CE 122. TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING II
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGHWAY, AIRPORT AND
RAILWAY DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
Video lecture delivered by:
Engr. Ma. Bernadeth B. Lim, Ph.D.
Slides improved from the version prepared by:
Engr. Marloe B. Sundo, Ph.D.
CHAPTER 5.
INTRODUCTION
TO RAILWAY
ENGINEERING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
 discuss the advantage of using Railway over roadway
 familiarize the different component of Railway
 discuss the functions of the different component of
Railway
CONTENTS:
History of Railway Development
Railway and Road Transport
Components of railway
CHAPTER 5.
INTRODUCTION
TO RAILWAY
ENGINEERING:
PART 1
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 a specialist field in Transportation and
Civil Engineering
 a multi-faceted engineering discipline
dealing with the design, construction
and operation of all types of rail
transport systems
 Railway Engineers:
o possess mechanical design skills and
knowledge of propulsion systems that
allows them to design train vessels
o are frequently on site, either
supervising the rail system or in a
'hands on' capacity
HISTORY OF RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
 1769
 Nicolas Carnot, a
Frenchman, carried out the
pioneering work of
developing steam energy
HISTORY OF RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
• 1804 - Richard Trevithick
designed and constructed
a steam locomotive
HISTORY OF RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
• 1814 - George
Stephenson
• produced the first
steam locomotive
used for traction in
railways
HISTORY OF RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
 first public railway in
the world was
opened to traffic on
27 September
1825 between
Stockton and
Darlington
HISTORY OF RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
 first railway in Germany was opened from Nurenberg to
Furth in 1835
HISTORY OF
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
• USA opened its first railway line between
Mohawk and Hudson in 1833
HISTORY OF RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
 there has been rail transport in the Philippines for over
120 years
 June 25, 1875: King Alfonso XII, Spain promulgated a
Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of
Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan
for railroads on Luzon
 Plan title: Memoria Sobre el Plan General de Ferrocarriles en
la Isla de Luzón
HISTORY OF
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
 the first rail tracks were laid in 1891 and
its first commercial run was in 1892 in
Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan
HISTORY OF RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
 more than a thousand route-
kilometers were built before
the war
 only 452 route-kilometers were
operational
 only less than 30km remain
operational
 now only a total of 75.2 route-
kilometer of railway network
CE 122. TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING II
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGHWAY, AIRPORT AND
RAILWAY DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
Video lecture delivered by:
Engr. Ma. Bernadeth B. Lim, Ph.D.
Slides improved from the version prepared by:
Engr. Marloe B. Sundo, Ph.D.
CHAPTER 5.
INTRODUCTION
TO RAILWAY
ENGINEERING:
PART 2
CONTENTS:
History of Railway Development
Railway and Road Transport
Components of railway
RAILWAY AS MODE OF LAND TRANSPORT
Today, more than 3,000 billion passenger-kilometres performed
around the world annually
 about 1,158 billion passenger-kilometres are done solely in what
country?
Answer:
India
RAILWAY AS MODE OF LAND TRANSPORT
RAILWAY AS MODE OF LAND TRANSPORT
 What country has the highest kilometer traveled by train per
population?
o Answer: Switzerland
 The average Swiss travels every year 2,430.9 kilometers by train,
almost 500km more than the Japanese who come in second.
 10,000 billion freight tonne-kilometres travelled around the
world each year. About a quarter each are in the what
countries?
o Answer: United States, China and Russia.
RAILWAY AND ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature
Rail transport
Road transport
Tractive resistance
• movement of steel wheels on
steel rails has the basic
advantage of low rolling
resistance
• this reduces haulage costs
because of low tractive
resistance
the tractive resistance of a
pneumatic tyre on metalled
roads is almost five times
compared to that of wheels on
rails
RAILWAY AND ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature
Right of way
Rail transport
Road transport
• a railway track is defined on two roads, though having well
defined limits, can be used by
rails and is within protected
any vehicular traffic and even by
limits
pedestrians , which means they
• trains work as per prescribed
are open to all
schedule and no other vehicle
has the right of way except at
specified level crossings
RAILWAY AND ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature
Cost analysis
Rail transport
Road transport
The cost of construction and
• Owing to the heavy
infrastructure, the initial as well maintenance of roads is
as maintenance cost of a railway comparatively cheaper
line is high
RAILWAY AND ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature
Gradients and
Curves
Rail transport
Road transport
• the gradients of railways tracks
are flatter (normally not more
than 1 in 100) and curves are
limited up to only 10° on broad
gauge
roads are constructed normally
with steeper gradients of up to
1 in 30 and relatively much
sharper curves
RAILWAY AND ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature
Flexibility of
movement
Rail transport
Road transport
• Due to the defined routes and
facilities required for the
reception and dispatch of trains,
railways can be used only
between fixed points.
