ABSTRACT
This dissertation explores the determinants of Female Labor Force Participation Rate
(FLPR) in India and evaluates the policy implications for enhancing women's economic
engagement. India's economic aspirations hinge significantly on the active
participation of its female population, whose contributions have been historically
underutilized. Reflecting on the Feminization U Hypothesis, which outlines a U-shaped
relationship between economic development and FLPR, this study examines the factors
influencing FLPR, particularly in the context of pre- and post-COVID-19 periods.
Leveraging data from 2019 and 2021, this dissertation analyses the impact of various
socio-economic variables on FLPR, including literacy rates, fertility rates, GDP per
capita, life expectancy, crime against women, and policies for women empowerment.
The regression analysis aims to uncover the multifaceted influences on FLPR and
identify significant changes attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The study finds that despite an overall increase in FLPR from 23% in 2017 to 37% in
2023, regional disparities persist, with rural areas showing a more substantial rise
compared to urban counterparts. Key barriers such as unpaid care work, societal
norms, gender pay gaps, and limited formal employment opportunities continue to
restrict women's participation in the labour force. The analysis underscores the
importance of education, access to finance, and safety in empowering women
economically.
By critically evaluating the existing literature and empirical data, the research offers
comprehensive policy recommendations to enhance FLPR. Strategies include
improving educational and skill development opportunities, addressing cultural
constraints, creating formal job opportunities, and promoting gender equality in the
workplace. This dissertation aims to contribute to the vision of Viksit Bharat,
advocating for a shift from women's development to women-led development, crucial
for realizing India's economic potential by 2047.