Figure 1Wadas of Maharashtra .................................................................................................. 3
Figure 2Maharashtra location map ............................................................................................ 4
Figure 3 Settlements around the fort .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 4 Market area of the peths .............................................................................................. 5
Figure 5 Types of Wadas ........................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6 Size based Wadas ........................................................................................................ 8
Figure 7 Spatial organization of Wadas ..................................................................................... 9
Figure 8 Typical Wada Plan .................................................................................................... 10
Figure 9 Architectural features of wada................................................................................... 13
Figure 10Typical door features ................................................................................................ 13
Figure 11Different doors styles of Wada ................................................................................. 14
Figure 12 Typical window features ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 13Different window styles of Wada ............................................................................. 15
Figure 14 Features of bracket .................................................................................................. 16
Figure 15 Brackets ................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 16Wall Niches .............................................................................................................. 17
Figure 17 Measurement of wada.............................................................................................. 18
Figure 18 showing joints .......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 19 Climate Responsive Architectural features ............................................................. 20
Figure 20 Climate Responsive Architectural features ............................................................. 21
Figure 21Vishrambaug Wada elevation................................................................................... 22
Figure 22 map showing the location ........................................................................................ 22
Figure 23Vishrambaug Wada courtyard .................................................................................. 23
Figure 24 ground floor plan ..................................................................................................... 24
Figure 25 second floor plan ..................................................................................................... 25
Figure 26 section ...................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 27 entrance foyer .......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 28 chowks ..................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 29 central courtyard ...................................................................................................... 27
Figure 30 Elevated platforms (osari) ....................................................................................... 28
Figure 31 stack effect ............................................................................................................... 28
Figure 32 courtyard with fountains .......................................................................................... 29
Figure 33 Placing of siporex blocks in floorig of FF ............................................................... 29
Figure 34 Open Flooring of FF ................................................................................................ 30
Figure 35 roof restoration ........................................................................................................ 30
Figure 36 Removal of plaster in second courtyard ................................................................. 31
Figure 37 Southern external wall after restoration .................................................................. 31
Figure 38 Original brackets .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 39 Wood works (Bracets and ornamentation details)................................................... 32
Figure 40 Chavan Wada........................................................................................................... 33
Figure 41 Location plan ........................................................................................................... 34
Figure 42 Transitional space .................................................................................................... 35
Figure 43 Courtyard ................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 44 Exterior of Wada ..................................................................................................... 36
Figure 45 Landscape ................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 46 Decorative elements ................................................................................................ 38
Figure 47Section ...................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 48 Section ..................................................................................................................... 42
Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Abstract
Wada architecture, a unique and historic form of Maharashtrian residence, exemplifies the
rich cultural, religious, and social fabric of the Maratha Empire. Built as multi-purpose spaces
for living, administration, and worship, these structures showcase climate-sensitive design
and sustainable practices. This report delves into the history, typology, planning, and material
use of Wada architecture, with a comparative analysis of two key examples: Vishrambaug
Wada and Chavan Wada.
1. Introduction
Wadas, a treasured architectural heritage in Maharashtra, capture the pride, religion, culture,
traditions, and storied history of the Maratha people. These iconic structures, designed as large
family residences during the 18th and 19th centuries under the Maratha and Peshwa periods,
served multiple purposes:


Multi-functional Spaces: Homes, venues for religious rituals, economic activities, and
administrative functions.
Reflection of Social and Political Dynamics: Embodying the Maratha Empire's social
and political ethos.
Key Characteristics:



Rooted in Vernacular Traditions: Celebrated for architectural ingenuity and
sustainable design.
Climate-sensitive Design: Courtyards, pavilions, and verandas for natural ventilation
and temperature regulation.
Ornamental Features: Intricate woodwork, decorative arches, and fenestrations
reflecting religious and artistic influences.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 1Wadas of Maharashtra
2. Location and Origin of Wada Architecture
Wada architecture is a distinct form of traditional residential and communal design
originating in Maharashtra.
Key Locations:

Found in cities like Pune, Mumbai, Kolhapur, and Satara, which were significant
centers during the Maratha Empire.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 2Maharashtra location map
Historical Significance:



Primary Dwelling Style: Emerged in the 17th to 19th centuries, symbolizing the
socio-economic status of the Maratha aristocracy.
Fortified compounds with elaborate courtyards, gates, and watchtowers.
Influenced by both Hindu and Islamic traditions, blending grandeur with
functionality and communal living.
3. Historical Context of Wada Architecture
Wada architecture flourished during the Maratha Empire and became a hallmark of their
cultural identity.
Emergence During Maratha Rule:


Developed as fortified residences and administrative hubs.
Represented a blend of defensive architecture and cultural identity.
Urban Settlements:




Flourished under the Peshwas in cities like Pune.
Self-sufficient peths (neighborhoods).
Narrow, winding streets.
Dense, organic layouts fostering community and resilience.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 3 Settlements around the fort
Community Role:


Functioned as social, political, and ritual hubs.
Unified Communities: Strengthened Maratha solidarity through shared spaces.
Figure 4 Market area of the peths
Urban Form:
Narrow streets with tightly packed Wadas featuring:



Rectangular plots.
Internal courtyards.
Minimal open spaces to optimize functionality.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
4. Types of Wadas
 Courtyard-Based Wadas
1. Integrated Open Courtyard Wadas
The most frequent and popular style of Wada, integrated open courtyard Wadas, include a
center courtyard surrounded by semi-open spaces and enclosed rooms. This design
creates a naturally ventilated, social environment within the residence, with the courtyard
serving as the main organizational element. This courtyard pattern is commonly used in
Garhi and Rajwada Wadas, making it appropriate for Maharashtra's warm, dry climate.
2. Front and Rear Yard Wadas
These Wadas have open courts in the front and back, allowing access to outside areas on
opposite ends of the structure. This style is more typically found in general population
residences located on the outskirts of larger constructions such as Garhi or Rajwada. The
design encourages circulation and light while providing outdoor space for a variety of
home activities.
3. Wadas without Open Integrated Courtyards
Wadas without open, integrated courtyards are a distinct variety designed for areas with
high rainfall, particularly in the coastal Konkan region. Courtyards are limited or enclosed
in these locations to protect interiors from excessive wetness and flooding. This design is
durable and weather-resistant, making it ideal for coastal environments.
Figure 5 Types of Wadas
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture

Size-Based Wadas
1. Garhi (Fortified Wadas)
Garhis were enormous, fortified Wadas that acted as major fortresses inside villages or
cities, frequently with bastions and ramparts. These constructions were erected for
defensive purposes and were typically made of brick and stone. A Garhi's layout was
inward-facing and introverted, with a network of interconnecting courtyards for seclusion
and security. Smaller Wadas clustered around the Garhi, forming a fortified settlement
pattern. Some notable examples include Shaniwar Wada in Pune, Holkar Wada near
Chandwad, and Vadgaon.
2. Rajwada (Palace Wadas)
Rajwadas, or palace Wadas, were prestigious mansions that also served as town centers
but lacked the defenses of Garhis. Rajwadas were often more open in style and meant as
stately houses for nobles or leaders. They frequently had one or more large courtyards,
resulting in a palatial environment. Examples are the Bhor Rajwada, which has a single
courtyard, and the Satara Rajwada, which has two courtyards.
3. Smaller Wada Houses
Smaller Wada dwellings developed dense groups around the central Garhi, or Rajwada.
These small constructions were often built along roadways, with the narrower side facing
the road, and they frequently shared walls with adjacent Wadas. This compact
arrangement maximized space and allowed for a close-knit communal structure,
promoting social links across the town.
4. Wadis (Rural Dwellings)
Wadis were basic, rural houses that served the lowest sectors of society. Unlike the more
organized Wadas, Wadis had an extroverted layout with temporary bounds used primarily
to identify the perimeter. They lacked a distinct central courtyard or enclosed space,
resulting in a more open and flexible form that catered to rural demands and resources.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 6 Size based Wadas
5. Spatial organization of Wadas
A Wada is divided into private, semi-private, public, and functional spaces:
1. Private Spaces: These include bedrooms and personal sitting areas, usually located on
upper floors or secluded parts of the Wada, ensuring privacy for the family.
2. Semi-Private Spaces: These areas, such as courtyards, kitchens, and staircases, serve
family members and close associates. The central courtyard is a key element for
ventilation and informal gatherings.
3. Public Spaces: Reception rooms, verandas, and public courtyards are designed for social
interactions with visitors and the community, often located near the entrance.
4. Functional Spaces: These include water sources (wells/tanks), storage rooms,
workshops, temples, and stables, which support daily operations and cultural practices
within the Wada.
This spatial organization ensures privacy, community interaction, and functionality, with a
focus on climate-responsive design.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 7 Spatial organization of Wadas
Spaces In Wada
The roots of the history and the rich cultural heritage lie wrapped in the small elements of these
structures that display the beauty and sense of style and creativity of those who could make it
possible. The essence of the Maratha empire is alive in these structures built during their reign.
The architectural design,layouts were affected by various cultural factors of which rituals and
religion are an important aspect. The form and design developed based on their daily activities
and spaces needed to undertake those activities.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 8 Typical Wada Plan
Osari (Transition Space/Verandah)
The Osari serves as a semi-open transition area or verandah, designed as a passage for large
groups of people to gather and move through.
Devdi (Guard’s Verandah)
Located on the plinth of the Osari, the Devdi is a verandah space reserved for guards. Its
walls are often adorned with paintings of guardian deities like Hanuman and Garuda to
provide protection and blessings.
Sopa (Administrative Verandah)
The Sopa is an open space connected to the courtyard verandah, commonly used for
administrative functions. This semi-open, pillared vestibule provides access to the Kacheri
(office) and is located within the first courtyard of the Wada.
Kacheri (Administrative Department)
Positioned in the first courtyard, the Kacheri is the administrative area where the feudal lord
and accountant would meet for official discussions and economic transactions.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Khalbhatkhana (Negotiation Room)
This semi-public room functions as a negotiation space for discussions and decision-making.
Baithak (Reception Area)
The Baithak is a reception room where guests are welcomed and received.
Diwankhana (Formal Meeting Room)
Located above the Osari and Devdi, the Diwankhana is a large living room used for formal
meetings and gatherings.
Majghar (Private Hall)
The Majghar is the middle room, acting as a transitional space that separates private areas
from public spaces. It is generally used by women and family members for private
gatherings.
Devghar (Prayer Room)
The Devghar is a designated room for prayer and worship within the Wada.
Balad (Grain Store)
This room serves as a storage area for grains, ensuring a supply of essential food items.
Gotha (Cowshed)
Located in the backyard, the Gotha is a designated space for housing cows and other
livestock.
Swayampak Ghar (Kitchen)
The kitchen, or Swayampak Ghar, is where meals are prepared for the household.
Kothar (Storeroom)
The Kothar is a storeroom for storing supplies and goods needed for daily life.
Tulshi Vrindivan (Shrine)
A small shrine dedicated to the sacred Tulsi (basil) plant, often placed in a courtyard or
prominent area for spiritual significance.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Rear Entry
An alternate entrance located at the back of the Wada, providing access to various parts of the
residence without crossing through the main areas.
6. Architectural Features of a Wada
Characteristics of Wada Architecture
Unique Architecture: Renowned for intricate wooden carvings and central courtyards.
Linear Layout: Typically two or three-storied rectangular houses.
Central Courtyard:


Acts as the heart of the Wada, surrounded by rooms.
Provides natural ventilation and light.
Adaptation to Climate: Designed based on local meteorological conditions.
Multi-functional Courtyards:



First Courtyard: Hosted social gatherings.
Second Courtyard: Accommodated administrative offices or 'Kacheri'.
Third Courtyard: Reserved for women and included a Tulsi plant for prayer.
Material Usage:

Stone and brick walls with roofs made of clay tiles or thatch.
Ornamentation:

Elaborate carved wooden balconies, columns, and beams with diverse patterns.
Durability:


Earthquake-resistant and capable of withstanding heavy rains.
Thermal efficiency ensures cool interiors in summer and warmth in winter.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Thick walls
acting as thermal
mass
Figure 9 Architectural features of wada
7. Other Architectural Details of Wada
Doors
Figure 10Typical door features
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture



Significance: Doors reflect the wealth and social status of the owner.
Decorated Doors: Indicate wealthier families.
Simple Doors: Represent middle-class families.
Figure 11Different doors styles of Wada
Windows:
Figure 12 Typical window features
Two primary types of windows:
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture


Half Windows: Four panels (two above and two below) that can be opened
depending on weather and purpose.
Full Windows:Designed with intricate carvings and composed of two panels.
Figure 13Different window styles of Wada
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Brackets:
Figure 14 Features of bracket


Family-specific: Reflecting heritage.
Influenced by Asian Designs: Dragons and lotus motifs were common inspirations.
Figure 15 Brackets
Wall Niches:



18th-century Feature
Its Purpose is to place candles or diyas, protecting them from the wind.
Added functional and aesthetic value to the walls.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 16Wall Niches
8. Material and Construction Details of Wada
Structural Grid and Unit Length (Khaan):
 The structural spacing was based on the length of timber available.
 The interior spaces were designed as multiples of a unit length called khaan (bay).
 The spaces followed the structural grid. These structural system measurements depended
on the type of timber available.
 All the dimensions of these houses are the multiples of the unit bays called khann.
 Ghay =2 x width of khann
 Chapekhann is always used at the corners of the structural system.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 17 Measurement of wada
Plinth Material:
 Basalt and granite were commonly used for the plinth.
 Maharashtra is rich in basalt, while coastal areas are rich in granite.The eastern parts of
the state are abundant in limestone.
Wall Construction:
 Walls were thick load-bearing brick masonry or a combination of brick and timberframed structures.
 Timber used includes Saangwan (teak wood), along with sandstone and lime mortar for
the framework.
 Pushpak Vit (book bricks) were used, made from a mix of clay, sand, cow dung, and
lime. They were of size 10 x 6 x 2 inches.
 Mortar included ingredients like lime, sand, jaggery, wheat chaff, and water.
Local Wood and Plastering:
Locally available wood from Khejri, Peepal, and Agar trees was also used.
Plastering material included gum from trees, cactus juice, jaggery, black gram, and bananas.
Upper Superstructure:
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture




Timber beams distributed horizontal loads on columns or walls, with secondary beams
for bracing.
Composite slabs used timber planks or stone slabs, filled with a dry mixture of sand,
husk, or brick.
Flooring was finished with stone slabs.
The upper floor was often a timber frame structure with wall panels of timber planks,
husk boards, or brick.
Filigree Timber Railing:
 Decorative timber railings wrapped around the balcony, with leaner timber posts rising
to the roof.
Roofing:
 Roofs were pitched, using bamboo purlins and rafters on trusses, supporting terracotta
tiles.
 Roof forms varied by region: sloped roofs in humid coastal areas and flat roofs in drier
eastern regions.
Additional Features:
 Arched alcoves for lighting lamps or storage were integrated into facades and internal
walls.
 Staircases were narrow straight flight wooden stairs within thick mud-mortared brick
walls.
Figure 18 showing joints
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
9. Climate Responsive Architectural features
Courtyard Design:
 Acts as a convective thermostat, moderating temperature extremes.
 Provides diffused light and natural ventilation to surrounding rooms.
 Promotes horizontal cross ventilation through the open courtyard and room openings.
 Fountains and ponds in the courtyard provide evaporative cooling.
Transition Spaces
 Acts as a buffer between public and private areas.
 Intentionally left dark to prevent outsiders from entering private spaces.
 Plinth and Flood Protection:
 Stone plinth raised above ground level for flood protection, with the dado extending
upwards.
Thermal Mass and Insulation:
 High thermal mass of walls and roofs delays heat buildup, prevents overheating, and
insulates against sound and dust.
 Outer walls are painted light blue (indigo mixed with lime) to reduce solar
absorption.
Figure 19 Climate Responsive Architectural features
Windows:
 Narrow, tall windows with a small glass opening at the top promote air circulation,
even at foot level.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Roof Design:
 Sloping roofs (north-south) prevent direct solar radiation and facilitate rainwater
drainage.
 Terracotta tiles allow heat buildup, but an empty upper floor acts as a thermal
cavity, insulating living areas below.
Figure 20 Climate Responsive Architectural features
10. CASE STUDY
Vishrambaug Wada (Traditional Wada)
Introduction
Vishrambaug Wada, an architectural treasure from the early nineteenth century, exemplifies
the Maratha Peshwas' luxurious lifestyle and sophisticated taste. This ancient home, located
in Pune, Maharashtra's bustling Sadashiv Peth district, was the magnificent residence of
Peshwa Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa of the Maratha confederacy. The wada (traditional
Marathi palace) was built in 1807 and is renowned for its intricate architectural details and
cultural value. Mansaram Laxman and Daji Suthar designed Vishrambaug Wada, which
spans around 20,000 square feet and exemplifies the grandeur of Maratha architecture.
Architectural style: Maratha Architecture
Year of Completion :1807
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Area: 20,000
Architect: Mansaram Laxman and Daji Suthar
Figure 21Vishrambaug Wada elevation
Figure 22 map showing the location
Climate Consideration
Pune experiences a tropical wet and dry climate, with scorching summers, monsoons, and
mild winters. The wada's architecture demonstrates adaptations to these environments,
providing year-round comfort via passive design principles.
Historical Significance
Vishrambaug Wada, the house of the last governing Peshwa, Baji Rao II, represents the
splendor of the Peshwa era and serves as a historical and cultural monument in Pune. The
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
wada served not only as a luxury residence, but also as a political and cultural center,
representing the Maratha dynasty's authority and significance in the area.
Figure 23Vishrambaug Wada courtyard
Architectural Design and Style
 Style: Vishrambaug Wada exemplifies Maratha architecture, blending Mughal and
Rajput influences in its layout and ornamentation.
 Facade: Features intricate teak woodwork with floral and geometric carvings on pillars,
arches, and balconies.
 Scale: The three-story structure reflects grandeur befitting its royal occupants.
 Roof: Sloping roofs with Mangalore tiles ensure efficient rainwater drainage,
safeguarding the wooden elements.
Architectural Inspiration and Layout
 Courtyards: Central to the design, courtyards provide natural light, ventilation, and
passive cooling, essential for Pune's climate.
 Layout: Rooms are arranged around multiple courtyards, combining security,
functionality, and aesthetic appeal.
 Hierarchy: The floor plan is organized for royal living and social functions, showcasing
Maratha architectural principles.
The floor plan of Vishrambaug Wada reflects traditional Maratha architecture, with rooms
constructed for both royal residence and social purposes. The layout follows a hierarchical
and functional organization centered on courtyards, as is typical of Wada architecture. The
home has three stories, each with its own purpose and spatial organization.
Ground Floor:
The ground floor contains public areas and administrative offices. The welcome space for
formal events and meetings was located at the entry, in the enormous Diwan Khana (main
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
hall). Around this center space are rooms for officials and other workers, with passageways
connecting them to the central courtyard. The open courtyard provides ventilation and light,
generating a cooling effect on the bottom floor. Storage facilities and utility rooms are also
there, neatly organized for convenient access.
Figure 24 ground floor plan
First Floor:
The first floor is more secluded and used as the primary living space for the Peshwa family.
The rooms are set around another open courtyard, which provides light and ventilation,
resulting in a comfortable and quiet living space. Bedrooms, personal sitting places, and a
private prayer room or puja room are located on this floor, providing the family with both
intimacy and privacy from the communal areas below. Intricate wooden balconies overlook
the courtyard, allowing occupants to enjoy the open space in a safe and private environment.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Second Floor:
The second, or top, floor is dedicated for additional living quarters and servant apartments.
This level provides a panoramic view of the surrounding area and has storage areas and
balconies to improve airflow. The sloping Mangalore-tiled roof is supported on this level,
allowing for adequate rainwater drainage. The balconies on this floor are smaller, with ornate
railings that add aesthetic value while being practical.
Figure 25 second floor plan
Figure 26 section
Material and Style Choices
 Built using locally sourced basalt stone and wood, ensuring durability and suitability
to Pune’s climate.
25
Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture


Extensive use of intricately carved wood in pillars, balconies, and beams reflects
Peshwa-era craftsmanship and Maratha aesthetics.
The facade features the Meghadambari—an elaborately carved wooden balcony—
blending functionality with opulent design, adorned with floral and geometric motifs
that symbolize artistic and cultural prestige.
Entrance and Public Gathering Areas
The grand entry features a wide Padavi (verandah) made of basalt and wood, spanning seven
bays and flanked by devadis (guard chambers) for security and ceremony.
Balconies are supported by decorative columns with cusped arches and elegant wooden
brackets, which emphasize elegance and grandeur.
Figure 27 entrance foyer
Courtyard-Centric Layout
Multiple chowks function as important organizing features, encouraging social interaction
while improving climatic responsiveness through natural ventilation and daylight.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 28 chowks
Introverted Planning and Privacy Provisions
Introverted layouts, sturdy walls, and shared limits prevent exterior visibility and intrusion.
Figure 29 central courtyard

The facade features an ornate design with cusped arches, carved wooden balconies, and
columns with Rajasthani, Gujarati, and Delhi influences.Elevated platforms (osari) at
entrances create communal spaces that combine functionality and cultural symbolism.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 30 Elevated platforms (osari)
Sustainability and Passive Design Features
Figure 31 stack effect

Ventilation: Central courtyards enable passive airflow, ensuring natural cooling and
reducing reliance on mechanical systems.

Thermal Comfort: Thick masonry walls and high ceilings provide insulation,
minimizing heat gain and maintaining cooler indoor temperatures.

Rainwater Management: Sloping roofs ensure efficient drainage, protecting the
structure and supporting sustainable water use through rainwater harvesting.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 32 courtyard with fountains
Restoration Process and Techniques
The repair of Vishrambaug Wada was planned in stages. Each phase centered on
meticulously fixing structural components and restoring the building's original features.
Courtyard and Flooring Repairs
Figure 33 Placing of siporex blocks in floorig of FF
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Wooden floorings and coloum
Figure 34 Open Flooring of FF
Roof Structure
Figure 35 roof restoration
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Wall Plaster and Façade Restoration
Figure 36 Removal of plaster in second courtyard
Removal of Modern Interventions
Figure 37 Southern external wall after restoration
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Architectural and Decorative Restoration


