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LESSON 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- It gives the body structural support and shape.
- It holds the body as one and allows it to move.
- It consists of the bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
Parts and Functions of Skeletal System
1. BONES
- There are around 206 bones in your body.
- A baby has 305 bones.
- There are long and short bones. There are flat bones and irregularly shaped bones (vertebrae).
- It has two divisions: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
a. Axial Skeleton – protects the delicate organs in the body. It is composed of bones that
protect, like the skull, backbone, breastbone, and ribs.
b. Appendicular Skeleton- provides support and aids the body in movement. These include
the collarbones, the shoulder blades, and the bones of the arms, legs, and hips.
2. JOINTS
- You can do a lot of movements because of your joints like bending, twisting, and nodding.
- A joint is formed when two bones connect.
3. CARTILAGE
- This is a smooth and slippery tissue or fibrous tissue that is a coat on the end of some bones.
- It functions as a shock absorber.
- It also acts as a cushion between two bones and helps the joints move.
- It has also synovial fluid that lubricates the bones.
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4. LIGAMENTS (LBB)
- They are made of very thick and elastic material, making them tough.
- They can stretch when bones move.
- It is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone and usually serves to hold
structures together and keep them stable.
5. TENDONS (TMB)
- It connects a muscle to a bone.
- An example of a tendon is the Achilles tendon in the foot. It connects the calf muscles to
the heel bones.
Caring for the Skeletal System
1. Eat and drink calcium-rich foods like milk, cheese, and other dairy products.
2. Include vitamin D foods in your diet such as eggs, oily fish like tuna and tilapia, and
orange juice to assist in calcium absorption.
3. Exercise at least twice a week to build healthy bones and prevent osteoporosis.
4. Always maintain a proper posture.
5. Avoid smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages.
6. Always wear your seat belt when driving and a helmet when using a motorcycle.
7. Always use safety gear when engaging in extreme physical activities to avoid bone
injuries.
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LESSON 2: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- It gives the body structural shape and mass.
- They support the skeleton and keep it steady.
- They are also responsible for body movement. It enables you to stand, walk, run, and, dance.
- There are about 640 muscles in the body.
- There are 3 kinds of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
 They can contract and become short.
 They can relax and return to their original form after the contraction.
Parts and Functions of Muscular System
1. SKELETAL MUSCLES
- Muscles that are connected to the bones and are responsible for movement and also give
shape to the body.
- The movement of skeletal muscles is voluntary. Voluntary muscles move when they are
consciously controlled.
- The ends of skeletal muscles can be directly attached to the bones or attached to the
bones through tendons. When the muscle contracts, it pulls the tendon, which in turn pulls
the bone.
- They work in pairs which means when one contracts, the other relaxes.
2. SMOOTH MUSCLES
- These muscles are not attached to the bones.
- They are involuntary muscles because they work automatically. You cannot consciously
control the action of smooth muscles.
- They are found in the walls of blood vessels, helping the blood flow.
- They are also in the walls of internal organs such as the esophagus and stomach. When you
eat, the chewed food is pushed by the rhythmic movement, called peristalsis, the smooth
muscles of the digestive canal.
3. CARDIAC MUSCLES
- They are involuntary muscles present only in the heart.
- They move rhythmically contracting and relaxing alternately to generate force to pump
blood throughout the body.
- The heart beats at the rate of 70 times per minute or more than 100, 000 times a day.
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LESSON 3: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- is your body's outer layer
- It consists of your skin, hair, nails, and glands.
- These organs and structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect
you from injury and sunlight.
The integumentary system serves as one of the first lines of defense of
our body against pathogens.
• Hair- helps keep you warm
• Nails- give structure to the ends of our fingers
• Glands- release oils for moisture and protection
• Nerves- send and receive messages to the brain
Functions of the Integumentary System
The integumentary system has many functions, most of which are involved in protecting you
and regulating your body’s internal functions in a variety of ways:
1. Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs.
2. Protects against invasion by infectious organisms.
3. Protects the body from dehydration.
4. Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature.
5. Helps in disposing of waste materials.
6. Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold.
7. Stores water and fat.
I. SKIN
a. Epidermis- is the outermost layer of the skin. It is
composed of layers of flat and dead cells.
 Keratin- a substance that blocks water and
microorganisms from entering the skin.
