ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IA
Name: Thyrique Pryce
Form: Lower 6th Form
Centre No:
Candidate: 1003610240
Territory: Jamaica
School: Eltham High School
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………
Statement of Problem……………………………………………………………………………….
Purpose Statement………………………………………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I firstly want to give thanks to God for supplying me with the boundless amount of strength and
energy to push through all my difficulties to be able to finish my Internal Assessment (IA), I’m
truly grateful to the core of my heart, I also would like to thank my Environmental Science
teacher for the boundless encouragement and pushing me to do the best of my ability and for the
days she also stayed back after school helping us with our studies and our course work many
thanks, furthermore I’d like to also thank my grade supervisor miss Gordon for also pushing me
especially at times I displayed a lazy like manner at times and thanks towards my previous grade
supervisor Sir. Reid who invited me to the 6th Form Program extended my education at further
heights when I was lost on what to do when I graduated from high school a large thanks to Sir.
Reid, Miss Gordon, and Miss Newel.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental Science is a field of study that helps us understand our environment and find
solutions to protect our natural ecosystem. In this research, we aim to investigate the impact of
human activities on the Rio Cobre River and its effect on the diversity of species in both the
aquatic and terrestrial systems. The goal is to determine if the environment is in a healthy and
stable condition and develop strategies to address any environmental issues identified.
Statement of Problem
In many countries they are polluted with waste and garbage along with the environment being
destroyed due to the mining of minerals by its people, this problem is also faced in Jamaica in
many areas. Bauxite mining, disposing of waste and garbage in the natural ecosystem contributes
to the destruction of the species diversity in many environments. Rio Cobre River is one such
affected area, in different sections of the river it has received its own fair share of anthropogenic
activity that in some way affected its ecosystem also affecting the species diversity that would be
present in the ecosystem, disposing of garbage and different agricultural practices contribute to
the effects in each section of the Rio Cobre River ecosystem.
Purpose Statement
The aim of this research attempts to investigate the sections of the Rio Cobre River for
anthropogenic activity, analyze each result and present them according to whether the results of
the research are not or are affecting each sections of the Rio Cobre River, this research also
intends to expose the effects of anthropogenic activity on the ecosystem and also to give
recommendation’s according to the results of the site visits.
Entry#: 1
Date:
Site/Location: Dam-head
Objectives:
❖ To Select appropriate locations to conduct research for the Rio Cobre River.
❖ Calculate the Species Diversity of the Rio Cobre River from 4 different sites that have
been selected and utilize quadrats and transects to obtain the Species Diversity Data.
❖ To discover anthropogenic activities that are being done that have an impact on the
ecosystem of the sites selected that are connected to the Rio Cobre River by taking
observation and collecting water samples to do PH levels Test, Temperature Tests,
Nitrates Tests, Phosphates Tests, Dissolved oxygen Test, and Fecal Coliform Test.
❖ To analyze all site test results from collected water samples and observations from each
site visit.
❖ To give recommendations based on the results acquired by the tests done.
Activities:
✔ Upon arrival at the site Dam Head the researchers took observations and pictures of the
surrounding area of Dam-Head of any form of anthropogenic activities
✔ Species Diversity test was carried out by using Quadrats and spreading each one 1 meter
apart from each other and analyzing the different species that were collected.
✔ Water samples were collected and stored in tests tubes and bottles.
✔ Water samples that were stored in the test tubes were used to perform PH level tests by
using a universal indicator solution to obtain the PH level of the water sample.
✔ A Ph stripe was placed in the water sample.
✔ A pH scale was then placed beside the ph stripe to decide whether the water sample was
acidic or alkali.
✔ The results were then examined and stored in notebooks.
✔ The water samples that were stored in bottles were labeled and placed in an Igloo.
Observations: Fish hunting, animal farming and construction were the most noticeable
anthropogenic activities that were taking place at the Dam-Head site. Algae was noticeably
present at Dam-Head on the walls of the hydrant.
Pictures taken :
View of the 1st Site Dam-Head.
Students conducting a Species Diversity and pH level test on the 1st site Dam-Head.
Fishermen hunting for fish’s in the Dam-Head River
Interpretive Comments: algae was spreading throughout the water body and was mostly present
on the walls which meant that the water body was rich, this was most likely a cause of the
phosphate and fecal coliform that was present in the water body.
Follow-Up Activity:
Water samples that were stored in Igloos were carried back to do tests such as dissolved oxygen
levels, phosphate levels and nitrate levels and the researchers headed for their next location.
Entry#: 2
Date:
Site/Location: NWC Hydrant
Objectives:
❖ To Select appropriate locations to conduct research for the Rio Cobre River.
❖ Calculate the Species Diversity of the Rio Cobre River from 4 different sites that have
been selected and utilize quadrats and transects to obtain the Species Diversity Data.
