FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 1: Introduction to Field Methods in Psychology
Presented to:
Professor Lloyd Sajol, MPsy
Presented by:
Abenoja, Kyla Mae S.
Agmata, Rizza Jane C.
Albarado, Maykhael Rey A.
Agmata, Rizza Jane C.
Albarado, Maykhael Rey A.
TERMS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY
1.1 DEFINITION OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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Qualitative Research
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Begins
with
assumptions
and
the
use
of
interpretive/theoretical frameworks that inform the study of
research problems addressing the meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human problem (Creswell &
Poth, 2018, p. 35).
To study this problem, qualitative researchers use an emerging
qualitative approach to inquiry, the collection of data in a natural
setting sensitive to the people and places under study, and data
analysis that is both inductive and deductive and establishes
patterns or themes.
The final written report or presentation includes the voices of
participants, the reflexivity of the researcher, a complex
description and interpretation of the problem, and its contribution
to the literature or a call for change (Creswell & Poth, 2018, p.
35).
Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer
in the world. They turn the world into a series of representations,
including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs,
recordings, and memos to the self.
At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive,
naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative
researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings
people bring to them (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011, p. 3).
1.2 SELECTION OF THE FIVE APPROACHES
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Choosing Among Five
Approaches
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Researchers face a wide array of qualitative approaches,
categorized by various scholars like Tesch, Wolcott, and
Jacob, based on focus areas such as data collection,
disciplines, or traditions.
Despite the diversity, key approaches like ethnography, grounded
theory, phenomenology, case studies, and narrative methods are
consistently emphasized.
The selection of these five approaches reflects their widespread
use, disciplinary relevance, and methodological clarity for
qualitative research.
Tesch (1990)
● Classified 28 approaches into four branches based on the
investigator's central interest.
Wolcott (1992)
● Used a “tree” diagram with branches designating data collection
strategies.
Miller and Crabtree (1992)
● Organized 18 types by the researcher’s focus on the individual,
social world, or culture.
Jacob (1987)
● Categorized qualitative research in education into "traditions"
like ecological psychology, symbolic interactionism, and
holistic ethnography.
●
Lancy (1993)
Denzin and Lincoln (2011)
Grouped qualitative inquiry into discipline perspectives such as
anthropology, sociology, biology, cognitive psychology, and
history.
● Have continually reorganized and updated their typologies of
qualitative strategies.
1.2.1 FIVE QUALITATIVE APPROACHES TO INQUIRY
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Narrative Research
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Phenomenology
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Grounded Theory
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Ethnography
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A qualitative method that explores individuals' lived
experiences through storytelling, analyzing personal accounts
to understand meaning, context, and identity formation.
Clandinin, D. J. (2013). Engaging in narrative inquiry. Walnut
Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. Riessman, C. K. (2008). |
Narrative methods for the human sciences. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Jean Clandinin (2013) provides practical guidance on narrative
inquiry, using detailed examples to explain how to think and act
narratively in educational research.
Catherine Riessman (2008) describes four narrative analysis
methods (thematic, structural, dialogic/performance, and visual)
and highlights the use of visual analysis in qualitative research.
A research approach focused on studying individuals'
subjective experiences and perceptions of a phenomenon,
aiming to uncover common themes and the essence of lived
experiences.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. van Manen, M. (2014). |
Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in
phenomenological research and writing. Walnut Creek, CA:
Left Coast Press.
Clark Moustakas (1994) explains a heuristic process for analyzing
interview transcripts, helping researchers extract common themes
and conceptual links.
Max van Manen (2014) explores key phenomenological ideas,
offers diverse methods, and provides seven criteria for appraising
phenomenological studies.
A systematic qualitative method used to develop theories
based on data collected from participants, utilizing constant
comparison and iterative analysis to generate conceptual
frameworks.
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. | Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015).
Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for
developing grounded theory (4th ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kathy Charmaz (2014) expands on coding and writing processes
in grounded theory with examples from various disciplines and
reflective insights from scholars.
Corbin and Strauss (2015) introduce "Insider Insights" to share
perspectives from students and colleagues, along with a detailed
summary of analysis processes.