Road transports have much
more flexibility in movement
and can provide door-to-door
services
RAILWAY AND ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature
Environment
pollution
Suitability
Rail transport
Road transport
• Railways have minimum adverse
effects on the environment
Road transport creates
comparatively greater pollution
than the railways
• Railways are best suited for
carrying heavy goods and large
numbers of passengers over long
distances.
Road transport is best suited for
carrying lighter goods and
smaller numbers of passengers
over shorter distances.
CE 122. TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING II
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGHWAY, AIRPORT AND
RAILWAY DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
Video lecture delivered by:
Engr. Ma. Bernadeth B. Lim, Ph.D.
Slides revised from earlier version prepared by:
Engr. Marloe B. Sundo, Ph.D.
CHAPTER 5.
INTRODUCTION
TO RAILWAY
ENGINEERING:
PART 3
CONTENTS:
History of Railway Development
Railway and Road Transport
Components of Railway System
COMPONENTS OF
RAILWAY SYSTEM
 Rolling stock
 Infrastructure
ROLLING STOCKS
MODERN RAIL TRANSIT Bullet train:
TECHNOLOGY Shinkansen
MODERN RAIL TRANSIT Fastest Train
TECHNOLOGY (574km/hr)
MODERN RAILWAY
NETWORK
 Mass railway transit or
light railway transit
MODERN
RAILWAY
NETWORK
 Subway
TRACK
 The track or permanent way is the railroad on which trains run
RAILWAY
TRACK GAUGE
• Gauge is defined as the minimum distance between
two rails
• The gauge is measured as the clear minimum distance
between the running faces of the two rails
DIFFERENT GAUGE STANDARDS
Gauge
(mm)
Gauge
(feet)
% of total
length
Countries
Standard gauge
1435
4' 8.5"
62
England, USA, Canada, Turkey, Persia, and China
Broad gauge
1676
5' 6"
6
India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Brazil, Argentina
Broad gauge
1524
5' 0"
9
Russia, Finland
Cape gauge
1067
3' 6"
8
Africa, Japan, Java, Australia, and New Zealand
Metre gauge
1000
3' 3.5"
9
India, France, Switzerland, and Argentina
Different Different
gauges
gauges
6
Various countries
Type of gauge
23 various other
gauges
RAILS
Rails are the members of
the track laid in two
parallel lines to provide an
unchanging, continuous,
and level surface for the
movement of trains
To be able to withstand
stresses, they are made of
high-carbon steel
FUNCTION OF
RAILS
• Rails are similar to steel girders. These are
provided to perform the following functions in a
track.
• Rails provide a continuous and level surface for
the movement of trains.
• Rails provide a pathway which is smooth and has
very little friction.
• Rails serve as a lateral guide for the wheels.
• Bear the stresses developed due
FUNCTION
OF RAILS
to vertical loads transmitted to
them through axles and wheels of
rolling stock as well as due to
braking and thermal forces
• Carry out the function of
transmitting the load to a large
area of the formation through
sleepers and the ballast
TYPES
OF RAILS
Bull Headed Rail (BH)
Double Headed Rail (DH)
TYPES
OF RAILS
Flat-Footed Rail (FF)
STANDARD RAIL SECTIONS
EXAMPLE OF RAIL SPECIFICATIONS
a) IRS-52-kg: Number of IRS rail section, i.e., 52 kg
b) 710: Grade of rail section, i.e., 710 or 880
c) TISCO: Manufacturer’s name, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Co.