 Melanin- found at the bottom layer of the
epidermis which determines the color of the
skin.
b. Dermis- is the layer below the epidermis.
- contains the sweat glands, hair
follicles, and blood vessels.
c. Subcutaneous Layer- a layer of fat below
the dermis
- serves as an insulator of heat
II. GLANDS
a. Sweat glands- help in the excretion of wastes by releasing the excess water and salts
produced by the body
b. Oil glands- also called sebaceous glands, secrete an oil called sebum
- sebum lubricates and waterproofs the surface of the skin and hair
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LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- The digestive system is composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and
large intestine
- Digestion is the process of breaking down and dissolving the food so that it can be taken
into the blood to be used by the body
 Mechanical Digestion- food is broken down into smaller particles.
- happens in the mouth through the action of the teeth and
tongue
 Chemical Digestion- food particles are broken down into nutrients and other
substances that can be absorbed by the body.
- this also starts at the mouth and continues in the stomach and
small intestine
Parts and Functions of Digestive System
1. MOUTH
- Digestion begins in the mouth where food is mechanically digested by chewing or mastication
- As the food is chewed, saliva is released, moistening the food for easy swallowing and
also helping in the partial breakdown of the food.
2. ESOPHAGUS
- The chewed food, which is now called bolus, passes through the pharynx and then to
the esophagus.
- The food is pushed down into the stomach by the smooth muscles of the esophagus
through peristalsis.
3. STOMACH
- It is a large, pear-shaped organ that can temporarily expand to store food.
- It is where the bolus is broken down into smaller pieces. The gastric juices in the starch
act on the food and split proteins and fats.
4. SMALL INTESTINE
- It is a 7-meter long-coiled tube in the lower abdomen where food is finally digested and
absorbed.
5. LARGE INTESTINE
- It is where undigested food particles go and also serves as a temporary storage of water
- The feces which are the waste product of digestion are stored in the lower part of the
large intestine called the rectum.
Accessory Digestive Organs
1. Liver- largest organ in the body and is located near the stomach
- it produces bile that helps break down fats
2. Gallbladder- a small sac under the liver where bile is stored
- during digestion, the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine
3. Pancreas- an elongated organ behind the stomach
- it secretes substances that help break down protein and fats in the small intestine
- it also produces insulin which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood
4. Rectum- provides temporary storage for the feces before they are excreted.
5. Anus- peristalsis of the smooth muscles in the rectum pushes the feces out of the body through
the anus
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LESSON 5: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- The respiratory system is a system that
enables the respiration process in all
living things. The breathing process is
essential to both humans and animals to
live.
- Respiration is the process of exchange
of gases with the environment. It is the
intake of oxygen and its delivery to the
cells of the different parts of the body
and the release of carbon dioxide.
Main Parts of the Respiratory System
1. NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY
- The nose is the outer part of the respiratory system.
- The nostrils are the openings into the nasal passages that are lined with hairs. The nasal
cavity is lined by glands that produce sticky mucus. Dust, pollen, and other materials are
trapped by mucus. This trapping of air impurities helps in filtering the air you breathe.
2. PHARYNX AND LARYNX
- Pharynx is also called the throat. The common passageway for both food, water, and air.
- The larynx contains two vocal cords that vibrate when air passes by them.
- epiglottis- a structure found covering the larynx.
3. TRACHEA
- The trachea is known as the windpipe.
- It filters the air we inhale and branches into the bronchi.
4. BRONCHI
- Bronchi are two tubes that carry air into the lungs.
- Bronchial tubes branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
5. BRONCHIOLES
- Bronchioles are smaller tubes that branch off into alveoli
6. ALVEOLI
- Alveoli are grapelike structures at the end of each bronchioles surrounded by capillaries.
- Between the alveoli and capillaries, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes
place.
7. LUNGS
- Lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. This is where the exchange of gases
occurs, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled out.
8. DIAPHRAGM
- Diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that controls breathing which is
located at the bottom of the lungs.
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LESSON 6: EXCRETION SYSTEM
EXCRETION SYSTEM
- Excretion is the process by which waste materials are removed from the body.
1. KIDNEYS
- The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs on each side of the body.
- They are the main organs of the urinary system.
- They filter and clean the blood to remove waste substances and ensure that only useful
substances stay in the blood that circulates throughout the body.
- It removes excess water, salts, urea, and other wastes from the blood.
