NEW EDITION FOR LEVEL 5 SCIENCE IN THE NEW CURRICULUM
BOOK
SCIENCE B
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WORKSHEETS AND TESTS
Contents
Ecology
Atoms, Acids & Bases
Worksheets
Worksheets
Unit 1: Niche & Adaptations......................... 3
Unit 17: Atoms Revisited.............................67
Unit 2: Interdependence............................... 6
Unit 18: The Nature of Acids ...................70
Unit 3: Energy & Elements............................ 9
Unit 19: Acids & Bases.................................73
Test ................................................................. 12
Unit 20: Everyday Acids..............................76
Animal Life Processes
Test .................................................................79
Worksheets
Materials & Fuels
Unit 4: Food & Nutrition.............................. 15
Worksheets
Unit 5: Respiration & Circulation............... 18
Unit 21: The Nature of Metals..................83
Unit 6: Excretion & Movement................... 21
Unit 22: Metal Reactions.............................86
Unit 7: Sensitivity & Coordination.............24
Unit 23: Properties of Plastics...................89
Unit 8: Reproduction & Growth..................27
Unit 24: Fuels & Energy...............................92
Test .................................................................30
Test .................................................................95
Movement & Forces
Earth Systems
Worksheets
Worksheets
Unit 9: Motion................................................35
Unit 25: Tectonic Plates..............................99
Unit 10: Force & Acceleration....................38
Unit 26: The Changing Crust..................... 102
Unit 11: Forceful Effects............................ 41
Unit 27: Volcanoes....................................... 105
Unit 12: Levers & Work................................44
Unit 28: Earthquakes.................................. 108
Test .................................................................47
Unit 29: Heat Distribution - not supplied
Electricity & Magnetism
Worksheets
Unit 13: Charged Particles........................... 51
Unit 14: Current & Voltage..........................54
Unit 15: Resistance & Power.......................57
Unit 16: Magnetism Effects........................60
Test .................................................................63
Test ................................................................ 111
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 1: Niche & Adaptations
Note
Ecology 1 Ecology is the study of relationships between
environment has on the organisms.
2 The word species means a group of
and the effects that the
organisms that can
together.
Focus of Study in Ecology
Level of Study
Definition of the Level
Main Focus of Study
organism
survival
population
and
of organisms
all the different populations
the whole community and its
physical environment
and
Niche and Habitat 1 The niche of a species describes
.
2 Describing the niche of a species would include:
a) the habitat, which means where the species
and
b) the environmental conditions that the species experiences; these are called
environmental
c) the
role that the species has in the community.
Environment 1 The
and
factors that affect a species can be divided into
(living) factors.
factors
2 Some biotic factors that could affect the survival of gannets are:
Biotic Factors Possible Effects
lack of prey
parasites
predators
competitors
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 3
Feeding Roles 1 Three feeding roles that different species can have in a community are as p
c
and d
.
Producers
Consumers
e.g. plants that make
food from
,
and
e.g. herbivores that eat
, and carnivores that
eat other
,
Decomposers
e.g.
and
that break down
2 Five different types of consumers are:
•
that eat only plants, e.g.
•
that eat only animals, e.g.
•
that eat both plants and animals, e.g.
•
that eat dead animals, e.g.
•
that feed off living organisms, e.g.
Competition between Species 1 If two species have similar
and are found
then intense
can occur between the individuals of those two species.
2 The result of this competition could be that one species will
or
away.
Adaptations for Survival 1 Adaptations are features of a
in their habitat.
2 There are
that enable individuals to
and
different types of adaptations.
Type of Adaptation
What the Adaptation Involves
structural
physiological
behavioural
life cycle
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 4
✔ Summary Worksheet
Learn
Unit 1: Niche & Adaptations
Basic Definitions ecology =
species =
population =
adaptations =
niche =
community =
habitat =
physical factors =
competition =
ecosystem =
Types of Adaptations Feeding Roles Adaptations may be described by their type
and purpose.
Types of
feeding
roles
p
Horns
Organism: antelope
Type:
Purpose:
Resting in
shade
Organism: sheep
Type:
s
d
c
c
h
Purpose:
p
o
Clotting blood
Environmental Factors n
l
w
Physical environment provides
w
s
s
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Organism: human
Type:
Purpose:
Metamorphosis Organism: monarch
butterfly
Type:
Purpose:
Page 5
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 2: Interdependence
Note
Community Relationships 1 A community consists of
.