d) II 1991: Month and year of manufacture (February 1991)
e) : An arrow showing the direction of the top of the ingot
f) OB: Process of steel making, e.g., open hearth basic (OB)
SLEEPERS
 sleepers are the transverse
ties that are laid to support
the rails
 they have an important role in
the track as they transmit the
wheel load from the rails to
the ballast
FUNCTIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS OF SLEEPERS
• Holding the rails in their correct gauge and alignment
• Giving a firm and even support to the rails
• Transferring the load evenly from the rails to a wider area of the
ballast
• Acting as an elastic medium between the rails and the ballast to
absorb the blows and vibrations caused by moving loads
FUNCTIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS OF SLEEPERS
• Providing longitudinal and
lateral stability to the
permanent way
• Providing the means to
rectify the track
geometry during their
service life
SLEEPER
DENSITY AND
SPACING OF
SLEEPERS
 Sleeper density: the number of
sleepers per rail length
 specified as M + x or N + x
Where:
M or N = length of the rail in meters
x = a number that varies
according to factors such as follows:
o axle load and speed,
o type and section of rails,
o type and strength of the sleepers,
o type of ballast and ballast cushion,
and
o nature of formation
SLEEPER DENSITY AND SPACING
OF SLEEPERS
 If the sleeper density is M + 7
EXAMPLE:
on a broad gauge route and the
length of the rail is 13 m, it
means that 13 + 7 = 20
sleepers will be used per rail on
that route.
SLEEPER DENSITY AND SPACING OF
SLEEPERS
SPACING OF SLEEPERS FOR A FISH-PLATED TRACK
SLEEPER DENSITY AND SPACING OF
SLEEPERS
SPACING OF SLEEPERS ON A FISH-PLATED TRACK
SLEEPER DENSITY AND SPACING OF
SLEEPERS
SPACING OF SLEEPERS FOR WELDED TRACK
BALLAST
BALLAST
 Ballast: is a layer of broken stones,
gravel, or any other granular
material placed and packed below
and around sleepers for
distributing load from the sleepers
to the formation
 It provides drainage as well as
longitudinal and lateral stability to
the track
FUNCTIONS OF BALLAST
 Provides a level and hard bed for the
sleepers to rest on.
 Holds the sleepers in position during the
passage of trains.
 Transfers and distributes load from the
sleepers to a large area of the formation.
 Provides elasticity and resilience to the track
for proper riding comfort.
FUNCTIONS OF BALLAST
 Provides the necessary
resistance to the track for
longitudinal and lateral stability
 Provides effective drainage to
the track
 Provides an effective means of
maintaining the level and
alignment of the track
MOORUN OF
BALLAST
 a reddish, and sometimes yellowish in color
 normally used as the initial ballast in new
constructions and also as sub-ballast
BALLAST
GRADATION
Size of sieve
% retained
65 mm
5% maximum
40 mm
40% to 60%
20 mm
Not less than 98% for
machine crushed and not less
than 95% for hand broken
TRACK FITTINGS AND
FASTENINGS
 Railway track
fasteners
 Rail clip
 Track material railway
screw
TYPES OF TRACK FITTINGS
For Joining rail to
rail
Fish plates,
combination fish
plates, bolts, and
nuts
TYPES OF TRACK
FITTINGS
For Joining rail to sleepers
Type of Fastening
• CI bearing plates
• Plate screws
• Pandrol clips
• Rubber pads
CI BEARING PLATE
TYPES OF TRACK FASTENINGS
Dog spike,
round
spike, fang
bolt, and
Screw Type
DOG SPIKE
PLATE SCREW TYPE
FANG BOLT
PANDROL CLIPS
RUBBER PADS
MODERN RAIL
TRACK
CONSTRUCTION
ADDITIONAL LEARNING MATERIALS
• Network Rail. An introduction to rail. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htraayYmKjI&list=PLm9U4wEe03oE3
MgEedxNZBon6tz14YNNe&index=10
• Functions and types of rails. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMkHcJ-EJtw
• Network Rail. Introduction to switches and crossings. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuR5QTlfOzk
• Network Rail. Controlling trains. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4q3i5aw6XQ&list=PLm9U4wEe03o
E3MgEedxNZBon6tz14YNNe&index=3
ADDITIONAL LEARNING MATERIALS
• Network Rail. Introduction to level crossings. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7hyIkqyp9k&list=PLm9U4wEe0
3oE3MgEedxNZBon6tz14YNNe&index=4
• Network Rail. Running projects. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b45AP4lZ58g&list=PLm9U4wEe0
3oE3MgEedxNZBon6tz14YNNe&index=5
• Network Rail. Electrifying the railway. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvVKge2nfyQ
END OF CHAPTER