- It has nephrons that filter the blood about 300 times a day.
2. URETERS
- The urine flows out from the kidneys to the urinary bladder through the two ureters.
3. URINARY BLADDER
- It is a hollow muscular organ where urine is temporarily stored.
- The muscles of the bladder contract to push the urine out of the body.
4. URETHRA
- Urine is emptied from the bladder and leaves the body through the urethra.
- The urethra has a sphincter muscle which serves as a valve-like structure to help regulate
the outflow of urine.
URINATION is the process of eliminating urine. On average, urine output may be about 1.4 liters each
day.
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LESSON 8: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system is one of the most important systems in the human body. It
transports the needed blood and nutrients in the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels.
Main Parts of the Respiratory System
1. HEART
- The heart is known as the pumping organ of the body
- It keeps the blood moving throughout the body and the average heartbeat of a human
is 60 to 100 times per minute.
- pericardium is the protective sac that is enclosed to the heart
- It has four chambers:
 left and right atrium- receive blood
 left and right ventricles- pumping chambers
*valves- flaps of muscles found between chambers
- they prevent the backflow of blood and
ensure that the blood flows only in
one direction
2. BLOOD VESSELS
- Blood vessels are tubes that serve as passageways for blood to reach the different parts
of the body.
- There are three kinds of blood vessels:
 arteries- carry blood away from the heart
- all arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to all body parts, except for the
pulmonary
artery, which carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
- arteries have thick, tough walls that enable them to withstand increased
blood
pressure
- arterioles are the smallest arteries and they are thinner than a strand of
thread
 veins- bring oxygen-poor blood from the different parts of the body back to the heart
- the blood carried by veins contain carbon dioxide and other wastes, except for PV
- the walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than arteries
- venules are the smallest veins
- vena cava is the largest vein
 capillaries- smallest blood vessels that connect the arterioles and venules
- they have very thin walls that allow the exchange of materials from blood
to the body parts and vice-versa
3. BLOOD
- The blood delivers vital nutrients and oxygen to different parts of the body.
- It also carries away waste products like carbon dioxide and excess water for excretion.
- It has two parts:
 solid- consists of blood cells and platelets
- 45% of the total volume of the blood
a. red blood cells- also called erythrocytes
- produced in the red marrow of the bone
- carry oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body parts and
remove carbon dioxide and other wastes
- contains hemoglobin, a substance that is rich in iron and gives the
blood red color when it combines with oxygen
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b. white blood cells- sometimes referred to as leukocytes
- soldiers of the body because they protect and defend the body
against diseases and infection
- WBCs are also produced inside the bone marrow
c. platelets- or thrombocytes are fragments that are relatively smaller and are
irregular
in shape
- play an important role in blood clotting, prevent the loss of blood and
close
wounds

liquid- consists of the plasma
- 55% is the liquid part which makes the blood flow
*plasma- the liquid part which is straw-yellow in color
- it is made up of 90% water and the 10% includes proteins, nutrients, wastes,
hormones and dissolved electrolytes
- it has substances produced by white blood cells to defend the body
against disease-causing microorganism
4. The Paths of Circulation
A. Pulmonary circulation- the movement of deoxygenated blood from the heart and into
the lungs
B. Systemic circulation- the movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to the
different
parts of the body
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LESSON 7: NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Central Nervous System (CNS) controls and
coordinates the activities of the whole nervous
system. It is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
The CNS is enclosed by the skull and vertebrae.
Fluid and Tissue fill and insulate the brain and the
spinal cord.
THE BRAIN
The brain is the primary organ of the central nervous system contained within the skull.
It receives and interprets countless signals.
The brain is the control center for movement, sleep, hunger, thirst, and every other vital
activity necessary for survival. The brain controls all human emotions like love, hate,
fear, anger, elation, and sadness.
The brain is made up of approximately 100 billion nerve cells or neurons.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
1. Cerebrum
The cerebrum or the forebrain is the largest part of the brain. It is responsible for
the higher thought processes, such as memory, judgment, and reason. It processes
sensory data initiating willful motor processes, such as voluntary activities.