2 Community ecology studies the
3 Different kinds of
.
occur between the species in a community.
4 These could be:
a) long-term relationships
Long-term Relationships between Two Different Species
commensalism
one species aids members of another species
mutualism
a
parasitism
a partnership where one species is
species that
or
, feeding off it
partnership where
by another
b) short-term relationships
Short-term Feeding Relationships between Two Different Species
predation
one animal species
grazing
an animal species
saprophytism
one species
Food Chains and Food Webs When drawing food chains, keep the following ideas in mind.
1 Food chains always begin
(producer).
2 Each link in a food chain shows which species is the
and which is the
.
3 Species in a food chain are linked by arrows which always point from
.
4 The arrows also give the direction of the flow of
and
.
The example below shows a generalised food chain which classifies the species
according to their feeding roles.
herbivore
Note: Members of an omnivore species may act as
carnivores, depending on the
being eaten.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
secondary carnivore
, primary
, or
Page 6
Competition between Species The most intense competition occurs when
and
are the same.
Examples of resources that different types of organisms compete for are shown below.
Plant Species
Compete for:
Animal Species
Compete for:
•n
•t
•w
•f
•l
•m
•s
Plant–plant
competition
•n
Animal–animal
competition
Cooperation between Species Relationships exist between individuals of two different species that offer advantages
for one or both of the species.
a) A bee visiting a flower is classified as an example of
because the bee
benefits by
(nectar or pollen) and the flower benefits by
.
b) A bird nesting in a tree is classified as an example of
because the bird benefits by
, but the tree
.
c) The photograph shows a lichen growing on a fence post.
A lichen consists of a fungus with an alga living inside it.
This partnership is classified as an example of
because the fungus receives food from the alga, while
the alga
.
Parasites and Decomposers 1 Photograph A shows a flea.
a) The flea is called a
. This type of relationship
between an organism and its host is called
.
b) The flea receives
and
from the host.
c) The host is disadvantaged because
and the
wound
.
Photograph A
2 Photograph B shows a type of fungus called a bracket
fungus.
a) The fungus lives on
trees.
b) The fungus is useful in the forest ecosystem as
with the digestive
that it
releases into the wood.
c) This results in the release of
which are
returned to the
.
d) Plant roots absorb the nutrients for
.
Photograph B
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 7
✔ Summary Worksheet
Learn
Unit 2: Interdependence
Basic Definitions predation =
commensalism =
competition =
grazing =
mutualism =
saprophytism =
parasitism =
infection =
decomposer =
food chain =
Food Chains and Food Webs 1 Food chains and food webs are similar. They
both:
• begin with
• show organisms connected
• have arrows going
• classify the organisms found at each step
according to their
.
2 Food chains and food webs are different in
some ways.
Food Chains …
Food Webs …
… show
feeding
pathway
… have only
species at each
feeding level.
… show
feeding pathways
… have
species at each
feeding level.
Parasites and Decomposers 1 Decomposers break down
. They are sometimes called
.
2 Decomposers and parasites are different in
that decomposers
and
parasites
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Competition between Species 1 Competition between species is
most intense if the species
and
.
2 Plants compete for
,
and
.
,
3 Animals compete for
,
and
,
.
Cooperation between Species 1 Commensalism is a partnership
in which:
• one species provides
• only
benefits.
Barnacles growing on a
is
an example of commensalism.
2 Mutualism is a partnership in
which:
• both species
• the benefits may relate to
or
.
of flowers by bees is
an example of this relationship.
Page 8
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 3: Energy & Elements
Note
Ecosystems and Trophic Levels 1 An ecosystem includes the living
and its
2 Important processes that occur in ecosystems are:
a) e
and b) c
.
3 Food is important for all organisms because:
a) it provides the energy for the
of life
b) it provides the
for
.
.
Energy Flow
T4: Secondary
T3:
Carnivores
4 Each step in a food chain represents a
.
a) The first trophic level (T1) is always occupied by
T2:
(plants).
b) The next three trophic levels (T2 to T4) are
T1:
occupied by
(animals).
c) The function of decomposers (fungi and bacteria)
is to
from all trophic levels.
Energy Flow + Recycling Chemical Elements 1 The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be
; it can only be
from one type to another.
