Republic of the Philippines
Cebu Normal University - Main Campus
Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City, 6000 Philippines
College of Teacher Education
Center of Training (COT) | Center of Excellence (COE) | Level IV Accredited (AACCUP)
Telephone No.: (032) 231 - 8044
Email Address: cte@cnu.edu.ph | Website: www.cnu.edu.ph
Name: Arong, Alexa Jane W.
Date Submitted: September 23, 2024
Cantos, Hanah Jane Marie B.
Instructor: Ms. Jecell May Gervacio
Matero, Charle Mae G.
Date Assigned: October 04, 2024
Ventic, Greven C.
Yurong, Jamaica
Degree Program, Year & Section: BSED-Science 2B
Remarks:
Laboratory Activity 1 - Cell and Cell cycle
Objectives:
To know the parts of the cell for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organism
To describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
To identify the different phases of the cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis
Guide Question:
1. Draw and label the parts of the cell for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell.
2. Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
-
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in a few areas. Their main differences are in
their structure and organization. A prokaryotic cell does not contain any true nucleus;
the genetic material is located in a nucleoid region, while a eukaryotic cell contains a
membrane-bound nucleus, housing its DNA. Generally, prokaryotic cells are much
smaller, ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers in size as compared to eukaryotic cells,
ranging 10 to 100 micrometers. Prokaryotes are also devoid of membrane-bound
organelles, where the cellular processes occur within the cytoplasm or cell membrane,
while eukaryotes contain mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum among others
through which there is compartmentalization of functions. Cell division in
prokaryotes occurs by a process referred to as binary fission, a process less
complicated than mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes. Besides, prokaryotic cells
normally contain one circular chromosome without histones, while eukaryotes contain
multiple linear chromosomes bound with proteins of histone. Size of ribosomes are
smaller in prokaryotes (70S), and in the case of eukaryotes the ribosomes appear
larger at 80S. While most prokaryotes have an exterior rigid wall of peptidoglycan,
for example, in bacteria, only a few eukaryotes have cell walls and the composition is
different in each of these. Animals lack cell walls, while plant and fungal cell walls
are primarily composed of cellulose and chitin, respectively. Prokaryotes include the
bacteria and archaea, while the eukaryotes comprise plants, animals, fungi, and
protists.
3. Draw and label the different stages of cell division from mitosis to meiosis (I and II)
and describe every stage.
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Mitosis (Somatic Cell Division)
Prophase:

Chromosomes condense and become visible.

The nuclear envelope starts breaking down.

Spindle fibers begin to form.
Prometaphase:

The nuclear membrane disintegrates completely.

Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.
Metaphase:

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, known as the metaphase plate.

The spindle fibers are fully attached to the centromeres of each chromosome.
Anaphase:

The centromeres divide, and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

Each chromatid now becomes an individual chromosome.
Telophase:

The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense.

A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually follows, resulting in two identical
daughter cells.
Meiosis (Gametic Cell Division)
Meiosis I:
Prophase I:

Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and exchange genetic
material (crossing over).

The nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.
Metaphase I:

Homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate.

Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each homologous pair.
Anaphase I:

Homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled toward opposite
poles.

Each pole receives a complete set of chromosomes, but with a different
combination of parental origin.
Telophase I:

Chromosomes reach the poles, and the nuclear envelope may reform.

Cytokinesis occurs, resulting in two haploid cells with duplicated
chromosomes.
Meiosis II:
Prophase II:


Chromosomes condense again in the two haploid cells.
Spindle fibers begin to form in each new cell.
Metaphase II:


Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate in each haploid cell.
Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres.
Anaphase II:

The centromeres divide, and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
Telophase II:



Chromosomes arrive at the poles and decondense.
Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis occurs, resulting in four genetically distinct haploid cells.
4. Tabulate the differences of Mitosis and Meiosis
Aspect
Mitosis
Meiosis
Purpose
Growth, repair, and asexual
reproduction
Sexual reproduction,
producing gametes (sperm
and egg cells)
Number of Divisions
One
Two
Number of Daughter Cells
Two
Four
Genetic Composition
Daughter cells are genetically
identical to the parent cell
Daughter cells are genetically
diverse (different from parent
and each other)
Chromosome Number
Maintains the same
Reduces chromosome number
chromosome number (diploid, by half (haploid, n)
2n)
Types of Cell Produced
Somatic (body) cells
Gametes (sex cells, e.g.,
sperm and eggs)
Crossing Over
Does not occur
Occurs during prophase I,
leading to genetic variation
Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
do not pair
Homologous chromosomes
pair and exchange genetic
material during prophase I
Separation of Chromosomes Sister chromatids separate
during anaphase
Homologous chromosomes
separate during anaphase I;
sister chromatids separate
during anaphase II
Cytokinesis
Occurs once (after telophase)
Occurs twice (after telophase
I and telophase II)
Function in the Body
Development, tissue repair,
and maintenance of somatic
cells
Production of gametes for
sexual reproduction