Appendix 1
Power Quality and Load
Consumption Studies
DAAR Communications Plc,
1, Ladi Lawal Street Off TY Danjuma Street, Asokoro
Powering the Future with Clean Energy Solutions
37 Benson Anorue Street, Lagos.
ceo@pacesofgrace.com
the thermographer
Table of Contents
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Definition of terms: .................................................................................................................................. 4
Executive Summary................................................................................................................................. 5
Assessment Methodology ................................................................................................................. 5
Key Deliverables................................................................................................................................... 5
Disclaimer and Information ............................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Client / Site Information ...................................................................................................................... 7
Context and Methodology of the Electrical Panel Assessment .............................................. 7
Findings ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Total Facility Power Quality Assessment Result Summary ..................................................... 9
Recommendations for Alternative Power Generation and Storage ......................................... 10
Annex ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
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Acronyms
Page |3
A
Amps
AVR
Automatic Voltage Regulator
CT
Current Transformer
EA
Energy Audit
H
Hour
HV
High Voltage
kW
Kilo Watt
kWh
Kilo Watt hour
kV
Kilo Volt
kVA
Kilo Volt Ampere
LV LF
Low Voltage Load Factor
M&V
Measurement and Verification
kVA
Kilo Volt Amps
MW
Mega Watt
MWh
Mega Watt hour
V
Voltage
W
Watt
PF
Power Factor
Definition of terms:
Load: Load is an electrical term for power or electric current demand by electrical equipment
Power Factor: Power factor (PF) is the ratio of active power, measured in kilowatts (kW), to apparent
power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA). An expression of power quality.
Under Voltage: Low voltage at 10% less of RMS voltage, occurrences duration longer than 500 ms.
Frequency: The periodic rate of change of electricity flow. S.I Unit (Hertz Hz)
Peak: Values that occurred within short period usually less than 5 seconds associated with large load
switching.
Maximum: The highest value that occurred more consistently over a long period
Average: demand expressed as ratio of total demand to number of occurrences over a period.
Minimum: The lowest value that occurred over a period
THD: Measurement that tells you how much of the distortion of a voltage or current is due to harmonics in
the signal
Crest Factor: Ratio between the value of the peak current or voltage (IM or UM) and its r.m.s. value. It
signifies the peak current an equipment should be able to handle. 1.8 value signifies high waveform
distortion
K Factor: Quantifies heating effect of electrical transformer due to harmonic currents.
Unbalance (P, V, & I): Unbalance or imbalance is a measurement of the inequality of the phase voltages,
current, or power
Transient: Transient is any sudden change in the system caused by generator shifting, faults, outages,
addition or removal of a heavy load or any switching operation
Displacement Factor: DPF is the cosine of phase angle between the current and voltage fundamental sine
waves
Dips and Swells: Voltage swells are the opposite of voltage dips and they are defined as a momentary
increase in RMS voltage of 10% or more above specify (rated) equipment voltage for a period of 1/2 cycle to
1 min, as defined in the IEC 61000-4-30 standard.
Inrush Currents: Surge currents that occur when a large, or low-impedance load comes on line
PFC: Prospective fault current in an electrical network
Flicker: Continuous variations in voltage of the supplied power, causing human irritation
Voltage regulation: measure of how well a power transformer can maintain constant secondary voltage
given a wide variance in load.
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Executive Summary
This report presents the findings of a power quality assessment conducted at the Africa Independent
Television (AIT) facility, focusing on the total facility load. The assessment identified critical issues affecting
the efficiency and reliability of the electrical systems, primarily stemming from transformer underloading and
elevated flicker levels (Plt). These issues have significant implications for operational costs, equipment
performance, and overall system longevity.
Assessment Methodology
The assessment utilized a comprehensive procedure involving measurement, monitoring, and analysis of
various power quality parameters. This approach enabled accurate characterization of the issues and the
formulation of technically and economically viable solutions.
Key Deliverables
The scope of the project focuses on achieving the following key outcomes:
1) Power Quality Parameter Measurement - A detailed analysis of power quality parameters,
including:
a. RMS values
b. Current Crest Factor and Voltage Crest Factor
c. K-Factor and Frequency (Hz)
d. Power Factor
e. Harmonic Distortion (I THD and V THD)
f. Inrush Current (A)
g. Voltage Events: Dip, Swell, Interruption, Transient
h. Voltage Unbalance and Flicker (Pst)
i. General Panel Inspection: Corrosion, terminal conditions, cabling, cleanliness, etc.
j. Neutral Current
k. Power Metrics: Active Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, and Energy per Panel
2) Load Flow and Peak Demand Analysis - Analysis of load distribution and peak demand to assess
system performance and identify optimization opportunities.