2 The processes of energy
and chemical
or
in ecosystems are described below.
Energy Flow
Chemical Recycling
In an ecosystem:
• energy enters as
and is changed
into
by plants
• the energy is passed from one
level to another stored inside
• energy is lost as
from each level
and it cannot be re
.
In an ecosystem:
• chemical
occur in
amounts in environmental
•
absorb elements that are
then passed through the
•
release the elements
back into the environment for
.
3 Only
of the energy entering a trophic level is passed on to the next
for use by those organisms. The rest is lost as heat or remains stored in organisms.
4
flow and
recycling are essential processes.
a) Both processes occur in all
.
b) Transfer of energy & chemicals occurs along
.
c)
are the entry point for chemicals & energy.
d)
are the main exit point for chemicals.
Chemical Recycling
Environment
reservoir
Producers
Decomposers
Consumers
5 Some differences exist between energy flow and chemical recycling:
Energy Flow
Chemical Recycling
• sunlight energy is
• energy is released as
environment and so
• chemicals occur in
• elements are released as
the environment and so
into the
be recycled
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
amounts
into
be recycled
Page 9
Energy Flow Diagrams
Energy Flow Diagram
1 The size of each box on an energy flow
diagram represents the
in all the organisms on
that
level.
light
2 The boxes get smaller moving along
the trophic levels from T1 to T4. This
is partly due to the fact that
from each trophic level in the
form of
, but also because much
energy is passed on to
.
T1
Producers
Decomposers
1 The name of process A is
. It involves
carbon from the atmosphere and using
energy to combine carbon
atoms into
that get
passed along
.
death
eaten
death
T2
heat
The Carbon Cycle Study the diagram opposite showing
the main aspects and processes of the
Carbon Cycle.
heat
eaten
death
T3
eaten
T4
heat heat heat
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere
Process A
Carbon in
tissue of
producers
Process C
respiration
Process B
Carbon in
the tissue of
consumers
Carbon in
dead organisms
attacked by
decomposers
death
death
storage
Carbon in
wood, oil
and coal
2 During photosynthesis carbon atoms are taken into the
as part of
(CO2) molecules. These carbon atoms form the backbone of food molecules
such as s
,s
,f
and p
.
3 The food molecules can be used to supply the
needs of organisms. This is
shown as process B in the diagram and is called
.
enters food
chains through
and exits at every level as
.
4 The carbon taken in by producers may become
over millions of years. These forms of
can be burnt as
in a process called
or be transformed into
and
storage are useful because the
(see process C on the diagram).
5 Respiration and combustion are similar in that both release
gas back
into the
as a by-product.
Simplified Oxygen Cycle
The Oxygen Cycle Oxygen atoms in
carbon dioxide (CO )
The movement of oxygen through an
Oxygen (O ) gas
gas in atmosphere
in
the atmosphere
ecosystem occurs in a series of stages.
Respiration
1 Oxygen gas makes up about % of the
Photosynthesis
.
Food molecules
Oxygen atoms
2 Oxygen gas is used by p
,
supply energy to
become part of
Feeding
c
and d
during
producers, consumers
food molecules in
and decomposers
photosynthesis
. This process releases
from food for the activities of
organisms. The by-product,
gas, is released back into the atmosphere.
3 Carbon dioxide gas is absorbed from the atmosphere by
and used to make
molecules in the process of
. The by-product of photosynthesis
is
gas, which is
back into the atmosphere.
2
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
2
Page 10
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 3: Energy & Elements
Learn
Basic Definitions ecosystem =
trophic level =
energy flow =
Law of Energy Conservation =
respiration =
photosynthesis =
chemical potential energy =
chemical recycling =
Energy Flow 1 The external
source for ecosystems is the
2 Producers are able to
stored inside
.
and convert it into
, so producers occupy the
level in an ecosystem.
3 As producers get eaten by
, which in turn get eaten by
is passed from one
level to the next along
.
,
4 Respiration in the bodies of organisms transforms the
food molecules into
energy, which is radiated away.
energy of
5 Only about % of the energy
a trophic level is passed along
the next level. The other 90% remains
until organisms
or is lost as
6
.
to
, which break down the dead bodies of
and
,
eventually release all of the
energy back to the environment as heat.
7 As producers
use heat energy to make food, energy is not
Recycling Chemical Elements
Complete the diagram showing how the element
passes through a
and is then
recycled back through the
.