Meghdambari (Balcony) and Bengal Style Roof: The balcony on the eastern facade,
adorned with a Bengal-style roof, was carefully preserved. Plans are in place for
additional restoration work to retain its historical significance.
Decorative Elements: Original brackets, including motifs like peacock heads,
columns, and entrance doorways, were maintained or minimally repaired where
necessary.
Figure 38 Original brackets
Figure 39 Wood works (Bracets and ornamentation details)
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
B.Case Study 2 - Chavan Wada
Introduction
Chavan Wada is located in an urban community on the outskirts of Pune, where the temperate
temperature of Maharashtra influences the architectural choices. Designed to satisfy the
specific lifestyle needs of a respected politician and educator, this property mixes traditional
Maharashtrian wada architecture with modern conveniences to facilitate regular gatherings,
meetings, and community activities. It strikes a balance between conventional aesthetics and
seclusion, comfort, and functionality, resulting in a property that serves as both a family
home and a public meeting space.
Location- Pune, Maharashtra, India
Area : 4898 sq. ft
Year : 2019
Figure 40 Chavan Wada
Location & Climate Consideration
The site's location in a semi-urban environment just outside of Pune has two primary
influences on the building's design: climatic adaptation and integration with the regional
architectural language. With a moderate Indian climate, the property uses passive design
components such as cross-ventilation, natural shading, and locally sourced materials to adjust
inside temperatures and ensure year-round comfort. The design follows local customs,
integrating in with the surroundings while offering the family with a modern, comfortable
environment.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 41 Location plan
Client’s Lifestyle & Privacy Requirements
The client, a prominent community figure, requires a home that supports both public and
private functions:


Frequent Gatherings: Chavan Wada is designed with open and welcoming spaces to
accommodate regular meetings and social events. Public spaces within the home are
thoughtfully placed to allow easy access and flow.
Zoning for Privacy: Despite being a center for community interaction, the residence
includes a defined layout that separates family areas from public spaces. This
thoughtful zoning preserves family privacy while allowing the client to maintain an
active role in the community. Family members enjoy a private and secluded zone,
shielded from the active public areas.
Planning of Chavan Wada
Entrance and Public Gathering Areas
The Entrance Padavi, or entrance porch, is a transitional space designed with local, natural
materials that create a welcoming environment. This area serves as a flexible space for
informal gatherings, embodying a spirit of hospitality and openness.
Threshold and Transitional Spaces
The Entrance Padavi plays an important role as a transitional area:
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture


Encourages Social Interaction: By creating an open yet sheltered entry, the Padavi is
perfect for community interactions and gatherings.
Local Materials: Built from regional materials, it reflects the warmth and simplicity of
traditional Maharashtrian homes, setting the tone for the rest of the house and
welcoming guests into an authentically designed space.
Figure 42 Transitional space
Courtyard-Centric Layout
The central courtyard is integral to Chavan Wada, serving as the heart of the home:


Promotes Connectivity: By linking different areas and levels of the house, the
courtyard design facilitates movement and interaction, embodying the communal spirit
of traditional wadas.
Functional and Aesthetic Value: This central space anchors the home’s layout and
reinforces the traditional feel while enhancing airflow and creating a naturally lit
environment.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 43 Courtyard
Introverted Planning and Privacy Provisions
The house features introverted planning elements to balance privacy with openness:


Bamboo Screens and Pergolas: Strategically placed in the backyard, these features
create visual barriers, offering privacy without fully closing off outdoor areas.
Modern Adaptation of Traditional Elements: Privacy elements such as screens and
shaded seating areas incorporate traditional design techniques with modern materials,
maintaining a sense of cultural continuity.
Figure 44 Exterior of Wada
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Cultural and Security Motives
Chavan Wada embodies the client’s commitment to tradition and family privacy, with a focus
on security:
•
•
Cultural Integration: The design respects traditional Maharashtrian aesthetics while
accommodating contemporary security needs, giving the client a secure, private home
that also serves as a community space.
Secure Design Choices: Materials like sturdy stone, wood, and durable tiles enhance
the residence’s resilience, addressing both aesthetic and functional requirements.
Material and Style Choices
The residence emphasizes a harmonious blend of traditional and modern aesthetics, achieved
through thoughtful material and style selections:



Locally Sourced Materials: The choice of materials such as basalt, Kota stone, and
Tandur stone showcases the residence’s ties to the region, grounding the structure in
local heritage.
Mangalore-Tiled Roofs: The distinctive sloping roofs with Mangalore tiles lend a
rustic, farmhouse charm, while their thermal properties help maintain comfortable
indoor temperatures.
Durable and Elegant: The residence uses materials known for durability and
simplicity, offering a visual balance that aligns with the client’s respected social
standing. These choices also reinforce the cultural image associated with traditional
Maharashtrian homes.
Other architectural details
Landscape Design
Chavan Wada’s landscaping integrates outdoor spaces with the home’s architecture, blending
greenery and traditional design:



Front Yard (Aangan): This semi-public area creates a welcoming atmosphere where
guests and visitors gather. It enhances the community-oriented nature of the residence.
Backyard (Prasdar): A more private space for family use, the backyard is bordered by
bamboo screens and pergolas, creating a natural and private environment. This area
serves as a retreat for the family, balancing the home’s more public front-facing areas.
Sustainable Design: Indigenous plant species are used in landscaping to reduce
maintenance and water needs, ensuring an environmentally sustainable landscape that
reflects the local ecology.
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 45 Landscape
Decorative Elements and Facade Design
The home’s facade presents a simple yet impactful aesthetic, focusing on materials like
stone and wood:


Rustic Elegance: Natural stone and wooden details lend a timeless elegance to the
building, resonating with the traditional aesthetics of Maharashtrian architecture.
Sloping Roof and Mangalore Tiles: The red, sloping Mangalore-tiled roof creates a
farmhouse appeal that is both aesthetically pleasing and functional, integrating
traditional styles with a durable structure.
Figure 46 Decorative elements
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 47 Ground Floor Plan
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 48 First Floor plan
Figure 49 Roof plan
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Figure 47Section
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Comparative Analysis of Key Features
•
•
Vishrambaug Wada: Extensively restored due to its historical importance and current
usage as a museum and municipal office. Restoration efforts focus on preserving wood
carvings and structure.
Chavan Wada: Preserved to a lesser extent, and restoration efforts (if any) focus on
structural reinforcement and maintaining local architecture. It may not have the same
level of historical documentation or tourism interest as Vishrambaug Wada.
Figure 48 Section
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
43
Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Early Phase (Chavan Wada): Wadas like Chavan Wada were primarily utilitarian and
focused on essential living needs, with central courtyards for social interaction and ventilation.
Ornamentation was minimal, and materials were chosen for affordability and functionality.
Later Phase (Vishrambaug Wada): As Wada architecture evolved, it became a symbol of
status and power. Structures like Vishrambaug Wada displayed opulence through intricate
wood carvings, elaborate layouts with multiple courtyards, and Mughal-inspired decorative
elements. This marked a shift from practicality to showcasing wealth and grandeur.
Conclusion
Wada architecture's development illustrates the dynamic interaction of ecological practices,
material innovation, and cultural identity. Using local materials and courtyard-centric design
for natural ventilation and thermal comfort, early examples such as Chavan Wada placed a high
value on simplicity and functionality. As demonstrated in Vishrambaug Wada, the building
evolved throughout time to embrace opulence and ornamentation, fusing Mughal and Maratha
customs. Notwithstanding this development, climate-responsive architecture remained a key
component of both architectural types, with elements like sloping roofs, thick walls, and shaded
courtyards guaranteeing both comfort and energy efficiency. The inventiveness of vernacular
design is demonstrated by Wada architecture, which also provides important insights for
contemporary architecture that is sustainable and sensitive to context.
References :
Chavan Wada by Area Planners
The Architecture of Wadas of Maharashtra - RTF | Rethinking The Future
Badawe Sovani Kalamdani Architects - Project - Conservation Of Vishrambagwada. 2011.
Archello.Com.
http://uk.archello.com/en/project/conservation-vishrambagwada.
Behance. 2012. Behance.Net.
https://www.behance.net/gallery/3336087/RECYCLING- VISHRAMBAGWADA-PUNE.
Brandi, C. The J. Paul Getty Trust (1996). Theory of Restoration. Historical and
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Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra – wada architecture
Philosophical issues in Conservation of Cult. 1996
Chermayeff, Serge, and Christopher Alexander. Community and privacy: Toward a new
architecture of humanism. Doubleday, 1963.
Conservation Of Heritage Buildings - A Guide. 2013. Ebook. Ist ed. New
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