LOBES OF COMPOSING THE BRAIN
a. Frontal Lobe – movement and speech
- reasoning, planning, speech, movement,
emotions, and problem-solving
b. Parietal Lobe – touch and taste
- perception of stimuli related to touch,
pressure, temperature, and pain
c. Temporal lobe – hearing and smell
- auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory
(hippocampus).
d. Occipital lobe - sight
2. Cerebellum
The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain. It is located toward the
back and the bottom of the brain, beneath the occipital lobe. It controls muscle
coordination, maintains normal muscle tone and posture, and coordinates balance.
3. Brain Stem
The brain stem is the part of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It
controls involuntary activities like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing.
Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis.
Thalamus serves as a central relay point for incoming nervous messages.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN STEM
1. The midbrain is the topmost structure of the brain stem. It contains major relay stations
for neurons transmitting signals to the cerebral cortex, as well as many reflex centers.
2. The pons are a prominent bulge in a brain stem below the midbrain and directly in
front of the cerebellum.
3. The medulla oblongata is the lowermost portion of the brain stem.
Spinal Cord- extends from the brain stem down to the buttock region. A bony vertebra that
comprises the vertebral column protects it.
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The Peripheral Nervous System contains all the nerves
outside the brain and the spinal cord. It carries impulses from
the sensory nerves to the CNS, and from the CNS to the motor
nerves.
Two types of nerves
Sensory Nerves carry impulses from the stimulus to the
central nervous system for processing.
Motor Nerves carry impulses from the central nervous
system to activate the muscles in your body.
Parts of PNS
Sensory division transmits impulses from the sense
organs to the CNS.
Motor division transmits impulses from the central
nervous system to the muscles or glands.
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The somatic nervous system includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and
external sensory receptors. It regulates the activities that are under conscious control.
 Receptors – external sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, and the skin)
 Effectors - muscles and glands, like the salivary and gastric glands.
 Reflexes automatic response.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The autonomic nervous system is a part of PNS consisting of motor neurons that control
internal organs. It regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary. The nerves of the
autonomic nervous system control the functions of the body that are not under conscious
control.
The autonomic nervous system controls muscles in the heart and the smooth muscles
in internal organs, such as the intestine, bladder, and uterus. The autonomic nervous system is
subdivided into two parts:
 Sympathetic Nervous System
It is involved in the fight-or-flight response.
 Parasympathetic Nervous System
It is involved in relaxation.
Both Systems innervate the same organs and act in opposition to maintain homeostasis.
For example: when you are scared, the sympathetic system causes your heart to beat
faster; the parasympathetic system reverses it.
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System
Functions
Interactions with the Nervous
System
1. The skull protects the brain
from injuries.
2. The brain controls the position
of the bones in the body.
3. The spinal column protects
the spinal cord from injury.
4. Bones provide calcium
essential for the function of
the nervous system.
Skeletal
1. It supports the body or
framework of the body.
2. It protects the internal organs
of the body.
3. The skeletal system produces
blood cells.
4. It stores minerals like calcium
and phosphorous.
Muscular
1. Different types of muscle
control. voluntary and
involuntary movement of the
body.
2. Muscles produce heat to
maintain body temperature.
3. Muscles move food in the
digestive tract.
4. It contracts the heart.
1. The brain controls voluntary
2. movement.
3. Muscles in the body provide
information to the brain.
4. The nervous system regulates
the speed at which food
moves
5. through the digestive tract.
Integumentary
1. The skin is the body covering
for protection, regulates body
temperature, and acts as a
receptor for touch.
1. The receptor cells in the skin
send messages to the brain.
2. The brain controls the sweat
glands of the body.
3. The nerves underneath the
skin.
4. control muscles connected to
the hair follicles.
Digestive
1. The digestive system stores
and digests food into simpler
forms.
2. It provides food to the body.
3. It eliminates waste of the
body.
1. The digestive system provides
food for the brain.
2. The brain controls eating
behavior/stomach
contraction.
3. The brain controls muscles for
eating and elimination.
4. The digestive system sends
sensory information to the
brain.
Respiratory
1. The respiratory system supplies 1. The brain monitors the
oxygen to the blood and
respiratory process.
removes carbon dioxide.
2. The brain controls respiratory
rate.
Circulatory
1. The circulatory system carries
nutrients to the cells and
carries away waste products
of the cells.
2. The heart pumps blood to all
parts of the body.
1. The brain controls blood and
heartbeat activities.
2. The brain regulates heart rate
and blood pressure.
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ECOSYSTEM
TYPES OF INTERACTIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Interaction
Mutualism
Definition
Both organisms benefit from each other.
