Computer Fundamentals
Types of computers.
The computer systems can be classified on the following basis:
1. On the basis of size.
2. On the basis of functionality.
3. On the basis of data handling.
Classification on the basis of size
1) Super Computer
2) Mainframe computer
3) Mini computer
4) Micro computer .
Classification on the basis of functionality
1) Servers
2) Workstation
3) Information Appliances
4) Embedded computers
Classification on the basis of data handling
1) Analog
2) Digital
3) Hybrid
Components of A computer.
1) Hardware components
2) Software components
Hardware components:
1)Input
2)Output
3)Central processing unit:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Control Unit (CU): Directs data flow and coordinates tasks.
Registers: Temporary storage within the CPU. (16 bit,32 bit,64 bit)
4)Primary memory (Memory stores data and instructions temporarily while the
computer is running.)
a) RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory for temporary data storage.
(Volatile memory: is a type of computer memory that requires power to retain
data. When the power supply is interrupted or turned off, all data stored in
volatile memory is lost. It is primarily used for temporary data storage)
b) ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory containing startup
instructions.
ROM is a non-volatile memory and it is used to store important information which
is used to operate the system. We can only read the programs and data stored on
it and cannot modify of delete it.
ROM is used to store firmware or essential instructions (e.g., the computer's
startup processes). This data is written during manufacturing and remains
unchanged during the device's lifetime.
Non-volatile memory is a type of computer memory that retains data even when
the power supply is turned off.
5)Secondary memory (These devices store data permanently or semipermanently.)
Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Solid-State Drive (SSD), USB Drives, Optical Discs.
2. Software Components
a) System software
Manages hardware and provides a platform for application software.
Examples: Operating Systems (Windows, Linux, macOS).
b) Application Software
Programs designed for specific tasks.
Examples: Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, Web Browsers.