Module 1
When discussing the writer’s main purpose please remember the acronym
P.I.E.S (Persuade, Inform, Entertain, Sensitize)
Organizational Strategies
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FlashBack - gives background, insight into characters motives
Foreshadowing- hints at future events, adds tension
Definitions- facilitates comprehension, clarifies meanings of concepts
Cause and Effect- clarifies relationships, helps reader to understand corrections
Problem SolutionComparison and Contrast- organizational pattern to highlight the inevitable and
unconsidered consequences
Evidence- adds credibility, appeals to reason and logic
Sequencing
Listing in 3’s- helps emphasize the point of the text
Personal Experience
Anecdotal Evidence- engages reader, prompts the reader to reflect, connects to reader’s
experiences
Titles and Subtitles/ Heading and Subheadings
Dialogue
Short Paragraphs
Use of Narration
Use of Background Information
Examples and and illustrations
Use of Rhetorical Appeals
Language Techniques
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Hypophora
Euphemism
Metaphors
Simple Vocabulary
Emotive Languages
Alliteration
Analogy
Irony
Hyperbole/ Exaggeration
Sarcasm
Cliche
Imagery (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory)
Simile
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Personification
Onomatopoeia
Rhetorical Questions
Repetition
Tone
Combative/ Fight- Related Language
Use of Jargon
Use of Slang
Quotations
Simple Vocabulary
HONORABLE MENTIONS
● Punctuation (inverted commas, several exclamation marks, dashes)
● Typographical Features (font type, italics, font size etc)
Tone
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Amused
Annoyed
Appreciative
Angry
Bitter
Casual
Cheerful
Condescending
Confused
Disgusted
Enthusiastic
Formal
Gloomy
Hopeful
Passive
Pleasant
Sad
Serious
Taunting
↑ EXPLAIN HOW EACH BRINGS HELPS TO ACHIEVE THE WRITER’S
PURPOSE & MAKE REFERENCE TO EACH
(QUOTE THE LINE/ SENTENCE YOU FOUND IT IN!)
Validity
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Is the extract current? (published between 5-10 years)
Is the information relevant to the writer’s purpose?
Does the writer use language that appeals to logos/logical reasoning?
Does it cite respected world or regional organizations?
Reliability
1. Has any qualifications of the writer been presented in the piece?
2. Was the piece retrieved from a reputable source?
3. Will the measures employed by other investigators give the same result?
Credibility
1. Do the same for reliability and validity just mention credibility
How the piece could've been more applicable to the Caribbean context (2022)
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Reference studies done in the Caribbean
Citing relevant examples in relation to the Caribbean
Use of Caribbean Influence
Use creole to appeal to the Caribbean readers
Module 2
Language Registers
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Frozen
Casual
Intimate
Consultative
Private
Verbal Communicative Behaviors
● Vocalics (pitch/tone/volume)
Non- Verbal Commutative Behaviors
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Chronemics
Artifacts
Kinesics/ Facial Expressions
Proxemics
Features of a Language
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Grammar
Lexicon- vocabulary
Phonology- pronunciation
Syntax- sentence structure
Attitude towards Language
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Proud
Confident
Ashamed
Celebratory
Varieties of Language
● Foreign English- used by tourists and expatriates from countries where English is a
major language
● British Standard English
● Creole English- (person with a lack of formal education)
● Radio and Television English
● Erudite English- used by the upper class most often used to show that the speaker is
knowledgeable of words
● Colloquial English- shows an educated person: middle class
● Profane English- impolite and shocking expressions used in cursing (involving God,
sex, sexual organs)
● Rasta English
Avoid mentioning Basilect, Mesolect and Acrolect as they are on the same creole continuum
and CXC will regard it as one dialectal variation therefore only allotting 1 mark.
