step." This
emphasizes the need for caution and awareness on the spiritual journey, as there might be
unexpected dangers or illusions. The speaker warns of specific "thresholds" and the "last
step that's never there," suggesting hidden pitfalls and the possibility of failure.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - A.K. Ramanujan- Analysis
1. Contrasts Between the Ordinary and the Extraordinary: The poem
juxtaposes ordinary actions and objects with sudden, intense visions. The
traffic light turning orange, a small gesture, leads to visions of forest fires
and Himalayan rivers. This reflects how mundane events can
unexpectedly trigger profound realizations or memories.
2. Imagery of Water and Fire: throughout the poem symbolizes
transformation and cleansing. Forest fires suggest destruction and
renewal, while the Himalayan river represents a silent, powerful force. Lake
Michigan's "crawls and crawls" imply an endless, almost meditative quality.
3. Interplay Between Domestic Life and Inner Turmoil: Domestic activities,
like tidying the house and dealing with lice, alongside vast, almost cosmic
thoughts. This contrast highlights the tension between external order and
internal chaos.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - A.K. Ramanujan - Analysis
4. Search for Meaning and Home: The poem ultimately suggests that
true peace and understanding cannot be found through physical
travel or escapism ("by jet," "by boat on jungle river," etc.). Instead, it
implies that one must confront and accept everyday life and its
inherent questions ("answering ordinary black telephones, questions
walls and small children ask").
5. Philosophical Reflection: The poem reflects a Zen-like philosophy
where enlightenment comes from engaging fully with the present
moment and accepting life's ordinary aspects. The final lines
emphasize the importance of dealing with immediate, mundane
realities over seeking transcendental escapes.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - A.K. Ramanujan
Part II:
● "Watch your step" introduces a warning, suggesting that the path to
enlightenment is not without its dangers.
● The speaker describes a sudden, disorienting experience triggered by an
ordinary event (traffic light turning orange). This experience leads to a
vivid hallucination of a forest fire, a rushing river, and Lake Michigan.
○ The imagery of fire and water suggests a transformative experience,
a stripping away of illusions.
○ Drowning "eyes open" implies facing death or confronting the
reality of one's own mortality.
○ "Indies, the antipodes" suggests a longing for something distant
and unknown, a desire to escape.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - Literary Devices
● Juxtaposition: The poem creates tension by contrasting seemingly opposite
ideas. The title "Chicago Zen" itself is a juxtaposition, placing the urban and
modern ("Chicago") against the spiritual and Eastern ("Zen"). Similarly,
the poem contrasts the mundane ("tidy your house") with the extraordinary
("vision of forest fires"). This technique keeps the reader engaged and
challenges assumptions about where enlightenment might be found.
● Imagery: The poem is filled with vivid imagery that appeals to multiple
senses. We see the "red leaf against the blue" sky, feel the "rapid, silent"
river, and hear the "cracking" of a thumbnail. These images create a sense
of immediacy and help the reader connect with the speaker's experience.
● Enjambment: The poem frequently uses enjambment, where lines run over
without a pause at the end. This creates a sense of forward momentum and
reflects the speaker's continuous journey of exploration.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
CHICAGO ZEN - Literary Devices
● Metaphor: The poem uses metaphors extensively to explore the concept of
enlightenment and the search for meaning. The "country" that cannot be
reached becomes a metaphor for a state of peace or fulfillment. Each method
of travel mentioned (jet, boat, drugs, etc.) is a metaphor for a different path
that ultimately leads nowhere. This emphasizes the difficulty and complexity
of the spiritual journey.
● Symbolism: Some elements in the poem can be interpreted symbolically.
The "traffic light turning orange" could symbolize a turning point or a
moment of transition. "Lake Michigan" might represent the vastness of the
unknown or the depths of the unconscious.
● Repetition: The poem repeats the phrase "Watch your step" at key points.
This repetition serves as a warning, reminding the reader of the potential
dangers on the path to enlightenment.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Muhammad Shanazar
●
●
●
●
●
Muhammad Shanazar is a distinguished Pakistani poet known for his contributions to
contemporary Urdu and English poetry.
Born in 1960 in the city of Sialkot, Shanazar has earned acclaim for his poetic works that
often explore themes of human suffering, love, peace, and the quest for justice.