Commensalism
One organism benefits while the other
organism is neither benefited nor
harmed.
Commensal- receives the benefit
Host- neither benefited nor harmed
Predators kill their victims before or
during the eating process.
Predator- an animal that eats or kills
other animals for food
Prey- an animal that is killed or eaten by
the predator
One organism benefits and the other is
Aphids and a Rose:
badly affected.
An aphid is a louse that lives on
plants and sucks their juices. After
Parasite- an organism that benefits
some time, the leaves fall and
Host- an organism that is harmed
eventually die.
Organisms cooperate for their survival.
Working colonies of ants, bees,
and termites
Striving or vying between organisms for
Two cheetahs compete
the things needed for survival.
for the deer.
Organisms may compete for food,
sunshine, space, shelter, water, and
other things that they need for survival
Predation
Parasitism
Cooperation
Competition
Example
Butterfly and Flowers:
Butterfly sip nectars from the
flowers. It transfers pollen grains
and pollinates the flowers.
Orchids and Branches of Tree:
The orchids do not affect the
tree because they can
manufacture their own food
through photosynthesis.
Cheetah and Deer:
Predator:
Prey:
TYPES OF INTERACTIONS IN CORAL REEFS
Coral Reefs- small animals that produce lime from miniscule small holes.
- These small holes serve as their living room.
- Corals eat planktons. They trap passing plankton using their tentacles.
Reef- Building Corals- grow only in surface waters
- The range of temperature that can support them is from 18˚C to 29˚C.
Interaction
Mutualism
Commensalism
Predation
Parasitism
Competition
Example
Clownfish and Sea Anemone:
Clownfish are immune to the stinging cells in the tentacles of the sea
anemone so they go there to hide from their predators. The sea anemone
feeds on the waste produced by the clownfish.
Crabs and Corals:
Some species of crabs camouflage themselves on the ocean floor or on the
coral reefs to avoid being caught up by predators. Corals are neither
harmed nor benefited by the crabs.
Big fishes and Small fishes:
Predator:
Prey:
Sea Spider and Table Coral:
The sea spider consumes the nutrients of a table coral.
Algal and Corals:
The algal population competes for a space with young corals.
Corals also compete among themselves.
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INTERACTIONS IN MANGROVE SWAMPS
Mangrove Swamp
- It is composed of mangrove trees and animals like crustaceans, mollusks, arthropods, and
migratory birds.
- It is an important part of the coastal and marine ecosystem that includes seagrass and
coral reefs.
- It gives young organisms a place to live.
-Algae, barnacles, oysters, sponges and bryozoans are found on the areas where the roots
are permanently submerged.
Mangroves and coral reefs have symbiotic (mutual) relationships. The reef protects the coast
where mangroves grow and the mangroves trap sediments washed from the land, preventing
them from reaching the reef.
Directions: Study the illustration. This is a food web in a mangrove swamp. Based on the food
web make at least 5 food chains in your answer sheet. No. 1 is already done for you.
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood except:
a. arteriole
c. pulmonary artery
b. capillary
d. aorta
2. What do you call the smallest blood vessels in the body?
a. artery
c. capillary
b. arteriole
d. venule
3. How many percent of the blood is made up of water?
a. 60%
c. 80%
b. 70%
d. 90%
4. What type of blood cell defends your body from infections?
a. platelets
c. white blood cells
b. red blood cells
d. plasma
5. On what kind of blood vessel does an oxygen-rich blood flow?
a. artery
c. vein
b. capillaries
d. venules
6. Which of the following blood vessels has the thickest walls?
a. artery
c. vein
b. capillaries
d. venules
7. Why is blood important?
a. because it helps us keep healthy
b. because it has water that flows with it
c. because the blood is colored red and it flows like a river
d. because it delivers vital nutrients and nourishments to the body
8. Which of the following is the function of platelets?
a. from wound scabs and clots
b. provide nutrients for the body
c. deliver oxygen to the different body parts
d. fights infectious things that enter the body
Arrange the following statement to the proper sequence of the path of circulation. Write the
numbers in the space provided.
I.
The deoxygenated blood then travels through the veins and enters the right side of
the heart.
The blood leaves the heart through the aorta.
The blood travels throughout the body via the arteries to the capillaries.
