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MP 3.0-4-1.1 TD
ROYAL ENGINEER REGIMENT
2023
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The Information given in this manual is not to be communicated
either directly or indirectly, to the Press or to any person not
authorised to receive it.
ROYAL ENGINEER REGIMENT
2023
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CONDITIONS OF RELEASE
1.
The distribution and acceptance of this manual must be made
officially and proved by a written document.
2.
During the distribution process, this manual must be
protected under the rules of the security standards enforced by the
government and the Army.
3.
This manual shall not be used for other than military
purposes.
4.
This manual shall not be distributed to any other country
without the written consent from the Ministry of Defence through the
Army Training and Doctrine Command Headquarters.
5.
This manual shall not be disclosed to the non-security
organisations unless it is authorised by the Ministry of Defence
through the Army Training and Doctrine Command Headquarters.
6.
This manual may not be distributed directly to the foreign
students without the permission of the Commander of Army
Training and Doctrine.
7.
The contents of this manual should not be quoted either
partially or altogether in any form of use for the non-security write
up unless it is authorised by the Ministry of Defence through the
Army Training and Doctrine Command Headquarters.
8.
Subject under the Official Secrets Act or Act 1972 or both;
action may be applied to anyone who fails to comply with these
distribution requirements.
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FOREWORD
This manual is the reviewed manual to supersede the MP 4.1.1
TD – Royal Engineer Regiment (Provisional) 2007. The publication
of this manual is timely with the acceptance of new equipment and
technology into the organisation. All staff and commanders at all levels
need to grasp with the information as outlined in this manual.
The Royal Engineer Regiment (RER) being one of the combat
support arms, has witnessed its transformation over the years in line
with the Army’s vision to emerge as a formidable organisation that has
fulfilled its roles and functions. The adage “First In, Last Out” applies to
its significance and manifestation of its importance in supporting the
Army in discharging its roles.
This manual need to be read with other related references in
order to established a proper understanding. Content of this manual
will be reviewed and updated from time to time in accordance with the
development of the Army to keep it current.
Army Headquarters
Ministry of Defence
Issued By My Command
TAN SRI DATUK SERI MOHAMMAD BIN AB RAHMAN
Jen
Chief of Army
_______________________________________________________
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PREFACE
This manual has been developed and designed as a
comprehensive reference not only for instructors, field engineers and
assault pioneers but also for commanders and their staff at all levels.
This doctrine must not be implemented slavishly; the prevailing
circumstances, tactical situations and above all common sense must
be applied. This is due to the nature of warfare that is changing rapidly,
resulting in new technology and its impact on the battlefield.
The structure of this manual comprised nine chapters. Chapter
One is introduction regarding general description, role, task, capability
and limitation. Chapter Two explained command, control and
employment of Royal Engineer Regiment (RER). Chapter Three
provides information on Engineer Support in Joint Operations. Chapter
Four explained on Engineer Support in Offensive Operations. Chapter
Five explained on Engineer Support in Defensive Operations. Chapter
Six concentrates on Engineer Support in Specific Operations. Chapter
Seven considers the subject of Engineer Support in Specific
Environment. Chapter Eight explains on Engineer Support in Military
Other Than War (MOOTW). Chapter Nine provides the details on
training involving Royal Engineer Regiment.
As a whole this manual provides a comprehensive overview of
RER in terms of technical and deployment. Officers and personnel of
RER at all levels should refer to this manual during planning stage of
deployment in order to achieve exceptional outcome in training and
operations without jeopardising safety and security throughout.
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AMENDMENT CERTIFICATE
Proposals for amendment of manual MP 3.0-4-1.1 TD are to be
forwarded to:
Kolonel Doktrin
Bahagian Pembangunan Doktrin
Markas Pemerintahan Latihan dan Doktrin Tentera Darat
Kem Segenting
71050 PORT DICKSON
Amendment List
Paragraph
Date
(a)
(b)
Amended By
Name
Initials
(c)
(d)
GLOSSARY
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Note
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Section 1
AOEO
AOR
BOS
CBRNe
CE
CIED
CRE
EOD
EPO
ESS
FARPs
FE
HADR
IED
JFC
JOPG
KPP
MAF
NADMA
NDP
Para
PKO
RER
SMART
SOP
TA
TAC T (SR)
TCP
TSZ
UN
UNMO
UXO
VAP
VCP
:
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Area of Engineer Operations
Area of Responsibility
Battlespace Operating System
Chemical, Biological, Radiological,
Nuclear and Explosives
Chief Engineer
Counter Improvised Explosive Devices
Commander Regiment Engineer
Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Engineer Planning Officer
Engineer Support Section
Forward Arming and Refueling Points
Force Engineer
Humanitarian Aid Disaster Relief
Improvised Explosive Devices
Joint Force Commander
Joint Force Battle Group
Key Point Procedures
Malaysian Armed Forces
National Disaster Management Agency
National Defence Policy
Parachute
Peacekeeping Operations
Royal Engineer Regiment
Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and
Rescue Team
Standard Operating Procedure
Territory Army
Tactical Take-Off (Support Range)
Traffic Control Post
Temporary Security Zones
United Nation
United Nation Military Observer
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance
Vital Assets Protection
Vehicle Check Point
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Section 2
:
Terms
Area of Responsibility
The geographical area associated with a combatant command within
which a combatant has authority to plan and conduct operations.
Battlespace
All aspects of the environment that are encompassed by the area of
influence and the area of interest. This includes the operational
environment
(oceanic,
continental,
aerospace,
littoral,
electromagnetic), and those relevant aspects of society, politics,
culture, religion and economy. All aspects of air, surface, subsurface,
land, space and electromagnetic spectrum which encompass the area
of influence and area of interest.
Battlespace Operating System
The Battlespace Operating System (BOS) represents the combination
of personnel, collective training, equipment, facilities and command
and management – organised, supported and employed to perform a
designated function as part of a whole. The BOS are Manoeuvre; Fire
Support; Information Operations: Reconnaissance, Surveillance and
Intelligence; Mobility and Survivability; Air Defence; Command and
Control; and Combat Service Support.
Command and Control
The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated
commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment
of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through
as arrangements of personnel, equipment, communication, facilities
and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing,
coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the
accomplishment of the mission.
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Coup De Main
An offensive operation that capitalizes on surprise and simultaneous
execution of supporting operations to achieve success in one swift
stroke.
Defence Engineering Service Department (BPKP)
Organisation that managed and ensure all development expenditure is
well managed. As an agency for the provision and maintenance of
accommodation, facilities and infrastructure for the Armed Forces in
order to ensure the sustainability and welfare of military personnel are
preserved.
Deception
Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation,
distortion, or falsification of evidence to induce him to react in a manner
prejudicial to the enemy interest.
Explosive Ordnance
This refers to all bombs and warheads of guided and ballistic missiles,
ammunition for artillery, mortar and all flat trajectory weapon systems,
mines, torpedoes and depth charges, demolition charges,
pyrotechnics, cartridge and propellant actuated devices, electro
explosives, improvised devices and other related items or components
explosive in nature.
Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
This refers to the detection, identification, field evaluation, rendering
safe, recovery and final disposal of the UXO or the IED.
Geospatial
Geospatial encompasses any information used to describe data that
identifies the geographic location of natural or constructed features on
the earth’s surface, the ocean, underground and air space within a
geographic referential system on the globe.
Geospatial Information (GEOINF).
Facts about the Earth reference by geographical position and arranged
in a coherent structure. It describes the physical environment and
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includes data from the physical environment and include data from the
aeronautical, geographic, hydrographical, oceanographic and
meteorological disciplines. Most commonly viewed as a map or chart,
GEOINF generally comprise very large data set that are well defined,
structured and widely reusable. GI normally conforms to set standards,
rules and policies, such as requiring the inclusion of appropriate
metadata.
Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)
GEOINT is the spatially and temporally referenced intelligence derived
from the exploitation and analysis of imagery intelligence and
geospatial information to establish patterns or to aggregate and extract
intelligence. This may be complemented by other sources where they
provide additional intelligence value, for example the delivery of
meteorological or oceanographic forecasts. In order to be exploited
effectively it must conform to set standard, rule and policy.
Improvised Explosive Devices
A bomb constructed and deployed in ways the other than in
conventional military action. It may be constructed of conventional
military explosives such as an artillery shell attached to a detonating
mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as roadside bombs.
Line of Communication
A route, either land, water, and/or air, which connects an operating
military force with a base of operation and along which supplies and
military forces move.
Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)
Operations conducted by the MAF to assist the government through
interagency cooperation in order to maintain law and order to support
national or friendly nations in times of crisis.
Operations
A military action or the carrying out of a strategic, tactical, service,
training, or administrative military mission; the process of carrying on
combat, including movement, supply, attack, defence and manoeuvre
needed to gain the objectives of any battle or campaign.
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Position Information
Large amounts of information hold a defined reference to position, but
lie outside of the scope of geospatial information, for example the
tracks of aircraft or weather observation. This information might be
viewed in tabular or textual form, but generally need to be depicted
against a geospatial backdrop in order to be most usefully exploited. It
must conform to some basic guidance so that it can be accessed by
and shared with a large of users.
River Crossing Operations
Special Operations in that it requires specific procedures in a
movement to the rear across the water obstacle while in contact with
the enemy.
Standard Operating Procedures
A set of instructions covering the features of operations which lend
themselves to a definite or standardised procedure without loss of
effectiveness. The procedure is applicable unless ordered otherwise.
Spatial Data
Spatial data is the distribution of discrete fact in space and time. It
comprises of four (4) elements namely Geospatial Information
(GEOINF), Position Information, Spatially Referenced Information and
Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT). It provided trusted information and
assist in decision making.
Spatially Referenced Information
Other information might make reference to a location, but not
specifically positioned, be aided by reference to geospatial information
or positioned information. For example, a reference article concerning
a country or city. This information tends not to conform to specific
standards or guidance, residing in report documents, can be provided
as positioned information.
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Headquarters AT & DC
PORT DICKSON, October 2022
Army Manual
MP 3.0-4-1.1 TD
ROYAL ENGINEER REGIMENT
CONTENT
Paragraph
Page
Condition of Release
Foreword
Preface
Amendment Certificate
Glossary
Content
Reference
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
xi
xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEER
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
General
Army Engineer
Army Field Command
Engineer
Divisional Engineer
Other Engineer Unit
Capabilities
Limitation
Summary
1001
1007
1029
1-1
1-4
1 - 15
1043
1053
1059
1065
1069
1 - 20
1 - 24
1 - 27
1 - 29
1 - 30
CHAPTER 2
COMMAND, CONTROL AND EMPLOYMENT
Section
1.
General
2001
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2.
Responsibilities of Engineer
Commander and Staff
Command and Control
Principle of Employment
Consideration in Operations
Planning for Operations
Engineer Plan
Summary
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2005
2-2
2010
2017
2023
2037
2052
2079
2-5
2-7
2 - 10
2 - 15
2 - 20
2 - 26
CHAPTER 3
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN JOINT OPERATIONS
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
General
Engineer in Joint Operations
Joint Operations for MOOTW
Summary
3001
3003
3009
3010
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-3
CHAPTER 4
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
General
Engineer in Advance
Engineer in Attack
Engineer in Pursuit
Passage of Lines, Raid, Link
Up Operations, Coup de Main
Summary
4001
4004
4013
4022
4034
4-1
4-2
4-5
4-7
4 - 12
4042
4 - 14
CHAPTER 5
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
Section
1.
General
5001
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Engineer in Area Defence
Engineer in Mobile Defence
Engineer in Delaying Defence
Engineer in Withdrawal
Employment of Obstacle in
Defensive Operations
Summary
7.
5016
5022
5027
5035
5051
5-7
5-9
5 - 10
5 - 12
5 - 17
5052
5 - 18
CHAPTER 6
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN SPECIFIC OPERATIONS
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
General
Crossing and Breaching
Obstacle
Small Unit Operations
Rear Area Security Operations
Psychological Operations
Summary
6001
6005
6-1
6-2
6016
6017
6021
6025
6-6
6-6
6-7
6-8
CHAPTER 7
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT
OPERATIONS
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
General
Operations in Built Up Area
Operations in Coastal Area
Operations in Jungle Area
Operations in Condition of
Limited Visibility
Operations in CBRNe
Environment
Summary
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7001
7003
7010
7017
7023
7-1
7-1
7-5
7-9
7 - 10
7026
7 - 12
7030
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CHAPTER 8
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN MILITARY OPERATION OTHER THAN
WAR (MOOTW)
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
General
Engineer Support in National
Development
Engineer Support in HADR
Engineer Support in
Peacekeeping Operations
Engineer Support in Counter
Terrorism Operations
Engineer Support in Post
Incident
Summary
8001
8007
8-1
8-2
8013
8020
8-4
8-5
8023
8 - 10
8036
8 - 13
8074
8 - 26
9001
9002
9008
9009
9010
9-1
9-1
9-4
9-5
9-6
CHAPTER 9
TRAINING
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General
Types of Training
Training Aspect
Operational Specific Training
Summary
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REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
MAFJD 3-10 – Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)
(2011).
MAFJD 5-01 – Joint Operations Planning (2011).
M 1 TD – The Army (2010).
MD 3.0 TD – Operations (2010).
MD 3.0.1 TD – Tactics (2010).
MD 3.0.2 TD – Corps Operations (2009).
MD 3.0.3 TD – Division Operations (2010).
MD 3.3 TD – Formation Tactics (2010).
MD 3.6-4.2.1 TD – Terrain Analysis (2020).
MD 3.7 TD – Specific Operations (2009).
MD 3.8 TD – Operations in Specific Environment (2010).
MD 3.9 TD – Operations Other Than War (2010).
LWD 3-6-1 – Employment of Engineers (Australia Manual)
(2008).
JP 3-07 – Joint Doctrine for MOOTW (US Manual) (2014).
JP 3-34 – Engineer Operations (US Manual) (2014).
FM 3-34 – Engineer Operations (US Manual) (2014).
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEER
SECTION 1
GENERAL
1001. The Royal Engineer Regiment (RER), a combat support arm
offers a wide range of flexible and adaptive engineering support that
assists the Armed Forces in general and Army in particular to fight,
move and live. There are four elements of engineer which are field and
construction engineer, defence geospatial, professional engineering
services and specialist engineer line of communication. The abilities of
engineers in mobility, counter mobility, survival, sustainability, and
geospatial support are influenced by all of those factors.
Indirectly, these elements support five Army Strategic Development
Plan (Army4nextG) capability goals including detection, survive and
strike, sustainment, protraction and nation building.
1002. At all levels of command, an engineer officer is often present to
advise the commander on the field engineering requirements for any
given war scenario and to carry out this job. This facility should always
be utilised to the maximum and engineer should be brought into the
battle picture as early as possible for the necessary planning. Invariably,
an engineer operation involves Man, Machine, Material, Money,
Transport, Tool and Time.
ROLES
1003. The roles of the RER are as follows:
a.
In War. Assists the Army to defend the nation and its
strategics interests by providing field support engineering and
geospatial capabilities to enable joint manoeuvre and
survivability.
b.
In Peace. Prepared for war and assist Army in the
development of Malaysia to protect national interests.
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c.
In Time of Civil Unrest and Disaster. Assist the civil
authority in the maintenance of public order in the operations,
rehabilitation and maintenance of essential services.
TASKS
1004. In War. It is the responsibility of the field engineer to improve the
mobility of his own forces while doing all in his power to hinder the
opposing forces' movement (countermobility). Engineers play a
significant role in the conduct of land warfare because of their capacity
to assist sustainability and survivability. The tasks are as follows:
a.
Improving the Mobility of Own Troops. Mobility
support is action taken to enhance the mobility of the force,
thereby allowing the commander the freedom to physically
manoeuvre.
(1)
Construction, repair and maintenance of airfields
and helicopter landing zone.
(2)
Construction, repair and maintenance of roads,
tracks, bridges and any other form of surface means of
communication examples like waterways and expedient
track ways.
(3)
Bridging.
(4)
Assistance in river crossing operations.
(5)
Removal or breaching of obstacles including
minefields and booby traps.
(6)
Assistance in assault demolition of enemy
defences and obstacles.
(7)
Other tasks that relate to the engineer support in
assist the mobility of infantry.
b.
Counter mobility. In order to give the commander, the
freedom to choose when and where to engage the adversary,
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counter mobility assistance involves measures taken to restrict
the enemy's ability to move around physically.
(1)
as:
(2)
Construction and development of obstacles such
(a)
Road rooting, cratering and mining.
(b)
Abatis.
(c)
Minefields.
Demolitions and denial operations.
(3)
Other tasks that relate to the engineer support in
counter mobility.
c.
Survivability. Survivability support is action taken to
reduce the effects of hazards created by the enemy, by friendly
forces or by nature.
(1)
Field defence, camouflage and deception
assistance for other armed forces and services.
(2)
Providing engineer services such as water supply,
temporary accommodation and decontamination facilities
at divisional level.
(3)
To fight as infantry when the situation demands.
(4)
Other tasks that relate to the engineer support in
survivability.
d.
Sustainability. Sustainability support is action taken to
enable a force to maintain the necessary level of fighting power
for the duration required to achieve its objectives.
e.
Geospatial. Geospatial support is action taken to acquire
and manage information about the physical dimension, produce
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decision support products for example terrain analysis and rapid
response product.
1005. In Peace.
a.
Train for war.
b.
Assist Army in engineer support to protect the nation’s
integrity and sovereignty at all times.
c.
Assist Army in the development of Malaysia and other
Military Operation Other Than War (MOOTW) in engineering
support.
d.
Assist the MAF in updating and managing geospatial
information.
1006. In Time of Civil Unrest and Disaster. Engineers undertake to:
a.
Assist in the rehabilitation and operations of essential
services which include:
(1)
Key ports.
(2)
Railway networks.
(3)
Selected electricity generating and distributing
stations.
(4)
b.
Water treatment plants and distribution networks.
Assist in keeping the peace.
SECTION 2
ARMY ROYAL ENGINEER REGIMENT
1007. The organisation of the Army RER comprises of several units of
engineer that have their specific role and tasks to perform in order to
meet the requirements of the Army Headquarters. The technical control
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of all Army RER units is via RER Directorate. The current organisation
is as shown in Figure 1.1:
Army RER
Figure 1.1 : Organisation of Army RER
ROYAL ENGINEER REGIMENT DIRECTORATE
1008. RER Directorate is a branch located under command of Army
Headquarters. The RER Directorate's responsibility is to serve Army
Headquarters as a technical planner in the areas of operational,
administrative, logistical, and technical engineering. Organisation of
RER Directorate is as shown Figure 1.2.
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RER
Directorate
Figure 1.2 : Organisation of RER Directorate
ENGINEER SUPPORT REGIMENT
1009. The role of the Engineer Support Regiment is to carry out the
construction works, plant support and field engineering tasks beyond
the capabilities of divisional engineer forces.
1010. The tasks include the following:
a.
b.
Provide mobility support, including:
(1)
Bridging.
(2)
Gap crossing.
(3)
Obstacle breaching.
(4)
Road construction.
(5)
Airfield and landing zones.
Provide counter mobility support, including:
(1)
Obstacles.
(2)
Demolitions.
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(3)
c.
Minefields.
Provide survivability and sustainability support, including:
(1)
Command post.
(2)
Provision of water.
(3)
Construct and fortified forward base.
(4)
Provision and maintenance of infrastructure.
(5)
Conduct general engineering works.
(6)
Provision of camouflage and deception.
d.
Assist Civil Authorities in time of peace, civil unrest and
disaster including:
(1)
Civic action project.
(2)
Nation building program.
e.
Undertake or provide support of engineer plants,
operators and engineer special tools to the engineer forces.
f.
Supply spare parts and undertake second line repair for
engineer plants.
1011. Organisation of Engineer Support Regiment is as shown in
Figure 1.3.
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Repair
Troop
Figure 1.3 : Organisation of Engineer Support Regiment
1012. Characteristics of Engineer Support Regiment is an
independent regiment. It contains command, control and administrative
elements in the Regiment Headquarters. It is equipped to undertake
major tasks, which are beyond the capabilities of the divisional
engineer forces.
a.
Headquarter Squadron. A Headquarter Squadron
contain signal, transportation and logistic elements to the
regiment.
b.
Construction Squadron. The Construction Squadron is
the basic engineer construction unit designed to execute all
types of military constructions. For major tasks such as road and
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airfield construction, the Construction Squadron may require
additional plants and personnel from the other squadron in the
regiment.
c.
Resources Squadron. The Resources Squadron
comprises the Repair Troop, Reserve Plant Troop and
Operation Plant Troop which will enable the squadron to support
the Construction Squadrons to undertake their tasks.
d.
Special Support Squadron. The Special Support
Squadron is the combination element of the Support Troop that
consists off all trade of engineer in construction to support the
Construction Squadrons to undertake their tasks and special
support of combat engineering such as EOD Team and others.
ENGINEER SPECIALIST REGIMENT (TERRITORIAL ARMY)
1013. The regiment's duties include mobilising Territorial Army (TA)
Engineer forces during emergencies and times of war, as well as
restoring, running, and maintaining key utilities including ports,
railroads, water, and power. They are also a source for the provision of
engineer intelligence on the respective services.
1014. The tasks of the Engineer Specialist Regiment (TA) are as
follows:
a.
The rehabilitation and operations of key ports and rail
networks.
b.
The operations of selected electricity generating stations
and water treatment plants including the repair, maintenance
and distribution networks.
c.
The provision and replacement of personnel to regular
Engineer Squadron in time of war and emergency.
1015. Organisation of Engineer Specialist Regiment (TA) is as shown
in Figure 1.4:
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Figure 1.4: Organisation of Engineer Specialist Regiment (TA)
1016. Characteristics of all Engineer Specialist Regiment (TA) are
manned by volunteer personnel who are already employed in their
respective essential services. In the event of a national emergency or
tragedy, these regiments will be called into action to carry out specific
tasks within their respective services. The regular personnel in each
regiment are for coordination of military and technical trainings in
accordance with the schedule allocated to each regiment.
1017. Port Specialist Regiment (TA). The role of the regiment is to
rehabilitate and operate all the key ports in the country in time of need.
1018. The tasks of the regiment are as follows:
a.
Maintain the daily and routine administrative of the
regiment including pay and allowances for volunteers.
b.