His poetry is characterized by its emotional depth and philosophical insight. Shanazar has
received numerous national and international awards for his literary achievements, including
the prestigious International Best Poet of the Year Award.
He is also involved in promoting global peace and understanding through his literary
endeavors.
He is a recipient of Universal Inspirational Poet, World Icon of Peace, The International Best
Translator 2012, Poet of the World, Cross for Peace, Cross for Literature, Pride of Pakistan,
Herbert Macaulay Award, World Laureate in Literature 2017, Pride of the Globe, Literaurnost
Gold Award, The World Best Poet 2017, Pride of the Globe 2017, Ambassador of Humanity,
Poetic Galaxy Award, Ambassador of Justice and Peace, Ambassador De Literature,
Connoisseur De Poetry 2018, one of The Best Six Writers of the World, recognized by
UNESCO, Noble Star for Literature 2018, Mentor of World literature and several others.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
THE DREAMY AGE - Muhammad Shanazar
● "The Dreamy Age" is a nostalgic reflection on the poet's childhood.
● The poem delves into the memories of a simpler, more innocent time,
filled with vivid imagery of nature and childhood activities.
● The poem captures the essence of carefree days, describing the
sensory delights of the past, like the fragrance of mustard fields and the
sound of distant lute music on warm nights.
● The poet expresses a longing to relive those days, suggesting that if
childhood could be bought, he would do so without hesitation, valuing it
more than any material wealth.
● This piece serves as a poignant reminder of the irreplaceable and
priceless nature of childhood experiences, highlighting the profound
impact they have on one's life and identity
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
THE DREAMY AGE - Muhammad Shanazar
●
●
●
●
The 1st stanza: evokes the unpolluted and clear sights of the past, contrasting them with
the smoky and noisy present. Reminisces about playing with cheerful friends, who have
since been scattered by the "ruthless tides" of life, much like dried leaves dispersed by
the wind before winter.
The imagery of friends being scattered abroad or to the "Town of Silence" suggests the
inevitable separations and changes that come with the passage of time. This melancholy
tone underscores the poem's central theme of longing for the innocence and simplicity of
childhood, a time that now seems idyllic compared to the complexities of adulthood.
The 2nd stanza paints a delightful picture of children playing under blue skies, chasing
butterflies through fragrant mustard farms. The scene is filled with vibrant colors and the
sharp fragrance of the blossoms, emphasizing the sensory richness of these memories.
The interaction with the indignant landlady, who chases the children with a stick, adds a
humorous and realistic touch to the poem. Despite her efforts, the children always
manage to stay just out of her reach, highlighting their innocence and the lighthearted
nature of their play.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
THE DREAMY AGE - Muhammad Shanazar
● The 3rd stanza paints a vivid scene of children playing outside during
heavy rainfall. The imagery of "torrential rains" and "flowing spouts" sets
a dramatic backdrop, while the thunder and lightning add an element of
fear and excitement. The phrase "The grand office of God" suggests a
sense of awe and reverence for the natural world, as if the storm itself is
a divine spectacle.
● The 4th stanza shifts from the stormy weather to a more tranquil setting
by a village pond near a majestic banyan tree. The children's playful
energy continues as they dive and swim in the muddy water, finding
delight in the simple joys of childhood. The description of the bat being
"delicious" adds a touch of whimsy, perhaps suggesting that the
experience was so enjoyable it felt almost indulgent.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
THE DREAMY AGE - Muhammad Shanazar
●
●
●
●
The 5th stanza: reflects on the timeless pleasures of childhood, describing them as
soul-enriching and worthy of reminiscence. The imagery shifts to wintry nights spent
playing outdoors on plowed farms, where children of all genders enjoyed games of
hide-and-seek amidst the ricks and heaps of fodder.
The mention of the waning moon adds a poetic touch, suggesting a sense of mystery
and nostalgia. The phrase "unaware to the thoughts obscene" hints at the innocence of
childhood, a time untouched by adult concerns or darker aspects of life
The 6th stanza: continues to explore the idyllic adventures of childhood, this time
amidst the serene beauty of nature's depths. The imagery of "downy steeps" and "thick
forest" creates a sense of lush, untouched wilderness. The children quench their thirst
from trickling fountains, symbolizing their connection to the earth's pure resources.