In the capillaries, the exchange of nutrients and gases occurs. Oxygen is absorbed
by the cells while carbon dioxide is released into the blood.
II.
The exchange of gases as oxygen is received by the blood and carbon dioxide is
released.
The deoxygenated blood flows from the right side of the heart to go to the lungs.
The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart.
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URINARY SYSTEM
1. What organ of the urinary system acts as a temporary storage of urine?
a. kidneys
c. urethra
b. ureters
d. urinary bladder
2. These are two-bean shaped organs each side of the body and the main organs of the
urinary system.
a. kidneys
c. urethra
b. ureters
d. urinary bladder
3. The urine flows out from the kidney to the urinary bladder through the
.
a. kidney
c. urethra
b. ureters
d. urinary bladder
4. Urine is emptied from the bladder and leaves the body through
.
a. kidneys
c. urethra
b. ureters
d. urinary bladder
5. By what process does the body eliminate waste products from the body?
a. circulation
b. digestion
c. excretion
d. ingestion
6. What will happen to the body when the kidneys stop working?
a. The body accumulates poisonous substances in the blood.
b. The body becomes healthy and strong.
c. The body sweats a lot.
d. The body will be dehydrated.
7. What is NOT filtered from the blood by the kidneys?
a. excess salt
c. oxygen
b. excess water
d. urea
8. Urine is finally forced out of the body by the
.
a. contraction of the smooth muscles of the bladder
b. peristalsis of the smooth muscles of the ureters
c. the pumping of the cardiac muscles of the heart
d. the filtering of the nephrons of the kidney
Label the parts of Urinary System Below.
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. These parts are lined with mucus that helps filter dust particles.
a. nasal cavity and larynx
b. nasal cavity and lungs
c. nasal cavity and epiglottis
d. nasal cavity and trachea
2. What is the function of tonsils?
a. They warm and moisten the air that enters through the nose.
b. They trap and destroy bacteria that enter through the nose.
c. They prevent food from entering the windpipe.
d. They vibrate in order to produce sound.
3. What happens during inhalation?
a. The ribs and diaphragm contract.
b. The ribs and diaphragm relax.
c. The chest cavity becomes smaller.
d. Air rushes out of the lungs.
4. Where does the exchange of gases take place?
a. trachea
b. bronchi
5. Where is the diaphragm located?
a. below the voicebox or larynx
b. covering the top of the voicebox or larynx
c. at the bottom of the trachea
d. below the lungs
c. alveoli
d. nostrils
6. It is also known as the windpipe. It filters the air we inhale and branches into the bronchi.
a. trachea
c. pharynx
b. bronchi
d. lungs
7. The two tubes that carry air into the lungs.
a. trachea
c. pharynx
b. bronchi
d. lungs
8. It is where the exchange of gases occurs, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is
expelled out.
a. lungs
c. alveoli
b. larynx
d. pharynx
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9. It is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
a. lungs
c. alveoli
b. larynx
d. pharynx
10. The common passageway for both food, water, and air.
a. lungs
c. alveoli
b. larynx
d. pharynx
11. It contains two vocal cords that vibrate when air passes by them.
a. lungs
b. larynx
12. It a structure found covering the larynx.
a. nostrils
b. epiglottis
c. alveoli
d. pharynx
c. diaphragm
d. trachea
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. What happens to the food after chewing?
a. it is broken into smaller pieces
b. it combines into bigger pieces
c. it becomes drier for easy swallowing
d. it is mixed with acids in the mouth
2. What is the mass of food called as it enters the small intestine?
a. amylase
c. chyme
b. bolus
d. feces
3. What happens to food during chemical digestion?
a. food is taken inside the body
b. food is taken outside of the body
c. food is broken down into nutrients
d. food is broken down into smaller pieces
4. What is the function of the small intestine?
a. allows movement of food from the stomach to the rest of the body
b. for the digestion and absorption of nutrients
c. aids in physical digestion of food
d. acts as a temporary storage of food.
5. Which is not a function of the pancreas?
a. produces bile that breaks down fats
b. secretes pancreatic juice to neutralize the acidity of the chyme
c. releases enzymes that break down proteins and fats
d. produces insulin that regulates the amount of sugar in the blood
6. Which teeth are used for grinding and crushing food before it is swallowed?
a. incisors and premolars
b. canines and incisors
c. premolars and molars
d. canines and molars
7. What is the role of the large intestine in the digestion process?
a. It secretes bile.
b. It absorbs some of the water and salts.
c. It secretes enzymes that digest proteins.
d. It serves as a temporary storage of water and food.