❖ To discover anthropogenic activities that are being done that have an impact on the
ecosystem of the sites selected that are connected to the Rio Cobre River by taking
observation and collecting water samples to do PH levels Test, Temperature Tests,
Nitrates Tests, Phosphates Tests, Dissolved oxygen Test, and Fecal Coliform Test.
❖ To analyze all site test results from collected water samples and observations from each
site visit.
❖ To give recommendations based on the results acquired by the tests done.
Activities:
✔ Upon arrival at the site Dam Head the researchers took observations and pictures of the
surrounding area of Dam-Head of any form of anthropogenic activities
✔ Species Diversity test was carried out by using Quadrats and spreading each one 1 meter
apart from each other and analyzing the different species that were collected.
✔ Water samples were collected and stored in tests tubes and bottles.
✔ Water samples that were stored in the test tubes were used to perform PH level tests by
using a universal indicator solution to obtain the PH level of the water sample.
✔ A pH stripe was placed in the water sample.
✔ A pH scale was then placed beside the pH stripe to decide whether the water sample was
acidic or alkali.
✔ The results were then examined and stored in notebooks.
✔ The water samples that were stored in bottles were labeled and placed in an Igloo.
Observations: the river was brown.
Pictures taken:
Interpretive Comments: the river water was brown due to dirt/bacteria/Fecal Coliform entering
the river, possibly due to heavy rain which is a common cause for river water to become dirty
because of the surrounding area's dirt land and waste entering the river when rain fell.
Follow-Up Activity: Water samples that were stored in Igloos were carried back to do tests such
as dissolved oxygen levels, phosphate levels and nitrate levels and the researchers headed for
their next location.
Entry#: 3
Date:
Site/Location: Kent-Village
Objectives:
❖ To Select appropriate locations to conduct research for the Rio Cobre River.
❖ Calculate the Species Diversity of the Rio Cobre River from 4 different sites that have
been selected and utilize quadrats and transects to obtain the Species Diversity Data.
❖ To discover anthropogenic activities that are being done that have an impact on the
ecosystem of the sites selected that are connected to the Rio Cobre River by taking
observation and collecting water samples to do PH levels Test, Temperature Tests,
Nitrates Tests, Phosphates Tests, Dissolved oxygen Test, and Fecal Coliform Test.
❖ To analyze all site test results from collected water samples and observations from each
site visit.
❖ To give recommendations based on the results acquired by the tests done.
Activities:
✔ Upon arrival at the site Dam Head the researchers took observations and pictures of the
surrounding area of Dam-Head of any form of anthropogenic activities
✔ Species Diversity test was carried out by using Quadrats and spreading each one 1 meter
apart from each other and analyzing the different species that were collected.
✔ Water samples were collected and stored in tests tubes and bottles.
✔ Water samples that were stored in the test tubes were used to perform PH level tests by
using a universal indicator solution to obtain the PH level of the water sample.
✔ A Ph stripe was placed in the water sample.
✔ A ph scale was then placed beside the ph stripe to decide whether the water sample was
acidic or alkali.
✔ The results were then examined and stored in notebooks.
✔ The water samples that were stored in bottles were labeled and placed in an Igloo.
Observations:
Noticeable anthropogenic activities took place such as the dumping and burning of rubbish,
lumbering/ deforestation of trees and the river had a brownish color.
Pictures taken:
Out view of site 3, showing the condition of the environment.
Picture showing harvested tree supply from the Kent-Village site 3.
Group of researchers conducting observations of the Kent-Village, site 3 surrounding’s.
Species Diversity test being conducted on site 3.
Interpretive Comments: the river being brown meant that the river was dirty and contained a lot
of bacteria/ fecal coliform can be due to a rainfall that recently happened near the area to affect
the river.
Follow-Up Activity: water samples were collected and sent to the lab for testing and the
researchers prepared for the next site expedition
Entry 4#:
Date:
Site/Location: Jobs-Lane
Objective:
❖ To Select appropriate locations to conduct research for the Rio Cobre River.
❖ Calculate the Species Diversity of the Rio Cobre River from 4 different sites that have
been selected and utilize quadrats and transects to obtain the Species Diversity Data.
❖ To discover anthropogenic activities that are being done that have an impact on the
ecosystem of the sites selected that are connected to the Rio Cobre River by taking
observation and collecting water samples to do PH levels Test, Temperature Tests,
Nitrates Tests, Phosphates Tests, Dissolved oxygen Test, and Fecal Coliform Test.
❖ To analyze all site test results from collected water samples and observations from each
site visit.
❖ To give recommendations based on the results acquired by the tests done.
Activities:
✔ Upon arrival at the site Dam Head the researchers took observations and pictures of the
surrounding area of Dam-Head of any form of anthropogenic activities
✔ Species Diversity test was carried out by using Quadrats and spreading each one 1 meter
apart from each other and analyzing the different species that were collected.
✔ Water samples were collected and stored in tests tubes and bottles.