Their carefree demeanor reflects their innocence and freedom from the burdens of
adulthood. The act of plucking sweet berries from thorny branches laden with ripe red
fruit embodies the joy found in simple pleasures and the bravery to navigate life's
challenges.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
THE DREAMY AGE - Muhammad Shanazar
● The 7th stanza: vividly describes the adventurous encounters of childhood,
including stumbling upon wild honey in fragrant bushes on rocky ground.
● The excitement of discovering such treasures is tempered by the sting of
incensed bees, leading to swollen cheeks and inevitable scoldings from
concerned parents upon returning home.
● The 8th stanza: transitions to a depiction of the approaching spring
season, characterized by a sense of intoxicating anticipation and
refreshing renewal.
● The gentle breeze carries the scent of blooming flowers, enveloping the
village in a drowsy, fragrant embrace. This imagery conveys a harmonious
connection between nature's beauty and the human experience, capturing
the transformative power of the changing seasons on both the physical
environment and the human spirit.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
THE DREAMY AGE - Muhammad Shanazar
● The 9th stanza: captures the essence of childhood innocence and the profound
connection to nature that accompanies it. The imagery of swaying crops,
blooming fields, and blossoming wild poppies evokes a sense of vitality and
abundance. The playful scene of running barefoot after fluffy lambs on dewy
grass conjures feelings of joy and freedom, heightened by the sweet melodies
of singing birds overhead.
● The 10-11th stanzas: mention of warm nights filled with the mysterious sound
of a distant lute adds an element of enchantment and nostalgia, transporting
the reader to a world of magical experiences.
● The reflection on the value of childhood, likening it to a priceless commodity
that you would eagerly buy again if given the chance, speaks to the enduring
power of those formative years and the desire to recapture their wonder and
innocence. It's a poignant and evocative tribute to the fleeting beauty of youth
and the timeless treasures of nature.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Zheng Xiaoqiong
●
●
●
●
Zheng Xiaoqiong is a celebrated Chinese poet known for her powerful verses that
delve into the experiences of factory workers.
Born in Nanchong, Sichuan, Zheng Xiaoqiong initially worked as a nurse after
graduating. However, she sought a change and moved to Dongguan, a major
industrial city, in 2001. There, she held various factory jobs, including assembly
lines. It was during this period that she began writing poetry, inspired by the lives
of factory workers.
Poetry with Grit and Depth: Zheng's poems are known for their rawness and
unflinching portrayal of factory life. They employ stark contrasts, personification,
and fragmented phrases to deliver a sharp critique of industrialization. A recurring
theme is the impact of factories on workers, where they are reduced to cogs in a
machine, stripped of individuality and rights.
She is the recipient of several awards, including the Liqun People's Literature
Award. Her collections like "Huangma Mountains" and "Poems Falling on
Machines" have been critically acclaimed.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
The Iron Bird- Zheng Xiaoqiong
● This poem captures a sense of nostalgia and longing, using vivid imagery to
evoke the passage of time and the bittersweet nature of memories.
● The metaphor of time as a "grey iron bird fluttering against the window"
conveys a feeling of inevitability and transience, while the moonlight and frost
symbolize the ethereal quality of distant memories.
● The imagery of seeds growing into trees and leaves falling suggests the
cyclical nature of life, with memories evolving and fading over time. Despite
physical distance, the speaker finds solace in dreams that transport them
back to happier times, even as they acknowledge the impossibility of
reclaiming the past.
● The mention of "made-up faces" and "imaginary loves" hints at the fleeting
nature of human connections and the way in which we idealize the past. Each
imagined love resembles a "grey iron bird," suggesting a sense of heaviness or
burden associated with lost opportunities and unfulfilled desires.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
The Iron Bird- Zheng Xiaogiong
● The Iron Bird: This is the central image of the poem. It represents
time itself, but with a sense of being cold, mechanical, and fleeting.
It flutters against the window, a constant presence just out of
reach.
● Memories and Moonlight: Moonlight is often associated with
dreams and nostalgia. Here, it enters the room alongside the iron
bird, suggesting that memories are stirred by the passage of time.