Planning preparing, updating
Regiment’s Mobilisation Scheme.
and
rehearsing
the
c.
Planning, preparing and running of annual training.
d.
Collection of data on all ports for engineer intelligence.
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1019. The organisation of the regiment is as shown in Figure 1.5:
Figure 1.5 : Organisation of Port Specialist
Regiment (TA)
1020. Railway Specialist Regiment (TA). This regiment's duties
include the upkeep of all the essential trains in the network including
the maintenance and repairs of permanent rail tracks and rolling stock
in time of need.
1021. Task similar to Port Specialist Regiment (TA) but on railway
matters.
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1022. The organisation of the regiment is as shown in Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6 : Organisation of Railway Specialist
Regiment (TA)
1023. Water Specialist Regiment (TA). The role of this regiment is to
ensure the supply of water in populated areas is kept operational in
time of need.
1024. Water Specialist Regiment (TA) task is similar to Port Specialist
Regiment (TA) but on water operating matters.
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1025. The organisation of the regiment is as shown in Figure 1.7:
The picture can't be display ed.
Figure 1.7 : Organisation of Water Specialist
Regiment (TA)
1026. Power Specialist Regiment (TA). The role of this regiment is
to ensure the supply of essential power to the vital regions is
maintained in time of need.
1027. Power Specialist Regiment (TA) task similar as Port Specialist
Regiment (TA) but on National Electricity Board matters including
operations, maintenance and repair of generating stations plus
transmission and distribution networks.
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1028. The organisation of the regiment is as shown in Figure 1.8:
Figure 1.8 : Organisation of Power Specialist
Regiment (TA)
SECTION 3
ARMY FIELD COMMAND ENGINEER
1029. The Headquarters Army Field Command is the largest
operational formation in the Malaysian Army. It commands the
operations of all its infantry or combined arms divisions in peace and in
war at the operational level. The organisation of the Army Field
Command Engineer comprises of several unit that have their specific
role and tasks to perform and meet the requirements of the Army
Engineer. The organisation of the Army Field Command Engineer is as
shown in Figure 1.9.
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Figure 1.9 : Organisation of Army Field Command Engineer
HEADQUARTERS RER ARMY FIELD COMMAND
1030. The role of the Headquarters RER Field Command is to be
responsible in coordinating, centralised command of engineer assets
and be prepared to provide expertise and professional advice to
overcome any unforeseen circumstances in any level of tactical
situation or ground orientation.
1031. The organisation of the Headquarters is as shown in Figure 1.10.
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Figure 1.10 : Organisation of Headquarters RER Army Field
Command
ENGINEER BRIDGING SQUADRON
1032. The role of the Engineer Bridging Squadron is to assist the
formation in tactical bridging operations.
1033. The tasks of Engineer Bridging Squadron are as follows:
a.
To increase the mobility of friendly forces especially in
crossing of gaps and River Crossing Operations.
b.
To assist the civil authorities in bridging operations in
time of natural disaster and catastrophes.
1034. The organisation of the regiment is as shown in Figure 1.11.
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Figure 1.11 : Organisation of Engineer Bridging Squadron
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, NUCLEAR AND
EXPLOSIVE (CBRNe) SQUADRON
1035. The role of CBRNe Squadron is responsible to provide the
expertise of personnel and equipment to be deployed in order to assist
Army Field Command to deal with Chemical, Biological, Radiological,
Nuclear and Explosive (CBRNe) threats, disasters and other
operational as ordered.
1036. The tasks of CBRNe Squadron are as follows:
a.
Continuously training in CBRNe operations.
b.
Assist in the implementation of individual and collective
training to Malaysian Army units in the CBRNe environment.
c.
To support Malaysian Army combat units in conventional
and unconventional operations involving CBRNe environments
in a military context.
d.
Be prepared to assist government agencies
humanitarian assistance and disaster relief when needed.
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e.
Implement engineer intelligence related to the source and
storage of toxic materials from industry within the area of
responsibility.
1037. Characteristics of CBRNe Squadron is specialised squadron
which means in CBRNe environment. It contains command, control
and administrative in the Squadron and Headquarters Troop. It is
equipped to undertake different task, which are beyond the capabilities
of the field squadron and will normally deployed in conventional and
unconventional operations in CBRNe environments.
1038. The organisation of the squadron is as shown in Figure 1.12.
Figure 1.12 : Organisation of CBRNe Squadron
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ENGINEER FIELD SQUADRON (TA)
1039. The role of the field Squadron (TA) when mobilised as the
augmentation to the regular field squadrons.
1040. The tasks of the field squadron (TA) when mobilised, are
identical to those regular field squadrons as listed in paragraph 1004
except that it cannot undertake tasks on its own.
1041. Characteristics of Engineer Field Squadron (TA) is when
mobilised for war, a squadron is self-accounting, self-administering and
can operate independently for limited period. It contains command,
control and administrative elements. It is organised on the same lines
as the regular field squadron less the support troop. In peace time,
each Engineer Field Squadron (TA) is provided with only a third of its
equipment table, the remainder will be issued when the squadron is
mobilised.
1042. The organisation of the Squadron is as shown in Figure 1.13.
Figure 1.13 : Organisation of Engineer Field Squadron (TA)
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SECTION 4
DIVISIONAL ENGINEER
1043. Ideally, the number of engineer field squadrons within an
infantry division should be equivalent to the number of brigades under
its command. Due to constraints, this may not always be possible. As
such, the number of engineer field squadrons under the command of
Headquarters RER Division in each infantry division varies.
Notwithstanding such anomalies, ongoing restructuring process for the
RER calls for the following organisational structure to ensure effective
and efficient engineer support provided to the infantry division. The
organisation of Divisional Engineer is as shown in Figure 1.14.
Figure 1.14 : Organisation of Divisional Engineer
HEADQUARTERS RER DIVISION
1044. The role of the headquarters is to command and coordinate the
divisional engineers and other engineers allotted to the division. The
tasks of Headquarters RER Division are as follows:
a.
To advice Division Commander on the best employment
of engineer assets and resources allotted division.
b.
To provide Division Commander with regard to technical
engineer matters such as building and infrastructure design
estimate the time of construction and cost.
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c.
To command and control all engineer assets, stores and
resources allotted to division.
d.
To prioritise engineer works according to division’s
mission and tasks.
e.
To plan, estimate and budget for engineer’s assets
maintenance and repair.
f.
To liaise with other RER Headquarters for a more
coordinated action plan and sharing of technical engineer
matters.
g.
To advice Division Commander on geospatial support.
1045. The organisation of the Headquarters is as shown in Figure 1.15.
Figure 1.15 : Organisation of Headquarters RER Division
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ENGINEER FIELD SQUADRON
1046. The role of the field squadron is to provide intimate engineer
support to assists division in terms of construction work, plant support
and field engineering task.
1047. The responsibility of all arms and services towards planning and
execution of various engineer tasks encompasses the following
aspects:
a.
Mobility.
b.
Counter mobility.
c.
Survivability.
d.
Sustainability.
e.
Assists in geospatial support.
1048. Characteristics of Engineer Field Squadron is self-accounting,
self-administering and can operate independently. It contains
command, control and administrative elements in the headquarters. It
is equipped to operate a unit radio net but must be provided with a rear
link to communicate with the supported formation. Although in itself a
powerful engineering entity, the engineer field squadron cannot hold or
repair all the equipment and plant necessary to carry out engineer
operations. A support echelon is therefore essential and this is provided
by the Engineer Support Regiment.
a.
The Headquarters Troop. The sub-unit of the engineer
squadron is the Headquarters Troop. This troop consists of
essential supported to the field squadron in term of
communication and vehicle. This troop also consist of Light Aid
Detachment which is provide maintenance to the vehicle,
weaponry and electronic equipment.
b.
The Field Troop. The sub-unit of the engineer squadron
is the field troop. It is contained combat engineer and can
undertake most combat engineer tasks independently within
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limited periods and must supported with support troop for other
task than combat engineer operations.
c.
The Support Troop. The sub-unit of the engineer
squadron is the support troop. Support Troop consists of Plant
Operation Section, Material Section, Resources Section and
Maintenance/Repair Section. Plant Section deals with minor
earth moving tasks. Otherwise, Material Section provides
logistic support for troop level consisting of personnel of logistic
trade. Resources Section provides tradesmen to support field
troop in conducting operations and Maintenance/Repair Section
provides technical support for repairing and maintenance of
plant.
1049. The organisation of the squadron is as shown in Figure 1.16.
Figure 1.16 : Organisation of Engineer Field Squadron
ENGINEER MECHANISED SQUADRON
1050. The role of Engineer Mechanised Squadron is to provide
intimate engineer support to all units under Mechanised Brigade.
1051. The Mechanised Squadron possess the same characteristics of
normal engineer field squadron. In addition, the squadron is highly
mobile and deployment is normally by A vehicle.
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1052. The organisation of the squadron is as shown in Figure 1.17.
Figure 1.17 : Organisation of Engineer Field Squadron
SECTION 5
OTHER ENGINEER UNIT
ENGINEER PARACHUTE SQUADRON
1053. The role of Engineer Parachute Squadron is to provide an
organic engineer support to the Parachute Brigade. The tasks of
Engineer Parachute Squadron are as follow:
a.
Engineer advice to commanders and reconnaissance
for engineer tasks.
b.
Denial operations including specialist demolitions.
c.
Assist infantry in defensive preparations including
construction of obstacles and field defences.
d.
Assist the mobility of the parachute force.
e.
As demolition party in raid.
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f.
Rapid minefield breaching.
g.
Airfield repair.
h.
Construction of Landing Point and Landing Zone.
i.
Provide limited digging capability.
j.
Provision of portable water supply.
k.
Provide limited underwater operations.
1054. The Parachute Squadron possess the same characteristics of
normal engineer field squadron. In addition, the squadron is rapid
deployment normally by air.
1055. The organisation of the squadron is as shown in Figure 1.18:
Figure 1.18 : Organisation of Engineer Parachute Squadron
ARMY FIELD ENGINEERING INSTITUTE (AFEI)
1056. The role of Army Field Engineering Institute is to be an
Excellent Training Centre in order to train all officers and soldiers in the
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RER as well as officers and other ranks from the Army in field
engineering task.
1057. The tasks of AFEI are as follow:
a.
Implement the engineering course and training for
officers and soldiers in the Army.
b.
Developing the training management plan for all courses
that conducted.
c.
Monitor the implementation, testing and validation to
ensure the course quality implemented effectively.
d.
Creating logical requirements in order to support the
course and training needs.
e.
Liaison with training institutions, both local and overseas
to keep up-to-date training, techniques, knowledge, materials
and equipment.
1058. The organisation of the unit is as shown in Figure 1.19.
Figure 1.19 : Organisation of Army Field Engineering Institute
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SECTION 6
CAPABILITIES
1059. Engineer capabilities based on four element of engineer which
are field and construction engineer, defence geospatial, professional
engineering services and specialist engineer line of communication are
grouped by function. The specific capabilities and capacity for those
capabilities is dependent on the role and function. Capabilities may be
brigaded or dispersed, dependent on the circumstances and
requirement.
MOBILITY SUPPORT
1060. Engineer capabilities to provide mobility support include:
a.
Bridging.
b.
Gap crossing.
c.
Obstacle breaching.
d.
Road construction.
e.
Airfield construction.
f.
Port construction.
COUNTER MOBILITY SUPPORT
1061. Engineer capabilities to provide counter mobility support include
constructing obstacles on land and offshore, bridge demolition, and
route demolition.
SURVIVABILITY SUPPORT
1062. Engineer capabilities to provide survivability support include:
a.
CBRN and explosive.
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b.
Fire and emergency response.
c.
Physical force protection (hardening and fortification).
d.
Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD).
SUSTAINABILITY SUPPORT
1063. Engineer capabilities to provide sustainability support include:
a.
Provision of water.
b.
Provision of electricity.
c.
Provision and maintenance of infrastructure (living,
working, transport and logistics).
d.
Army work diving tasks.
e.
Camp construction.
GEOSPATIAL SUPPORT
1064. Engineer capabilities to provide geospatial support include:
a.
Rapid Map.
b.
GEOINT for geospatial engineering including terrain
analysis.
c.
The theatre grid system.
d.
Geodetic control and positioned information.
e.
Provide Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for mapping.
f.
Geospatial information management in the field.
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SECTION 7
LIMITATIONS
1065. Engineer have limitations similar to other arms and services.
Providing for these limitations requires commanders to balance the
priority of work with the available time. The most significant engineer
limitations are vulnerability while working, reduced efficiency at night,
reliance on material and tool, maintenance machine and time
consideration.
VULNERABILITY
1066. Engineer tasks require skilled application of effort therefore,
engineers have limited capability to protect themselves while working.
With the exception of those tasks that can be completed in a protected
vehicle, engineer support tasks are normally carried out by dismounted
troops at critical locations outside defended areas. These support tasks
usually require the use of specialised equipment that is characterised
by high visibility and noise signature, which draws enemy attention and
fire. All engineers cannot work and fight simultaneously. Other combat
elements may be required to provide protection for engineer work
parties to permit uninterrupted work.
NIGHT WORK
1067. Engineers are trained to complete their tasks in all light levels.
However, tasks carried out in darkness require more time to complete
than similar tasks carried out in daylight, even when night vision
devices are used. Therefore, commanders must consider the
increased time required and the fatigue caused by working in low light
levels against the benefits of using light in non-tactical situations.
MAINTENANCE AND TIME CONSIDERATION
1068. Engineer work is physically demanding on the engineer
personnel and their equipment. During the planning of an engineer task,
consideration must be given to the scheduling of regular rest and
administration periods for engineers and maintenance periods for
equipment and vehicles.
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SECTION 8
SUMMARY
1069. Organisational structures undergo constant changes in order to
meet the ever dynamic and diversified challenges and threats. In line
with the Army’s restructuring programme, four elements of RER have
geared itself to fulfil the needs of the organisation by using their own
capabilities. Plans have been put in place for the development of RER
units to ensure the roles are fulfilled and the tasks are executed
effectively and efficiently with the consideration of their limitations.
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CHAPTER 2
COMMAND, CONTROL AND EMPLOYMENT
SECTION 1
GENERAL
2001. Command is the process by which commanders impress their
will and intentions on their subordinates. It encompasses the authority
and responsibility for deploying forces to fulfil commander’s mission.
The senior engineer officer in the formation or the engineer unit
commander is the adviser to the commander (Field/Division/Brigade)
on all engineer matters within the respective command. Orders relating
to engineer tasks and priorities are normally issued through the G Staff.
Such orders will be amplified later by the issuance of engineer
instructions to include deployment, technical and administrative
aspects.
2002. It establishes the principles on which the command of RER units
should be based and gives guidance on the handling of engineers in
operations. It does not however attempt to lay down a set of rules.
There is no universally right way of commanding a unit, since each unit
is, to a considerable extent, a mirror of its commander. Consequently,
the methods which are used successfully by one commander may not
be appropriate when used by another. Both may be good commanders
and each method in the right hands may be a good one.
2003. To be successful in operations the engineer must have the
technical knowledge to use his equipment efficiently, but technical
knowledge by itself is not enough. He must have the proper mental
approach to operational problems. He must not view these problems
merely with the eye of the efficient technician. He must view them as
tactical, political or social problems, to the solution of which he can
bring technical knowledge to bear.
2004. Planning is the corner stone for task and mission
accomplishment. The adage ‘fail to plan, plan to fail’ aptly describes the
importance of planning. A good plan originates out of meticulous
preparation will take into account of all interrelated activities that
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contribute to successful task or mission. Preparation activities for both
offensive and defensive operations might vary in intensity and scale,
but they are gearing towards the smooth execution of the task and
mission.
SECTION 2
RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEER COMANDERS AND STAFFS
CHIEF ENGINEER
2005. The responsibilities of the Chief Engineer are as follows:
a.
Perform staff duties as the Chief of Army (CoA) advisor
in engineering task.
b.
Advise the CoA on every matter relating to field
engineer’s and Geospatial Support task in MAF.
c.
Advise the CoA in making decision before committing
engineer’s time and effort to the government departments and
agencies.
d.
Responsible to CoA in observing and sustaining vital
services during emergencies and disasters.
e.
Command the engineer’s unit Under Command of the
Army that is Engineer Support Squadron and Engineer
Specialist Regiment (TA) on behalf of CoA.
f.
Responsible to CoA for high quality of efficiency, morale
and discipline among sappers through chain of command.
g.
Plan and coordinate the development of RER on behalf
of CoA.
h.
Authorised to handle the technical investigation board.
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i.
Chairman of the RER Corps Committee.
j.
Conduct the Army CBRNe Committee Meeting.
k.
Liaise on closely with other agencies in every matter of
engineering task if necessary.
l.
Perform other tasks as directed by superiors.
COMMANDER RER FIELD COMMAND.
2006. The responsibilities of the commander are as follows:
a.
He advises the Field Commander on matters pertaining
to engineer operations.
b.
He assists the Field Commander in the planning and
evolution of all engineer matters.
c.
He ensures the high standard of professionalism of
engineer personnel within the Field.
d.
He assists in the maintenance of contingency plans for
operations of essential services in time of emergency or natural
disaster.
e.
He executes technical instructions received and ensures
the technical soundness of his own plan.
g.
He keeps The CE at Army Headquarters informed on
matters of engineer interest.
h.
Advice Division Commander on geospatial support in the
field.
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COMMANDER REGIMENT ENGINEER DIVISION (CRE DIV)
2007. The responsibilities of the CRE Division are as follows:
a.
He commands and controls the division engineers and
other engineers allotted to the division.
b.
He controls all engineer stores and resources within or
allocated to the division.
c.
He is the divisional commander’s adviser on engineer
matters and is responsible to the GOC for the planning and
execution of all engineer operations in the division.
d.
He is responsible for collection and collation of engineer
intelligence within the division.
e.
To advice Divisional Commander regarding geospatial
support in the field.
OFFICER COMMANDING (OC)
2008. The responsibilities of the OC are as follows:
a.
He commands and controls the field squadron engineers.
b.
He controls all engineer stores and resources within or
allocated to the squadron.
c.
He is the adviser on engineer matters and responsible to
the commander in the operation for the planning and execution
of all engineer operation.
d.
He is responsible for collection and collation of engineer
intelligence and geospatial information.
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THE ENGINEER OFFICER AND HIS COMMANDER
2009. The relationship between an engineer adviser and his
commander is very important. Although much depends on personalities,
the following basic principles apply equally both to a CRE advising his
Divisional Commander and to an engineer section commander
advising an Infantry Company Commander. These basic principles are:
a.
The engineer must know the way his commander is
thinking.
b.
The engineer must study his commander so that he
understands his outlook and method in planning and conducting
operations. He must get into the habit of foreseeing and
examining problems well in advance by close liaison and hence
is in sympathy with his commander’s modus operandi. He must
be able to give sound advice. In this way the essential mutual
trust and confidence between them will be built up.
c.
An engineer must avoid seeing all problems as purely
sapper ones. He must take a broad view of the situation so that
he can see how best he can help the commander in the making
of his plan.
d.
The engineer must be neither too compliant nor too
unyielding. He must judge soundly and speak frankly during the
planning stage.
2009. By obeying the above principles the engineer will be well aware
of the plan as it develops in the commander's mind and will, therefore
be ready to carry out the orders with loyalty, conviction and
commitment.
SECTION 3
COMMAND AND CONTROL
2010. In the engineer operations, there are two possible methods of
command and control of engineer units which are:
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a.
Under Command.
b.
In support.
2011. Under Command. The normal and most satisfactory method is
to have engineer units under command centrally by the CRE. This
facilitates concentration, economy of administration, and results in
speedy execution of tasks in the order of priority established by the
divisional commanders. Under Command commonly used in RER
operation for different occasions as follow:
a.
Many advantages flow from keeping field squadrons with
their affiliated brigades in battle. The officers knew one another,
and confidence exists between them. However, an occasion
may arise when the field squadron may not operate within the
affiliated brigade due to technical reasons or the engineer
support is required elsewhere.
b.
There may be other occasions such as in the early stages
of the preparation of a hasty defence, during an attack, advance
or rear guard duties, it is most appropriate to place squadrons
or troops under command of a tactical group or formation. When
an engineer unit is placed under command of such
headquarters, the headquarters has the authority of tasking the
full resources of that engineer unit and allocating the priorities.
c.
Under the above circumstances, it is essential to specify
tasks, duration and the degree of administrative control to be
exercised by the commanding formation. For instance, the
commanding formation has to accept responsibility and
additional staff load associated with control of funds, ordering
and forecasting of engineer projects, stores, transport of
engineer personnel, protection and general administration of the
units.
2012. In Support. When a squadron is placed in support of a formation,
it remains under command of the CRE. However, part or all of its effort
may be available to the formation being support. The squadron
commander must first meet all divisional tasks allotted to his squadron
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and the remaining effort is made available to the formation commander
to whom the squadron commander acts as the engineer adviser.
COMMUNICATIONS
2013. To ensure command and control are effective, adequate
communications are essential in the execution of an engineer task. An
officer in charge of engineer work may have to communicate with the
following:
a.
The headquarters ordering the work.
b.
The formation under whose administrative command the
work is being carried out.
c.
The commanders of supported or supporting troops and
working parties.
d.
Local commanders, for mutual aid in defence or for other
tactical reasons.
e.
Subordinate officers carrying out the task.
2014. Signal Plan. A good signal plan is one in which every means of
communications is woven into it, example as satellite com, wireless,
line, despatch riders and others. Careful thoughts must be given to the
signal plan, otherwise it tends to be hazard, waste of effort and
unreliable.
SECTION 4
PRINCIPLE OF EMPLOYMENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINEER WORKS
2015. The basic requirements for any engineer work to be successful
are the availability of resources and time. Engineer resources include
Man, Machine, Material, Money, Transport, Tool and Time.
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2016. With all the resources, engineers can accomplish any task
satisfactorily. In war, however, one or more of the resources may be
lacking, hence engineer work is often a compromise between
improvisation and time and may not reach technical perfection of an
engineer task carried out in peace time.
PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT
2017. To obtain the best result from engineers it is necessary to
adhere strictly to the following principles of employment:
a.
Early Warning. To permit planning and assembly of
resources.
b.
Priority of Work. Clear priority should be given.
c.
Centralised Control. To ensure satisfactory completion.
d.