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8. What do you call the opening at the end of the digestive tract where undigested
materials are excreted?
a. anus
c. small intestine
b. rectum
d. large intestine
9. Which part of the digestive system physically digests the food?
a. saliva
c. teeth
b. esophagus
d. pancreas
10. Which is not an accessory organ in the digestive process?
a. appendix
c. pancreas
b. liver
d. gallbladder
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. Which of the following secretes sebum?
a. dermis
b. epidermis
c. hair
d. oil gland
2. Which of the following is the function of the hairs in the nose and ears?
a. reduces the skin’s exposure to UV rays
b. filter dust particles
c. protect the head and skull from abrasion
d. helps in sensations like touch, pain, heat, and pressure
3. Which protects the head from abrasion?
a. hair on the scalp
b. hair in the nose
c. hair on the eyebrows
d. hair in the ears
4. Which of the following is not a layer of the skin?
a. sebaceous
b. subcutaneous
c. dermis
d. epidermis
5. What is the major function of the integumentary system?
a. protection of the internal body systems
b. distribution of nutrients
c. digestion of food taken
d. inhalation and exhalation
6. Which is the outermost layer of the skin?
a. dermis
b. epidermis
c. glands
d. subcutaneous layer
7. When does a person experience goosebumps
a. The skin bumps on a hard surface.
b. He or she is surprised.
c. Someone has a phobia with geese.
d. The small muscle in the skin pulls the hair making it erect.
8. Which part of the skin contains fats for food and energy storage?
a. epidermis
b. fatty layer
c. dermis
d. subcutaneous layer
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. Which of the following is a skeletal muscle?
a. Muscle of the diaphragm
b. Muscle of the lungs
c. Muscle of the stomach
d. Muscle of the thigh
2. How does a muscle pull a bone?
a. The muscle expands.
b. The muscle contracts.
c. The muscle twists.
d. The muscle flattens out.
3. Which of these organs has voluntary muscle?
a. Arms
b. Esophagus
c. Heart
d. Stomach
4. What happens to the muscles when they are not often used?
a. They become toned.
b. They become strong.
c. They become weak.
d. They become big.
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SKELETAL, INTEGUMENTARY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. It provides the structural framework of the body and protects internal organs such as
the heart, lungs, and brain.
a. skeletal system
c. heart
b. muscular system
d. bones
2. Which of the following bones protects the lungs?
a. clavicle
c. scapula
b. ribs
d. sternum
3. Which is not a function of the skeletal system?
a. It controls the movement and balance of the body.
b. It serves as the framework of the body.
c. It protects the internal organs of the body.
d. It gives support to the body.
4. In which part does digestion begin?
e. esophagus
g. anus
f. mouth
h. intestine
5. Which of the following statements best describes the skin?
a. the largest sense organ
b. receives information about your environment
c. protects your body in any way
d. all of the above
6. Which one of the following is NOT a primary function of the integumentary system?
a. protection
c. reproduction
b. secretion
d. sensation
7. Which is affected when a person suffers from first-degree burns?
a. epidermis
c. dermis
b. excoriation
d. subcutaneous layer
8. Where is food finally digested and absorbed?
a. small intestine
c. large intestine
b. esophagus
d. mouth
9. Which shows the correct order of food traveling through the digestive system after it is
swallowed?
a. stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine
b. small intestine, large intestine, esophagus, stomach
c. esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
d. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
10. Which of the following statements best describes the function of the digestive system?
a. It releases acids and mixes food.
b. It aids in the absorption of nutrients from food.
c. It carries food from the stomach to the intestine.
d. It breaks down food so that the body can absorb food nutrients.
RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY, NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Why is the respiratory system very important to the body?
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a. It enables carbon dioxide to get into the body.
b. It consists of body parts that help the body receive oxygen.
c. It helps distribute carbon dioxide to the blood.
d. It enables the blood to circulate in your body.
2. How does oxygen in the air get into the blood?
a. through the nose
c. through the mouth
b. through the throat
d. through the tiny capillaries
3. What will happen to the cells of the body when there is absence of oxygen?
a. The cells will continue to grow and multiply.
b. The cells will be inactive.
c. The cells will survive.
d. The cells will die.