● Frost and Trees: The frost that scatters and the white seeds that
grow into trees symbolize the passage of years. The speaker is far
away (in the South) from a place they once knew (the North)
where happy times transpired. The falling leaves further
emphasize the impermanence of those memories.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
The Iron Bird- Zheng Xiaogiong
● Disappearing Bird and Imaginary Loves: The iron bird
disappearing into silence suggests that time inevitably marches
on, taking memories with it. The "made-up faces" and "imaginary
loves" could represent lost relationships or cherished moments
from the past that are now distorted by memory.
● Recurring Image: The final line reinforces the connection
between the iron bird and the speaker's lost loves. They are both
fleeting, beautiful in their own way, and ultimately out of reach.
● Overall, the poem explores themes of memory, longing, and the
passage of time, inviting reflection on the complexities of
human experience and the enduring power of nostalgia.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
When you take over someone else’s role, you are said to fill their
shoes. And, when we lose someone, we are left with the question of
what to do with the clothes they wore. Consider the following
selections, then discuss with your team: is it okay to draw conclusions
from people about the clothes they wore? Does it depend on how free
they were to choose their own clothes?
■ “That Man Put on a Wool Coat” | Vinod Kumar Shookla
(1960)
■ “Ode to Socks” | Pablo Neruda (1956)
■ “A Long Dress” | Gertrude Stein (1914)
■ “Father’s Old Blue Cardigan” | Anne Carson (2000)
■ “Fat Southern Men in Summer Suits” | Liam Recter (2006)
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Vinod Kumar Shukla
●
●
●
●
●
An acclaimed contemporary Indian poet and novelist known for his unique and
evocative literary style.
Born in 1937, in India, Shukla writes primarily in Hindi. His works are celebrated for
their simplicity, deep emotional resonance, and insightful reflections on rural and
everyday life in India.
That Man Walked Away Wearing a New Warm Coat Like a Thought: This poetry
collection is known for its contemplative and meditative qualities, exploring the
nuances of human thoughts and emotions through simple yet profound language.
Other famous novels: The Servant's Shirt, There Used to Be a Window in the Wall,
We Shall See When It Blooms.
Shukla's contributions to literature have earned him numerous accolades, including:
Sahitya Akademi Award: One of India's most prestigious literary honors; Jnanpith
Award: The highest literary honor in India, awarded for his outstanding contribution
to Indian literature; Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie (Naukar Ki Kameez): For
the film adaptation of his novel.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
That Man Put on a Wool Coat
● Vinod Kumar Shukla's poem masterfully uses imagery and
metaphor to explore the themes of poverty, struggle, and identity.
● The juxtaposition of the man in the new coat and the speaker in
flip-flops highlights social disparities.
● The misty environment symbolizes the blurred lines between
different states of being—human and animal, rich and poor, clear
and indistinct. This blurring reflects the loss of individuality and
the pervasive sense of struggle in the speaker's life.
● Overall, the poem captures the harsh reality of existence for those
on the margins of society, using poetic language to deepen the
reader's understanding of these experiences.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
That Man Put on a Wool Coat - Analysis
● The scene begins with the image of a man in a new woolen coat, suggesting
warmth and possibly a higher social status, contrasting with the speaker who is
in "rubber flip-flops," highlighting a sense of struggle and poverty.
● The time setting of "six in the morning" and the description of the cold
emphasizes a sense of harshness and discomfort.
● The man in the coat "went away like a thought," which could symbolize the
fleeting nature of wealth and comfort or the elusive nature of aspirations.
● The speaker's breath merging with the mist symbolizes the blending of the
individual's existence with the environment, suggesting a loss of distinct
identity in the struggle for survival.
● The image of the man standing under the tree in the mist, appearing blurred,
suggests the indistinct nature of identity and existence under harsh conditions.
The tree, horse, and the man all blend into their surroundings, emphasizing
themes of obscurity and indistinctness.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
That Man Put on a Wool Coat - Analysis
Theme of Struggle and Identity:
● The speaker identifies with the horse of "inferior stock," drawing
a parallel between their own struggle and the horse's hunger,
suggesting a shared plight of neglect and hardship.
● The mist as a "grassy field" to the hungry horse introduces a
sense of desperation, where even illusions are clung to for
sustenance.
● The metaphor of being a "horse at a gallop" with "horseshoes
nailed to my boot soles" implies relentless, forced labor and the
dehumanization experienced by the speaker, likening themselves
to a beast of burden under the control of a master.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ODE TO SOCKS - Literary Devices
● Simile and Metaphor: Neruda uses vivid similes and metaphors to
compare the socks to various extraordinary items, such as "fish" or
"sharks," and "blackbirds." These comparisons elevate the socks from
mundane objects to items of awe and reverence.