1 Molecules of carbon dioxide absorbed by
from the atmosphere contain
atoms. These form the
of
food molecules produced by
.
2 Food
are passed along food
.
3 When food is used to supply
through
the process of
, carbon atoms are
returned to the air as part of
.
4 Eventually
release the carbon
atoms locked up inside
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
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Page 11
? Ecology Test
Name: Class:
Check
Butterfly Adaptations Nature of Ecology 1 What is the scientific meaning of the word
ecology?
1✔
2 What is a species ?
2✔
3 What is a habitat?
A species of caterpillar looks
for and then eats the leaves
of a poisonous plant that make
the caterpillar bad-tasting.
1✔
4 What is the life style (or way of living) of an
organism in its surroundings called?
1✔
5 What is a population?
2✔
Environmental Factors Later, the caterpillar changes
into a butterfly that uses
tubular mouthparts to suck
nectar.
Environmental factors that affect a species
can be physical or biotic. Classify each of the
environmental factors listed below.
Environmental
Factor
Physical
or Biotic?
presence of predators
slope of ground
availability of mates
freezing temperatures
competition for food
forest fire
6✔
Adaptations for Survival 1 What is the purpose of an adaptation?
2✔
2 Name the type of adaptation involved with each
of the following.
a) A lizard sitting on a warm rock in the late
morning.
1✔
b) Pine needles are small so that they lose very
little water.
1✔
c) Our blood clots quickly after we have cut
ourselves.
1✔
1 What is the physiological
adaptation of the caterpillar
that gives it protection?
2 What is the structural
adaptation for feeding in the
butterfly?
1✔
3 What is the behavioural
adaptation displayed by the
caterpillar in its feeding?
4 How does the life cycle adaptation of having caterpillar and
butterfly stages aid survival?
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1✔
1✔
1✔
/22✔
Page 12
Name: Class:
Relationships in Communities 1 What is a community?
1✔
2 How do grazers and predators differ?
2✔
3 How do mutualism and commensalism differ?
2✔
4 How do predators and parasites differ?
2✔
How Does Competition Affect Species? Two barnacle species, Balanus and Chthalamus, are often found
on the same rocks at the beach as shown in the photo.
1 What resource will they be competing for?
Chthalamus
1✔
2 If the niches of these two species were identical, what
1✔
effect would this have?
Balanus
3 The environment is harsher higher up the rock. Why is this
so?
1✔
4 Which species seems better able to tolerate harsher conditions?
1✔
5 Which species seems able to compete more effectively for space?
1✔
Food Chains And Webs The diagram below shows part of a food web in Antarctica.
Antarctic Food Web
Tertiary
Carnivores
Secondary
Carnivores
penguins
sea birds
seals
fish
Primary
Carnivores
Herbivores
squid
penguin
krill shrimps
animal plankton
Producers
plant plankton
krill
1 What is a food web?
1✔
2 There is an error in the diagram above. What is it?
3 Using the food web above, complete a food chain with four links below. 4✔
plant plankton
4 What word describes the feeding relationship of penguins with the fish?
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1✔
1✔
/19✔
Page 13
Name: Class:
Ecosystems and Trophic Levels 1 What is a trophic level?
1✔
2 What two essential factors required for the activities and growth of organisms does
food supply? •
•
2✔
3 Underline the type of organism that is usually found at the end of a food chain.
• herbivore • secondary carnivore • producer • primary carnivore 1✔
4 Why is chemical recycling within an ecosystem important?
2✔
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Energy Flow 1 What are the energy transformations that
occur in an ecosystem?
into
and then into
3✔
2 What is the process that converts sunshine
into stored energy?
1✔
Energy Flow through an Ecosystem
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3 What is the process that results in a
waste form of energy?
1✔
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4 Why is this waste energy not recyclable?
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1✔
Carbon Cycle 2 What is the process by which
carbon is released from living
organisms?
1✔
3 How is the carbon that is
locked inside the bodies of
dead organisms recycled?
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1 What is the process by which
carbon from the air is combined
into food molecules?
1✔
Carbon Recycling in a Terrestrial Ecosystem
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4 What is combustion?