✔ Water samples that were stored in the test tubes were used to perform PH level tests by
using a universal indicator solution to obtain the PH level of the water sample.
✔ A Ph stripe was placed in the water sample.
✔ A ph scale was then placed beside the ph stripe to decide whether the water sample was
acidic or alkali.
✔ The results were then examined and stored in notebooks.
✔ The water samples that were stored in bottles were labeled and placed in an Igloo.
Observations: Garbage was disposed of and burned both on land and in the river of the
surrounding site and farming of plants of various types and animals, goats, chickens, and fish.
Outview of the 4th site, rubbish being disposed in water source and being burned in nearby
vicinity.
Picture showing researchers conducting pH level and species Diversity.
Interpretive Comments: There is an excessive amount of disposing of rubbish in the present
water body along with the burning of rubbish, there was also a lot of algae in the water body.
Follow Activities:
LABS RESULTS
LAB#1
Title: Species Diversity with the Rio Cobre River Vicinity
Date: November 30, 2024
Aim: To calculate and discuss the species diversity within the Rio Cobre River.
Apparatus: quadrat tape, test tube, water bottle, notebook, beaker, and gloves
Background: Species diversity is a fundamental element of biodiversity, which encompasses all
life forms on Earth at different levels of organization, including genetic diversity, species
diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It refers to the variety and quantity of different species within
a specific geographical area or ecosystem, and plays a critical role in maintaining the stability,
resilience, and functionality of ecosystems. Species diversity is an indicator of ecosystem health
and balance, and provides numerous ecological services essential for human well-being, such as
pollination, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation.
Method:
❖ 10 meters of distance was selected and measured with a tape measure.
❖ Then a quadrat was placed within every meter to determine the different species'
diversity.
❖ After analyzing the quadrats for different species, the data was then recorded in a
notebook.
Results
Table showing Species diversity with Dam-head (Site 1#)
Types of species
Number of Species
Species
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Duppy Gun
4
5
3
4
0
6
5
3
3
2
35
Wild Grass
10 8
7
8
12 4
3
0
3
4
59
Wild Callaloo
0
3
2
0
4
0
0
3
2
0
14
Achyranthes
Aspera Leaf
2
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
7
Leucanthemum
Vulgare Leaf
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
4
1
0
10
Synedrella
Nodiflora
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
1
0
3
13
Formula
D= N(N-1) )÷ ÷∑n(n-1)
N= representing the total number of species
n= representing the total number of individual species
D= 35(35-1)+59(59-1)+ 14(14-1)+7(7-1)+10(10-1)+13(13-1)
D= 35(34)+59(58)+14(13)+7(6)+10(9)+13(12)
D=138(138-1)
∑ n(n-1)
138(137)
D=18,906 ÷ 5,082
D=3.720188902
Table showing Species Diversity in NEC Hydrant (Site #2)
Types of species
Number of Species
Species
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Wild Grass
2 3
1
0
0
0
4
2
2
1
15
Wild Callaloo
1 0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
4
Duppy Gun
1 1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
6
Hairy Galinsoga
3 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Senna Tora
0 0
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
4
Guinea Grass
1 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
Synedrella
2 1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
5
Formula
D= N(N-1) ÷∑n(n-1)
N= representing the total number of species
n= representing the total number of individual species
D= 15(15-1)+∑4(4-1)+6(6-1)+4(4-1)+4(4-1)+4(4-1)+5(5-1)
D= 15(14)∑4(3)+6(5)+4(3)+4(3)+4(3)+5(4)
D=42(41)
∑ n(n-1)
42(41)
306
D=1,722 ÷ 306
D=5.6
Table showing Species Diversity in Ken-Village (Site #3)
Types of species
Number of Species
Species
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Total
Phaseolus
Vulgaris
2 0
2
0
3
0
3
0
4
3
17
Fallopia
Convolvulus
Pepper Elder
3 1
1
0
0
3
2
1
1
1
13
2 0
2
1
0
0
3
1
0
0
9
Ivy Gourd
0 0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
3
Wild Grass
3 2
0
1
2
1
3
0
3
0
15
Spigelia
Anthelmia
Axonopus
Compressus
1 3
0
2
2
0
4
1
0
1
14
5 7
0
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
17
Formula
D= N(N-1) ÷ ∑n(n-1)
N= representing the total number of species
n= representing the total number of individual species
D= 17(17-1)+13(13-1)+9(9-1)+3(3-1)+15(15-1)+14(14-1)+17(17-1)
D= 17(16)+13(12)+9(8)+3(2)+15(14)+14(13)+17(16)
D=88(88-1) ∑ n(n-1) 88(87)
D=7,656÷1,170
D=6.54358997436
D=6.5
Table showing Species Diversity in Jobs-lane Extension (Site #4)
Types of species
Number of Species
Species
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Total
Duppy Gun
2 0
3
4
0
0
0
3
3
2
17
Centella Asiatica
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
6
Senna Tora
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Hairy Galinsoga
2 0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
Amaranthus
Deflexus
Synedrella
0 0
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
5
2 0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
6
Wild Callaloo
3 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Formula
D= N(N-1) ÷∑n(n-1)
N= representing the total number of species
n= representing the total number of individual species
D= N(N-1)÷∑n(n-1) N= total number of species n= total number of individual species
D= 43(43-1)÷∑17(17-1)+ 6(6-1)+ 2(2-1)+ 4(4-1)+ 5(5-1)+6(6-1)+ 3(3-1)
D= 43(42) ÷ ∑17(16)+6(5)+2(1)+4(3)+5(4)+6(5)+3(2)
D=1806 ÷ ∑272+30+2+12+20+30+6
D=1806 ÷ 372
D= 4.854838709677419
D=4.85
Discussion
Species Diversity has two constituents of itself, species evenness which describes the abundance
of individuals of each of those species, then there`s species richness which tells us about the
number of different species present in an ecosystem.