● Imagery: The poem is rich with sensory imagery, allowing readers to
visualize and feel the warmth and texture of the socks. This tactile
imagery reinforces the physical comfort and emotional warmth the socks
provide.
● Personification: The socks are almost given life through personification,
suggesting they have the power to evoke deep feelings and memories.
● Tone and Style: The tone is one of joyful reverence, and the style is
straightforward yet rich with descriptive language. This simplicity in
structure allows the profound appreciation of the socks to shine through.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ODE TO SOCKS- PABLO NERUDA (1956)
● "Ode to Socks" is a poem by the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, part
of his collection "Elementary Odes". This poem celebrates the
beauty and simplicity of everyday objects, specifically focusing on
a pair of woolen socks.
● The poem begins with the speaker receiving a pair of handmade
woolen socks from a friend, Maru Mori. The socks are compared
to various natural wonders and precious items, showcasing
Neruda’s talent for infusing mundane objects with profound
meaning.
● The poem expresses a deep sense of gratitude towards the giver,
highlighting the personal and emotional connection that can be
associated with gifts
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ODE TO SOCKS- PABLO NERUDA (1956)
1. Imagery and Comparisons:
● Neruda uses rich and tactile imagery to describe the socks, likening
them to "rabbits," "fish made of wool," "long sharks sea-blue," and
"immense blackbirds." These comparisons emphasize the softness,
warmth, and beauty of the socks.
● The socks are also described as "violent," "heavenly," and "magnificent,"
suggesting that they inspire powerful emotions and awe in the poet.
2. Personification and Metaphor:
● The poet personifies his feet, referring to them as "decrepit firemen" who
are unworthy of the "woven fire" of the socks. This adds a humorous yet
poignant touch, highlighting the transformative power of the gift.
● The "threads of twilight and goatskin" suggest a magical, almost mystical
quality to the socks, further enhancing their value in the poet's eyes.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ODE TO SOCKS- PABLO NERUDA (1956)
1.
The Temptation to Preserve:
○ Neruda describes his temptation to preserve the socks in a golden
cage and treat them like precious artifacts. This impulse reflects the
human desire to hold on to beauty and perfection.
○ However, he resists this temptation, recognizing that the true value of
the socks lies in their use and the comfort they provide.
2. Moral and Conclusion:
○ The poem concludes with a moral: "beauty is twice beauty and what
is good is doubly good" when it is practical and provides comfort, like
a pair of woolen socks in winter.
○ This emphasizes the idea that true beauty and goodness are found in
everyday objects and experiences, especially when they fulfill a need
and bring joy.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
GERTRUDE STEIN (1874 - 1946)
● Gertrude Stein was an American writer who left a significant mark on the
modernist movement in the early 20th century.
● Influential Figure: Stein's work and her Parisian salon, a gathering place for
artists and writers, significantly influenced other modernist writers like Ernest
Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
● Stein's writing often played with language itself, emphasizing repetition,
rhythm, and sound over traditional narratives or plots.
● Some of her well-known works include: Poems: "Tender Buttons," "Sacred
Emily"; Novels: "The Making of Americans," "Three Lives"
● Stein's work can be challenging for some readers due to its unconventional
style. Despite the complexity, her work is appreciated for its originality and its
exploration of language and perception. She was a significant figure in the
modernist movement, paving the way for future experimental writers.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A LONG DRESS - GERTRUDE STEIN
● "A Long Dress" is a short poem featured within Gertrude Stein's
larger work, Tender Buttons (1914). It falls under the first
section titled "Objects," which explores various everyday items
through Stein's unique lens.
● Unlike poems that describe a specific dress, "A Long Dress"
delves into the abstract concept of a long dress.
● Stein prioritizes the sound and rhythm of words like "current,"
"wind," "serene length," and "dark place." Repetition ("What
is this current. What is the wind") adds a hypnotic quality.
● The poem is written in three short paragraphs, each
fragmented and open to interpretation.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
A LONG DRESS - GERTRUDE STEIN
● Cubist Influence: Similar to Cubist paintings that present
objects from multiple perspectives, the poem breaks down the
concept of a long dress, focusing on different aspects like its
flow ("serene length") and the way it creates a distinct
silhouette ("a line distinguishes it").