3) Recommendations for Power Quality Improvement - Development of actionable solutions to
address the identified power quality issues, evaluated from both technical and economic
perspectives.
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Table 1: Summary of Assessment Findings, Possible Root Causes, and Recommendations
Critical Findings and Locations
Poor Transformer Loading – 0.18%
The transformer is significantly underloaded, resulting
in operational inefficiencies, increased energy losses
per unit of electricity delivered, and potential long-term
degradation of the transformer’s lifespan due to underutilization.
High Flicker Levels (Plt = 1.61)
The observed flicker level exceeds the acceptable
threshold, potentially causing discomfort to occupants.
This is particularly critical in sensitive environments,
such as hospitals, where stable and consistent lighting
is essential for patient care and staff efficiency.
Low Insulation Resistance
Insufficient insulation resistance poses severe risks,
including electrical shock and fire hazards. This can
lead to catastrophic failures of distribution panels,
compromising the safety and reliability of the electrical
infrastructure.
Possible Root
Causes
Oversized
Transformer
Voltage
Fluctuations
Poor
Insulation
Recommendation
Replace the existing transformer with a unit
better suited to the facility's load demands. A
transformer with a maximum capacity of 500 kVA
is recommended to optimize efficiency and
reduce energy losses.
Install an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
specifically for the lighting load to stabilize
voltage levels, ensuring consistent performance
and preventing flicker or equipment damage.
Ensure all distribution panel points are properly
earthed to mitigate risks associated with poor
insulation. This will enhance safety by reducing
the likelihood of electrical shocks and fire
hazards, while also improving the overall
reliability of the electrical system.
Disclaimer and Information
The findings and results presented in this report are derived from data measured during our field
assessment. This report is offered without prejudice and is intended solely for the purpose of providing
recommendations based on the available data.
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Introduction
A power quality assessment is a critical process that identifies and evaluates issues affecting the
reliability and stability of electrical systems. Addressing these concerns proactively enables your
organization to mitigate potential impacts on facility performance and, more importantly, protect the
financial health of the business by preventing operational disruptions and inefficiencies.
In today’s landscape, modern equipment has become increasingly sensitive to fluctuations in power
quality. This heightened sensitivity underscores the growing importance of maintaining high power quality
standards. Manufacturers, utility providers, and consumers alike are placing greater emphasis on power
quality, reflecting its vital role in sustaining efficient and reliable operations.
Client / Site Information
Table 2: Client’s Profile
Client Name
Daar Communications Plc
Site Name
Africa Independent Television.
Site Address
1, Ladi Lawal Street Off TY Danjuma Street, Asokoro, Abuja.
Operation hours
24/7
Transformer & Gen (kVA)
1000kVA & 800kVA, 500kVA
Measured Device Voltage Levels (V) 415V/230V
Context and Methodology of the Electrical Panel Assessment
To ensure a comprehensive and standardized power quality assessment, a Fluke 435 Series II Power
Quality and Energy Analyser was installed at the output of the facility’s main distribution point. The
equipment was used to measure and log key electrical parameters over a 29-hour period.
The parameters assessed included: RMS Values, Electrical Panel Loading (%), Current Crest Factor and
Voltage Crest Factor, K-Factor, Frequency (Hz), Power Factor, Harmonic Distortion (I THD, V THD),
Inrush Current (A), Voltage Events: Dip, Swell, Interruption, and Transient, Voltage Unbalance, Flicker
(Pst), Neutral Current, Power Metrics: Active Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, and Energy.
In addition to these measurements, a walkthrough audit of the facility was conducted to visually inspect
and evaluate the condition and performance of the electrical infrastructure.
The following standards were referenced to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the assessment
findings:
i.
ANSI 57.110
ii.
NEC 50.56 (National Electrical Code)
iii.
IEEE 519 (Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems)
iv.
EN 50160 (Voltage Characteristics of Electricity Supplied by Public Distribution Networks)
v.
IEC 61000-4-30 (Testing and Measurement Techniques – Power Quality Measurement Methods)
This methodology provided a robust framework for identifying critical issues and proposing actionable
recommendations to improve power quality and ensure compliance with industry standards.
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Findings
To meet the deliverables of this project and achieve its primary objectives, several findings were identified
based on the measured data. For each electrical asset, test results were analyzed against relevant
benchmarking standards to derive inferences and formulate targeted recommendations. The key findings,
along with corresponding recommendations, are outlined in this report as follows:
i.