1✔
5 How does combustion contribute to the Carbon Cycle?
2✔
6 What is the origin of the carbon in fossil fuels such as coal and oil?
2✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 61 x 100 =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
÷ 61 x 100 =
%
Page total =
/20✔
Page 14
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 4: Food & Nutrition
Note
Life Processes 1 Living objects such as plants, animals and fungi are called
by scientists.
2 For organisms to survive, they must carry out certain
. The main life
processes are shown opposite.
Life Processes of Organisms
3 An
can be defined as any feature
of an organism that aids its
.
•n
•m
•r
•s
4 Organisms have
kinds of adaptations
for carrying out the life processes:
•c
•g
a)
adaptations, which involve
•e
•r
the physical
b)
adaptations, which involve
occurring inside organisms or
produced by them
c)
adaptations, which involve
of organisms that aid survival.
5 Food supplies two essential resources and
.
for activity and materials for
6 Food contains
energy in the form of
potential energy. Energy is
needed for activities such as
and
. The stored energy is transformed
into
energy (e.g. when running),
energy (e.g. when shivering),
energy (e.g. when calling) and
energy (e.g. when sensing).
7 Food also supplies the materials (chemicals) that are used to build new
during
and to repair
tissue.
Types of Food Animals require three main
food types.
Molecule
Molecule
repeated sugar units
3 Proteins are made up of long chains of
and
.M
, fi
amino acid units
. Sugars are obtained
. Starch molecules
and animals use them for
.
and e
units. The amino acids are used in
contain a lot of protein.
Eating and Digesting Food Nutrition consists of different stages - e
food,
d
it, a
the digested food, and e
wastes. The stages occur in different locations.
1 In the mouth the following actions occur.
a) Different-shaped teeth mechanically break up food.
• Pointed
are used to
off food.
• Chisel-shaped
are used to
food.
• Flat-topped
are used to
food.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Molecule
fatty
acid
units
1 Carbohydrates, such as
and
, provide an immediate source of
from
, and starches are found in
,
, and
are long
of
.
2 Lipids, such as
and
, are
. Lipid molecules are made of
and
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Page 15
b)
is mixed with the food to form a ball.
• The lubricated food ball is easier to
.
• Enzymes in saliva begin the digestion of
.
(Digestion is the
breakdown of
food molecules into
,
molecules.)
2 In the stomach, digestion and some
a)
begin the digestion of
.
b)
acid provides strongly
conditions for those
to work.
Human Digestive System
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occur.
Digestion Changes
Chemical breakdown of:
•
sugars
• lipids
• proteins
e) The liver processes the
and
some of
them. The
transports
required food molecules to
all body
.
• food molecules are
• pass easily through
• food molecules are
• able to dissolve in
•
of villi projections
• small intestine has a good
4 In the
a)
b)
supply
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concentrated
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Factors That Increase Absorption
• food molecules are
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3 In the small intestine further digestion and
absorption occur.
a) Muscular contractions called
move the
food along the
.
b) A base
the stomach
.
c) Enzymes from the
and
wall complete the job of breaking down s
,
l
and p
molecules.
d) After digestion the small, soluble
are
by the
of the small intestine.
The food then passes into the
and is
transported to the
.
Absorption Stages
• Small, soluble food molecules pass through
the
wall by
.
• The molecules are absorbed into the
.
• The blood
the molecules away.
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plasma
• increased rate of
• increased
for absorption
• allows for rapid
of molecules
intestine no further
occurs.
is re-absorbed from the gut.
food is stored temporarily in the
, then eliminated via the
.
Summary of the Digestive System and its Functions:
mouth
and
digestion
stomach
moving
from
to
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
digestion and
intestine
digestion and
large
water/
disposal
of
Page 16
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 4: Food & Nutrition
Learn
Basic Definitions nutrition =
mechanical digestion =
chemical digestion =
enzymes =
peristalsis =
diffusion =
villi =
absorption =
Life Processes Importance of Food Food supplies stored
and
for organisms.
1 Energy is needed for
activities such as
and
.
2 Materials (chemicals) are
needed for
and
the r
or r
of tissues.
•m
•c
•m
•g
•g
e
The stages of digestion occur in different body organs.
There are three food groups.
1 Carbohydrates:
• supply “instant”
• include
and
1 In the mouth:
a) teeth are used to mechanically break down food
• pointed
tear food
• chisel-shaped
cut
• flat-topped
grind food
b)
is used to digest
.