Conclusion
After the results were examined it was concluded that Kent Village had the highest species
diversity among all the sites with a species diversity of 6.5 which meant that it was the most
stable among all sites, followed by kent-village was NWC Hydrant which had a species diversity
of 5.6 then followed by NWC Hydrant was Jobs-Lane Extension which had a species diversity of
4.85 and finally Dam-Head which would be considered the lowest in species diversity with a
diversity of 3.720188902.
LAB #2
Title: PH Value
Aim: To determine the PH value of the water
Date: November 31, 2023
Materials: Test Tub
Background: The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity in a solution, ranging from 0 to 14 with
7 considered neutral. pH 0-6 is acidic, pH 7 is neutral, and pH 8-14 is alkaline or basic.
Monitoring pH levels is crucial in various fields, including environmental science, chemistry,
biology, agriculture, and industry, as it helps understand and control chemical reactions, nutrient
availability, biological processes, water quality, and many other aspects of natural and industrial
systems. pH measurement is typically carried out using pH meters, indicators, or probes,
depending on the specific application.
Method:
❖ The water sample was collected and placed into a test tube.
❖ Then two drops of Universal Indicator Solution were placed into the water.
❖ Afterwards we then placed a PH stripe in the solution to test the PH.
❖ Then the PH levels were recorded in a book.
❖ The same procedure was repeated for the next 3 sites.
Site Location
PH Level
Kent-Village
8
Dam-Head
8
HCW Hydrant
8
Jobs-Lane
8
Discussion
PH is a simple measurement of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is. It is measured on a
scale from 0 to 14. On this scale, a Ph value of 7 is considered to be neutral, meaning that it is
neither acidic nor basic. A Ph value less than 7 is more acidic where as a value from than 7 is
considered to be more basic.
Conclusion
All visited sites were recorded with the same pH level of 8 meaning that all sites were alkali.
Lab #3
Title: Phosphate of the water samples
Aim: To find the Phosphate Level from all 4 sites
Date: November 31, 2023
Apparatus: bottles and igloo.
Background: Phosphate levels refer to the concentration of phosphate ions in a solution,
particularly in environmental contexts such as water bodies or soil. Excessive levels of
phosphates in aquatic ecosystems can lead to eutrophication, a process where excessive nutrient
inputs cause algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and ecological imbalances. Phosphate levels in
water are typically measured in units of milligrams per liter or parts per million. Monitoring
phosphate levels is crucial for assessing water quality, especially in freshwater systems like
lakes, rivers, and streams. High phosphate levels can indicate pollution from sources such as
agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, or detergents. In agricultural contexts, soil phosphate
levels are also monitored to assess fertility and determine the need for phosphate-based
fertilizers. Controlling phosphate levels is important for environmental sustainability and
ecosystem health.
Method:
 Water samples were collected from river source.
 After the water sample was collected it was stored in bottles.
 The bottles were labeled.
 Finally the bottles were placed in the igloo.
Result
Table showing the phosphate level of all four sites
Method
Parameter
Date of
Dam Head
Analysis
HACH
Available
Method
Phosphate
8048
mg/L
2023/12/1
0.14
HCW
Kent-
Jobs
Hydrant
Bridge
Lane
0.07
0.12
0.73
Discussion
Phosphate is the natural source of phosphorous, an element that provides a quarter of all the
nutrients that plants need for their growth and development. Phosphorus is used in many
products and is an essential ingredient in all fertilizers.