Continuity. An engineer unit which starts work on a task
finishes the task.
e.
Concentration of Effort. Maximum possible use must
be made of available plants to compensate for limited number
of men.
f.
Economy of Effort. Engineers are employed only on
essential tasks that cannot be done by other arms.
g.
Use of Local Resources. Maximum use of local
resources will minimise effort of procuring engineer stores.
GUIDES TO EMPLOYMENT
2018. Observance of the above principles is not enough to ensure
successful employment of engineers. There are other contributing
factors such as the responsibility of the engineers, the responsibility of
the staff and other corps and services that should be considered. The
following guides to employment of engineers should be observed
where appropriate:
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a.
Engineers must work to a plan which must be in
accordance with the tactical situation. Technical and tactical
needs are often conflicting.
b.
Planning should be on a long term basis. The staff must
forecast the operations likely to be undertaken and the
engineers must use foresight in preparing and providing the
necessary man, material and plant.
c.
There must be good signal communications in the
engineer units and with the supported units. This is necessary
so that commanders can keep in touch with progress and can
give the necessary orders or instructions to deal with events as
they unfold.
d.
Man, Machine, Material, Money, Transport, Tool and
Time should be made available when and where they are
required. Staff intervention and clear allocation of priorities for
air or road movement may be necessary to achieve this.
e.
On tasks requiring mostly manpower, engineers will often
need the assistance from other arms.
f.
Simple field engineering work is the responsibility of all
arms.
g.
Protection of engineer working parties may be required
and should be catered for during planning.
DEPLOYMENT OF ENGINEERS
2019. In general, the deployment procedure of engineer is similar to
other army units. Warning orders are issued, reconnaissance takes
place, orders are given and troops and resources move to the required
place.
2020. Engineers can move quickly to a work site equipped to do the
task but are often lightly equipped administrative. The administrative
elements should be brought forward as soon as the situation permits
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to obviate the need for engineers to return to former maintenance area.
This will also allow the unit to be readily available for the next task.
2021. Engineers do not normally have F, A and B Echelons although
at times, non-essential vehicles are left behind with rear units and
brought forward when required.
2022. Other factors which affect deployment and redeployment are:
a.
At the completion of a task, a sub-unit must be
replenished with suitable stores before it can undertake new
tasks.
b.
A secured harbour area for vehicles and plant is needed
close to work sites. Because of the types of plant held, it will
often be necessary to harbour astride a track which should not
be the one used by convoys or other units. This is to avoid
obstruction to other convoy when the engineer plants are on the
road.
SECTION 5
CONSIDERATION IN OPERATIONS
GENERAL CONSIDERATION IN OPERATIONS
2023. It establishes the principles on which the command of RER units
should be based and gives guidance on the handling of engineers in
operations. It does not however attempt to lay down a set of rules.
There is no universally right way of commanding a unit, since each unit
is, to a considerable extent, a mirror of its commander. Consequently,
the methods which are used successfully by one commander may not
be appropriate when used by another. Both may be good commanders
and each method in the right hands may be a good one.
2024. To be successful in operations the engineer must have the
technical knowledge to use the equipment efficiently, but technical
knowledge by itself is not enough. Engineer must have the proper
mental approach to operational problems and must not view these
problems merely with the eye of the efficient technician. Engineer must
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examine the problems as tactical, political or social problems, to the
solution of which engineer can bring technical knowledge to bear.
THE KEYS TO SUCCESS
2025. An engineer unit are fit for operations if all the certain
prerequisites and standards as stated below are accomplished:
a.
Officers and NCOs must have a high standard of
technical competence.
b.
Each individual and the unit as a whole must be properly
trained.
c.
Equipment must be suitable for the job and is in a
serviceable condition.
2026. Basic requirements for the key to success are as follows:
a.
A Good Plan. This must be based on the best available
information both tactical and technical and an adequate
reconnaissance. The plan must fit the operational needs and be
technically sound.
b.
Dissemination of the Plan. Engineer personnel must be
clear not only about the own task but how to implement the plan
as a whole.
c.
Good Communication. There must be good
communication within the unit so that commanders at all levels
can update the progress and issue latest orders throughout the
operations. All forms of communications should be considered.
d.
Exercise of Command. Commanders at all levels must
plan their moves and activities to allow themselves freedom to
exercise their leadership and command. Even the best plans are
apt to lose their momentum after a certain time; and if at this
moment a commander is exhausted or in the wrong place, the
commanders will be unable to influence events.
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e.
The Flow of Resources to Site. Men, materials, tools
and machines must be at the right place and at the right time.
This demands very careful attention to the detailed plan to
ensure that the site is not cluttered with unwanted men and
equipment. The vital element is not missing just when it is
required.
ADMINISTRATION
2027. Engineer units must conform to the pattern of administration
adopted by the formation with which they are working. This may require
some flexibility when it involves attachment and detachment of
engineer units to other formations.
2028. Three items of administration which usually present themselves
in engineer operations are as follows:
a.
Equipment. Engineers are peculiarly dependent upon
their equipment in operations and much attention is needed to
ensure that the right sort of equipment is available for each
operation, that it is in serviceable condition and that there are
operators who can use it to advantage. Arrangements have to
be made to ensure that the equipment remains serviceable
throughout the operations.
b.
Relief and Rest Periods. For short periods men can
work exceptionally long hours with only very short breaks for
meals. However, this cannot be kept up for long, however after
a while efficiency tends to decline unless sufficient time is
allowed for rest and recuperation. The normal efficient working
period in long operations is eight to nine hours a day with one
half a day a week for rest. It is desirable that this rest period
should be staggered between units or sub-units, so that
progress of the work is never completely halted.
c.
Paperwork. An officer should leave routine paperwork,
such as casualty or strength returns, to the clerical staff with
supervision.
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DOMINATING THE WORK
THE POSITIVE MEAN
2029. The positive means whereby a sapper officer dominates the
work (exercises effective command and control) depends upon his
temperament. Some do it by meticulous attention to detail, others by
force of personality, or by constant supervision. Others can exert their
influence merely by their presence at the right time and place. It is a
matter that each individual officer must work out for himself.
2030. The engineer officer who can visibly demonstrate to his troops
that it is he who is in command of the situation and not the enemy has
gone a long way to maintaining the morale of his men and thereby
completing the task efficiently and promptly.
NEGATIVE INFLUENCES
2031. There are certain negative influences during operations which
tend to reduce the engineer officer domination of work, and unless he
counters them, even the strongest personality will be working under an
impossible handicap.
2032. Firstly, there are influences, which the enemy seeks to impose.
It will be demoralising to the engineer to feel that they are a passive
target for whatever the enemy wishes to do to them. While passive
protective measures are important, the greatest single help is to
reassure them that immediate means of retaliation are at hand. Such
means as artillery cover; infantry protection etc. may make a notable
contribution to morale.
2033. Secondly, there are influences caused, by what is often
described as the fog of war. Many of these can be dissipated by timely
dissemination of accurate information and strict control of rumours. The
value of frequent regular briefing of the men cannot be overemphasised,
and radio communications must be kept to a high standard. Men who
have been stood down to rest must remain under close control. Unless
these and other administrative matters are attended to, the sapper
officer in charge will dissipate energy in untangling confusion, instead
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of using it in exercising his powers of leadership and drive on to the
task at hand.
2034. Thirdly, the frailty of human nature itself must be counteracted.
Engineer officers and their troops must rest whenever opportunity
presents so that they are fresh at all times. This can only be achieved
by careful planning of relief and making full use of opportunities for
sleep. Once the leaders appear tired, lassitude creeps over the whole
body of rank and file. It is always a fact that soldiers are less likely to
be tired than their officers.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP)
2035. There must be a recognised system for performing frequently
recurring operations. These may vary from setting up a headquarters
for a new location to the process of clearing a minefield. It is often
desirable to list down these drills in the form of SOP. It must be
remembered that drills may vary with the nature of operations, the
terrain, etc. An operation which may be a daily occurrence (and
therefore worthy of SOP) in one sector of the country may never occur
in another sector. The need for an SOP must be judged on its own
merits and care must be taken not to include too much detail partly
because no one will remember all of it and that much of it may not be
applicable to a particular operation. However, an SOP is a convenient
method of keeping orders short.
2036. There are certain principles on which all drills for the
employment of a unit are founded. They are:
a.
Reconnaissance Party. The size of the reconnaissance
party depends on the nature of tasks but except in the most
urgent operational circumstances, no engineer work should
proceed without prior reconnaissance, which must be carried
out in sufficient time and in sufficient detail to allow the task to
be properly planned.
b.
O Group. Time is saved if the composition of orders
group at any level is clearly defined. However, since an engineer
grouping will alter from task to task, careful thought must always
be given to additions to the group, example attached engineer
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unit, transport units, infantry subunits providing protection and
others.
c.
Work Parties. The work to be performed is it minor or
major must be split up into tasks. A party of men together with
relevant equipment is allotted to each task.
d.
Resources. No engineer task can be carried out without
stores or equipment of one sort or another. Therefore, time must
be catered for procurement of stores and equipment.
e.
Reserve. A reserve should always be allotted to deal with
unforeseen requirements.
f.
Maintenance. Engineer tasks require maintenance when
completed and responsibility for maintenance must be laid down.
g.
Protection. Protection is often required for the engineer
engaged on engineer work. The size of protection party depends
on prevailing threat and the importance of the tasks. If infantry
allotted to this task, it is important that there should be close
liaison between the infantry and engineer commanders so that
the division of responsibilities is clearly understood.
SECTION 6
PLANNING FOR OPERATIONS
RECONNAISSANCE AND PLANNING
2037. In the execution of any engineer works there are seven essential
ingredients - Man, Machine, Material, Money, Transport, Tool and Time.
The technique of military engineering in war is to combine these to
execute the work in the shortest time consistent with economy of
resources and fulfilment of the specifications, the cost being relatively
unimportant. This can only be achieved if the work is adequately plan
and all arrangements made for the supply of the necessary equipment,
store and transport before committing any men to the work.
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ENGINEER RECONNAISSANCE
2038. Adequate engineer reconnaissance is an essential preliminary
to any engineer plan. Assistance must be given to engineers to enable
reconnaissance to be done as quickly as possible. Helicopters or light
aircrafts are useful for this purpose, especially for any reconnaissance
which requires the inspection of a number of dispersed sites.
Helicopters can save much time in airfield reconnaissance of either
existing strips or locations for new airfields.
2039. All arms can assist in the supply of information required for
engineer planning. For example, information on broken or blocked
culverts, locations of captured stores, dumps or local resources can be
of great value. When information on the activities of enemy engineer
unit is analysed by the engineer staff, it will often indicate enemy
intention.
ENGINEER INTELLIGENCE
2040. Engineer intelligence includes any information an engineer
adviser, a commander or staff' will require as a basis for engineer
planning. In view of the nature of the engineer tasks in regard to the
movement of troops, the information must cover the details of the
topography, climate, communications and local resources in the
operational area of the country, as well as intelligence on enemy
methods and equipment. The information must be available in a form
that is simple and quickly understood to be of use it must be given in
time and it must be accurate and up to date.
2041. Engineer intelligence is required at the outset for planning the
general policy and strategy of the operations. It is then required
progressively throughout the operations for further planning and
conduct of engineer operations. It is thus a continuous requirement.
Therefore, engineer intelligent is vital and its collection work must
always be done both in peace and war to complement the overall
Intelligence Preparation of Operational Environment (IPOE).
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2042. Although the information required and the methods of obtaining
it will differ at the various levels of command, the general principles on
which engineer intelligence collection should be based remain the
same. They are:
a.
Continuous Liaison with Operations Staff. By itself
engineer information is frequently inadequate, and in the
absence of a full picture, engineer commanders and their staff
may draw incorrect conclusions, leading to faulty advice or
wrong planning. Engineer intelligence officers must therefore
work closely with their counterpart in the G Branch and present
all relevant information, engineer or otherwise.
b.
Constant Vigilance and Curiosity. Much valuable
information required by engineer intelligence can be supplied by
all ranks in the course of their daily work. It should be a point of
training that such information should be sought, and not awaited
by personal observation and reconnaissance. In turn, engineer
staff must ensure that all ranks are briefed on priority subjects
about which information is specially needed. It is possible to
encourage other arms to help in this. The principle of a fair
exchange of information is the best practical method of doing so
(rather than one-sided request for information) thereby
cultivating inter-unit liaison and interest. Formation and unit
SOPs should cover this subject.
c.
Brevity and Accuracy. Information collected in the form
of intelligence summaries should be concise and the facts and
figures should not, as far as possible, be subject to future
amendments. They have to be simple and clear so that relevant
information can quickly be found and extracted at lower
Headquarters. In turn, reports passed up from forward troops
and local sources must be accurate and clearly presented, air
photography interpretation must be methodical and its accuracy
defined. Where accuracy is in doubt, the reliability and probable
degree of accuracy should be indicated.
d.
Submission in Time. Intelligence loses value unless it is
made available in time. It will often be required some months
before an operation, particularly at the higher level
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Headquarters. Anticipation of the information required in ample
time is thus a first requirement, followed by its rapid
dissemination to all concerned at the right time. A great deal of
engineer intelligence will be assembled in peace time, but this
will require checking and amplification before use for planning
purposes.
2043. Scope and Source of Engineer Intelligence. Engineer
intelligence is very comprehensive. In its broadest sense, it covers all
fields of activity of engineers at all levels, and the topographical
intelligence.
2044. Individual
Responsibility
for
Supplying
Engineer
Intelligence. Engineer Intelligence is needed by everyone, and it is
every engineer's responsibility to supply information to be developed
into engineer intelligence. Every sapper must know the importance of
intelligence and be trained in collecting whatever information he can,
processing it through the appropriate intelligence channels. The
importance of the individual's role should be stressed by all
commanders.
GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION
2045. Geospatial engineering is the generation, management,
analysis and dissemination of positionally accurate environmental
information tied to a place, area or feature on an earth coordinate
system. It is powerful combat multiplier when used effectively.
Geospatial engineers provide the Soldier with base map data, tactical
decision aids, and mission-tailored terrain visualisation products
enabling commanders and staffs to determine operational impacts.
Geospatial engineers do not follow a typical training/ operational cycle,
they are always in an operational mode preparing data and products
for their commander’s area of interest (AOI) or the next supported
mission.
2046. Factors of Terrain in Military Planning. Military commanders
have long realised the effects of the physical environment on mission
success. Commanders who stand out in history, had the ability to
visualise the operational environment and its effects and utilise the
terrain to their advantage in the battle. Today’s geospatial engineer
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must represent the physical environment and its effects more
accurately and faster to help the commander visualise the operational
environment. Paper maps and still aerial photography are the
traditional sources of information that describe the ground.
Technological advances significantly changed the Army’s ability to
collect, generate, manage, analyse, and disseminate geospatial data
and products for the operational environment. The advancements of
geographic information systems have allowed the development of new
methods of generating and managing geospatial information, making
geospatial products, and conducting detailed analysis about the
military aspects of terrain.
2047. Operational
Environment
Visualisation.
Operational
environment visualisation is the process whereby the commander:
a.
Develops a clear understanding of the current state with
spatial and temporal relationships to the operational
environment.
b.
Envisions a desired end state that represents mission
accomplishment.
c.
Visualises the sequence of activity that moves the
commander’s force from its current state to the end state.
2048. The ability to visualise an operational environment is an
essential leadership attribute and the heart of mission command it is
critical to mission accomplishment. The geospatial engineer provides
the spatial and temporal canvas to this process. The field geospatial
support engineer team must continually:
a.
Collect, capture and generate data required to populate
the geospatial database.
b.
Manage and update the geospatial database to reflect
the ever-changing environment.
c.
Analyse
operations.
the
effects of
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d.
Produce standard and nonstandard geospatial products.
e.
Integrate spatial data and products into the common
operating picture and staff functions.
f.
Advise users on the best geospatial exploitation products
for their requirements.
g.
Collect, capture and generate data required to populate
the geospatial database.
h.
Manage and update the geospatial database to reflect
the ever-changing environment.
i.
Analyse
operations.
the
effects of
physical
environment
on
2049. Geospatial engineering function existed in all levels to support
Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF). At the formation level geospatial
engineering are component of the Operations and Training cell as
geospatial engineer teams. The geospatial engineer teams conduct
analysis in concert with their imagery analyst on training and
operations.
SECTION 7
ENGINEER PLAN
2052. The engineer plan is the basis for any engineer operations. It will
course stem from the requirements of the formation commander. In a
division, the CRE is responsible for making the engineer plan. On the
other hand, the squadron commander of the independent engineer
squadron such as the Engineer Para Squadron will be responsible for
such plan formulation.
PLAN FORMULATION
2053. The making of the plan should follow the normal method of an
appreciation, but certain aspects peculiar to sappers need emphasis.
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2054. Obtaining Information. The CRE must base his plan on the
best possible information. Much of its information will come through the
engineer channels and confirmed through reconnaissance. Some will
come from the divisional commander and his staff.
2055. Formulation of The Plan. The engineer commander may wish
to discuss his outline plan with his subordinates before he issues his
orders. He may do this by visiting his subordinates, or by having a
conference. In any case, there are two quite separate aspects:
a.
The Discussion. During discussion he will give free run
to arguments and suggestions while he tests out his plan in his
mind to see if it is the best one.
b.
The Orders. Here discussion is ended and decisions
made.
REQUIREMENT OF THE PLAN
2056. Priorities. It is essential that the engineer commander is clear
of the priorities because there are seldom enough sappers to meet all
demands. The G Staff must therefore laydown priorities based on the
engineer commander’s advice.
2057. Allocation of Troops to Tasks. Having decided the essential
tasks, the engineer commander must allocate his resources to those
tasks. He can do this:
a.
Geographically by allotting all tasks in an area to a unit
and all tasks in another area to a second unit. He must ensure
that each unit is capable of performing all the tasks in its area
within the time available.
b.
Functionally by allotting tasks of one or similar nature to
one unit, and that of another nature to a second unit. Again, he
must ensure that each unit is able to carry out the tasks allotted
in the time available.
c.
In deciding which method to adopt, the engineer
commander must study the area in which his unit will operate,
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the state of communications, the existing tactical boundaries
and whatever limitations are imposed.
2058. Foresight. Once the tasks and resources are equated, it will
normally turn out that the resources available are insufficient to cope
with priority tasks requirements. Here, foresight is essential. The
sapper must give early warning of this state of affairs so that either
more resources can be provided from elsewhere, or the plan modified
to reduce the number of tasks.
2059. Simplicity. The engineer plan must be simple. Many
unpredictable things can happen both in battle and in peacetime
operations. Complicated plans that appear to be theoretically workable
may breakdown under the stresses of war or civil unrest.
2060. Flexibility. The engineer plan must be flexible and allow some
degree of modification. This does not mean that it should be vague;
there must be a clearly defined aim and a detailed plan to achieve the
aim, but the plan must be capable of modification.
2061. Reserves. It is essential to have an engineer reserve to cater
for unexpected tasks. Since there are seldom enough engineers to
provide for a separate reserve, those engineers employed on low
priority tasks may be earmarked as a reserve and will be taken off these
tasks if required elsewhere on a higher priority task.
PRESENTING THE PLAN
2062. The engineer plan, within the limits of security, must be
communicated to all ranks so that not only each man knows what is
required of him but also how his actions fit into the overall plan.
2063. It is important to distinguish between orders and briefing.
a.
Orders will be passed down the chain of command.
b.
Briefing is an essential means of keeping the men
informed of the situation and is carried out at all levels. At times,
it offers a senior officer the opportunity to impress his personality
directly on the troops.
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2064. A commander may present his plan to his subordinates in any
of the following ways:
a.
Verbally with Reference to a Map. Not much
preliminary preparation is needed, and when the orders are
given, subordinates can mark the essentials on their maps. The
value of verbal orders is greatly enhanced by supplying premarked maps and details of times, dates, places, equipment in
the form of confirmatory notes and overlays.
b.
By Radio or Satellite Communication. This is a
common way of giving orders on operations, but security may
preclude long term orders being given.
c.
Overlay Orders. This is unusual, certainly below
squadron level. Skill is necessary in composing a good written
order and time is required to produce it. Plan may also be
seriously compromised if written orders fall into enemy hands.
Overlays are of value to illustrate written orders. The use of
liaison officers to amplify short written orders should not be
ignored.
d.
Verbal Orders with Reference to Sand Model. This
gives a clear picture to subordinates to translate what they see
on the model on to their maps.
2065. In whatever way the plan is presented, it is essential that it
should be passed on to the lowest levels. The time factor will, therefore,
often dictate the manner in which the plan is presented.
2066. A careful balance must be struck between the value of
disseminating information and of maintaining security. As a general
rule, no commander should have marked on his map, the position or
intention of units other than his own. The sapper officers however have
to know the locations of other units and consequently may have to mark
them on his map. Being thus in a somewhat privileged position, he must
be especially careful not to let his map or other information fall into
enemy hands.
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2067. When giving orders to or briefing the men, it is important to
explain the tactical plan fully and to warn them especially if they are
inexperienced. The difficulties and dangers of an operations should not
be lightly dismissed; it is a shock to the morale of troops who have been
told to expect an easy operation when they find that in the event it is
dangerous, difficult and costly.
LAUNCHING THE TROOPS
2068. As soon as engineer tasks and their priorities have been
established, careful consideration must be given to deployment in order
to launch the troop into action in the best possible way. The cardinal
principles are that sufficient men and machines should be deployed to
achieve the necessary progress in the task and conversely, that no
more men are deployed than can effectively be employed. Deployment
at all levels demand a fine balance between these considerations;
there-in lays the art of preserving engineer potential which can be
quickly dissipated by fatigue and losses.
2069. Units and equipment must be controlled so that they come
together in good time to do the job for which they are required. This
may mean assembling well before hand or it may mean a programmed
arrival at the right place at the right time.
2070. As changes in tactical plan are sometimes necessitated by
unexpected events, arrangements must be made whereby the sappers
are kept informed so that they do not blunder into a situation that has
materially changed since they received their orders. Co-location of
engineers and formation headquarters and close liaison ensure up to
date information on the tactical situation. Peacetime affiliation greatly
assists in establishing the close liaison necessary.