● Color and Ambiguity: The final lines introduce color in an
unconventional way ("pink is scarlet") further emphasizing the
poem's abstract nature and defying traditional descriptions.
● Multiple Meanings: Stein doesn't offer a single interpretation.
The reader is invited to consider the essence of a long dress,
its form, its impact on the wearer, or even its symbolic meaning.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
ANNE CARSON
● She is a celebrated Canadian poet, essayist, translator,
classicist, and professor.
● Carson is a highly decorated poet. She has received prestigious
awards like the Griffin Poetry Prize (twice), the Lannan Literary
Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and a MacArthur Fellowship.
● Carson's work is known for its innovative blend of classical
influences, particularly Greek and Roman literature, with
contemporary themes and concerns.
● Carson's work is often described as "postmodern" due to its
playful use of language, genre-bending approach, and
exploration of fragmented narratives.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
FATHER'S OLD BLUE CARDIGAN - Anne Carson
● The narrator’s observations of her father’s mental decline are heart
wrenching in their plainly stated simplicity.
● Further, the poignance of the child’s recognition of this stage in the
father’s life is reinforced with strong sensory impressions and some
striking reversals.
● The piercing physical sensation evoked by this sharp line …“Coldness
comes paring down from the moonbone in the sky”..is further
compounded by the slight confusion you might feel on first reading
“moonbone”, which you might mistake for the more expected
“moonbeam”.
● In just a few well chosen words, Carson has conveyed both pain and
disorientation. Who feels the pain – the father or the child? And who
feels the disorientation – both?
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
FATHER'S OLD BLUE CARDIGAN - Anne Carson
● The transition from that iciness to “a hot July afternoon” is swift
and almost queasy making, as … “He was standing at the turn
of the driveway when I arrived” suggests the narrator was
possibly startled (did she have to hit the brakes?) as well as
dismayed when she discovered her father alarmingly overdressed
on a hot day.
● The most devastating reversal occurs when the child sees the
child – scared, bewildered – in the father’s face. The most abrupt
is a reversal that is described and portrayed physically, that of the
sensory conundrum of riding backwards towards one’s destination
on a train. How sadly apt that reversal is on levels that the father
can no longer comprehend or appreciate.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
FATHER'S OLD BLUE CARDIGAN - Anne Carson
●
The poem is a meditation on memory, loss, and the impact of mental illness on family
relationships. The blue cardigan serves as a tangible connection to the past,
embodying the father's presence and the speaker's longing for understanding and
connection.
●
The poem's imagery and tone capture the profound sadness and complexity of
witnessing a loved one's decline. Carson's use of specific, relatable details, such as the
buttons done up on a hot day, creates a powerful and intimate portrait of the father's
struggles and the speaker's attempts to cope with their memories.
●
Ultimately, the poem reflects on the enduring impact of familial bonds and the ways in
which ordinary objects can hold extraordinary emotional significance. It invites readers
to contemplate their own relationships and the ways in which they remember and honor
their loved ones.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
FATHER'S OLD BLUE CARDIGAN - Anne Carson
1. Symbolism of the Cardigan:
● The cardigan is a central symbol in the poem, representing the father's
enduring presence. Its position on the back of the kitchen chair, where
both the father and the speaker sit, signifies continuity and the way
objects can hold memories and emotional significance.
2. Imagery and Setting:
● Carson creates a vivid, almost cinematic atmosphere with images like
"stamping the snow from his boots" and "coldness comes paring down
from the moonbone in the sky." These images evoke a sense of
coldness and isolation, mirroring the emotional landscape of the poem.
● The setting moves from the kitchen, a place of familiarity and routine,
to the driveway, where the father’s unusual behavior becomes
apparent.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
FATHER'S OLD BLUE CARDIGAN - Anne Carson
Themes of Memory and Madness:
● The speaker recalls a specific moment when they realized
their father was "going mad inside his laws." This moment,
marked by the father wearing the blue cardigan buttoned up
on a hot July afternoon, underscores the father's inner
turmoil and the breakdown of his rationality.