2 In the stomach:
a) strong
is added
b)
chemically digest
.
• are supplied by f
(sugars) or by c
(starches).
3 Proteins:
• are found in m
• are used to
• are made of
•n
•s
•e
Eating, Digesting and Absorbing Food Food Types 2 Lipids:
• include
and
• are
-rich
• act as energy
• are made of
Organisms carry out the following life processes:
3 In the small intestine:
a) the digestion of s
b) digested food is
.
&e
.
,f
and p
into the
is completed
by the
.
4 In the large intestine:
a)
is re-absorbed back into the
b)
is stored & eliminated via the
Digestion Changes
starch
fat
protein
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
Absorption
• occurs by diffusion
• molecules enter
• transported to
Page 17
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 5: Respiration & Circulation
Note
Respiration in Cells
Necessity of Breathing
1 The
2
of the body require
all of the time.
g
helps ensure there is a rapid and continual
supply of
to cells. Oxygen makes up % of
the air we breathe in.
o
respiration
3 If no oxygen is supplied to the human brain, within
permanent
will occur.
w
c
4 Oxygen is needed for the process of
.
Respiration releases
from food molecules
such as
. The energy is used
for cellular activities.
d
5 The reaction for respiration is:
G
6 C
+
gas
gas is a
energy + w
Air enters the
, travels through the
passages, down the
and into
the two
that supply the spongy
inside the
cavity. The cavity forms an
space surrounded by the
. An
elastic
forms the floor of the chest
cavity.
bronchus
Description and Position
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Function
,
stiff
in chest
directs
to and from
short
to
directs
to and from
tissue in chest
in chest
and
pass oxygen to
causes lungs to i
air
/remove
and d
Summary of Gas Exchange
O2 in
CO2 in
.
The Human Breathing System
running from
to
muscular
gas
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Breathing Organs nasal
d
product of respiration and must be
7 G
is a life function and includes
the following stages:
a)
with oxygen
b) absorbing
into the blood
c) using oxygen for
d) removing
from the body.
Structure
+c
passages
tube
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
tube
lungs
in
in
blood
in
blood
Page 18
Exchanging Gases Gas Exchange in an Alveolus
1 Each
divides up into finer and finer
. At the end of the finest tubes are
clusters of
air bags called
.
2 A network of fine
enclose each alveolus.
vessels called
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3 The exchange of gases occurs when
molecules move from the
into the
, and
molecules leave
the blood
and enter the
.
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4 The
gases move across the membranes
of the alveoli by a process called
.
Factors that Increase Diffusion
Explanation
• alveoli are
in shape
• increases
• alveoli occur in
numbers
•
the surface area for diffusion
• alveoli walls are very
• gas molecules move
• alveoli walls are
• moisture
• alveoli have a very good
• blood cells carry
• alveoli have a high
5
for diffusion
concentration
oxygen gas
• increases the rate of
cells pick up oxygen molecules and transport them to the
where they are released for
.
molecules, the
of respiration, travel back to the
dissolved in the blood
.
Circulating Materials 1
gas away
tissues,
product
Circulatory System
is the life function that ensures n
o
,h
and w
are transported to
appropriate locations around the
.
,
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2 The
system consists of a network of closed
. Arteries transport blood
from the
;
veins transport blood
the heart.
3 Arteries divide up to form a
tubes that deliver dissolved
of fine
and food to
ensure blood flows in
Blood Blood consists of a liquid called
carries dissolved f
,w
and g
blood cells fight
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
direction only.
����
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.
4 Humans have a
circulatory system. The
pump of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the
where it is
. The
pump of the heart
sends the
blood to all other body
.
5 Heart
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Red blood cells
with
floating in it. The plasma
. Red blood cells carry
gas.
clot the blood to prevent
.
Page 19
✔ Summary Worksheet
Learn
Unit 5: Respiration & Circulation
Basic Definitions breathing =
gas exchange =
respiration =
diffusion =
alveoli =
capillary =
circulation =
artery =
vein =
plasma =
red blood cells =
platelets =
Circulation and Blood
Necessity of Breathing
1 The process of respiration:
a) occurs
b) requires
and
molecules
c) releases
for cellular
d) produces
products (
&
1 Humans have a
circulatory system.
2 The heart is a
pump with
).