2071. It must be remembered that when troops are finally launched
into operations they may pass temporarily beyond the control of the
commander. Everything then depends upon the skill, determination
and initiative of the subordinate leaders and of the troops themselves.
The importance, therefore, of launching them properly, so that they do
themselves credit, can hardly be over-emphasised. The result of good
prior briefing will show when situation becomes confused and the
unexpected occurs.
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FLOW OF RESOURCES
2072. Engineer work will progress according to plan if the necessary
equipment, store and reserves are available when required. The
resources must therefore be made available at work site in the right
order and at the right time. Otherwise, the work may be delayed due to
non-availability of proper stores at work site.
2073. Some resources can be decentralised and held by units, but
some, particularly those which are scarce, must be kept and controlled
centrally for use where and when most required. If control over these
scarce items is vested in too high an authority, delay in release is
probable, if at too low level they may not be allotted when most required
and beyond that level of command.
2074. There are two guiding principles relating to scarce resources as
follows:
a.
Scarce resources should be positioned so that they can
be quickly moved to those sites where it is expected that they
are most likely to be needed.
b.
Whoever is given control of the allotment of resources
must have good communications to ensure full information and
rapid reaction to demands.
2075. When equipment or stores have to be sent forward to units, it is
advisable to select a store collection point or delivery point in a central
location and to signpost it well and make extensive use of guides. This
greatly simplifies the task of delivery and collection.
2076. In the movement of resources generally, it is most important to
ensure that road space and priority are allotted by the formation
headquarters. Good liaison with Military Police is also important.
2077. It is inevitable that equipment of all kinds will get damaged in
operations. Arrangement for maintenance, repair and replacement
must be made, together with an adequate supply of spares.
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SECTION 8
SUMMARY
2078. The art of command lies in conscious and skilful exercise of
command authority through visualisation, decision making and
leadership. Understanding the concept of employment of engineers
and its principles will assist the commanders at all levels in sourcing
the undisputed engineer support and assistance in accomplishing a
mission. As engineers are scarce resources, there will always be not
enough engineer assets around to fulfil the commanders’ needs.
Therefore, early warning and planning as well as the prioritisation of
engineer works will greatly reduce any ambiguities and uncertainties in
the conduct of land operations.
2079. RER officers and junior commanders at all levels must be
dedicated and adhere to the basic requirements and principles as
outlined to ensure their commands are effective. The ability to view
problems at a larger sphere and adopt a holistic approach for solutions
in concerted effort with the supported commander or headquarters will
ensure mission accomplishment. Hence, the synergy of intellectual,
moral and physical components in relation to engineer operations must
be continuously optimised.
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CHAPTER 3
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN JOINT OPERATIONS
SECTION 1
GENERAL
3001. In Joint Operations, the engineer support for the objective on the
manoeuvre, enhance strategic and operational movement and provide
infrastructure for force projection. In this term, force projection is the
ability of nation reacts on operating the capability of army engineer into
crisis management, contributing to national disaster and enhance
regional stability. The total engineer force of military active and reserve
(including specialist regiment) can draw to accomplish the engineer
mission.
3002. Engineer operations assists the joint force in achieving the
assigned objectives and end state through the functions of:
a.
Field engineering enables to freely manoeuvre the joint
force (mobility), attack the enemy ability to manoeuvre (counter
mobility) and support the force to live and fight (survivability and
sustainability).
b.
General engineering provides for the facilities and
infrastructure that play critical role in shaping the battlespace
and are essential to force projection for decisive operations.
c.
Geospatial engineering provides the Spatial Data and
services, including analysis and visualisation of the terrain within
the area of operations, that enhance the common operational
picture within the theatre.
d.
Specialist engineering of each unit will maintain important
installation operations such as port, electrical, water supply and
railways to support the joint operations.
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SECTION 2
ENGINEER IN JOINT OPERATIONS
3003. During organising engineer assets, the Joint Force Commander
(JFC) must consider what make the best to achieve unity of effort,
centralised planning and decentralised execution. JFCs establish
command relationships for engineer unit based on the requirement for
engineer missions and establish supporting relationships between
components to accomplish required tasks. Simplicity and clarity of
command relationships are paramount to efficient and effective use of
engineer forces due to the varied nature of engineer tasks, units, and
capabilities.
3004. To support at bigger frame in Joint Operations, engineer
intensive operations may be require numerous engineer assets to
complete a multitude of tasks. To consolidate requirements and better
orchestrate forces, JFCs may establish a joint engineer task force as a
special purpose subordinate task force to control extensive engineer
operations and/or missions. This option provides a coordinated
approach for addressing engineer responsibilities.
3005. JFCs should establish an engineer staff to coordinate the key
engineer functions. The joint force engineer staff coordinates field
engineering, general engineering dan geospatial engineering
requirements needed to ensure mission success. The engineer staff is
also responsible for support to planning, operations and intelligence.
Engineers should participate in Joint Operations Planning Group
(JOPG).
ENGINEER PLANNING CONSIDERATION
3006. Engineer planning is conducted at the strategic, operational, and
tactical levels. Planning on the engineers in joint operations will take
consideration of mobilisation, deployment, employment, sustainment,
and redeployment requirements of the combatant commander’s
operations concept. Operational planning merges the operational plan
of the joint forces, specific engineer missions assigned, and available
engineer forces.
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3007. Involvement of the engineer staff in JOPG is an absolute
requirement in all phases of joint operations. The planning
considerations
include
geospatial
information,
intelligence
requirements, topographic engineer analysis, construction support and
resource management.
3008. With engineer operations supports the JFC ability will be
enhance by maximising force projection, enhancing the exploitation of
terrain analysis and sustaining the force. Field engineering enhances
operational movement, mobility, counter mobility, manoeuvre and
survivability operations.
SECTION 3
JOINT OPERATIONS FOR MILITARY OPERATION OTHER THAN
WAR
3009. In MOOTW, engineer plays the main parts of Humanitarian
Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and humanitarians civic
assistance. Engineer also may provide infrastructure and camp
constructions. In domestic support operations, engineer operations
provide disaster response support. A well-organised civil engineering
support also essentials in MOOTW. The capability of EOD and C-IED
team also crucial in combating the terrorism. Managing geospatial
information in the field and work collaboratively through inter-agency
co-operation.
SECTION 4
SUMMARY
3010. Engineer operations are a significant force multiplier for the
commander of Joint Operations. Engineer operations assist the joint
force in achieving the assigned objectives and end state through three
critical functions, field engineering, general engineering and geospatial
engineering. Engineer operations support the development of the
battlespace for manoeuvre, enhance strategic and operational
movement plus providing infrastructure construction, maintenance
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assists and support. The implications of engineer operations should be
considered in the JFC’s plans for all phases of joint operations.
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CHAPTER 4
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
SECTION 1
GENERAL
4001. Offensive operations are the decisive actions of war upon which
the ultimate success will be achieved. Such operations aim to destroy
or defeat an enemy. Physical destruction of the enemy is, however,
merely a means to success and usually not the end state. The
requirement is to defeat the enemy’s centre of gravity. The seven
purposes of undertaking offensive actions are listed in the manual M1
TD - The Army.
4002. In offensive activities, engineer support is required to maintain
momentum and tempo. The support occurs throughout the depth of the
battlefield. Engineer provide continuous and coordinated support to
deep close and rear operations. This chapter describes how engineer
provide support to combined arms during offensive operations through
the engineer functions.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
4003. It is desirable that centralised control be maintained by the CRE
to ensure the efficient use of the engineer resources available. Tactical
requirements may be linked closely to engineer tasks, it is likely that
some engineers would be allotted under command of certain units for
limited periods. When a squadron is placed in support of a formation,
it remains under command of the CRE. However, part or all of its effort
may be available to the formation being support.
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SECTION 2
ENGINEER IN ADVANCE
4004. There are two types of advances: advance to contact and
advance in contact (refer MD 3.0 TD – Operations for details). A
successful advance requires units with sufficient mobility, agility and
combat power to gain enemy contact and rapidly developing the
situation. The engineer will fill the gap of flaws with the functions of
mobility support, counter mobility support and survivability support.
This will provide the flexibility needed to respond to changing tactical
situation for the offensive forces. Thus, the speed of advance of a
formation may often depend upon the speed with which route can be
opened or air strips and landing sites constructed. Engineer effort is
predominantly applied to mobility support to overcome the impact of
terrain and enemy action, counter mobility support to protect the
friendly forces against counterattack and geospatial support because
the terrain of own forces advance in most cases are likely to be
unfamiliar.
ADVANCE TO CONTACT
4005. Advance to contact is an offensive activity designed to gain or
re-establish contact with the enemy. By all the three major support of
engineer, the mobility support is the highest priority in advance.
4006. Engineers provide mobility support to maintain the momentum
of advance. The task for execution may include:
a.
Crossing, clearing or reducing obstacles which include
river, minefield and other manmade or natural obstacles.
b.
Assisting the mobility of manoeuvre elements advancing
and attacking through complex terrain.
c.
Clearing and improving routes. This includes fillings
craters.
d.
Constructing routes and bridging.
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e.
Constructing, maintaining and operating rafts when
bridging is not practical.
f.
Constructing, maintaining and repairing aircraft landing
strips, airfields and drop zones.
g.
Neutralising enemy unfired demolitions.
h.
Clearing explosive ordnance from routes, areas, facilities
that need to be clear for friendly forces task.
4007. Counter mobility support task along phase of advance is
focused on fixing enemy counterattack or counter penetration forces
and improving flank protection. This will include list of tasks:
a.
Planning and emplacing situational obstacles such as
Reserve Demolition.
b.
With the use of spatial data, a well forward combat
engineer can construct a tactical obstacle, enhancing a natural
obstacle or conducting demolitions on any possible enemy
avenue of approach during counterattack.
c.
The diversionary operations of feints and demonstration
my need engineer units and equipment to complete the
deception.
4008. Survivability and sustainability support by engineer during
advance will cover up the extension of physical force capability to
sustain during the advance phase. The likely task includes:
a.
The water supply which includes the planning to find
water resources, the treatment and the distribution for the period
of the operations.
b.
Preparing the supporting combat element such as
artillery and less mobile assets through pre-prepared position
well forward.
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c.
Construction for combat service support element
maintenance area.
d.
Supporting deception task if necessary and allowable
with time by constructing decoy vehicles, bridges and using
engineer assets such as plant vehicle in dummy activities.
Providing multi smoke and explosion obscuration.
e.
Combating CBRN hazards that includes activities
reconnoitring, surveying and reporting hazard, decontaminating
equipment plus personnel and clearing explosive hazards along
routes of advance.
f.
At bigger scale of forces, the engineer task will be
maintaining water supply, ports, railways and its operations,
facilities and services under the responsibility of specialised
engineer regiments.
ADVANCE IN CONTACT
4009. Advance in contact happen when a contact is established with
enemy forces. Momentum and tempo for F echelon is crucial. RSI
should be an important effort for flaws and gap exploitation. Mobility
and survivability support are the top priority because enemy will try to
break contact and try to gain time for defensive position or withdraw.
4010. Similar with advance to contact, engineer will have to evaluate
the terrain, disposition and obstacles for breaching operations intended
to fix, turn or block the advance.
4011. Counter mobility will be almost similar with advance to contact,
while survivability support for advance in contact with bigger
responsibility by engineer to creating force protection measures F
echelon and consolidation of defended objective.
4012. Geospatial support will focus on terrain analysis of the
immediate area of contact especially in complex terrain. Potential
obstacles location and withdrawal route are essential information from
spatial data.
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SECTION 3
ENGINEER IN ATTACK
DELIBERATE ATTACK
4013. In a deliberate attack, engineer tasks are considerably
increased. Because of the number and duration of likely tasks,
engineers are usually placed in support of the attacking units,
command being exercised at the highest level directly concerned with
the attack.
4014. Preparatory Stage. Likely engineer tasks are:
a.
Improvement and Maintenance of Routes. Routes and
landing points should be constructed, improved and maintained
as far forward as possible. If tanks are to be used engineer need
to prepare separate tank routes or to strengthen bridges and
culverts.
b.
Reconnaissance of Likely Tasks in the Assault Stage.
This may involve considerable patrolling.
c.
Deception. If a deception plan is included in the overall
plan, it is likely that engineers will be involved in such tasks as
construction of misleading tracks, dummy bridges, dummy
equipment and other dummy activities (normally at formation
level).
d.
Engineering Stores. A considerable build-up of stores
will be necessary particularly for use in the reorganisation.
These stores will be positioned as far forward possible.
4015. Assault Stage. Engineer task are:
a.
Breaching of natural and artificial obstacles.
b.
The opening and maintenance of routes, particularly for
vehicles required on reorganisation.
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c.
Construction of bridges, water entrances and exists for
amphibians and the constructions and operations of ferries.
d.
Assistance in destruction of strong points, mainly by use
of demolition charges.
e.
Assistance in the construction and repair if field defences
(including minefields) during reorganisation.
f.
Assistance to artillery units in moving to a new gun
position.
g.
Construction of landing points, landing strips and
dropping zones. In a major assault across large obstacles,
a Tactical Take-off (Short Range) air strip could be required in
the new position.
h.
The usual tasks of water supply.
4016. Exploitation. Exploitation is a type of offensive operations that
usually follows a successful attack and designed to disorganise the
enemy in depth. The main aim of engineer support will be to increase
the freedom with which our forces can move. The types of tasks and
method of employment will be similar to those used during the pursuit.
4017. Reserves. In a deliberate attack, it is normal to maintain an
uncommitted engineer reserve. This is necessary because
redeployment from lower to higher priority tasks is time consuming. In
a divisional attack, it would be unusual for this reserve to be less than
a field squadron.
HASTY ATTACK
4018. Hasty attacks are conducted as the result of a meeting
engagement, when bypassing the enemy has not been authorised, or
the enemy is discovered in an unprepared or vulnerable position. There
are two types of hasty attacks, against a moving enemy force and
against a stationary enemy force. During the hasty attack, the first to
react and to manoeuvre to a place of advantage usually wins.
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4019. When attacking a moving force, the advance guard seeks to fix
the moving enemy while the main body manoeuvres to attack the
enemy's flank or rear. The force must interdict the enemy who seeks to
do the same thing. Engineers support the attack by rapidly emplacing
situational obstacles to assist the advance guard in fixing the attacking
enemy force. At the same time, engineers swiftly reduce enemy
situational obstacles, allowing the friendly forces to manoeuvre into the
enemy's flank or rear.
4020. A hasty attack against a stationary force is initiated after the
friendly forces reconnaissance elements discover flanks or
weaknesses in the enemy's defence. Reconnaissance must be done
quickly, before the enemy has a chance to counter. As in the attack
on a moving force, the attempts to fix the enemy with the advance
guard while the main body manoeuvres to the flank or rear of the
enemy's position.
4021. Engineers support the attack by breaching obstacles to allow the
advance guard to move into a position to fix the enemy. As the main
body manoeuvres, engineers emplace obstacles to protect the friendly
forces flanks and breach obstacles to allow the main body to attack into
the enemy's position.
SECTION 4
ENGINEER IN PURSUIT
4022. A pursuit is a type of offensive operations designed to catch or
cut-off a hostile force attempting to escape with the aim of destroying
it. Engineer tasks in the pursuit are the same as those in the advance
but because of the speed necessary to maintain contact, a much
heavier task and accountability are placed upon engineers. Then rate
of advance will often be more dependent upon the rate which enemy
obstacles can be overcome than the outcome of fire power duel. Swift
and effective engineer work will often allow the pursuer to overrun the
enemy and thus give the latter no time to prepare obstacles or damage
existing facilities.
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4023. On this reason, more engineers are normally to a pursuing force
and the maintenance of good communications becomes essential.
Because of unforeseen tasks, it is often necessary to keep reserve of
engineer well forward under the command of the senior engineer
commander. This reserve may be formed from engineer employed on
lower priority work. Engineer support to pursuit is similar to the advance,
with mobility support being afforded the highest priority.
4024. Mobility Support. Engineer mobility support plays a role on
maintaining the momentum of the pursuit primarily include:
a.
Breaching, crossing and clearing obstacles including
minefields at faster rate than advance, mechanical and
explosive breaching might be the highest preferably option.
b.
Clearing and maintaining routes including disposal of
explosive hazards such as IED’s and neutralising unfired enemy
demolitions.
4025. Survivability and Sustainability Support.
survivability task for pursuit operations include:
Engineer
a.
Constructing physical force protection measures.
b.
Supporting deception in scale of assaulting force.
c.
Combating CBRNe.
d.
Maintaining infrastructure and installation likes airfields
and landing zones for the friendly forces prosecuting the pursuit.
4026. Geospatial Support. Focus on providing spatial data and
advising on primary and alternate routes especially on complex terrain,
terrain analysis on likely points enemy attempt to engage with friendly
forces. Type, time required and location of enemy constructing the
obstacles.
CROSSING AND BREACHING OBSTACLES
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4027. An obstacle is a natural or man-made restriction to movement
that will normally require special equipment or munitions to overcome
it. A coordinated series of obstacles is known as a barrier.
4028. Forces require an ability to cross obstacles in order to continue
movement in support of operations. Although crossings normally occur
during offensive operations, the force may also be necessary during
defensive or delaying operations. Crossing and breaching obstacles
can occur throughout the combat zone and along lines of
communication further to the rear. Often, these operations involve
during passage of lines.
4029. Obstacles are impediments or restrictions to movement which
normally require special equipment, ammunitions and procedures to
overcome. Threat defences usually incorporate natural and artificial
obstacles that are designed to disrupt, turn, fix or block an attack or
advance. The purpose of obstacle breaching and crossing tactical
actions is to minimise the impact of obstacles and hostile force actions
on friendly force mobility, counter mobility and survivability and
sustainability.
4030. Crossing and Breaching Obstacle is a synchronised combined
arms operation, conducted in contact with an enemy force, to project
combat power to the far side of an obstacle. Physical ground movement
through the obstacle is through lanes that have been created by the
reduction of the obstacle.
4031. Breaching Fundamental. The breaching fundamentals are the
actions that must be applied to ensure success when breaching against
a defending enemy. Suppress, Obscure, Secure, Reduce and Assault
(SOSRA) is the term for breaching fundamentals, which are to:
a.
Suppress. Suppression is the focus of all available direct
and indirect fires on enemy personnel, weapons, or equipment
to prevent effective fires on friendly forces. The purpose of
suppression is to protect forces reducing and manoeuvre
through the obstacle and to soften the initial foothold.
Suppressive fires in enough volume, a 3:1 minimum ratio, serve
to isolate the breach site.
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b.
Obscure. Obscuration hampers enemy observation and
target acquisition and conceals friendly activities and movement.
It may be employed to protect obstacle reduction, passage of
assault forces and deployment of forces in assault formations.
c.
Secure. The force secures the breaching site to prevent
the enemy from interfering with obstacle reduction and passage
of the assault force through the lanes created. Identifying the
extent of enemy defences is critical before selecting the
appropriate technique to secure the breach. In general, enemy
tactical obstacles are secured by fire and protective obstacles
are secured by force.
d.
Reduce. Once the other breaching fundamentals have
been applied and become effective, obstacle reduction to create
lanes through or over the obstacle begin. The number and width
of lanes varies with the situation and type of breaching
operations. The lanes must be enough to allow the force to cross
and accomplish the mission.
e.
Assault. A breaching operation is complete when the
attacking force has assaulted through the obstacle and seized
the far side objective and eliminated enemy direct and indirect
fires on the reduction area; and battle handover (if planned) with
follow on forces has occurred.
4032. Engineer Support. Engineers are a fundamental enabler for
obstacle crossing and breaching. Thus, include mobility, counter
mobility, survivability and sustainability and geospatial support.
4033. Mobility Support. Engineer mobility support during crossing
and breaching obstacle will be:
a.
Mobility support to opening and maintaining axes of
advance and link-up as a part of breaching obstacle – engineers
supporting the friendly force may be able to contribute to this
requirement.
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b.
Mobility support to breach or cross obstacles or to assist
in the break-out of the friendly force.
c.
Constructing expedient physical force protection
measures in harbours and forming-up places for the moving
force.
d.
Providing sufficient well-marked gaps and lanes through
friendly force obstacles, with guides when necessary, for the
moving force
e.
Keeping routes open for the moving force.
f.
EOD.
g.
Emergency response.
h.
Clearing obstacles, including mines and booby traps
where necessary.
i.
Provide assistance in rafting and bridging in the River
Crossing Operations or hasty gap crossing operations.
j.
Using
hand-emplaced
demolitions
to
destroy
fortifications and strong points that cannot be reduced with the
unit's organic assets.
SECTION 5
PASSAGE OF LINES, RAID, LINK-UP OPERATIONS,
COUP-DE-MAIN
4034. A passage of lines is an enabling activity in which a moving
force through a stationary force. The passage may be forward or
rearward, and the stationary force may or may not be in contact with
the enemy. In offensive action forward passage of lines is to pass one
force through another while maintaining the overall momentum of any
task or tactical action. Engineer support to the moving force is similar
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to that for other offensive action. Engineer support to stationary force
may include:
a.
Providing engineer information and intelligence
particularly about the location of enemy and friendly obstacles
forward of the positions.
b.
Constructing expedient
measures and forming up place.
physical
force
protection
c.
Keeping routes clear and open and executing deception
plan if necessary.
d.
Completing any demolition task for both forces during the
process.
4035. Raid is similar with sudden assault or attack with specific
purpose. The engineer support includes:
a.
Mobility support to open routes.
b.
Counter mobility support to protect the flanks of the
raiders.
c.
Geospatial support on rapid map for purpose of advice in
selection of routes, a potential enemy interdiction and ways of
operations conduct.
d.
All the engineer offensive task upon necessities during
operations.
4036. Link Up is conducted where two forces are to join up in enemycontrolled territory to establish contact on the ground between two
friendly forces that might tasking to same or different mission. This
demands a considerable effort to coordinate engineer activity, not only
with the other arms but also with engineer force that supporting both
forces to link up. The task and activities may incorporate:
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a.
Mobility support to opening, breaching and crossing
obstacles and maintaining axes for both forces.
b.
Counter mobility support to protect the flanks of axes of
advance and link up as well as to counter any enemy
approaches chances.
c.