Grammatical Features
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Unmarked Nouns (i.e mango sweet, nine man)
Unmarked Verbs (i.e “she pinch me and run outside”)
Zero Copula (i.e “mi gone”)
Subject- adjective Structure
Preverbal Participle Markers
Pluralization with Suffix (i.e dem)
Reduced Constant Clusters (i.e tin: thin, tory: story, tap: stop)
Calques (i.e force-ripe, foot bottom, nose hole)
Justifications for the Languages used
Creole
● Is the writer’s first language/native/mother tongue
● Allows better understanding of topic
● Supports that creole is a language just as any other language
● Shows the level of pride the writer has in their heritage
Other Languages
● Accepted Language in the country they’re in
● To show that this language is a language such as any other
● Wants to reach a specific audience (applicable to creole as well)
Ways to help readers understand through televised/dramatized presentation
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Facial Expressions
Setting of scenes
Use of Proxemics
Use of Gestures
Costumes to match scenes
How a Video Presentation could Enhance the Presentation
● Seeing and hearing the words and actions of a person makes it easier to understand
attitudes
● Facial expression, gestures, body movements, clothes, objects are visual aspects added by
the video media that can enhance the audience’s understanding of what is being
portrayed.
● Auditory aspects, such as paralanguage/vocalics and the contrasting tones of characters’
voices will add another dimension of meaning
● Aspects of the setting and objects/props would be clearly seen
● Small details like spacing between characters will also visually communicate more
Difficulties that Non-West Indian Readers Could Experience
● Lack of understanding of some Creole syntax, for example: Tenseless descriptions of
events (non–West Indians will not have an idea of when the event took place)
● Non West Indians will not understand Creole lexical terms, for example, “screwing up
her face” and “stopped braps”
● Non–West Indians will experience difficulties in understanding the lack of pluralisation
of nouns
● Non–West Indians will experience difficulties in understanding the Creole habit of using
onomatopoeic words as adverbs, for example, “braps”
Module 3
In writing module 3 you have the choice of writing in first person or third person.
Logos- (logical) appeal to reason using facts/logic , statistics and figures, evidence, reasoning,
claims, a neutral or objective tone, incentives, evidence, laws, rules, standards and regulations,
and anything that appeals to logic or reason in an attempt to justify something. It is used
primarily in exposition to connect with the audience’s sense of reason/ rational/ intellect/ ability
to think and assess information, in general.
Pathos- (emotional) appeal refers to the use of emotive words, rhetorical questions, anecdotes
or illustrations, incentives, a passionate tone, inclusive language, repetition, etc., to stimulate
feelings, basic needs and desires, strengthen patriotism, produce reflection, create a sense of
adventure, provide reassurance, promote enjoyment/fulfillment/contentment, etc. It is used, in
general, to connect with and have an emotional effect like pity, fear, patriotism, sorrow, empathy,
anger, greed, love, desire, hate, etc on the audience.
Ethos- (credibility) appeal refers to the use of authority figures, knowledgeable experts,
respected public officials, credible institutions, celebrity figures, etc., to generate a strong sense
of morality, ethics, truth, worthiness, confidence and trust in something or someone, stimulate
interest in and make the audience believe or be convinced of something, want to participate in it,
etc. It confirms credibility and reliability.
Registers
● Frozen- highly impersonal and usually technical
● Formal- using the highest level of language and adhering to the traditional grammaticaal
standards
● Casual- using slangs, code switching, and a conversational tone
● Consultative- used in situations where the receiver is expected to give
constant/intermittent feedback based on the speaker’s information
● Private- used in the intrapersonal context to express internal musings, reflections, etc
Mediums to communicate with target audience
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Online Media
Direct/ Post Mail
Email
Print Media (Newspapers, Handouts, Brochures)
Radio Broadcast
Outdoor Media (billboards,signs)
Telemarketing
● Events and Trade Shows
Strategies
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Posters (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Brochure (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Email (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Charts (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Fairs (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Concerts (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Celebrity (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
Video (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
Podcast (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
Social Media (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
Songs & Jingles (Pathos, Ethos)
Powerpoints (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
Websites (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
Animations (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
Group Discussion (Pathos, Ethos)
Role Play (Pathos)
Posters (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Magazines (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Jingles (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Ads (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
Promotional Merchandise: cups/ pencil cases/ keyrings (Pathos, Ethos)
Creating Mascot to appear (Pathos, Ethos)
Sponsorship of events (Ethos, Logos)
Credibility
SEE MODULE 1
Language Varieties
SEE MODULE 2
How to Write a Timetable of Activities
● Include all the events to be held (dates, names, locations, benefits of events)
● Discuss all the personnels to be included in the events/ presentations
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Approaches for Each Presentation
Speech/Feature Address
• Introduce yourself then give a brief reason for being there. State your topic of address.