● The detailed description of the father's look, compared to a
small child on a long trip, conveys vulnerability and
confusion, emphasizing the emotional distance and
helplessness felt by both the father and the speaker.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
FATHER'S OLD BLUE CARDIGAN - Anne Carson
Emotional Tone:
● The tone of the poem is one of quiet sadness and contemplation.
The act of putting on the cardigan and sitting in the dark suggests a
desire to connect with the father's memory and perhaps understand
his inner world.
● The father's "laws" being a "secret" adds to the sense of mystery and
unspoken complexities in their relationship.
The poem follows a reflective, almost narrative structure, moving from
the present moment of wearing the cardigan to a specific memory of the
father. This structure allows the reader to experience the depth of the
speaker's recollections and the weight of their emotions.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
LIAM RECTOR (1949 - 2007)
● Liam Rector (1949-2007) was an American poet, essayist, and educator
known for his incisive and often darkly humorous verse.
● Rector’s work frequently explores themes of personal and social identity,
mortality, and the complexities of the human experience.
● Several collections of poetry, including "The Executive Director of the
Fallen World" (2006), "American Prodigal" (1994), and "The Sorrow of
Architecture" (1984) received critical acclaim for their emotional depth
and intellectual rigor.
● "Fat Southern Men in Summer Suits": one of Rector’s well-known works,
capturing the poet's keen eye for detail and his ability to encapsulate the
essence of a scene or a character. Its themes are regional identity,
appearance, and perhaps the underlying tensions of societal
expectations.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Fat Southern Man in Summer Suits
● The poem by Liam Rector likely serves as a critique of certain
aspects of Southern culture and broader societal norms.
● The poem, through its vivid imagery and possibly ironic tone,
invites readers to reflect on themes of appearance, indulgence,
and the sometimes stifling nature of social expectations.
● Liam Rector's ability to blend personal reflection with social
commentary means that this poem would offer insights not just
into the lives of the men described, but also into the poet’s
perspective on cultural and social issues.
● It’s a snapshot that opens up larger questions about how we
present ourselves and what lies beneath the surface of social
rituals and norms.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Fat Southern Man in Summer Suits- Liam Rector
● Imagery: The title immediately conjures a specific image: "Fat Southern
Men in Summer Suits." This image suggests a scene of heat and discomfort,
as summer suits are typically worn for formal occasions and can be stifling in
hot weather.
● The word "fat" adds to the physical discomfort, highlighting not just the heat
but also the physicality of the men described. This might suggest a certain
indulgence or excess, which can be a critique of a certain lifestyle.
● By specifying "Southern," the poem locates itself in the American South, a
region with a distinct cultural identity that often includes themes of tradition,
hospitality, and sometimes the critique of outdated social norms.
● The use of "summer suits" indicates a formality that is perhaps out of
place or exaggerated in the context of the heat, suggesting themes of
appearance versus reality, and the social pressure to maintain decorum
even in uncomfortable circumstances.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Fat Southern Man in Summer Suits - Liam Rector
Tone and Irony:
● Rector's work often includes a wry, ironic tone, and the title
alone suggests a potential for irony. The contrast between
the formality of suits and the informal, laid-back image
typically associated with the South creates a tension that is
ripe for exploration.
● There may be an underlying critique of social norms and
expectations, particularly those related to appearance and
propriety.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Fat Southern Man in Summer Suits - Themes
● Appearance vs. Reality: The formal summer suits may
symbolize the façade that people maintain, especially in social
or cultural contexts where appearances are given undue
importance.
● Excess and Indulgence: The word "fat" implies overindulgence,
possibly pointing to broader themes of consumption and
materialism.
● Discomfort and Conformity: The discomfort of wearing
summer suits in the heat can be a metaphor for the discomfort
of conforming to societal expectations and norms.
NOSTRADAMUS 0, NOSTALGIA 1 - WSC 2024
Fat Southern Man in Summer Suits
Social Commentary:
● The men described in the poem are likely characterized not just by
their physical appearance but also by their behavior and attitudes.
Rector’s keen observational style would delve into their personalities,
habits, and perhaps the contradictions they embody.
● Rector might be using these men as a microcosm to comment on
broader societal issues such as hypocrisy, the clinging to outdated
traditions, or the superficiality of social status.
● The poem could explore how these men navigate their world, their
interactions with others, and what they represent in the larger cultural
or social landscape.