A research method involving in-depth immersion in a cultural
or social group to understand behaviors, beliefs, and
interactions within their natural setting, often using
participant observation.
Fetterman, D. M. (2010). Ethnography: Step-by-step (3rd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. | Wolcott, H. F. (2008).
Ethnography: A way of seeing (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD:
AltaMira.
David Fetterman (2010) discusses the core features of
ethnography, connecting anthropological concepts with life
through cyclical learning processes.
Harry Wolcott (2008) emphasizes understanding culture and
group behavior, blending artistic and practical approaches to
ethnographic fieldwork.
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Case Study
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An in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or event to
explore complex phenomena in real-life contexts, using
multiple sources of data for a comprehensive understanding.
Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage. | Yin, R. K. (2014). | Case study research:
Design and method (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Robert Stake (1995) focuses on the intuitive and artistic aspects
of case studies, sharing insights and examples from his own
research experiences.
Robert Yin (2014) provides a systematic approach to case study
research, with tutorials on design, data collection, and analysis for
generating valid findings.
1.3 AUDIENCE
This aims to provide a useful resource for scholars producing
qualitative research in the form of journal articles, theses, or
dissertations.
For graduate students, it compares and contrasts the five
approaches to help establish a rationale for their choice of method.
It emphasizes understanding the basics of qualitative research
before delving into specific approaches, offering resources for
beginners and insights for experienced researchers.
Multiple-Choice Questions
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is a key characteristic of qualitative research?
Focus on quantitative data analysis
Uses natural settings for data collection
Emphasizes statistical tests
Requires random sampling
Which qualitative research approach focuses on the collection of personal stories and experiences? a.
Grounded Theory
b. Case Study
c. Narrative Research
d. Phenomenology
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the five major approaches to qualitative research highlighted in the
text?
a. Ethnography
b. Grounded Theory
c. Experimental Research
d. Case Study
2.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is the primary focus of phenomenology in qualitative research?
Understanding cultural contexts
Analyzing social behaviors
Exploring lived experiences and meanings
Collecting data through surveys
Who proposed the heuristic process for analyzing interview transcripts in phenomenology? a.
van Manen
b. Jean Clandinin
c. Clark Moustakas
d. Robert Stake
5.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
In grounded theory, what is the primary method of data collection?
Surveys
Observations
Interviews
Experiments
Max
7.
Which author is known for the concept of "Insider Insights" in grounded theory? a. Kathy Charmaz
b. David Fetterman
c. Robert Yin
d. Corbin and Strauss
8.
Which approach is used to understand a culture or group behavior by immersing the researcher in the
setting?
a. Phenomenology
b. Ethnography
c. Case Study
d. Grounded Theory
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What type of data analysis is used in qualitative research?
Deductive analysis only
Both inductive and deductive analysis
Random sampling
Statistical modeling
10. Which of the following is a key focus in case study research?
a. Identifying cultural patterns
b. Understanding a phenomenon through detailed exploration of a specific instance
c. Analyzing personal experiences
d. Studying a broad social issue
11. Which typology method classifies qualitative research based on the domain of human life being studied? a.
Wolcott’s Tree Diagram
b. Miller and Crabtree’s Typology
c. Denzin and Lincoln’s Strategies
d. Jacob’s Traditions
12. What is the aim of qualitative research?
a. To develop generalized conclusions from a large sample
b. To explore the meaning individuals or groups attach to a social or human problem
c. To validate theories through experimental research
d. To collect statistical data for hypothesis testing
13. Which of the following authors discusses four methods of narrative analysis? a. Robert Yin
b. Catherine Riessman
c. Kathy Charmaz
d. Max van Manen
14. Which approach emphasizes the importance of researcher reflexivity and participant voices in the final
report?
a. Phenomenology
b. Case Study
c. Grounded Theory
d. Qualitative Research in General
15. What type of research design does ethnography typically employ?
a. Longitudinal surveys
b. Immersive fieldwork and participant observation
c. Controlled experiments
d. Statistical regression models
Answer Key
1. b.
2. c.
3. c.
4. c.
5. c.
6. c.
7. d.
8. b.
9. b.
10.
b. 11. b. 12. b. 13. b. 14. d.
15. b.