Test Results: Detailed measurement data for each panel, highlighting key parameters and
deviations from standard values.
ii.
Benchmarking Standards: Evaluation against industry standards, such as ANSI, IEEE, EN, and
IEC, to ensure compliance and reliability.
iii.
Inferences: Insights and conclusions drawn from the analysis of the test results, identifying critical
areas of concern.
iv.
Recommendations: Proposed corrective actions and improvements tailored to address the
identified issues, enhance operational efficiency, and ensure long-term system reliability.
This structured approach ensures that the findings and recommendations align with both technical and
economic considerations, providing a clear pathway for addressing power quality concerns effectively.
Table 3: Measured Flicker (Plt) per Phase for total facility
Ptl L1
(Max)
Ptl L1
(Avg)
Ptl L2
(Max)
Ptl L2
(Avg)
Ptl L3
(Max)
Ptl L3
(Avg)
1.89
0.87
2.62
0.78
2.31
0.86
Table 4: Measured Energy per Phase for total facility
kWh L1
(Max)
kWh L1
(Avg)
kWh L2
(Max)
kWh L2
(Avg)
kWh L3
(Max)
kWh L3
(Avg)
1498
763.04
1351
691.88
1238
614.01
Table 5: Measured Current per Phase for total facility
Amps L1
(Max)
Amps L1
(Avg)
Amps L2
(Max)
Amps L2
(Avg)
345.8
230.93
330.2
210.43
Amps L3 (Max)
Amps L3
(Avg)
312.8
196.04
Avg Apparent
Power
(kVA)
Peak Apparent
Power
(kVA)
Total Energy
(kWh)
146.55
207.26
4086
Table 6: Measured Power for total facility
Avg. Active
Power (kW)
144.31
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Peak Active
Power
(kW)
200.79
Total Facility Power Quality Assessment Result Summary
Test
Categories
Power
Quality
Test
Parameters
Test Result
Standard
Result
Inference
Voltage
Regulation (%)
2.96%
3%
maximum
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Voltage RMS (V)
402.71V
+/-5% of nominal
(415V)
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is
a significant change in the load.
Transformer
Loading (%)
0.18%
40% - 60%
Out of limit
Consider resizing the transformer to
better align with the load requirements,
with a maximum capacity of 500 kVA.
CurrentRMS (kA)
345.8A
60% of rate
Electrical Panel
rating
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Voltage Crest
Factor
1.41
1.414 (+/-5%)
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Current Crest
Factor
1.48
1.414 (+/-5%)
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
K – Factor A
1.61
1-3 for a non-krated Electrical
Panel
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Frequency
(Hz)
50.4
50 +/- 2%
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Power Factor
0.98
0.9 – 1
Within limit
Can be improved
DPF
0.99
0.9 – 1
Within limit
Can be improved
Harmonics (I THD)
9.4%
15%
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Harmonics (V
THD)
3.47%
3%
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
In Rush Current
(A)
474.4
400A (+20%)
Within limit
Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Dip, Swell,
Zero event
Zero event
Within limit
Maintain status
Interruptions
Zero event
Zero event
Within limit
Maintain status
Transient
Zero event
Zero event
Within limit
Maintain status
Voltage
Unbalance
0.78%
2%
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Recommendations
Perform the next check when there is a
Within limit significant change in the load.
Test
Categories
Test
Parameters
Test Result
Standard
Result
Inference
Recommendations
Flicker (Pst)
0.61
Pst 1
Within limit
. Perform the next check when there is a
significant change in the load.
Flicker (Plt)
1.61
Plt 0.65
Out of limit
Install AVR.
Earthing
Resistance (Ω)
Insulation
Resistance (MΩ)
0.01
5
Within limit
Maintain status
0.008MΩ
(0.5MΩ–1MΩ)
Out of limit
The wires at the distribution panels should be
correctly Connected.
Recommendations for Alternative Power Generation and Storage
1. Inverter Size: It is recommended to install an inverter with a capacity of 400 kVA to efficiently
manage the energy conversion for the facility's power needs.
2. Solar Power Installation: Install a 660 kWp Solar PV system to meet the daily energy
requirements of the facility and ensure adequate charging of the storage batteries on a daily
basis.
3. Battery Storage: Install a 600-kWh lithium-ion battery storage system to provide at least 5
hours of backup power, ensuring continuity during periods of low solar generation or high
demand.
4. Gas Generator Capacity: A 500 kVA gas generator could be considered.
5. Diesel Generator Capacity: A 500 kVA diesel generator is sufficient for the existing and
immediate load demand.
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Annex
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