Survivability support
defensive operations.
similar during
offensive and
4037. Engineer tasks for Coup De Main normally include the same
tasks and activities like for other operation of offensive action but with
a faster tempo and deliberate activities that capitalise on surprise and
simultaneous execution of supporting the operation. This involves
thorough reconnaissance and geospatial support during mission and
maintaining the mobility, survivability and sustainability of attacking
forces.
4038. For mobility, the most important in Coup de Main operation is
engineer reconnaissance. Often necessary for reliable mobility
information about the area over which the force is planning to advance.
This reconnaissance must be made prior to friendly movement, since
the information gained provides a basis for the estimate of engineer
personnel, supplies, and equipment necessary to support the operation
as well as the ability of the force to move in a certain area.
4039. Then was obstacle breaching. Engineer support is needed to
breach an obstacle any time a manoeuvre unit cannot by itself
overcome an obstacle without affecting forward momentum.
4040. In Counter mobility, the main role is to block or inhibit enemy
movement. Obstacles can help secure the flanks and rear of the
attacking force during the initial phases of the attack. Also impede
enemy counterattacks by preventing the enemy from reinforcing weak
areas under attack and denying the use of critical routes. Concentrate
combat power. Obstacles enable friendly forces to control or defend an
area with fewer men and assets (economy of force), thus making more
combat power available for the main effort (ME).
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4041. Coup de main also require a well survivability, this is the role by
engineer to accomplish the task, during offensive operations, use of
multiple routes, dispersion, highly mobile forces, and wise use of terrain
are the best ways to ensure survivability. In addition, the use of
protective measures decreases the lethality of enemy firepower.
Engineer expertise, manpower, material, and equipment assist units to
improve survivability through construction of fighting and protective
positions. Whenever manoeuvre units halt, engineers build and
improve as many protective positions as possible. These positions
should be constructed expediently and utilise existing terrain when
possible. Assistance in camouflage and deception. Engineers install
phony equipment and emplace phony minefields as part of a unit's
camouflage and deception plan. Observation of both engineer
equipment and work transmits a specific message of built-up activity to
the enemy, thereby contributing to the false intelligence picture.
SECTION 6
SUMMARY
4042. Offensive operations seek to seize, retain and exploit the
initiative to defeat the enemy decisively. The involvements of engineers
in offensive operations need to complement such initiative that are
characterised by surprise, concentration, tempo and audacity. Through
planning and anticipation of engineer tasks will definitely contribute
significantly to be success of any types of defensive operations.
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CHAPTER 5
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
GENERAL
5001. Defensive operations are undertaken to achieve one or more of
the purposes, namely to weaken a numerically superior enemy; fight
the enemy on ground of the defender’s choosing; deny the enemy
access to important areas; gain time for more favourable conditions of
battles; protect or cover the operations of another force; permit the
conduct of offensive operations by another force elsewhere; and avoid
destruction or unacceptable losses.
5002. Preparation, security, disruption, massing effects and flexibility
are characteristics of successful defensive operations as explained in
MD 3.0 TD – Operations. The four major types of defensive operations
are the mobile defence, area defence, delay defence and withdrawal.
Additionally, there are other types of defensive operations used to
support the major ones, namely relief in place, withdrawal through a
rearward position, and defence and breakout from an enemy position.
5003. In defensive operations, engineer support is focused on
hindering the mobility of the enemy and protecting friendly forces.
Counter mobility support, in concert with manoeuvre and offensive
support, shapes the enemy’s movement. Survivability support
enhances concealment and protection of friendly forces. Counter
penetration and counterattack forces will require mobility support.
Geospatial support assists understanding the terrain to determine the
likely enemy avenues of approach and integrate the defence.
5004. The achievement of these support tasks depends on adequate
advice and reconnaissance, the proper grouping and control of
engineer elements, and on the timely provision of the necessary
equipment and stores. Guiding principles for the employment of
engineers during defensive activities are as follows:
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a.
Engineers must be intimately involved in the planning
process. This ensures that a comprehensive terrain analysis can
be generated to support decision making, that the intelligent,
surveillance and reconnaissance effort can be informed, and
that specialist equipment and defence stores can be prepared
and positioned.
b.
Engineer reconnaissance parties must be located with
forward elements and have effective communications so that
their reports can be quickly actioned at the appropriate
headquarters.
c.
In order to optimise the amount of effort available,
engineers should be grouped to higher levels than normal
habitual support relationships, commensurate with tying in the
defence with manoeuvre units.
d.
The engineer effort should be generally completed from
the front to the rear noting, however, that, given increasing
nonlinearity of the battlespace, tasks may be completed in order
of their importance to the supported commander’s plan.
e.
Engineer assets and resources should not be tasked or
earmarked as a dedicated engineer reserve but identified as a
situational engineer reserve for unforeseen tasks.
f.
Engineers should be employed in preparing subsequent
defensive positions in preference to being used in their
secondary role as infantry.
MOBILITY SUPPORT
5005. Mobility support is action taken to enhance the mobility of the
force, thereby allowing the commander the freedom to physically
manoeuvre. Mobility tasks in defensive activities focus on maintaining
combat and tactical mobility and explosive ordnance clearance.
5006. Assisting Mobility. The likely mobility support tasks in
defensive activities are as follows:
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a.
Assisting the combat mobility of counter penetration and
counterattack forces within and around the defensive position.
b.
Assisting mobility between primary and alternate and
dummy defensive positions.
c.
Assisting mobility within a defensive position for combat
replenishment.
d.
Obstacle breaching and crossing in the case of mobile
defence.
e.
Clearing routes and areas of mines and explosive
ordnance.
f.
Constructing, maintaining and repairing routes,
particularly for counter penetration and counterattack forces,
and the relocation of artillery assets.
g.
Constructing, maintaining and repairing aviation arming
and refuelling points.
h.
Constructing, maintaining and repairing aircraft landing
strips and landing zones, particularly for aerial resupply and
aeromedical evacuation.
i.
Breaching and crossing obstacles.
j.
Constructing drop zones for aerial resupply.
k.
Constructing, maintaining and repairing ports and
airfields.
5007. Conducting Explosive Ordnance Clearance. The likely
explosive ordnance clearance support tasks for engineers in defensive
activities are as follows:
a.
Conducting explosive hazard awareness and protection
training for the force.
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b.
Clearing areas and facilities that need to be occupied by
friendly forces.
COUNTER MOBILITY SUPPORT
5008. Counter mobility support is action taken to deny the enemy
freedom to physically manoeuvre, thereby allowing the commander to
select the time and place to engage the enemy. During defence or
retrograde actions, the purpose of counter mobility support is to delay
the enemy to permit engagement with stand-off weapons and break
their attack or pursuit. Counter mobility tasks in defensive operations
focus on constructing obstacles and conducting demolitions, noting
that the most efficient obstacles are created by modifying existing
terrain. Consequently, there needs to be detailed integration of
obstacles and weapon systems.
5009. Constructing Obstacles. Likely counter mobility support tasks
in defensive activities are as follows:
a.
Constructing obstacles to support the scheme of
manoeuvre of screening and/or covering forces.
b.
Constructing nuisance obstacles, particularly on fired
demolitions.
c.
Constructing tactical obstacles in the main defensive
area.
d.
Planning and emplacing situational obstacles such as
remotely delivered mines, particularly to prevent the enemy
reinforcing successfully or to disengage and withdraw.
e.
Closing of gaps and lanes in tactical obstacles.
f.
Denying terrain between defensive positions.
g.
Constructing obstacles on the flanks of counter
penetration and counterattack routes.
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h.
Refurbishing obstacles that have been unsuccessfully
breached by the enemy.
5010. Conducting Demolitions. Likely engineer support tasks
involving the conduct of demolitions in defensive activities are as
follows:
a.
Conducting demolitions to support the scheme of
manoeuvre of screening and/or covering forces.
b.
Conducting preliminary and reserve demolitions along
routes and the enemy’s avenues of approach, particularly
bridges, roads and airfields.
c.
Conducting demolitions of facilities and materiel that may
be of utility to the enemy such as roads, airfields, railways, ports,
storage facilities, equipment and CSS supplies.
d.
Conducting demolitions on the flanks and denial of terrain
between defensive positions.
e.
Conducting demolitions on the flanks of counter
penetration and counterattack routes.
SURVIVABILITY SUPPORT
5011. Survivability support is action taken to reduce the impact of
hazards created by the enemy, our own forces or nature. In defensive
activities, engineer survivability support is focused on constructing
physical force protection measures, supporting deception and
combating CBRNe.
5012. Constructing Physical Force Protection Measures. Likely
engineer support tasks in defensive activities include constructing
physical force protection measures for the following purposes:
a.
To support the scheme of manoeuvre of screening and/or
covering forces.
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b.
For defending forces including primary, secondary and
alternate defensive positions.
c.
For dedicated reserve forces.
d.
For counter penetration forces in assembly areas and
pre-prepared counter penetration positions.
e.
For counter-attack forces in assembly areas.
f.
Hardening facilities, stores dumps, bridges and other
potential enemy targets against attack.
5013. Supporting Deception. Likely engineer support tasks to
support deception in defensive activities are as follows:
a.
Creating the impression that the defence of a position is
further progressed than it really is.
b.
Constructing decoy vehicles, aircraft, headquarters,
stores dumps, routes or bridges.
c.
Providing multi-spectral smoke obscuration.
d.
Constructing dummy pre-prepared defensive positions.
e.
Using the signature of engineer assets in dummy
activities such as movement, assembly or rehearsals the assets
used in dummy activities risk potential enemy action and must
be appropriately protected.
5014. Combating Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and
Explosive (CBRNe). Likely support tasks involving CBRNe in
defensive activities are as follows:
a.
Reconnoitring,
reducing hazards.
b.
surveying,
reporting
and
Decontaminating equipment and personnel.
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c.
Decontaminating areas that need to be occupied by
friendly forces.
SUSTAINABILITY SUPPORT
5015. Sustainability support in defensive activities is limited because
the majority of engineer support is allocated to counter mobility and
survivability support in order to prepare the defensive position.
Engineer effort allocated to sustainability support would be for highpriority tasks such as maintaining infrastructure critical to the success
of the defensive plan, replenishment and reinforcement of forward
troops or the long-term success of the campaign.
SECTION 2
ENGINEERS IN AREA DEFENSE
5016. The area defence is a type of defensive operations that
concentrates on denying enemy forces to designated ground for a
specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright (MD 3.0 TD –
Operations). The purpose of area defence is to occupy an area within
which a force seeks to gain tactical dominance and weaken the threat
to the extent that offensive activities can be mounted or resumed. Area
defence is normally conducted within defined boundaries in an area
chosen because of its natural tendency to aid the defender. Engineer
assistance in area defence fall into three categories:
a.
To help in delaying the enemy and thus give time for the
preparation of essential defence.
b.
To help in stopping the main assault. This involves the
construction of obstacles, field defences and alternative
positions.
c.
To support counter attacks designed to destroy the
enemy.
5017. There is usually a large variety and quantity of engineer tasks.
It is essential, therefore, that commander at all levels lay down very
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clear priorities so that an engineer plan can be prepared and the
necessary stores moved forward. From the tasks priorities and capacity
of divisional engineer, the following can be determined:
a.
The amount of assistance that other arms will have to
provide for engineering tasks.
b.
The tasks that will be left for other arms to do themselves.
c.
Whether additional engineer troops should be request
from Army engineers.
TASKS
5018. Mobility Support. Within the defended area, mobility support
effort is directed to keeping internal routes open to facilitate combat
replenishment and employ reserves and counter penetration or
counterattack forces. Mobility support outside the defended area may
be allocated to employing counterattack forces or keeping the main and
secondary supply routes open.
5019. Counter mobility Support. Engineer effort allocated to counter
mobility support is focused on denying mobility to the enemy by
constructing obstacles. Once the defences are completed, effort is
allocated to closing and reinforcing the gap in obstacles and defences
after the covering force has returned to the defensive position and is
conducting their passage of lines.
5020. Survivability Support. Engineer survivability support within
defended areas is allocated to hardening the highest priority targets
such as CPs and Headquarter, and key assets such as artillery or
logistic supplies. Effort is also allocated to those Fes who are likely to
engage the main force of the enemy attack.
5021. Geospatial Support. Geospatial support is important in
preparing for the defence. It is important to understand the terrain and
how that terrain can be used in support of the defence to hinder the
enemy and preserve friendly forces. Geospatial support in the actual
defence is minimal.
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SECTION 3
ENGINEERS IN MOBILE DEFENSE
5022. A force conducting a mobile defence requires a high degree of
battlespace mobility to achieve its mission. Commanders depend on
manoeuvre and offensive action and usually surrender terrain to shape
the threat into areas suitable for launching a counterattack.
5023. Mobility Support. Mobility is an essential component of mobile
defence. If an FE conducting a mobile defence is fixed, the full fighting
power of the enemy can be applied to an FE that is not in a prepared
defensive position. High-priority mobility support tasks for engineers
supporting mobile defence are opening and clearing routes and
breaching and crossing obstacles.
5024. Counter mobility Support. Counter mobility support is also a
high priority in mobile defence. While mobility support effort is directed
to keeping the force mobile, counter mobility effort is applied to
delaying or denying the enemy force by enhancing natural obstacles,
creating new obstacles and closing routes so that the mobile force has
the freedom of action to pursue its objectives. Forces conducting
mobile defence rarely have sufficient engineers to have a mobility FE
forward and a counter mobility FE rearward. Therefore, elements of the
engineer FEs will need to transition between mobility and counter
mobility tasks. Consequently, counter mobility tasks need to be quick
and effective and lend themselves to the use of explosives and mines.
5025. Survivability Support. A mobile defender must shape the
enemy into areas suitable for launching an attack. The attack, if
launched, is usually combined with offensive support. FEs conducting
mobile defence must remain mobile to avoid decisive engagement, and
therefore seldom allocate engineer effort to survivability tasks. During
mobile defence, engineer effort is normally allocated to mobility support
and survivability support assets are normally allocated to preparing the
next defended locality.
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5026. Geospatial Support. Geospatial support is crucial in mobile
defence because the defender is continuously moving over new terrain.
Geospatial effort is allocated to terrain analysis and determining the
best routes for the defending force, and how to utilise the terrain and
its natural obstacles to shape the enemy into areas suitable for attack.
SECTION 4
ENGINEERS IN DELAYING DEFENCE
5027. Delay is a common defence activity undertaken to gain time by
imposing delay on a threat in a particular area for a specified time. It
should be noted that delaying activities would be undertaken at
formation level, with battlegroups and combat teams participating
through the conduct of area defence in successive or alternate
positions away from the threat.
5028. Mobility Support. Delay forces must impose delay but avoid
decisive engagement. Mobility support in the delay focuses on opening
and maintaining routes to ensure that the FE can break contact.
Mobility effort is also allocated to counterattack forces to ensure that
they can respond to prevent the FE becoming decisively engaged.
5029. Counter mobility Support. The purpose of delay is to trade
space for time and to slow the enemy’s momentum while inflicting
maximum casualties but avoiding decisive commitment of the delaying
forces. Consequently, the balance of engineer effort in delay is
allocated to counter mobility, in order to slow the enemy and engage
them as they cross obstacles. Engineer effort is therefore allocated to
enhancing natural obstacles or creating new obstacles.
5030. Survivability Support. To impose significant delay on a
pursuing force, a mobile defender must force the enemy to repeatedly
deploy for battle without becoming decisively engaged themselves.
Ideally, the pursuing force should have to deploy and fight through
obstacles. Although survivability support tasks are often timeconsuming, an FE accepting engagement in a delaying action must be
able to survive and break contact, necessitating some level of
survivability support for the key assets. Above this minimal level of
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survivability support with the delaying force, engineer survivability
support is normally allocated to preparing the next defended locality.
5031. Geospatial Support. Geospatial support in delay is focused on
using the terrain to impose maximum delay on the enemy by identifying
suitable locations for route denial and obstacle emplacement.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
5032. In the early stage of defence, when units have just arrived in
their areas of responsibility and when the divisional plan is not fu1ly
coordinated, the control of some field squadrons will often be
decentralised to brigades so that engineer works can start immediately.
Squadrons should not be placed under command unless absolutely
necessary.
5033. Usually those engineer tasks nearest to the enemy will be
carried out first so that squadrons will gradually move from front to rear.
Engineer troops when allotted will normally be employed on tasks in
the rear area, particularly in and around the divisional maintenance
area.
5034. As soon as possible, control of all engineers should be
centralised under the CRE to ensure tasks are completed and
resources used strictly in accordance with the divisional commander’s
priorities. Engineers allotted to a covering force are normally placed
under command since they will be working solely for the covering force.
There may be other engineers working forward of the main defensive
positions on such tasks as tactical minefields and bridge demolitions in
accordance with the divisional commander’s plan. These troops are
sometimes placed under command of the covering force for movement
and the covering force may be given certain responsibilities for their
protection.
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SECTION 5
ENGINEERS DURING WITHDRAWAL
5035. The engineer tasks in withdrawal are similar to that of delay
defence. Whilst a withdrawal is a type of defensive operations that
involves organised movement away from the enemy, a delay defence
is a form of withdrawal in which a force under pressure trades space
for time by slowing the enemy’s momentum and inflicting maximum
damage on the enemy without becoming decisively engaged. The
engineer involvement in these two major types of defensive operations
will therefore be dealt with together under this section.
TASKS
5036. The main engineer tasks in withdrawal are as follows:
a.
Enhance the mobility of withdrawing forces.
b.
Counter-mobility.
c.
Denial Operations.
d.
Preparation of the new main defensive position,
intermediate or delay positions.
5037. Enhance the Mobility of Withdrawing Forces. Engineers’
main effort is keeping routes open and may have to perform these two
main tasks:
a.
Keeping open roads and tracks being used by our forces.
This may involve pre-positioning plant and resources at selected
places so that routes may be restored or diversions made as
quickly as possible. Aerial reconnaissance by engineers will
provide early information on bottlenecks or chokepoints
requiring urgent engineering action.
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b.
If the enemy air force has been active, the engineers will
have the major task of repairing air strips in brigade or divisional
areas. To carry out these tasks some plant and stores will have
to be left behind. The situation may not permit evacuation of
these plants at the last moment, in which case they must be
destroyed. Therefore, some allowances must be made for
replacement items to be made available for the next task.
5038. Counter Mobility. The engineers aim in carrying out this task is
to impede the enemy’s advance or attack, thus imposing maximum
delay and inflict casualties on the enemy. The methods used will
include the following:
a.
Route Denial Operations. This may include mining and
cratering of roads, felling trees to create abatis, demolishing of
bridges and culverts and creating obstacles at defiles.
b.
Attacking the Enemy in His Newly Captured Territory.
This is done by setting up delayed action charges, booby traps
and laying point minefields. Tasks such as these require careful
coordination in the tactical plan to avoid endangering own troops.
c.
Destruction of Railway and Canal System. This is
aimed to delay the enemy’s long term builds up. To achieve
maximum results, these plans must be made by higher
formation.
d.
Destruction of Airfields. This is done to deny the enemy
of close air support. These tasks and their timing will be
coordinated at formation level with the advice of the air force.
5039. Denial Operations. These are operations to deny the enemy
the use of equipment, stores and facilities left behind during a
withdrawal.
5040. Defence Works. The tasks to be carried out are the same as
for area defence covered in Section 3.
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COMMAND AND CONTROL
5041. During withdrawal the engineers may be dispersed over a very
large area. There may be requirement for engineers to be deployed on
the old positions just before abandonment, on the route between the
old and new main positions, on intermediate or delay positions, on the
new main position or working at the rear of the new positions. It is
desirable that centralised control be maintained by the CRE to ensure
the efficient use of the engineer resources available. Because tactical
requirements may be linked closely to engineer tasks, it is likely that
some engineers would be allotted under command of certain units for
limited periods. As an example, engineers supporting the covering
force deployed well forward of the new main position, or engineers
required as stay behind parties on the old position to close minefield
gaps and move back with the last defence unit.
5042. The availability of aircraft in the division will speed up the
movement of engineer personnel and stores. Engineer sub-units could
be deployed quickly by air from task to task.
5043. Engineers allotted to specific tasks closely related to the tactical
situation, such as firing parties on all reserved demolitions, or
attachment to the covering force, should not be given secondary tasks
which might jeopardise the prompt execution of the primary task.
RELIEF IN PLACE
5044. It is an operation used to enable the efficient replacement of one
unit by another incoming unit, usually in static defensive positions. Its
purpose is to pass the responsibility for a defended area from one force
to the other while maintaining the overall integrity of the defence.
However, a relief may set the stage for resuming offensive operations.
A relief may also serve to free the relieved unit for other tasks, such as
decontamination, reconstitution, routine rest, resupply, maintenance or
specialised training.
5045. Engineer Support. Engineer support to a relief in place is
similar to that provided for defensive activities, although the level of
support is likely to be reduced due to requirement for the engineers to
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conduct their own relief in place. Consequently, any engineer tasks
such as strengthening defences and fortifications are normally
completed before the relief in place commences. If time is available, it
may be desirable to offset the engineers’ relief in place with other
elements of the forces involved.
5046. Engineer Relief in Place. The handover of engineer items from
the in-place force to the relieving force is likely to be a substantial
undertaking, particularly between forces from different unit.
Consequently, engineers from both forces must be given sufficient
notice and time to carry out the handover, including the transfer of
equipment, and must be free to liaise directly. The engineer items likely
to be handed over include:
a.
Geospatial data sets and products.
b.
Engineer information and intelligence.
c.
Obstacle records, plans and related documentation.
d.
Unused mines, explosives, construction materials and
defence stores.
e.
Non-unit engineer equipment required to remain in the
AOR.
f.
Engineer related delegations and authorities, such as
finance and demolitions.
WITHDRAWAL THROUGH A REARWARD POSITION
5047. This other defensive operation is an operation which allows
forward friendly forces pass through other defending forces at rear
position. Normally it will occur when the covering force accomplish their
mission and withdrawal of the forces is demanded or the
accomplishment of delaying operations by other forces. The purpose
of a withdrawal action pass through a rearward position is to enable
one force to disengage from the threat and pass through another force
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to which it hands over the battle so that the withdrawing force can
prepare for subsequent activity.
5048. Engineer Support. The support is likely to include:
a.
Engineer support to the moving force is similar to that for
defensive activities, with an emphasis on the following:
(1)
Mobility support to open and maintain routes to the
rear – engineers supporting the stationary force may be
able to contribute to this requirement.