Conclusion
After gathering and analyzing the data that was collected, it was that we had a finding that some
sites had a larger phosphate level than others which would be Jobs-Lane Extension having the
highest phosphate level of 0.73 and other sites have a much lower phosphate level which would
be Dam-Head having a Phosphate level of .14, Kent Village having a phosphate level of 0.12 and
HCW Hydrant being the site with lowest phosphate level containing a phosphate level of 0.07
Lab #4
Title: Nitrate of Water Sample
Aim: To determine the level of nitrate sample taken from all four sites
Date:
Apparatus: Bottles, Gloves, Water Sample, Bucket
Background: Nitrates are chemical compounds found in nature, essential for soil fertility, plant
growth, and microbial processes. They are commonly used as fertilizers in agriculture, but
excessive use can lead to environmental and health risks. Nitrates can be harmful to infants and
pregnant women, causing methemoglobinemia or "blue baby syndrome." The Wider Caribbean
Region faces the effects of nutrient pollution, particularly nitrogen-based eutrophication. This
phenomenon results from excessive nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus, entering
coastal and marine environments. They are present in certain foods and can be converted into
nitrites, which can react with other compounds to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Despite the
potential risks, nitrates have beneficial applications, such as in food preservation. Their levels
must be carefully managed to minimize risks.
Method:
 Water samples were collected from river source.
 After the water sample was collected it was stored in bottles.
 The bottles were labeled.
 Finally the bottles were placed in the igloo.
Results
Table showing the nitrate level of all four sites
Method
Parameter
Date
Dam-Head
Analysis
HACH
Nitrate
Method
mg/L
2023/12/01
6.16
NWC
Kent-
Jobs Lane
Hydrant
Village
Extension
6.16
5.72
3.52
10020
Discussion
Nitrate is a salt of nitric acid characterized by a negatively charged ion composed of one nitrogen
atom bound to three oxygen atoms. In organic chemistry, the term nitrates refers to the esters of
nitric acid and various alcohols. Nitrates play significant roles in our lives and in the rest of the
natural world. In particular, they form an important source of nitrogen for plant growth, and
therefore for other organisms that derive their nutrition from plants. We use nitrates for a lot of
reasons such as fertilizers, food preservation, medicine, and explosives. On the downside, the
excessive use of nitrate-containing fertilizers has led to pollution of groundwater and surface
waters in various agricultural regions, with adverse effects on aquatic life.
Conclusion
From the Nitrate research conducted by the researchers, they had findings pertaining to each site
that they visited, Dam-Head and NWC Hydrant both had the highest nitrate level of 6.16 then
Kent-Village with a nitrate level of 5.72, and lastly Job-Lane Extension with the lowest level of
Nitrate with a nitrate level of 3.52.
Lab #5
Title: Dissolved Oxygen of Water Samples
Aim: To determine the dissolved oxygen water sample taken from all four sites
Date:
Apparatus: Stainless-steel temperature probe, dissolved oxygen meter, lab quest device 250ML
beaker, 600ml beaker with a Styrofoam cup, large mixing container, and ice
Background: Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels refer to the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a
liquid, usually water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are crucial for aquatic ecosystems as it
directly impact the survival and health of aquatic organisms. Oxygen dissolves in water through
various processes, and several factors influence dissolved oxygen levels in water. Adequate
dissolved oxygen levels are essential for the survival of fish, invertebrates, and other aquatic
organisms, and insufficient oxygen can lead to harm to other organisms. Dissolved oxygen levels
are typically measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm). Human
activities such as pollution, nutrient runoff, and habitat destruction can all contribute to
decreased dissolved oxygen levels in aquatic ecosystems. Governments and environmental
agencies regulate dissolved oxygen levels in water bodies to maintain water quality standards
and protect aquatic habitats.
Result
Table showing the level of dissolved oxygen for all four sites
Method
Parameter
Date
Dam-Head
NCW
Kent-
Jobs-Lane
Hydrant
Village
Extension
Direct
Dissolved
Meter
Oxygen
Reading
mg/L
2023/12/01 9.13@22° C
9.43@22° C
9.15@22° C 7.48@23° C
Discussion
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a critical factor that determines the survival of aquatic organisms. It is
influenced by various factors such as temperature, salinity, and organic matter. Maintaining
optimal DO levels is crucial for the balance of the ecosystem, and low DO levels can cause fish
kills. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and regulate DO levels to ensure the survival of marine
life.
Conclusion
From the data analyzed from the table above it was concluded NCW Hydrant had the highest
dissolved oxygen level of 9.43 with a temperature of 22 C compared to the other sites
Like Kent-Village which had a dissolved oxygen level of 9.15 with a temperature of 22 C,
followed by Kent village is Dam-Head which had a dissolved oxygen level of 9.13 and a
temperature of 22 C, all suitable levels for aquatic life but the last site Jobs-Lane Extension had
the lowest dissolved oxygen level making it become more unsafe for aquatic life with a level of
7.48 and a temperature of 23 C
Lab #6
Title: Fecal Coliform of Water Sample
Aim: To determine the Fecal Coliform Water sample of all four sites
Date:
Apparatus: Bottles and igloo
Method:
 Water samples were collected from river source.
 After the water sample was collected it was stored in bottles.
 The bottles were labeled.
 Finally the bottles were placed in the igloo.