4. How can you keep your heart strong?
a. eating heart-shaped candy
b. doing activities like playing outside, riding your bike, and swimming
c. smoking
d. sleeping 18 hours a day
5. What are tubes that carry blood back to the heart?
a. arteries
c. pipes
b. veins
d. tube
6. Which of the following describes the correct passage of blood originating from the left leg?
a. Vena cava → left atrium → right atrium → lungs →left ventricle →right ventricle → aorta
b. Vena cava → right atrium → left atrium → lungs →right ventricle →left ventricle → aorta
c. Vena cava → left atrium → left ventricle → lungs → right atrium →right ventricle → aorta
d. Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium →left ventricle → aorta
7. What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
a. brain
c. muscles
b. neurons
d. bones
8. What controls and coordinates the activities of the whole nervous system?
a. central nervous system
b. sympathetic nervous system
c. nervous system
d. brain
9. Which of these is not a function of the peripheral nervous system?
a. collects information from the sense organ
b. transmits information to the central nervous system
c. delivers decisions to the body part which will perform the action
b. delivers oxygen to the different parts of the body
10 How do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves work?
a. When the sympathetic nerve produces an effect,
the parasympathetic nerve produces the same effect.
b. When the sympathetic nerve produces an effect,
the parasympathetic nerve produces an opposite action.
c. They work separately.
d. They allow messages to pass through them freely
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MIXED
1. Which is the longest bone in the body?
a. clavicle
c. radius
b. ulna
d. femur
2. Ribs are bones at the side of the chest. Which of the following organs are protected by the
ribs?
a. heart and lungs
b. kidneys and gall bladder
c. liver and intestines
d. brain and stomach
3. A type of voluntary muscle that is controlled by the bones and responsible for all kinds of
movement.
a. Cardiac muscles
b. Smooth muscles
c. Skeletal muscles
d. Involuntary muscles
4. It is an organ in the body that secretes bile that aids in the digestion of fats.
a. pancreas
c. intestines
b. liver
d. esophagus
5. What part of the brain is responsible for the control and coordination of motor movement
and balance?
a. brain stem
c. cerebrum
b. cerebellum
d. hypothalamus
6. What is the main organ of the respiratory system?
a. lungs
c. pharynx
b. bronchi
d. nostrils
7. Which of the following is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body?
a. atria
c. septum
b. ventricles
d. heart
8. The is the outer layer of the skin where hair is located.
a. dermis
c. epidermis
b. hair follicles
d. fatty tissues
INTERACTIONS
1. Which of the following types of ecosystem has a climate that has warm temperatures and
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a large amount of rainfall?
a. tropical rainforest
c. coral reefs
b. mangrove swamps
d. forest
2. This is a type of interaction that occurs between two species in which one organism
benefits while the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed.
a. mutualism
c. predation
b. competition
d. commensalism
3. What type of interaction wherein the one who is bigger and stronger kill their victims
before or during the eating process?
a. parasitism
c. commensalism
b. competition
d. predation
4. The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the
_____________
a. food chain
c. food web
b. fast food chain
d. food pyramid
5. How do forests help in maintaining global climate? Plants ___________
a. soak up large amounts of rainfall.
b. provide a habitat for plants and animals
c. provide materials for constructions and other needs of people.
d. absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis.
6. It is a place suitable for nesting and nursery areas for many animals like fishes, reptiles, and
amphibians.
a. coral reef
c. grassland
b. mangrove swamp
d. tropical rainforest
7. What is the reason why mangrove trees dominate the mangrove swamps?
Mangroves ______________________________________.
a. are big making them suitable for nesting.
b. have big branches that can absorb more water.
c. trees can withstand broad ranges of salinity, temperature, and moisture.
d. trees have strong roots that enable them to anchor themselves underwater.
8. What do corals eat?
a. algae
c. sea grasses
b. phytoplankton
d. tannin
9. All of the following are obtained from mangroves for usage in the leather industry
EXCEPT ______________.
a. fuel
c. rubber
b. honey
d. tannin
10. Which of the following is TRUE about coral reefs?
a. It serves as a home for a few marine animals.
b. Plant life is abundant in coral reefs compared to land.
c. Coral reefs are products of natural process of millions of years.
d. Flowering plants like the sea grasses dominate the coral reefs