(2)
Counter mobility support to protect the flanks of
routes to the rear.
b.
Engineer support to the stationary force is similar to that
for defensive activities, with an emphasis on the following:
(1)
Providing sufficient well-marked gaps and lanes
through stationary force obstacles, with guides when
necessary, for the moving force.
(2)
Keeping routes open for the moving force.
(3)
Closing any unnecessary gaps and lanes in
obstacles once the moving force has passed.
(4)
Completing any demolitions once the moving force
has passed.
DEFENCE/BREAKOUT FROM ENCIRCLED POSITION
5049. This operation is also known as Exfiltration (refer to MD 3.0.1
TD Tactics, 2008). It is a tactical mission task where a commander
removes soldiers or units from areas under enemy control by stealth,
deception, surprise or clandestine means. Friendly forces exfiltrate
when they have been encircled by enemy forces and cannot conduct a
breakout or be relieved by other friendly forces.
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5050. Engineer Support. The engineer support in a break-out of the
encirclement will be primarily allocated to mobility effort to breach and
cross obstacles and select, open and maintain routes. The support is
likely to include:
a.
Assist commander in analysing the terrain and weather
to determine the most likely approach.
b.
Provide mobility support especially on opening and
maintaining routes to guarantee own forces break contact.
c.
Provide counter mobility in order to delay or denying the
enemy force by enhancing the obstacles.
SECTION 6
EMPLOYMENT OF OBSTACLES IN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
5051. The employment and development of any obstacles must be
coordinated with the anti-armour, fire and counter-attack plans.
5052. It is important to know what obstacles can and cannot do. Points
to note are:
a.
Obstacles can delay the enemy particularly if they are
covered by fire. They will not however stop determined infantry
and will lose their value if they are not properly maintained.
b.
Obstacles can separate components of a force example
infantry from tanks.
c.
Obstacles can deflect or canalise enemy attacks into
areas favourable to the defender.
d.
A water obstacle need not consist only of the water gap.
It can be strengthened by:
(1)
Mining the Home Bank. It is difficult for the
enemy to detect and breach the minefield until he is
forced crossing in some strength.
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(2)
Mining the Far Bank. Whilst it is possible for the
enemy to breach such an obstacle relatively quickly, his
action may reveal his intentions and may delay the
execution of his plans.
(3)
Mining crossing places with floating or underwater
mines.
e.
A number of small obstacles along a route may give a
much greater delaying effect than one large one, as the enemy
may not be able to deploy his engineer effort or obstacles near
a defended position until he has dealt with those further away.
f.
A breached obstacle does not lose all its value as the
physical restrictions at the breach will impede the deployment of
follow-up forces and provide a suitable target for counter
measures. This applies whether the obstacles were covered by
fire initially or not.
g.
The use of booby traps and anti-lifting devices adds to
the delay in breaching by the enemy. However, booby traps may
restrict the movement of friendly force unduly and may absorb
too much of our engineer effort for a relatively small useful effect
against the enemy. The policy on the use of these devices will
be laid down by the divisional commander.
SECTION 7
SUMMARY
5053. Defensive operations should never be perceived as a passive
form of operations. Bearing in mind that the main purpose is to defeat
enemy attacks, engineer support and assistance in the successful
conduct of defensive operations are of paramount importance. The
operational concept of engineers as depicted by the motto ‘first in, last
out’ during such defensive operations is thus a manifestation of its
undisputed importance within the mobility and survivability (MS)
element of the Battle space Operating Systems (BOS).
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CHAPTER 6
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN SPECIFIC OPERATIONS
SECTION 1
GENERAL
6001. Specific operations are unique operations that require unique
resources both in terms of human and related resources. These
operations are usually conducted as part of a major operations or an
operation by itself and they are crossing and breaching obstacles, small
unit operations, rear area security operations and psychological
operations. Crossing and breaching obstacles are mainly concerned
with the mobility of friendly forces as opposed to the mobility of the
enemy with strongly assist by an engineer. Small unit operations
involved the infiltration or other forms of suitable manoeuvre of friendly
forces into enemy territory to seek, disrupt and destroy enemy forces,
its installations and Line of Communications through unconventional
means. Rear area security operations (RASO) are concerned with the
security of rear area where the bulk of logistics resources of combat
forces are located. These resources can be prime targets for the enemy
as the interruption of logistics support could lead to the eventual
destruction of the combat force. Security of rear areas are of prime
concern to any commander. Psychological operations are propaganda
tools employed by the commander to achieve his aim in conjunction
with military operations. The details of these operations are provided in
MD 3.7 TD - Specific Operations.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
6002. During specific operations either for offensive or defensive
actions, when units have just arrived in their areas of operations and
the divisional plan isn't fully coordinated, management of some field
squadrons is frequently decentralised to the appointed brigades so that
engineer work can begin right away. Squadrons should not be
commanded until essential.
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6003. Typically, the engineer roles closest to the enemy are completed
first, allowing squadrons to progressively manoeuvre from front to rear.
Engineer elements will typically be assigned to tasks in the rear sector,
notably in and around the divisional maintenance area, when they are
assigned.
6004. To ensure that tasks are completed, and resources are
deployed precisely according to the divisional commander's priorities,
all engineers should be centralised under the CRE as soon as possible.
However, in similar circumstances, such as those involving strategic
assets such as tactical bridging assets, approval must be obtained by
a higher commander, such as AFCW or AFCE.
SECTION 2
CROSSING AND BREACHING OBSTACLES
6005. An obstacle is a natural or man-made restriction to movement
that will normally require special equipment or munitions to overcome
it. A coordinated series of obstacles is known as a barrier.
6006. Forces require an ability to cross obstacles in order to continue
movement in support of operations. Although crossings normally occur
during offensive operations, they may also be necessary during
defensive or delaying operations. They can occur throughout the
combat zone and along lines of communication further to the rear.
Often, they involve a passage of lines.
6007. Obstacles are impediments or restrictions to movement which
normally require special equipment, munitions and procedures to
overcome. Threat defences usually incorporate natural and artificial
obstacles that are designed to disrupt, turn, fix or block an attack or
advance. The purpose of obstacle breaching and crossing tactical
actions is to minimise the impact of obstacles and hostile force actions
on friendly force mobility, counter mobility and survivability and
sustainability.
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6008. Crossing and Breaching Obstacle is a synchronised combined
arms operation, conducted in contact with an enemy force, to project
combat power to the far side of an obstacle. Physical ground movement
through the obstacle is through lanes that have been created by the
reduction of the obstacle. Engineers are tasked with the reduction of
obstacles. The breach force should be controlled by an engineer
commander.
BREACHING FUNDAMENTAL
6009. The breaching fundamentals are the actions that must be
applied to ensure success when breaching against a defending enemy.
SOSRA is the acronym for breaching fundamentals, which are to:
a.
Suppress. Suppression is the focus of all available direct
and indirect fires on enemy personnel, weapons, or equipment
to prevent effective fires on friendly forces. The purpose of
suppression is to protect forces reducing and manoeuvre
through the obstacle and to soften the initial foothold.
Suppressive fires in enough volume, a 3:1 minimum ratio, serve
to isolate the breach site.
b.
Obscure. Obscuration hampers enemy observation and
target acquisition and conceals friendly activities and movement.
It may be employed to protect obstacle reduction, passage of
assault forces and deployment of forces in assault formations.
c.
Secure. The force secures the breaching site to prevent
the enemy from interfering with obstacle reduction and passage
of the assault force through the lanes created. Identifying the
extent of enemy defences is critical before selecting the
appropriate technique to secure the breach. In general, enemy
tactical obstacles are secured by fire and protective obstacles
are secured by force.
d.
Reduce. Once the other breaching fundamentals have
been applied and become effective, obstacle reduction to create
lanes through or over the obstacle begin. The number and width
of lanes varies with the situation and type of breaching
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operations. The lanes must be enough to allow the force to cross
and accomplish the mission.
e.
Assault. A breaching operation is complete when the
attacking force has assaulted through the obstacle and seized
the far side objective and eliminated enemy direct and indirect
fires on the reduction area; and battle handover (if planned) with
follow on forces has occurred.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
6010. Engineers are a fundamental enabler for obstacle crossing and
breaching. Thus, include mobility, counter mobility, survivability and
sustainability and geospatial support.
6011. Mobility Support. Engineer mobility support during crossing
and breaching obstacle will be:
a.
Mobility support to opening and maintaining axes of
advance and link-up as a part of breaching obstacle – engineers
supporting the friendly force may be able to contribute to this
requirement.
b.
Mobility support to breach or cross obstacles, or to assist
in the break-out of the friendly force.
c.
Constructing expedient physical force protection
measures in harbours and forming-up places for the moving
force.
d.
Providing enough well-marked gaps and lanes through
friendly force obstacles, with guides when necessary, for the
moving force
e.
Keeping routes open for the moving force.
f.
Explosive Ordnances Disposal (EOD) tasking.
g.
Emergency response.
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h.
Clearing obstacles, including mines and booby traps
where necessary.
i.
Provide assistance in rafting and bridging in the River
Crossing Operations or hasty gap crossing operations.
j.
Using
hand-emplaced
demolitions
to
destroy
fortifications and strong points that cannot be reduced with the
unit's organic assets.
6012. Counter Mobility Support. Counter mobility support to protect
the flanks of the FE waiting to cross the obstacle.
6013. Survivability and Sustainability Support. Survivability and
sustainability support similar to that for other defensive activities.
Besides, Engineer also providing support to the moving force’s
camouflage and deception plan.
6014. Geospatial Support. Geospatial support to analyse the terrain
and its impact on the breach, the development of the crossing points
and the friendly forces crossing the obstacle. Thus, include providing
the moving force with engineer information and intelligence, particularly
about the location of enemy and friendly obstacles forward of the
position.
6015. Further reference on the application of Crossing and Breaching
Obstacles should be read in conjunction with the manual MD 3.6.4 TD
– Crossing of Water Obstacles, MD 3.7.3 TD – River Crossing
Operations and MP 4.2.3A TD – Peperangan Periuk Api.
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SECTION 3
SMALL UNIT OPERATIONS
6016. Small Unit Operations (SUO) is defined as a coordinated
unconventional offensive operation conducted to augment and
enhance the effectiveness of the conventional forces. The employment
of SUO is to support the immediate front of FEBA, however, there is no
yardstick as to how far forward the SUO should be conducted and the
small units must be prepared to operate independently into likely
enemy territory taking the advantage of familiar environment and
terrain. Engineer normally has limited deployment on this type of
operations such as penny picketing enemy advancing columns by
means of mines, demolition, cratering and abatis; subsequently
inflicting maximum casualty onto enemy and its equipment.
SECTION 4
REAR AREA SECURITY OPERATIONS
6017. The purpose of Rear Area Security Operations (RASO) is to
prevent the enemy from disrupting the activities of administrative
organisation in support of combat forces. The term `rear area security`
include the measures taken to minimise the effects of enemy attack,
sabotage, infiltration and the initiation of psychological warfare, any
which may pose a threat, potential or real, to friendly units, activities or
installation.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
6018. This support is likely to focus heavily on survivability and
sustainability, including force protection measures, as well as
contributing to convoy protection. In addition, mobility route
maintenance and the provision of and maintenance of support bridging
or construction of L of C bridging may be considered within RASO.
Limited support to the RASO forces during offensive and defensive
actions should also be expected to be requested.
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6019. Route security is likely to focus on the provision of Mobility
Support teams to support route clearance or route search operations
in the case of the presence other obstacles being emplaced in the rear
area. Similarly, route search can be manpower intensive and require
the employment of assets from the engineer squadron. EOD team
support will likely to be heavily involved in this effort.
6020. Engineer units will always be expected to generate their own
local defence.
SECTION 5
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
GENERAL
6021. Psychological operations (PSYOP) are operations to convey
selected information and indicators to audiences to influence their
emotions, motives, and objective reasoning, and ultimately the
behaviour of governments, organisations, groups, and individuals.
Psychological operations deal with people and employ propaganda as
its main tool to achieve its overall aim. All planned programmes and
campaigns must suit the local conditions and that they must always
take into consideration the political, economic and social factors
affecting the target audience.
6022. The purpose of PSYOP activities are as follows:
a.
To weaken the will of the adversary.
b.
To reinforce the feelings of the loyal.
c.
To gain the support of the uncommitted by influencing the
attitudes and behaviour of targeted audiences.
6023. The involvement of Engineer in this type of operations is very
small in scale if there is a requirement by the army to support these
operations. Otherwise, Engineer units will not be involved at all in this
type of operations.
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6024. Normally, Engineer task that support this type of operations will
be restoring utilities/services during subsequent consolidation. Besides,
engineers will be the key role on HADR operations.
SECTION 6
SUMMARY
6025. Specific Operations are conducted both in the offensive and
defensive operations. These operations are considered separately
from the main offensive and defensive operations because they are
unique operations that require unique considerations and specialised
equipment. Specific Operations can be part of a major operation or they
can be a separate operation altogether. It all depends on the
circumstances of its utilisation. Engineer supports for those operations
are basic from which organisational structures have been developed
and along which habitual support affiliations should be established
during training.
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CHAPTER 7
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTS
OPERATIONS
SECTION 1
GENERAL
7001. In contrast to specific operations, operations in specific
environments are operations peculiar with the geography of the
operations to be conducted. Geography here covers the nature of the
ground or terrain, the climate, the space from the ground upwards or if
it involves rivers and the sea, it may cover even the riverbed or seabed.
These operations include operations in built-up areas (OBUA),
operations in jungle, operations in conditions of limited visibility and the
defence of coastal areas. The finer details of these operations are
provided in MD 3.8 TD - Operations in Specific Environments.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
7002. To ensure that tasks are completed and resources are deployed
precisely according to the divisional commander's priorities in Special
Environment Operations, all engineers should be centralised under the
CRE as soon as possible, with the exception of the CBRNe unit, which
is under the command of AFCW or AFCE.
SECTION 2
OPERATIONS IN BUILT-UP AREAS
7003. Built-up areas include cities, towns, villages and concentrations
of industrial installations. These areas are increasing in number and
size throughout the country, particularly in Peninsula Malaysia. For this
reason, the tactics and techniques of fighting in built-up areas are
becoming increasingly important. Built-up areas are normally the
centre of physical and electronic communications networks including
roads, railways, waterways and telecommunications. Due to the
overwhelming influence of terrain on activities in built-up areas,
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engineers have a significant role in offensive, defensive and stability
activities. The effects of any operations on the civilian population must
be considered in the planning and conduct of fighting in built-up areas
and in this context the Geneva Protocol should be borne in mind,
particularly those aspects concerning the civilian population and
responsibilities for protection of national culture.
ACTIVITIES CHARACTER IN BUILT-UP AREA
7004. Activities in built-up areas are characterised by the following:
a.
Surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities tend to be
degraded by reduced lines of sight.
b.
Fields of fire tend to be limited. The performance of hightechnology weapon systems (direct, indirect and air-delivered)
and conventional artillery may be degraded; dismounted forces
and short-range weapons may tend to dominate.
c.
There is excellent protection, cover and concealment for
troops and equipment, which increases the difficulty of
estimating the strength of the defending forces.
d.
There are reduced possibilities for manoeuvre caused by
building rubble, particularly for mounted units, but increased
possibilities for infiltration and by passing.
e.
The likelihood of close-quarter combat presents risks,
including the increased vulnerability of vehicles and personnel
to short-range attack with little warning.
f.
The presence of a civilian population may seriously limit
military action.
g.
There may be difficulties in Command, Control &
Communication.
h.
Built-up area operations are a battle that is likely to be
fought at four levels:
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(1)
On the surface at street level.
(2)
Above the ground on rooftops and in buildings.
(3)
In the air between and above the two preceding
levels.
(4)
Underground in sewers and subway systems.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
7005. Mobility Support. Reconnaissance requirements are increased
due to the three-dimensional nature of built-up combat. Obstacle types,
locations and depth are difficult to determine in built-up rubble.
Engineer missions include clearing mines and rubble, crossing gaps
and breaching walls and other types of obstacles. Engineers are
necessary to neutralise booby traps. Other special engineer
considerations are as follows:
a.
Armoured engineer equipment, with earthmoving blades
and buckets to demolish strongpoints and push debris, winches
and booms to move obstacles, and demolition guns are
invaluable, but their manoeuvrability is likely to be limited.
b.
Engineers provide close assault forces with demolition
and breaching assistance using demolition guns and satchel or
pole charges. Covered and concealed routes may be
constructed for both personnel and combat vehicles. Routes are
cleared of debris by engineer equipment. Personnel access
holes are blown into buildings and dug to gain access to sewers.
Cleared buildings and structures may also be demolished to
prevent their reoccupation by the enemy.
7006. Counter Mobility Support. Obstacles are planned and
emplaced in depth, starting well forward of the built-up area, to allow
penetration only on routes selected by the defender. Within the built-up
area, engineers are employed primarily for emplacing point routedenial obstacles including:
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a.
Road craters.
b.
Off-route mines.
c.
Demolition of bridges and overpasses the blocking of
sewers and subterranean access.
d.
Construction of expedient obstacles using abandoned
vehicles and rubble.
7007. Survivability and Sustainability Support. Engineers assist in
the selection of the most survivable structures for defensive positions.
They make the built-up area safe for defence by neutralising specific
hazards like electrical systems, gas storage facilities and fuel depots.
They also construct firebreaks in high-risk areas. Engineers reinforce
structures against direct and indirect fire, as well as producing
construction materials by dismantling unneeded structures. They may
provide tools, equipment and expertise to help the defenders prepare.
Emergency response assets will also be actively involved in firefighting
and/or emergency rescue, possibly in cooperation with civilian
agencies. In offensive activities, engineers can control services to
dislocate defenders. In built-up areas, there will be an increased use of
civilian infrastructure, which may reduce the liability for sustainability
support. Higher water consumption rates may demand increased water
production. The removal of waste, and the maintenance of waste
treatment facilities, will receive a high proportion of engineer effort.
Invariably, activities in built-up areas will demand increased effort in
CIMIC, and this may impact significantly on engineers’ effort to restore
infrastructure.
7008. Geospatial Support. The density of features and clutter in builtup terrain makes the terrain analysis of built-up areas complex and
time-consuming. There may be significant time pressures to develop
visualisation and decision support products. The speed and level of
resolution will be dependent on the quantity and quality of geospatial
information available from existing sources, coupled with that which
can be generated in the field. Early advice on the decision to operate
in built-up areas will prompt the acquisition of the relevant geospatial
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data. Terrain analysis of a built-up environment is likely to consider the
following:
a.
The impact of built-up landscape patterns, built-up zones
and built-up sectors.
b.
Overwatch positions.
c.
Internal building structure.
d.
The impact on communication systems.
7009. Geospatial support considerations are as follows:
a.
The acquisition of geodetic control may require
movement to insecure areas, which will require protection.
b.
Geospatial data will have to be gained from several
sources, including field collection, and fused into a geospatial
database.
c.
It may be difficult to determine terrain from overhead
imagery due to the size and large number of variations in vertical
elevation.
d.
Geospatial products will be required in greater quantities
due to the distributed nature of the fight.
e.
Geospatial products may need to be issued more
frequently, given changes to the built-up environment.
SECTION 3
OPERATIONS IN COASTAL AREAS
7010. Friendly force activities against a secured beachhead or
countering the enemy’s advance inland is like that in the discussion in
earlier chapters on offensive and defensive activities. The enemy will
be more vulnerable during the landing phase (airland, airmobile and
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amphibious) than after a foothold has been established. The mission
of the land force is likely to be to prevent the enemy from establishing
a beachhead. Plans must be coordinated with those of the naval forces.
7011. Friendly forces will be deployed with the following aims:
a.
To destroy the enemy before they reach the coastal or
destroy them on the beach.
b.
To permit rapid and flexible concentration of mobile
reserves to destroy any enemy penetration of the coastal
defences before a beachhead is established or a break-out
occurs.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
7012. Mobility Support. Mobility support will be required to ensure
that reserves can move to counter any enemy penetration of the
coastal defence or airmobile and/or airborne landings. Obstacle plans
must take account of the requirements for such movement. Reserves
must be provided with adequate obstacle breaching and crossing
equipment and have planned and rehearsed its use. Routes may
require engineers at river crossings to maintain bridges and operate
ferries. This is particularly relevant in tropical coastal areas where the
number of rivers will normally exceed the capacity of bridging assets.
7013. Counter Mobility Support. Obstacles should be used
extensively offshore, on coastal and inland to deny suitable landing
sites to the enemy, to assist in reducing the strength of enemy landing
units and to complicate their tasks. The main engineer effort should be
directed towards coastal obstacles. The obstacle plan must be carefully
coordinated at the highest level and be tied in closely with the plan for
fire support. The techniques for constructing obstacles in defensive
activities will apply, but there will be considerable scope for improvised
obstacles using local resources.
7014. Considerations for the construction of obstacles in defensive
activities are as follows:
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a.
Offshore Obstacles. Offshore obstacles are designed to
damage landing craft or amphibious vehicles or to prevent them
landing their loads in shallow water. The obstacle plan must be
coordinated with naval forces. In addition to sea mines, the
following may be used:
(1)
Underwater Obstructions. Obstacles should not
be visible at high water. Metal stakes, concrete blocks,
barbed wire or a combination of these can be used to
hinder or damage craft. Explosive charges can be
attached, which detonate when a craft contacts the
obstacle. Mines with electronic sensors may be effective
against landing craft.
(2)
Improvised Floating Obstacles. In deeper water,
floating obstacles carrying explosive charges can be
tethered to the seabed on likely approaches.
b.
Coastal Obstacles. Coastal obstacles are designed to
disrupt the offloading of vehicles and soldiers from landing craft
to cause maximum casualties and to hinder movement off the
coastal. The following may be used:
(1)
Mines. Land and shallow water mines may be
used although, their effectiveness may be reduced by
drifting sand or wave actions. If available, mines with
magnetic and/or seismic sensors should be used.
(2)
Tetrahedrons. These can be positioned below the
low water mark, and up to and beyond the high-water
mark to hinder the movement of watercraft and vehicles.
(3)
Reinforcement of Sea Walls. In some locations,
egress from the coastal may be restricted by a sea wall.
The effectiveness of this can be enhanced and exits
through it blocked. Sea walls should be supplemented
with mines.