2 The life function of gas exchange:
a) occurs between an
and its
b) involves absorbing
molecules into the body
then releasing
molecules
c) occurs across a gas exchange surface, e.g.
d) enables
to occur.
Breathing and Exchanging Gases 1 The
allow the entry of air, which travels
through
, down the
, along
, and finally into
inside the
.
2 Breathing in involves:
a) the rib
forcing the
up and outwards
b) the
moving downwards.
This increases the
of the chest cavity, which
the air pressure, so air moves
the lungs.
3 Rapid
•a
of gas from alveoli to blood requires:
lining • a
surface area • a good
supply.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
valves.
3 The right pump sends
blood to
the
.
4 The left pump sends
blood to
.
5 Arteries carry blood
from the
.
6
carry
the heart.
towards
7 Blood consists of
floating in
.
8 P
is
with
dissolved n
,g
h
and w
.
,
9 Blood cells include:
• red cells carrying
•
-fighting white cells
•
for clotting.
Page 20
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 6: Excretion & Movement
Note
Filtering Your Blood 1 Chemical
that occur inside
produce
products that must be
removed from the body. For example:
a)
in cells produces
that is
from the blood via
the
as you
.
b) The liver produces
when it processes
food molecules. This chemical
is removed via the
in the
.
2 Excess
and
in the blood is removed via the
3 These waste products would
process of
chemical
when you
.
if they were not removed.
from the body, and is an essential
is the
.
Kidney Structure and Function
1 The kidneys are the major
2 The
carrying out
kidneys are found at the
. They
the blood.
of your abdomen, protected by the
.
The Structure and Function of the Urinary System
•
blood
enters the
via the renal
.
• When
enters
a kidney,
is forced through
filtering units called
.
•
molecules are
back into
the blood.
and
excess
remain
in the
and
form
.
• The
been
leaving the kidney in the
vein has
and excess
removed.
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��
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• Urine flows down
the
to the
.
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• Urine consists of
water with
urea.
• Urine is
the
.
in
• Urine
out
of the body via
the
.
Support and Your Skeleton 1 The skeleton is made of
to
the body.
2 Some bones
, the
. It forms a
but
framework
the body, e.g. the skull protects the
and
protects the lungs, heart and kidneys.
3 Bone is
tissue made of
embedded in tough
which are cemented together by
crystals.
,
4 Compact bone is
,
and
. It contains
which makes red blood cells. Soft bone or
is found in the ears.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 21
5 The skeletal components can be organised according to location and function.
Component
Location
rib
Function
• on top of the spinal
column
•
• connected to the
• protects
, lungs and
/ aids
spinal
• central
bones called
girdles
and protects
and
made up of •
spinal cord
• supports
• point of attachment of
• connected to
• point of attachment of
• connected to
• point of attachment of
Muscles in Action 1 H
and
2 S
muscle act
of our conscious control.
muscles are attached to
and they are
3 Skeletal muscles acting on bones form
Skeletal Muscles …
… are attached to bones
by
… are bundles of muscle
that can
… are well-supplied with
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, which cause the movement of
Muscles Work in Pairs
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.
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• Contracting the
your forearm.
• Contracting the
your forearm.
.
Muscles …
… can
or
… can only
a bone
… can never
a bone
… always act in
e.g. the
and
muscles
act
as a ����
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pair
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Joint Movements 1 Bones are attached to each other at
called
.
2 Some joints are
. They are held together by
; others allow movement when muscles
3 Different types of joints allow different movements.
a)
joints allow
and
movements. Knees and
b)
joints allow
��������
movement. Shoulders and
are examples.
c)
joints allow a
of
movements. Wrists and
are examples.
.
are examples.
�����
4 Write the name of each type of joint in the
boxes on the diagrams opposite.
5 Joints are
to allow smooth movement.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
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Page 22
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 6: Excretion & Movement
Learn
Basic Definitions excretion =
������
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kidney =
nephrons =
����
urine =
skeleton =
������
cartilage =
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vertebrae =
joint =
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ligaments =
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tendons =
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Muscles Filtering Blood 1 Excretory organs
of the
Waste
urea
.
the
1 T
waste
Origin of Waste Excretory Organ
liver action
respiration
salt
.
Skeletal Support and is made of
2 Bone is
tissue made of
embedded in
mineral cement. This makes it h , s
and l
.