Background: Fecal coliforms are a type of bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded
animals, including humans, and are excreted in feces. Fecal coliform bacteria are used as
indicators of water quality and potential fecal contamination. They can enter water bodies
through various sources including sewage discharges and failing septic systems. Monitoring and
managing fecal coliform levels are essential for protecting public health and preserving water
quality and ecosystem integrity. Countries have regulatory standards for fecal coliform levels in
water bodies to protect public health and aquatic ecosystems. High levels of fecal coliform
bacteria in water bodies can lead to water quality degradation, harm aquatic ecosystems, and
impair recreational activities such as swimming and fishing.
Results
Table showing the level of facial coliform of all four sites.
Method
Parameter
SMEW
Faecal
Method
coliform
9221
MPN/100ml
Date
2023/12/01
Dam-Head
1600
NWC
Kent-
Jobs Lane
Hydrant
Village
Extension
280
1600
1600
Discussion
Fecal Coliforms, although non-pathogenic, can indicate fecal contamination and pose a potential
health risk to humans. It’s imperative to monitor and control their presence in water and food
sources to ensure the safety of all. By closely regulating and managing their existence, we can
guarantee a healthier and safer environment for ourselves and future generations.
Conclusion
From the analyzed data from the table Dam-Head, Kent-Village, and Jobs Lane fecal coliform
levels are exponentially high all having the same level of 1600 fecal coliform level and NWC
Hydrant is the only site with a low fecal coliform level of 280.
Literature Review
Species diversity within the Caribbean is being affected by anthropogenic activities such as the
mining of bauxite harming both animal and plant life and destroying the natural environment
they depend on. Jamaica’s rain forest is one of such case which the maroon tribe is fighting for,
the bauxite mining company had already destroyed most of the environment to obtain the ore,
this is just one factor that’s damaging the environment. The disposal of and burning of garbage
and chemicals is the main factor theorized to be affecting Jamaica’s natural environment, such an
example would be the Spanish town Oasis Plaza and Sagicor Plaza where walking along
roadsides you can see large amounts of disposed garbage and car fuels/chemicals, if not garbage
or chemical waste then there's the sewage water that comes from minor business and housing
facilities in the Spanish town area are affecting the natural environment that is present
throughout the town, this is just one of the several places in Jamaica that is being negatively
affected by anthropogenic activities of its residences, there are so many other towns and
communities environment that is suffering from this mistreatment of garbage, chemical and
waste disposal no matter how small it is its there.
Species Diversity
Species Diversity can be heavily impacted by numerous amount of factors such as natural means
and man-made means, Jamaica is an example of a country with species diversity being impacted
negatively by man-made means with the major factor being the mining of the land. Bauxite
mining is a leading reason why the diversity in Jamaica is affected so much, the article “The
Fight Against Mining In Jamaica’s Rain Forest” in Vice News speaks on a lush area that is home
to Jamaica’s largest remaining rainforest, endemic species found nowhere else on the island or in
the world, and 40 percent of Jamaica’s fresh drinking water is being affected by the mining of
bauxite and also that “Bauxite ore is essential to making aluminum, and mining it causes a range
of environmental issues. The mining itself strips the soil, making land unfarmable”. Showing that
the rainforest which is home to various amounts of plants are being affected by the mining in the
area.
pH Level contributing to species diversity in china, Understanding the relationship between
vegetation and the environment is critical to manage bog ecosystems. However, information on
how environmental factors influence the species composition and diversity in the ombrotrophic
bog of Northeast China is lacking. Here, we investigated species compositions and
environmental characteristics (water level, water conductivity, soil moisture content, bulk
density, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorous) from five sample sites along the
water level gradients (the water level is below the surface, near the surface, and above the
surface). Plant communities presented a patchy distribution pattern along the environmental
gradients and could be divided into five types of communities. Moreover, the distribution of
plant communities was mainly determined by water level, water conductivity, soil moisture
content, pH, and organic carbon, which significantly explained 32.2%, 30.9%, 29.7%, 29.1%,
and 22.5% of the variation in floristic composition. Among these factors, water level was the
dominant factor influencing the distribution of plant communities. The partial least squares path
model analysis showed that water level could influence plant diversity through different
pathways, which could directly affect plant diversity and indirectly affect by changing water
chemistry and soil properties. Additionally, soil pH contributed most to the indirect effects of
water level on plant diversity, by Yuanchun Zou,
Phosphate
Phosphorus is a key nutrient that plays a vital role in promoting healthy plant growth. It is an
essential component in plant cell membranes, DNA and RNA, and energy production.
Phosphate, a form of phosphorus, is particularly important in shaping the species diversity in
ecosystems. The presence or absence of phosphate in soil can significantly impact the richness
and composition of plant communities. This is because phosphate influences the availability of
other nutrients to plants, such as nitrogen and potassium, which are crucial for their growth and
development. Plants that have access to sufficient levels of phosphate tend to be more
competitive and better equipped to survive in their environment, leading to a higher diversity of
species and a more complex ecosystem. Understanding the role of phosphate in shaping plant
communities is therefore critical to maintaining healthy and productive ecosystems.