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(4)
Ditches. Antitank and shallow ditches increase
the complexity of the obstacles and may degrade the
effectiveness of obstacle breaching equipment.
(5)
Wire. This can be particularly effective if partially
buried in sand, where it will impede vehicle tracks or
wheels in conditions where traction is already reduced. It
can also be used to degrade the effectiveness of minebreaching equipment.
(6)
Antihandling Devices. The removal or breaching
of obstacles can be made more difficult using anti
handling devices.
c.
Exit Routes. There are likely to be limited exit routes
from beaches. These should be disrupted with obstacles, but
care must be taken not to inhibit routes required for the
movement of friendly forces.
d.
Airborne and Airmobile Force Landing Sites.
Obstacles should be constructed on possible landing sites for
airborne or airmobile forces.
7015. Survivability and Sustainability Support. The enemy may be
able to anticipate defence locations. Well-concealed positions and wellprotected shelters will be required to reduce the impact of enemy naval
gunfire support and air attack, which are likely to be heavy. Alternative
and dummy positions will enhance survivability. Coastal areas pose
problems for engineers, in the supply and treatment of desalinated
water and the repair and maintenance of infrastructure. Both activities
may consume sparse resources in terms of raw materials and
manpower. Onshore prevailing winds and sand progression provide
unique challenges like those in desert environments, with the
requirement for construction to negate sand and salt ingress into
structures and/or equipment.
7016. Geospatial Support. Geospatial support should include
hydrographic information to facilitate visualisation of the littoral
environment. Terrain analysis should provide assessments on suitable
landing sites, considering such factors as natural obstacles in the water
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and clearances in and around the beach, as well as routes inland.
Coastal areas are generally tidal and more affected by seasons and
weather.
SECTION 4
OPERATIONS IN JUNGLE AREAS
7017. The jungle is used to describe extreme close country in tropical
areas throughout the world. In a tropical forest, the trees and plants
grow very closely together. Jungles include densely forested areas,
grasslands, cultivated areas and swamps. The dominating features
and characteristics of jungle areas are a high and constant temperature,
heavy rainfall and high humidity. The jungle has only two seasons
which are the wet and dry season.
7018. The vegetation impedes military activities and tends to obstruct
lines of communication. At his country, tropical vegetation includes
lowland and highland tropical rain forests, dry deciduous forest,
secondary growth forest, swamps, swamp forest and tropical
savannahs. Movement of troops and supplies through jungle growth is
most difficult. Visibility is often limited to a few metres. Paved roads are
rare outside population centres and are usually narrow, winding and
incapable of supporting sustained military traffic. Consequently, the
reliance on air support increases but its availability may be restricted
due to weather.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
7019. Mobility Support. The construction and maintenance of roads
and tracks are the initial means of improving mobility. Heavy rainfall,
clearance of vegetation, drainage and the movement of heavy
equipment and resources combine to make this a long and painstaking
task. Once constructed, routes require regular maintenance. Landing
sites and drop zones must be constructed to enhance the ability to
move personnel and materiel by air. Crossing obstacles such as large
rivers will be necessary; therefore, bridging and another special
engineer equipment will be required. Minefields in the jungle are likely
to be of the nuisance or protective types and remain an engineer task
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for clearance. Engineers may also be required to breach enemy
defensive positions and to clear booby traps.
7020. Counter Mobility Support. The main counter mobility task for
engineers, providing counter mobility support in the jungle is to block
roads, lay mines and booby traps and carry out demolitions. Blocking
roads or tracks is particularly effective in preventing vehicle movement
and providing opportunities for actions such as ambush or air strike.
7021. Survivability and Sustainability Support. Engineers may be
required to construct defensive positions, field fortifications (including
gun positions) and protective locations for combat supplies. The
requirement for accommodation for unit headquarters, medical support
and the protection of personnel, stores and equipment from the rain is
high. Maintenance facilities, particularly for aircraft and electronic
equipment, and the maintenance of landing zones, airfields and roads
are also accorded a high priority. The environment dictates careful
selection of base locations and living and working locations. There is
also increased availability of timber and water. This may be an
advantage for some construction tasks, but there is an increased
requirement for sustainability support to public health tasks such as
drainage to reduce vector proliferation.
7022. Geospatial Support. It will be important to determine the
influence of vegetation on the navigation and movement of troops and
equipment, concealment, observation and use of weapons. Engineers
must also determine the impact of the climate (particularly the rainy
season) on drainage features, roads and cross-country routes, river
navigation and visibility. In mountainous and jungle areas in the jungle
it can be difficult to obtain/establish geodetic control due to the
mountains, and difficult to evaluate the terrain below the forest canopy.
SECTION 5
OPERATIONS IN CONDITIONS OF LIMITED VISIBILITY
7023. Operations in Conditions of Limited Visibility is indeed a difficult
and real challenging. This is because achieving near-perfect
Operational Visibility can at times be an enormous accomplishment,
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but there is significant doubt to its feasibility. As such, limited visibility
remains a significant problem in any conflicted environment. As limited
visibility effects tactical operations, steps must be taken to overcome
the problem. Technology has provided the means to partially offset the
restrictions resulting from limited visibility and as such, forces must be
trained and prepared to operate in such conditions.
7024. States of limited visibility is an unavoidable result of the complex
natural framework. Geology, atmosphere and adverse operational
conditions play main role in deciding operational perceivability. Main
component to described limited visibility will be as follows:
a.
Terrain. Terrain differs according to their geographical
location. Urban terrain is a feature of Build Up Area. Close
terrain covers vast expanses of jungle areas whilst extreme
terrain conditions cover the mountains, jungles and swamps.
Terrain is however easily identified, and they play important
roles in determining the amount of visibility available.
b.
Climate. Some elements of the weather can be
forecasted but many remain unpredictable, and limited visibility
remains a significant problem in any environment. Sunshine,
wind and rain can be forecasted whilst the twilight and darkness
can be identified. Nonetheless, their density and intensity
remain out of control. One can never be sure when a fire will
break out in the dry season nor the duration of smoke and haze.
Uncertainty in the weather conditions contribute to the inability
to assess and process precise and timely information that is so
crucial for the conduct of operations.
c.
Adverse Operational Conditions. Uncertainty is a
natural and unavoidable product of the dynamics of war. The
difficulty of accurate recognition constitutes a serious problem,
especially when it makes things appear entirely different from
what one has expected. Amidst the confusion, experts on battles
cannot be confused. They must be at ease with chaos or
adverse operational conditions and must have the ability to deal
with the problem in the most appropriate way.
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7025. Engineer Support. On this limited visibility environment,
engineer support can be described as per previous chapter in the
offensive operations or in the defensive operations.
SECTION 6
OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL,
NUCLEAR AND EXPLOSIVE ENVIRONMENT
7026. The threat from Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and
Explosive Environment (CBRNe) elements has diminished temporarily
from the world stage. However, there are still nations and organisations
that have or desire to and may acquire CBRNe related weapons.
Accordingly, operations must be planned and conducted against a
background of the risk of the employment of such Weapons of Mass
Destruction (WMD) against our forces. Additionally, across the whole
spectrum of conflict, there may be a risk of release of harmful
substances from damaged industrial plants or reactors as a result of
accidental or unlawful action. Our forces must sustain operations over
protracted periods of CBRNe environments resulting from the use of
WMD or from the release of toxic industrial hazards. This will require
commanders to assess the threat and take effective defence measures
to rectify the problem or situation.
7027. Engineer Support. In this specific environment, support as per
follows:
a.
Mobility Support. Engineer mobility support is likely to
be focused on opening routes through or around CBRNe
affected areas.
b.
Counter Mobility Support. Engineer counter mobility
support effort is likely to be directed to constructing barriers to
prevent personnel from entering CBRNe affected areas.
c.
Survivability and Sustainability Support. Survivability
support includes the provision of collective protection against
the impact of CBRNe agents. Area decontamination is an
engineer task. However, for any large-scale release, engineers
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will assist others to decontaminate and conduct area
decontamination. Engineers may also be called upon to
construct traffic circuits and facilities in a decontamination point.
As in many other armies, they will provide the water and may
also operate the water point. Additionally, the engineers will
conduct the decontamination of selected facilities and areas of
terrain.
d.
Geospatial Support. Geospatial support for CBRN
preparation and response is likely to include the production of
paper and digital maps that indicate contaminated areas and the
areas that are likely to be contaminated by the downwind plume
of airborne CBRN elements. The location of toxic industrial
materials and the associated industrial sites, distribution
networks, retail outlets and the users of said materials can all be
identified and plotted on maps with the advice of emergency
responders.
7028. Impact of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
Hazards on Engineers. Engineers are more often and continuously
engaged in hard physical work than any other arm or service. The
adverse impact on engineer units of long periods in full CBRN
protection will be higher than for other forces. Therefore, engineer
efficiency will be considerably reduced and there will be an adverse
impact on the engineer support plan.
7029. Engineer units are often widely dispersed in small groups, and
special arrangements for CBRNe warning may therefore be necessary.
These arrangements should also allow engineers to continue to work
at reduced states of CBRNe preparedness for as long as possible.
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SECTION 7
SUMMARY
7030. Operations in Specific Environment are specific operations
peculiar to the geography and the climate of the operations to be
conducted especially for Engineers. Such operations can take place in
one specific environment, but they can also be a part of a major
operations involving a combination of different environments. The
complexity and the degree of difficulty of engaging the enemy in these
operations will also require specialised training and equipment. The
deployment of the engineer must be well considered to maintain the
operations to achieve the mission of the operations.
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CHAPTER 8
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN
WAR
SECTION 1
GENERAL
8001. Military Operations other than war (MOOTW) are those military
operations, which are conducted in situations of conflict other than war.
The aim of conducting an MOOTW is to maintain or restore peace and
stability of the country. Categorically, they may be referred to as
stability operations. MOOTW may be conducted domestically or in a
foreign nation. Military activities during MOOTW are likely to be
subordinated to the political, designed to prevent conflict, restore peace
by resolving or terminating conflict before escalation into war, or assist
with the rebuilding of peace after conflict or war.
8002. MOOTW focus on deterring war resolving conflict, promoting
peace, and supporting civil authorities in response to domestic crises.
MOOTW may involve elements of both combat and noncombat
operations in peacetime, conflict, and war situations. MOOTW
involving combat, such as peace enforcement, may have many of the
same characteristics of war, including active combat operations and
employment of most combat capabilities.
8003. The Army has thus far, on a number of missions, contributed
forces as part of joint national or combined forces in United Nations
operations. Domestically, the Army has experienced assisting the
Royal Malaysian Police and the Civil Authorities in conducting
operations dealing with insurgency and terrorism.
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8004. The operations may be purely military, joint or combined with
other agencies in the government or abroad. Division activities during
MOOTW are likely to be subordinated to the political interest, designed
to prevent conflict, restore peace by resolving or terminating conflict
before escalation into war or assist with the rebuilding of peace after
conflict or war. The detail for this subject is in MD 3.9 TD – Operations
Other Than War.
8005. Royal Engineer Regiment (RER) has their own roles and
function in MOOTW. Sometimes RER has to play roles as an infantry,
but depend on situation and types of MOOTW. This chapter will discuss
on engineer support in MOOTW. MOOTW can be classified as an
involvement in National Development, Humanitarian and Disaster
Relief Operations (HADR), Peacekeeping Operations, Counter
Terrorism Operations and Operations on Post Incident.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
8006. It is desirable that centralised control be maintained by the
assign mission commander to ensure the efficient use of the engineer
resources available. Because tactical requirements may be linked
closely to engineer tasks, it is likely that some engineers would be
allotted under command of certain units for limited periods.
SECTION 2
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
8007. Malaysian Army especially RER has played their own roles to
support national development. This chapter focus on RER support in
National Development related to the Civil Engineering dan construction.
From many years back, RER has involved in many Civil Engineering
Project such as road construction and water pipeline in Borneo Island.
Common civil project is construction of low-cost house for army veteran
as well as for the civilian.
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ENGINEER SUPPORT
8008. Engineers combine capabilities from across all three disciplines
to support the improvement of civil conditions, which are vital to stability
and civil support operations. This line consists primarily of building,
maintaining various infrastructure facilities and providing essential
services. Essential services cover 4 disciplines such port, railways,
water and power plant. All these disciplines consist of Regiment that
providing these essential services.
8009. Defence Engineering Service Department (BPKP) is the agency
that can provide support from the planning process of the engineering
task starting from producing architect and structure drawing. This
agency provides the specifications of the engineering project and then
closely supervises the project from the beginning until the completion
of the project. The project can be executed by civilian contractors or
RER units such as Support Regiment and Field Squadrons.
8010. This line of support consists primarily general engineering tasks.
Many of the tasks are the general engineering tasks. General
engineering that common to the RER is construction of road, low-cost
housing, water pipeline and many more. Project funding normally come
under Malaysian Plan Funding Plan. This tasking called as Projek Jiwa
Murni (PJM).
8011. The execution of the project can be done by both either purely
done by engineer units or joined with the local agencies and civilian
contractors in order to increase work progress and complete the work
in the quickest manner possible. The joining of military and civilian is
known as Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC).
8012. RER may be required to train and develop knowledge of local
people in the process of executing any engineering task. For example,
an engineer unit that is assisting the local populace in improving
drinking water systems will also have to train the local public how to
operate and maintain the system.
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SECTION 3
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND
DISASTER RELIEF (HADR)
INTRODUCTION
8013. HADR is an operation to bring together humanitarian actors to
ensure a coherent response to any emergencies or disaster. Arahan
MKN No 20: Dasar dan Mekanisme Pengurusan Bencana Negara is
being used as reference for any response to emergencies and disaster.
It was promulgated on 11 May 1997 following the Highland Tower
collapse incident.
8014. HADR operations is an operation conducted in a benign posture,
to assist humanitarian emergency or disaster relief efforts in a militarily
permissive environment. Military forces will be deployed for a specific
task. Whilst C2 remains within the military chain of command, military
forces engaged in HADR operations should take direction and
guidance from the coordinating humanitarian agency. The operating
environment should be permissive and thereby enable a benign force
posture to be taken (except for essential asset protection).
8015. This operation involves many agencies. National Disaster
Management Agency (NADMA) acts as a coordinating agency.
NADMA was officially formed on 1st October 2015 with the
consolidation of the Disaster Management Division of the National
Security Council, Post Flood Recovery Unit of the Prime Minister’s
Department and the Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue
Team (SMART). For further detail on HADR operations refer to MD
3.9.2 TD – Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief.
8016. Disaster means an event that constitute a serious disruption of
the functioning of a community or national affairs involving widespread
human, material, economy of environmental losses and impacts which
exceeds the ability of the affected community of society to cope using
its own resources and requires extensive mobilisation of resources.
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8017. Involvement of RER in HADR Operations is to assist in
humanitarian emergency or disaster relief efforts based on its capability
of 4 main roles and tasks Mobility Support, Counter Mobility Support,
Survivability and Sustainability Support and Geospatial Support.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
8018. RER has the capacity to assist in:
a.
Emergency provision of shelter.
b.
Provide water purification and treated water to the
disaster area.
c.
Evacuation of victims to safe havens.
d.
Repair and reconstruction of essential services.
8019. RER can be involved in these operations locally or abroad with
or without collaboration with other services from various country.
SECTION 4
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
8020. The MAF has been called upon by the United Nation (UN) to
assist in the conduct of Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) since 1960.
Since then, Contingents, Military Staff and Observers of the MAF have
served in various missions. Over and above providing personnel for
PKO, the MAF contributes observers and staff for UN Peacekeeping
missions worldwide.
8021. The participation of MAF units and observers in PKO is in
concurrence with the National Defence Policy (NDP) which
necessitates the force’s involvement as an integral part of defence
diplomacy. Needless to mention that the MAF participation would also
contribute significantly towards establishing networks with other
national contingents and afford the opportunity to gain invaluable
experience amongst its personnel.
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ENGINEER SUPPORT
8022. Based on current and previous deployment, RER has involved
in Peacekeeping Operations in various roles and task as follow:
a.
RER Contingent or Troops. The roles and task for this
tasking are as follows:
(1)
Counter Improvised Explosive Device (CIED).
preparedness and training.
(2)
Demolition of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO).
(3)
Maintenance of Camp.
(4)
Water and Wastewater Management.
(5)
Improve Force Protection such as construct
fortification for barrier resistance or mitigation of threat
weapons effects.
(6)
Build up and maintenance protection shelters and
defensive positions.
(7)
Improve of fences and perimeter build up ammo
depots protect living areas when close to external fence.
(8)
Set up observation towers, installation of
hydraulic crash barrier at gates, set up firing positions
for vehicles.
(9)
Other works (build shelters for accommodation
areas, hardstanding areas, build parking areas and
other.
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(10)
Build or improve compound perimeters.
(11)
Build or improve shelters for protection.
(12) Build/improve/elevate defensive and firing
positions for vehicles.
(13)
Protect living areas.
(14) Installation of hydraulic crash barrier at the main
gates.
(15)
Set up and improvement of observation towers.
(16)
Hardstanding areas.
b.
Military Staff. RER officer normally serves under
Engineering branch as Engineer Planning Officer (EPO). The job
description as follows:
(1)
Responsible to the Force Engineer (FE) on all
engineer works being executed in the UNIFIL
Headquarters and detachments and major works in the
AOR.
(2)
Provide liaison between military in UN Mission
Headquarters and Engineering Support Section (ESS).
Also ensure a close coordination with current operations
and project manager for ongoing works and Design Cell
for future works to provide better engineer support.
(3)
Responsible for the monitoring demand, delivery
and usage of engineering materials for engineer work
undertaken in UN Mission Headquarters and
detachments.
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(4)
Identify
engineering
shortfalls
including
identification of other resources and solutions in
consultation with Area of Engineer Operations (AOEO)
and FE.
(5)
Prepare detailed engineer task program for
engineering works for Engineer Unit in the headquarters,
detachment and the AO.
(6)
Advises Chief of Engineer Branch (UN) on status
of engineer equipment for future operational
requirements.
(7)
Carry out pre summer and prewinter inspection of
headquarters and detachment prior to Force Commander.
(8)
Prepare an update engineer brief on behalf of the
ESS and attend all Log assist visits of contingents and
units in the headquarters and detachments.
(9)
Maintain regular progress chart of all engineering
works in the headquarters and detachments and major
works in AO. Monitor their timely execution.
(10) Ensure timely projection of major store
requirements to the Material Manager and the Budget
Unit.
(11) Certify local contract project completions for
headquarters and detachment.
(12) Coordinate the administrative requirements of the
military staff.
(13) Represent the military component of the ESS at all
forums.
(14) Carrying out engineer inspection/formal liaison
visits as programmed/directed by FE.
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(15) Prepares the engineer concept, directive and
SOPs.
(16) Updates the situation map of the Operations
Branch.
c.
Military Observer. The UN Military Observers (UNMOs)
are the eyes and the ears of the Mission. Their observations and
assessments help provide a real-time picture of the situation
along the UN mission area. The responsibilities of Military
Observers are to:
(1)
Monitor and verify the cessation of hostilities
agreement signed by the countries.
(2)
Monitor the redeployed positions of the forces of
both parties.
(3)
Monitor the militia and police in the Temporary
Security Zone (TSZ).
(4)
Monitor key and sensitive areas in and along the
TSZ.
(5)
Investigate incidents and violations.
(6)
Conduct challenge inspections of forces of both
parties in and along the TSZ.
(7)
Monitor the return of Eritrean Administration into
the TSZ.
(8)
Monitor the return of displaced persons and
refuges into the TSZ.
(9)
Support de-mining and humanitarian aid activities.
(10) Perform other tasks as directed by the Force
Commander or the Chief Military Observer.
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SECTION 5
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN COUNTER TERRORISM
8023. Like any war or any operations, war against terrorism requires
a strategy that sets priorities and focuses on whatever available
resources such as time, money, political ability and military power as
the main effort in ensuring the sustaining power of a country to stay in
fight with terrorism. Since terrorism is a political act, it must be met with
an integrated political response. The history of Counter Terrorism
Measure demonstrates, however, that uneven or unidimensional
responses to terrorist group such as using only law enforcement
techniques or only military force virtually always fail in the long run.
8024. Thus, the National Security Council produced Directive No. 18
(Pengurusan Dan Pengendalian Krisis Keganasan) specifically dealing
with terrorist crisis management with the aim to establish management
mechanism with the purpose of determining the roles and
responsibilities of various agencies involved in handling the
international terrorist including other threats to the Malaysian citizens
or Malaysian interest abroad.
8025. Again, the roles and task of RER remain the same depending
on the threat of counter terrorism. The common threats normally are
armed attack by terrorist group, Counter Improvised Explosive Device
(CIED) as well as CBRNe threat.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
8026. RER support may include:
a.
Mobility support to keep roads, tracks and pathways
clear.
b.
Counter mobility support for the construction of physical
barriers and physical force protection measures required to
manage crowds and traffic.
c.
Survivability support:
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(1)
Conduct Counter Improvised Explosive Device
(CIED).
(2)
Conduct Counter CBRNe threat.
(3)
To protect personnel and key infrastructure from
attack.
(4)
Construction and maintenance of facilities for
internally displaced persons.
(5)
Construction and maintenance of internment and
detention facilities.
d.
Sustainability to maintain ports, airfields and landing
zones and to provide essential services.
e.
Geospatial support to provide paper and web map
applications for damage assessment, search and rescue, route
reconnaissance and maintenance.
8027. Survivability operations are those military activities that develop
and construct protective positions, such as earth berms, dug-in
positions, overhead protection, and countersurveillance means, to
reduce the effectiveness of enemy weapon systems. They also include
other mitigation Tactic, Technique and Procedure, such as fire
prevention and firefighting. Survivability operations range from
employing camouflage, concealment, and deception including the
supporting task of battlefield obscuration to hardening facilities, mission
command nodes and critical infrastructure.
8028. Engineers also enhance protection through explosive hazard
operations. These include area and route clearance and the collection,
analysis and dissemination of explosive hazard information. These
efforts to mitigate the effects of explosives hazard can be performed by
engineer unit.
8029. Engineer mobility and counter mobility tasks typically support
the assure mobility line of engineer support but may also support this
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line of support. For example, if a trail is being constructed for the
purpose of being used as a perimeter road to secure a base, then its
purpose is to enhance protection. Counter mobility tasks can be used
to provide protective obstacles for the protection of military bases.