• You may require definitions
Essay
• Introduction with a summary of the scenario and statements
• Body containing answers to the statements, with justifications
• Conclusion with summary.
Presentation
• Write as though speaking directly to the audience
• Never justify or give reasons here, just compose a presentation as though you were to
give it
• Use a greeting to the audience and personal pronouns/direct address (I, me, you, we…)
Proposal
• Introduction similar to the essay
• Make suggestions using ‘propose,’ ‘intend,’ ‘going to’ or ‘would do’
o Justify all your suggestions
Advertisement
• Use persuasive language and techniques
• Utilize the three appeals:
o Logos appeal- appeal to reason using facts and logic
o Pathos appeal- appeal to emotions using emotive language and evoking sympathy
o Ethos appeal- appeal to a sense of credibility
Communication Challenges that may occur during Presentation
● Language Barriers
● Challenges in identifying with the information presented
● Unengaging presentation can lead to a lack of interest
FINAL TIPS FOR YOUR EXAM TOMORROW:
MODULE 1:
- Read the passage carefully.
- Identify the genre:discourse, author and publication information.
- If you are asked to identify the writer's main point. This is a SUMMARY of usually 2-3 main
ideas and is stated, “ The main point\idea is that…”
- The writer's main purpose\s is usually a complex sentence stated using the INFINITIVE VERB,
“The writer's purpose is to highlight, to raise awareness, to educate, to encourage…” linked to
the discourse type.
- Identify the NUMBER of organizational strategies and language techniques asked for in the
instructions.
-REMEMBER TO PEEL!
P - POINT
E- EXAMPLE
E- EXPLANATION
L- Link
and just PEEL for your module 2 and 3 essays
- Credibility/Validity/Reliability - examine the date, if it is published more than 10 years ago it is
not reliable, who is the author? Was expert advice given? Who published the paper?
- Tone: lighthearted, nostalgic, pessimistic, sarcastic, inspirational, persuasive etc...
MODULE 2:
- Identify the dialectical variations (Standard English vs. Caribbean Creole English)
- Mention the features of these dialectical variations (phonology, grammar, vocabulary)
- Be aware of attitudes toward language (Standard English and Creole)
- Identify the cultural, social, political factors that influence language
- Registers (formal, informal, consultative, frozen, intimate); know and be able to identify and
explain
- Communicative behaviors: cite the behaviors (proxemics, facial expression, vocalics,
paralanguage, tone etc.)
- Note how technology could be used to showcase communicative behaviors
MODULE 3:
- Note the difference between a campaign, proposal and plan for a speech
- Know your target target audience and purpose of the campaign - link all promotional strategies,
appeals and persuasive techniques to your audience and campaign purpose
- Integrate appeals (logos, pathos, ethos) in the manner that is appropriate to the instructions.
- Use of language (Standard English, Creole) in the campaign should be linked to the target
audience.
- Know the communication process if relevant
Remember your MARK SCHEME:
CONTENT - 10 MARKS
ORGANIZATION - 7 MARKS
EXPRESSION - 8 MARKS
So no matter what
-Use an introduction, body, conclusion in ALL essays even Module 3
- Use a thesis statement at the end of the introduction to outline the flow of your essay
- Connectives/ transitions at the start of each paragraph in the body are a MUST
- Spelling, grammar, punctuation,counts - check this over!
GOOD LUCK TO EACH OF YOU TOMORROW, JUST DO YOUR BEST, YOU GOT
THIS!