The article Phosphorus Plays Key Roles in Regulating Plants’ Physiological Responses to
Abiotic Stresses by Fahad Khan, Abu Bakar Siddique, Sergey Shabala, Meixue Zhou and
Chenchen Zhao states phosphate (P), an essential macronutrient, plays a pivotal role in the
growth and development of plants. However, the limited availability of phosphorus in soil
presents significant challenges for crop productivity, especially when plants are subjected to
abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. Unraveling the intricate
mechanisms through which phosphorus participates in the physiological responses of plants to
abiotic stresses is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems.
Nitrate
Nitrate is a compound that contains reactive nitrogen, and it has been found to be a crucial player
in shaping the diversity of species within various ecosystems. Researchers have observed that the
availability of nitrate in soil and water has a significant impact on the growth and survival of
plants and other organisms in an ecosystem. In particular, nitrate can affect the composition of
microbial communities, which in turn can influence the availability of nutrients for other
organisms. Additionally, nitrate has been linked to changes in the behavior of herbivores, which
can impact the distribution and abundance of various plant species. The article by
Zhongyu Du a b, Xinwen Zhang a, Shuxuan Liu a, Hui An state that the water and nitrogen (N)
often affect plant species diversity and interspecific relationship among plant populations in
global terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of water and N addition on plant diversity and
interspecific relationships remain poorly understood.
Dissolved Oxygen
The amount of dissolved oxygen can vary depending on different factors such as temperature and
pressure. This can affect the types of plants that can grow in a particular environment. Some
plants require more dissolved oxygen than others, and their distribution is influenced by the
availability of this crucial resource. Therefore, dissolved oxygen is an important factor that
determines the conditions that support plant life. Plants rely on dissolved oxygen in water to
survive and grow.
Fecal Coliform
Fecal coliform is a type of bacteria that belongs to the larger group of coliforms. This subset of
coliforms has the ability to grow and ferment lactose at elevated incubation temperatures. The
presence of fecal coliforms in water is often used as an indicator of fecal contamination, which
can pose a risk to public health. Therefore, monitoring fecal coliform levels is an important part
of ensuring safe drinking water and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases.
Various researchers spoke on countries' environmental health risks to species diversity showing
what each factors play showing whether Dissolved Oxygen, Phosphate, Fecal Coliform, Nitrate
and Ph levels affected the species' diversity, I don’t think the Jamaican population is aware of
their mistreatment towards the natural environment, the effects of pollution on the ecosystem,
Jamaican rain forest is an example of mistreatment the mining operation is not only negatively
affecting the rain forest also affecting locals causing them to vacant the area because of a dust
produced after production of products in factories leaving areas inhabitable. If the country was
more aware of its government and their actions it would help them understand the potential harm
their causing its environment.
Mythology
A group of researchers disembarked on an expedition to conduct research on the stability of the
species diversity of the Rio Cobre River from 4 different locations, Dam Head the first site,
NWC Hydrant the second site, Kent Village the third site and Jobs Lane Extension the fourth
site. Upon arrival at each site, different tests were carried out to accumulate data;
❖ Species Diversity
❖ pH Levels
❖ Phosphate Levels
❖ Nitrate Levels
❖ Dissolved Oxygen of Water samples
❖ Fecal Coliform of water samples
Species Diversity test was done by using a quadrat to acquire the different numbers of species
that could be analyzed by the researchers after the data was collected it was then recorded in
notebooks. pH level tests were done by acquiring water samples from various locations and
using the universal indicator solution on the water samples after the solution was placed in the
water sample a pH stripe was then placed in the water sample and waited for a change in the
stripe color and then was placed beside a Ph level scale to show whether the water was acidic or
alkalic, after the results were shown it was then recorded in a notebook. Phosphate, Nitrate,
Dissolved Oxygen, and Fecal Coliform tests were sent to labs for testing. While on the
expedition, the researchers gathered information on anything that looked like anthropogenic
activity. Data was recorded in notebooks and on the phones of the researchers’ findings, and
pictures were also taken to include in the researchers’ research.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
SPECIES DIVERSITY
Species Diversity
7
6,5
6
5,6
5
4
4,85
3,72
3
2
1
0
DAM-HEAD
HCW
HYDRANT
KENT
VILLAGE
JOBS-LANE
EXTENSION
PH Levels
Dam-Head
8
Kent-Village
8
HCW Hydrant
8
Jobs-Lane Extension
8
0
1
2
3
4
PH Levels
5
6
7
8
Phosphate Levels
0,8
0,73
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,14
0,12
0,07
0,1
0
Dam-Head
HCW-Hydrant
Kent-Village
Jobs-Lane Extension
NITRATE LEVELS
Jobs-Lane Extension
3,52
Kent-Village
5,72
HCW Hydrant
6,16
Dam-Head
6,16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL
25
22
22
23
22
20
15
10
9,13
9,43
9,15
Dam-Head
HCW-Hydrant
Kent-Village
7,48
5
0
Dissolved Oxygen Levels
Celcious
Jobs-Lane
Extension
Dam-Head
9,13
HCW-Hydrant
9,43
Kent-Village
9,15
Jobs-Lane Extension
7,48
22
22
22
23
FACIAL COLIFORM LEVEL
Jobs-Lane Extension
1600
Kent Village
1600
NWC Hydrant
280
Dam-Head
1600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
From the data collected it was observed from each site visit, firstly species diversity test, 3rd site
Kent Village had the highest diversity of 6.5 followed by kent-Village was the 2nd site NWC
Hydrant which had a lower diversity of 5.6 followed by Kent-Village was the 4th site Jobs-Lane
extension with a diversity of 4.85 and lastly was the 1st site Dam Head with a diversity of
3.720188902.