Constructing an entry control points, a counter mobility task, would also
be included in this line of support since its purpose is to provide
protection to the base.
FIGHTING AS INFANTRY
8030. Depend on situation, engineer organisations have been required
to fight as infantry as a secondary mission. A combat engineer
organisation is capable of executing infantry tasks or task-organising
to fight as infantry with other combat units.
8031. Additionally, no general engineer unit is designed that mirror an
infantry organisation. If an engineer unit has been designated to fight
as infantry (a manoeuvre unit), then it requires the same support and
potentially the integration of other manoeuvre elements (such as
armour and fire support) into its task organisation to accomplish the
mission. It may also require significant reorganisation.
8032. Any commander who commands combat engineers has the
authority to employ them as infantry, unless otherwise reserved.
However, a commander must carefully weigh the gain in infantry
strength against the loss of engineer support. Engineers provide far
more combat power in their primary mission than when configured as
infantry. Stopping the engineer work may reduce the combat power of
a commander's entire force.
8033. Reorganising engineer units as infantry requires careful
consideration and should normally be reserved to the operational-level
command. Reorganising involves extensive equipment and training
specific to the reorganisation and must be coordinated with the
headquarters to which the unit is assigned. Employing engineers
merely implies that the gaining commander will be using the engineers
for a short period of time. On the other hand, reorganisation requires
resources, time and training.
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8034. An emergency or immediate requirement for infantry may not
require reorganisation as engineers are simply committed to the fight,
to fight as engineers, and understanding their limitations.
Reorganisation occurs when time allows, moving unneeded engineer
elements and equipment from the battlefield and augmenting the
engineer structure with additional capabilities.
8035. A commander normally considers reorganising when
forecasting a shortage of infantry before a future operations or phase
of an operations. The commander makes a decision after determining
an acceptable risk level; and considering the resources, time, and
training required to reorganise engineer units as infantry.
SECTION 6
ENGINEER SUPPORT IN POST INCIDENT
8036. Post Incident Operation is a stability activity designed to
maintain or establish a secure environment, creating the conditions for
the provision of essential government services, and emergency
infrastructure reconstruction. Stability activities may or may not involve
the use or threat of force. Tasks range from humanitarian assistance
to training indigenous forces and the transition to the end state after
major combat.
8037. Conducted throughout all campaigns, in conjunction with
offensive and defensive activities, stability activities may be the main
effort to achieve a campaign objective. Military activities provide the
conditions in which the other whole-of-government effort can be
applied to achieve stable conditions and the desired end state. Stability
activities are usually conducted in complex physical terrain, with mixed
populations and within a complex information environment. They are
manpower- and time-intensive and incidents at the tactical level can
have significant higher-level consequences.
8038. This chapter outlines engineer support to stability activities by
addressing the engineer contribution to the tactical tasks associated
with the applicable stability tactical actions.
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ENGINEER SUPPORT TO STABILITY TACTICAL ACTIONS
8039. Stability activities are undertaken as part of a whole-ofgovernment effort to establish control so that the balance of effort can
then be applied to reform the security forces, restore essential services,
and assist the government to function. Interagency cooperation is
fundamental to stability activities. The tactical actions that support
stability activities are:
a.
Control.
b.
Reform.
c.
Restore.
d.
Assist.
8040. Stability actions may include the full range of offensive,
defensive and enabling activities to varying degrees. Engineer support
to stability tactical actions and many of the subordinate tactical
techniques are similar to their support for offensive, defensive and
enabling activities and apply the same engineer capabilities with a
different focus and priority of effort.
CONTROL
8041. Control tactical actions are employed to reduce disorder and
violence to an acceptable level. Establishing a secure environment
achieves the conditions required for other civil actors to operate;
provides opportunity for the development or resumption of normal
social, political and economic activity; and allows dialogue between the
opposing factions. The purpose of control is to create the conditions in
which reform, restore and assist actions can occur.
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8042. Tactical Tasks. The tactical tasks associated with control are
as follows:
a.
Conflict containment.
b.
Crowd control.
c.
Curfew.
d.
Enforcement of out-of-bounds areas.
e.
Key point protection (KPP) and vital asset protection
(VAP).
f.
Internment and detention.
g.
Population protection.
h.
Refugee and internally displaced persons movement.
i.
Separation of hostile forces.
j.
Supervision of ceasefire.
8043. Potential engineer contribution to control tactical actions
includes:
a.
Mobility tasks to enable friendly forces and the legitimate
authority (including police and emergency services) to
manoeuvre within the battlespace.
b.
Counter mobility support for the construction of physical
barriers and physical force protection measures required to
manage crowds and traffic; and
c.
Survivability support for:
(1)
Construction and maintenance of facilities for
internally displaced persons.
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(2)
Construction and maintenance of internment and
detention facilities.
(3)
Conducting high-risk search to support population
protection.
REFORM
8044. Reform involves the effective development of security structures
to enable the population to live in safety. Reform is likely to be required
in countries emerging from conflict where indigenous security forces
are no longer effective. It makes a significant contribution to conflict
prevention in fragile or failing states. In all cases it is a critical tactical
action to provide the basis for long-term stability.
8045. To be successful, reform requires a comprehensive, whole-ofgovernment approach and coordination with other donors and the
recipient or host nation. The purpose of reform is to ensure the
following:
a.
Quality of governance in the state, in terms of
relationships between security institutions, the wider
government and the general public, is established and
maintained.
b.
Technical competence and professionalism of those
within the security institutions are established and maintained.
8046. Tactical Tasks. The tactical tasks associated with reform are as
follows:
a.
Allocation and control of equipment and infrastructure.
b.
Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration.
c.
Selection and recruitment of future security forces.
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d.
Training, mentoring and transfer of responsibility to
indigenous authorities, including training and mentoring of
existing security and police forces.
e.
Supporting the rebuilding of the criminal justice system,
including the deployment of interim justice personnel to
supplement the indigenous criminal justice system.
8047. Potential engineer contribution to reform tactical actions
includes:
a.
Maintenance and restoration of public utilities, facilities
and services to support the government and security forces.
b.
Development of essential public utilities, facilities and
services where such utilities, facilities and services did not exist
before, and training personnel to operate the subsequent
services.
c.
Collating and destroying weapons, munitions and
explosives confiscated from insurgents, belligerents and the
population.
d.
Training for indigenous security forces, particularly in the
areas of search and high-risk search.
RESTORE
8048. Restore is the process of ‘post-conflict reconstruction’ or
‘provincial reconstruction’. Initially, restore involves the provision of
immediate health assistance, essential services and facilities and
invariably is associated with disaster relief. The results of restore
should be tangible and lend themselves to publicity as part of influence
actions.
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8049. The local population should be able to clearly make the
connection between the military forces and their success at restore.
The purpose of restore is to re-establish essential services, facilities
and infrastructure and providing humanitarian aid and health
assistance.
8050. Tactical Tasks. The tactical tasks conducted as part of restore
are as follows:
a.
Provision of immediate health assistance.
b.
Restoration of essential public utilities.
c.
Restoration of essential public services.
d.
Restoration
infrastructure.
of
essential
facilities
and
national
e.
Restoration of post-conflict special services.
f.
Restore intellectual and institutional infrastructure.
8051. Potential engineer contribution to restore tactical actions
includes:
a.
Support to the restoration of essential services, including:
(1)
Health support infrastructure and facilities.
(2)
Sanitation and waste.
(3)
Potable water distribution.
(4)
Provision of electricity supply.
b.
Assessing the structural integrity of buildings.
c.
Assessing of damage to roads and bridges.
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d.
Undertaking expedient repairs to roads and bridges.
e.
Constructing of bridges.
f.
Construction, maintenance and repair of aircraft landing
strips, zones and points.
g.
Clearing of debris.
h.
Clearing the explosive remnants of conflict.
i.
Training members of the indigenous population in a
range of trade skills to enable the restore effort.
ASSIST
8052. Assist aims to preserve the rule of law, enable the conduct of
elections and provide humanitarian and environmental assistance in
the form of selected services. The purpose of assist is to enable the
preservation of the rule of law, the conduct of free elections and the
provision of environmental health and humanitarian assistance.
8053. Tactical Tasks. Assist tactical tasks are supporting the rule of
law, supporting elections and enabling humanitarian assistance.
8054. It is unlikely that engineers will be allocated significant tasks in
support to the rule of law and elections. In assist, engineer effort is likely
to be allocated to improving environmental health and enabling
humanitarian assistance as follows:
a.
Surveying damage.
b.
Opening roads and constructing temporary bridges.
c.
Clearing debris and disposing of waste materials.
d.
Restoring essential services.
e.
Providing sanitation and waste.
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f.
Producing water supply.
g.
Operating small boats for local evacuation.
h.
Constructing flood control measures and draining areas
of excess water.
i.
Constructing and maintaining facilities for internally
displaced persons.
j.
Constructing, repairing and maintaining airfields and
landing zones.
k.
Assisting in search and rescue.
TACTICAL TECHNIQUES
8055. Stability activity tactical techniques are military ‘methods’ for
accomplishing a result in particular situations. They are intended to
improve efficiency and uniformity of action, and ensure consistency.
Tactical techniques provide an opportunity for commanders to exercise
a series of options according to the dictates of the situation.
8056. Stability activity tactical techniques that engineers normally
provide support for include:
a.
Enforcement of out-of-bounds areas.
b.
Cordon and search.
c.
KPP and VAP.
d.
Strongpoint defence.
e.
Non-combatant evacuation.
f.
Route security.
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g.
Traffic control posts (TCPs) and vehicle checkpoints
(VCPs).
ENFORCEMENT OF OUT-OF-BOUNDS AREAS
8057. Key infrastructures, vulnerable communities and other key
facilities may be kept out-of-bounds, as may other areas deemed
necessary for public protection or security of military forces. Means of
enforcing out-of-bounds areas include dominating approaches, patrols
and searches, barriers, patrols and checkpoints.
8058. Engineer Contribution. Likely engineer contribution to
enforcement of out-of-bounds areas is creating and maintaining
physical barriers to separate the population from the specified areas
and perimeter lighting and watchtowers.
CORDON AND SEARCH
8059. Cordon and search involves the isolation of a chosen area and
then its systematic search. The establishment of the cordon and the
conduct of the search are two separate tasks that should be conducted
as a joint military and interagency (including police forces) task.
8060. Engineer Contribution. The primary engineer support tasks in
cordon and search are as follows:
a.
High-risk search.
b.
Disposal of explosive ordnance and improvised explosive
devices.
c.
Construction of temporary barriers.
KEY POINT PROTECTION AND VITAL ASSET PROTECTION
8061. KPP (including VAP) is the process of protecting installations,
products or services which are of such importance that their total loss
or severe destruction would critically impair defence or security or the
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functioning of government. Specifically, KPP and VAP are undertaken
to do the following:
a.
Avoid disruption to normal life and the welfare of the civil
population.
b.
Maintain law and order.
c.
Prevent any adverse impact on the economy.
d.
Maintain the morale of the population.
e.
Maintain military superiority.
8062. Key Point. A key point is a concentration, site or installation
that, if it were destroyed or captured, would seriously affect military
activities. Key points may include communication centres, power
stations, refineries, transportation facilities and other buildings or
installations so designated by the civil authority.
8063. Vital Asset. A vital asset is a facility, installation or resource,
the loss of which would severely disrupt the orderly life of the
community or damage to which would cause a major public hazard.
Nodal points within a vital asset are called critical points; the loss,
damage or destruction of which would render the vital asset inoperable.
Therefore, these must be provided with close protection.
8064. Engineer Contribution. The primary engineer support tasks
for KPP and VAP are as follows:
a.
Constructing physical force protection measures.
b.
Hardening of potential targets against attack through
structural reinforcement and hazard removal.
c.
Conducting explosive hazard awareness and protection
training.
d.
Conducting explosive ordnance clearance.
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e.
Combating CBRN and fire hazards.
STRONGPOINT DEFENCE
8065. The purpose of a strongpoint is the retention of specific terrain
in order to deny its use to the enemy. Strongpoints require intensive
effort to develop and defend but, if sited correctly, also require a major
enemy effort to overcome. The hub of the defence of a strongpoint is
dug-in infantry, supported by tanks and other weapons. A strongpoint
constructed for stability activities may have a life expectancy of several
years.
8066. Engineer Contribution. The primary engineer contribution to
strongpoint defence is counter mobility and survivability support.
Engineers design and develop the obstacles and assist in the design
and construction of the strongpoint itself. The expected life of the
strongpoint determines its construction method. For a short-term
strongpoint, it may be enhanced primary and alternate weapon pits with
overhead cover and tranches with wire obstacles. A longer-term
strongpoint may be concrete bunkers with extensive reinforced
trenches, obstacles and protected tank and heavy weapon
emplacements.
NON-COMBATANT EVACUATION
8067. The purpose of non-combatant evacuation is to seek to relocate
non-combatants at risk to a safe place. Non-combatant evacuation may
be conducted in permissive or hostile circumstances and requires land
forces, as part of a joint interagency task force, to conduct, participate
in, or contribute to evacuation from an area of threat. Permissive and
hostile non-combatant evacuation are defined as follows:
a.
Permissive. A non-combatant evacuation conducted in
a permissive environment most commonly occurs following
natural disaster or civil unrest, where no resistance to
evacuation is expected. In such circumstances, there is host
nation consent and support for those wishing to leave.
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b.
Hostile. A non-combatant evacuation conducted in a
hostile environment most commonly occurs when the host
nation’s civil and military authorities have lost control and there
is a general breakdown in law and order.
8068. Engineer Contribution. Potential engineer contributions to
non-combatant evacuations are as follows:
a.
Mobility support to the evacuation force, including:
(1)
Clearing mission-essential routes and areas of
explosive hazards.
(2)
Constructing and maintaining FARPs.
(3)
Constructing and maintaining aircraft landing
strips, zones and points.
(4)
Constructing
handling centre.
and
maintaining
an
evacuee
(5)
Repairing airfields and ports to minimum mission
essential standards.
(6)
Searching evacuees for weapons and other
hazardous materials.
b.
Providing survivability support to the evacuation force
and evacuees with the construction of expedient physical force
protection measures.
c.
Providing sustainability support to the evacuation force
and evacuees with the construction of temporary facilities and
services.
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ROUTE SECURITY
8069. The security of routes and lines of communication presents one
of the greatest security challenges in stability activities. Route security
techniques and tasks are defensive in nature and terrain-based. A
route security force may prevent insurgent forces from impeding,
harassing or destroying traffic along the route or portions of the route
itself. However, protection and security require dedicated resources at
almost infinite points or reaction forces to counter possible threat action.
8070. Engineer Contribution. Engineer support to maintaining
route security is primarily route sanitation and maintenance. Route
sanitation is the identification and neutralisation of explosive hazards.
Route maintenance requires engineers to source road
building/maintenance materials and transport them to the point of
maintenance. This normally requires significant effort to be allocated to
quarrying, cartage stockpiling and the security of the personnel and
equipment involved.
8071. Frequent route maintenance grooms the road surface and
verges which makes it easier to identify suspicious activity and changes
in the road and its surrounds. High-threat routes require surveillance,
which may be from fixed watchtowers or armed patrols.
TRAFFIC CONTROL POSTS AND VEHICLE CHECKPOINTS
8072. TCPs and VCPs form an integral part of general road and track
movement control. TCPs can be established by security forces or any
land-based force and are established to control monitor the flow of road
traffic. A VCP is established to block or close a route to vehicles and
may also be used to restrict or monitor the movement of pedestrians.
VCPs can also be used to restrict the flow of arms, personnel and
material.
8073. Engineer Contribution. In stability activities, there are
significantly more engineer tasks than engineers available to complete
those tasks. Consequently, engineers are unlikely to be allocated to
man TCPs/VCPs unless there is a high threat that warrants a high-risk
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search. The primary engineer contributions to TCPs and VCPs relate
to survivability support and are as follows:
a.
Providing advice on suitable locations for TCPs and
VCPs.
b.
Providing advice on design and construction.
c.
Constructing permanent or semipermanent TCPs and
VCPs in accordance with specified priorities.
SECTION 7
SUMMARY
8074. RER has their own responsibilities on Military Operations Other
Than War (MOOTW). This chapter describe the roles and tasks or
Royal Engineer Regiment (RER) to support on National Development,
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief HADR Operations,
Peacekeeping Operations, Counter Terrorism Operations, and
Operations of Post Incident. As a conclusion, RER are capable to
conduct support on these operations based on their capability. The
support is focused on five main areas which are Mobility Support,
Counter Mobility Support, Survivability and Sustainability Support,
Geospatial Support and General Engineering Support.
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CHAPTER 9
TRAINING
SECTION 1
GENERAL
9001. The training in Malaysian Army is the provision of the means to
Analyse Training Need, Design Training, Develop Training, Conduct
Training and Validate Training, within constraints the practical
application of a common military doctrine to deliver a military capability.
This chapter will highlight the training components in RER requirement
includes individual and collective training.
SECTION 2
TYPES OF TRAINING
9002. Army Training has two basic categories: individual training and
collective training. The transition of knowledge and skills from individual
to collective performances is achieved, in the majority of cases, by the
learning of team drills. While, Competency Based Training and
Assessment (CBTA) concept consists of personnel’s capability to apply
knowledge, skill and attitude to perform any job or task required by the
service.
INDIVIDUAL TRAINING
9003. Individual training is the training of individual officer or soldier
either in institutions or units that prepares the individual to perform
specified duties and tasks related to his position. The purpose of
individual training (including recruit training) is to produce a selfconfident and disciplined soldier who is physically fit, well-motivated
and equipped with the basic skills and fighting qualities needed to
survive on the battlefield and to operate as a member of a team or crew.
Furthermore, several individual trainings (such as technical trade
courses) are subjected to adhere the requirement set by certified
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government agency such as CIDB and JPK. There are revolves around
three objectives as follow:
a.
Establishing a coordinated skills training system that is
attuned Malaysian’s development goals and needs.
b.
Providing the framework for the development of skills
training.
c.
Certifying skills competency.
Figure 9.1 : Types of Individual Training
COURSES
9004. Officers Courses and Others Rank Courses. In order to
produce the best man for the job, RER personnel (Officers and Others
rank) are required to attend courses prescribed by Army and RER. This
course covers all types of basic training and career and functional
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courses undertaken throughout the career. All those courses as
follows:
a.
The Army career courses.
b.
The RER career courses.
c.
The functional courses are as follows:
(1)
RER Course.
(2)
Others Training Centre Course.
COLLECTIVE TRAINING
9005. Collective training combines the individual knowledge, skills and
attitudes of soldiers with those of their commanders, for the
performance of collective tasks. These can range from relatively smallgroup collective tasks, such as in crew, section or troop training, to
collective missions at Army level. Collective training embraces every
aspect of a unit’s mission, and encompasses activities such as tactics,
all arms co-operation, movement, command and control, and
administration.
9006. Collective proficiency cannot be achieved without excellence at
individual tasks. Collective training, therefore, provides the best vehicle
to evaluate the state of training in a unit. It can also be used to test
doctrine and identify deficiencies in personnel, procedures,
organization, weapons, equipment and training.
9007. Army Training and Evaluation Programme – ARTEP.
Provides statements of the collective tasks, conditions and standards
required for the performance of unit tasks and missions. The purpose
of an ARTEP is to provide:
a.
A suggested priority for training tasks, down to sub-unit
and crew level.
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b.
The test conditions and the standards to be met for each
task.
c.
A means for evaluating the performance of units and
individuals, Standing Operating Procedures (SOP), doctrine,
instructions and orders.
Figure 9.2 : Types of Collective Training
SECTION 3
TRAINING ASPECTS
TRAINING EMPHASIS
9008. All units in the RER which are equipped with equipment must
become thoroughly professional and highly skilled if they are to be
effective. In order to achieve effectiveness in training, the following
aspects should be emphasised:
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a.
Professional Spirit.
b.
Training Aims.
c.
Interest.
d.
Training Interference.
e.
Learning from Mistakes.
f.
Training of Relief.
g.
Training Aids.
h.
Knowledge of the Enemy.
i.
Administration and Logistics.
j.
Night Training.
SECTION 4
OPERATIONAL SPECIFIC TRAINING
9009. The RER is a capability based force trained in general war
fighting skills. Hence, there may be a requirement for some additional
training for specific operations to reflect the particular circumstances of
that deployment. Such training may take place before deployment or
when the force has been deployed, or both. The types of operational
specific training as such:
a.
Combat Engineer Training.
(1)
Assault River Crossing.
(2)
Obstacle.
(3)
Land Mine Field.
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b.
c.
General Engineer Training.
(1)
Construction Engineer Training.
(2)
Military Plant Foreman Training.
Specific Engineer Training.
(1)
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and
Explosives (CBRNe) Training.
(2)
Defence Geospatial Training.
(3)
Counter Improvise Explosive Device (CIED).
SECTION 5
SUMMARY
9010. Advancement in war fighting technologies, methodologies and
the dynamic nature of environmental changes necessitate adjustments
to training methods. These changes would have far-reaching impact on
the way we conduct training in the future. In other words, it is imperative
that training needs to be in synchronised with future needs and
challenges.
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TEAM MEMBERS FOR ROYAL ENGINEER REGIMENT
(MP 3.0.2-4-1.1A TD)
Ser
(a)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Name
(b)
Brig Jen Fazillah bin Ibrahim
(3005310)
Kol Ainol Huda bin Abd Manap
(3006955)
Kol Norhisham bin Hassan
(3007182)
Lt Kol Abdullah bin Yusuh
(3006940)
Lt Kol Suraihan bin Md Lani
(3007243)
Mej Mohd Shahruddin bin Abdul
Hameed (3007786)
Mej Mohd Redzuan bin Mohamad
Ya’akob (3009295)
Mej Mohd Hafiz Ridzuan bin Aziz
(3009877)
Mej Norhidayu binti Mohd Ghazaly
(30101824)
Mej Kamarul Hafidz bin Azman
Krishnasamy (3012013)
Mej Hasbullah bin Abdul Rahman
(3009015)
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Remark
(c)
Team Leader
Assistance Team
Leader
Team Member
Team Member
Team Member
Team Member
Team Member
Team Member
Team Member
Team Member
Coordinator
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