O'Level Physics Formula Sheet (2025)
Mechanics
Speed: v = d / t
Acceleration: a = (v - u) / t
v = u + at
s = ut + 1/2 at^2
v^2 = u^2 + 2as
Force: F = ma
Weight: W = mg
Momentum: p = mv
Impulse: J = Ft = deltap -> Ft = change in momentum
Work: W = Fd
Kinetic Energy: KE = 1/2 mv^2
Potential Energy: PE = mgh
Power: P = W / t
Efficiency: (Useful energy output / Total energy input) x 100%
Thermal Physics
Heat: Q = mcdeltaT -> Q = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
Latent Heat: Q = mL -> Q = mass x specific latent heat
Boyle's Law: P proportional to 1/V
Charles's Law: V proportional to T
Pressure Law: P proportional to T
Waves and Sound
Wave speed: v = flambda -> v = frequency x wavelength
Echo distance: Distance = (v x t) / 2
Snell's Law: n = sin(i) / sin(r)
O'Level Physics Formula Sheet (2025)
Electricity and Magnetism
Ohm's Law: V = IR
Power: P = IV, P = I^2R, P = V^2/R
Energy: E = Pt = IVt
Series: R_total = R1 + R2 + ...
Parallel: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...
Modern Physics / Electromagnetism
Transformer Equation: Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
Transformer Power: VpIp = VsIs
Magnetic Force: F = BIL sin(theta)
Faraday's Law: EMF proportional to change in magnetic flux / time