Then came the pH level results, from the data collected revealed that all sites have a pH level of
8 meaning that it is basic or alkaline.
Afterwards, the Phosphate test results showed 4th site Jobs-Lane Extension had the highest
levels of phosphate of 0.73 then came the 1st site Dam-Head having a phosphate level of 0.14
followed by the 3rd site Kent-Village with a phosphate level of 0.12 and lastly 2nd site NWC
Hydrant with a phosphate level of 0.07.
Followed by the phosphate level test was the nitrate level test, 1st site Dam Head and 3rd site
NWC Hydrant both having a nitrate level of 6.16 followed by the 1st and 3rd site is the 2nd site
Kent-Village having a nitrate level of 5.72 and lastly the 4th site Jobs-Lane Extension having a
nitrate level of 3.52.
From the gathered and analyzed data results showed Dissolved Oxygen levels, 2nd site NWC
Hydrant had the highest levels of dissolved oxygen of 9.43 with a temperature of 22 C then was
3rd site Kent-Village with a dissolved oxygen level of 9.15 with a temperature of 22 C followed
by Kent-Village was 1st site was Dam-Head with a dissolved oxygen level of 9.13 with a
temperature of 22 C and lastly 4th site Jobs-Lane Extension with a dissolved level of 7.48 with a
temperature of 23 C.
Final results showing the Fecal Coliform of the water sample, 1st, 3rd, and 4th sites having the
same amount of fecal coliform level of 1600 and only 2nd site NWC Hydrant having a Fecal
Coliform level of 280.
CONCLUSION
From the research data that was gathered from all sites, some sites had high levels of
anthropogenic activities that were believed to affect the species diversity among the sites. JobsLane Extension, Kent-Village, and Dam-Head had the most present anthropogenic activities.
Jobs-Lane (4th site) had a lot of garbage disposal and burning of that garbage which what is what
had a direct threat to the plant life of the site area and farming in the site area because of its rich
water quality, On the other hand Kent Village (3rd Site) did not have as much garbage disposal
and burning as Jobs-Lane Extension with that being the only anthropogenic activity present in
the kent-Village site, but it was done near plant life within site harming the surrounding plants in
the vicinity, Dam-Head 1st site anthropogenic activity had the construction of small facilities,
agriculture farming and hunting of fish non-of which impose a threat to the water source that
may have affected the species diversity in the site area, NWC Hydrant didn’t have any noticeable
anthropogenic activities that could have been documented making it the only site without
noticeable anthropogenic activities.
Even though some sites had present anthropogenic activity that was supposed to impose a threat
towards the site, it didn’t do as much damage to the plant life in the area. It is possible that the
water source kept the plant life healthy and strong to withstand the anthropogenic activities that
may had a direct harm to the plant life because of its rich qualities that was noticed in the lab
tests.
RECOMMENDATION
 Advise surrounding locals about the condition of the environment and show the health
risks of their actions towards the environment and show how it will affect them.
 Increase the number of trash bins in areas of trash polluted areas to help reduce the
number of waste being deposited in an area.
 inspire people to be more mindful and responsible by setting up informative signs in the
area.
 By promoting Area cleanliness through TV and social media ads, we can inspire
communities to prioritize cleanliness and contribute to a healthier environment for all.
 Enact a littering law, it would have help establish a new code in society to ensure the
disposing of rubbish is at a minimal.
BIBLIGRAPHY
The Fight Against Mining in Jamaica’s Rainforest (vice.com)
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/bacteria-and-e-coli-water
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1032068/full
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=9cf1fc117a40d7e0JmltdHM9MTcxNDI2MjQwMCZpZ3Vp
ZD0xMThlNTUyMy1mZmQzLTZkM2QtMzI0Zi00MTQzZmViMDZjNmQmaW5zaWQ9NTM
xMw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=118e5523-ffd3-6d3d-324f4143feb06c6d&psq=nitrate&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vc2NpZW5jZS
9uaXRyYXRl&ntb=1