.
and
3 Skeletal components have different functions:
a)
– protects the brain and sense organs
b)
– protects the spinal cord
c)
– protects internal organs and aids breathing
d)
– supports the arm bones
e)
– provides attachment for the leg bones
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
attach muscles to
2 Muscles can only:
•
• move a bone
• work in
cells activities
2 Kidneys
the
supplied by the
artery.
a) Water and
substances enter
.
b) Useful substances are
into the
.
c) The urine left behind contains
dissolved in
.
d) Urine passes down the
to the
.
e) Urine is released through the
.
1 The skeleton
��������
.
3 For muscles to work
efficiently, they need:
• a good supply of
• abundant
and
oxygen for
.
Joints 1 L
attach bones
to bones at joints. Joints
are
for smooth
.
2 Types of joints:
a)
joints allow back
and forward movement,
e.g.
and
b)
joints
allow all-round movement, e.g.
c)
joints allow a
range of movements.
Page 23
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 7: Sensitivity & Coordination
Note
Detecting Changes 1 Detecting
inside and outside the body is a
2 Sensing changes is the job of
different kind of
change or
called
. Each type of sense organ detects a
.
3 The sense organs and the stimuli they detect are: ear (
+
+
), eye (
+
), nose (
) and tongue (
4 When a
a
to the
is detected an
.
.
).
), skin (
+
impulse (message) is sent very rapidly along
5 The
processes the sensory
, and responds by sending an
message to
such as the muscles, heart or lungs.
6 The processing of
from
by the body is called
and the initiation of action
. It is another essential
.
The Structure and Function of the Eye • The cornea is
a
membrane that
the
front of the eye.
• Inside the eye
is a
,
like liquid.
•
move
the eyeball
in different
to help
orientate it.
• The lens
light so that the
falls on the back of the eye. It
is located behind the
.
•M
adjust the lens
to bring
or distant objects into
.
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• The iris is a coloured,
sheet found
at the front of the eye behind the
. It
has an opening called the
in the centre of
it to allow
to pass through.
• The retina at
the
of the
eye is rich in
sensitive
.
• Some detect
and others
detect
light.
•I
travel
along the optic
nerve to the
,
which constructs
an
• The pupil is
by the
iris in
light allowing
light through. In
light
the opposite happens.
Sound and the Ear 1 The ear converts the energy of
.
waves into
2 The ear has three distinct sections:
a) outer ear and
sound waves
b) middle ear sound waves
c) inner ear sound waves into
impulses.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
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Page 24
Outer Ear
Middle Ear
The
outer ear
The ear
bones
sound
waves and
vibrations
and pass
them to the
filled
ear.
them to
the eardrum.
Inner Ear
The cochlea has
that
detect
movements.
They send
to
the
.
Balance and the Ear
.F
movements inside the
1 The ear also assists with
trigger
cells, which send
to the
.
2 The
semicircular canals are arranged at
to each
other, so that they can detect
-andmovement, -andmovement as well as
-tomovement.
Nervous System + Brain Functions The nervous system carries out
of body activities. It consists of the
,
the
which runs down inside the backbone, and the
which go to organs.
1 N
consist of bundles of nerve cells or
. They send signals as
around the body.
a) Sensory neurones send impulses from
to the
or
b)
neurones send impulses from the spinal cord to
and
.
.
2 The
runs down the torso inside the hollow centre of the
. When
sensory nerve
reach the spinal cord, then:
a) they may be immediately relayed to the
where the information is processed
b) or an
response may occur where impulses are
������������
sent directly along
neurones to
. This type
of response is called a
and is often used when ������
the body is faced by an immediate threat, e.g. a thorn.
������
3 The brain consists of over 10 billion
, each with
of connections to other neurones.
4 Label the three brain areas in the diagram.
a) The brain stem controls:
•
and
rates
• body
• blood
.
b) The cerebellum coordinates the
of
.
c) The cerebral
is the area where
brain functions occur, such as:
• interpreting
•t
and s
•m
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
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����
Brain Structure
Page 25
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 7: Sensitivity & Coordination
Learn
Neurone
Basic Definitions sensitivity =
stimulus =
nerve impulse =
coordination =
neurone =
sensory neurone =
motor neurone =
reflex arc =
brain stem =
cerebellum =
cerebral cortex =
Hearing Sound Detecting Change to detect
1
- funnels sound
waves to eardrum
and the stimuli they detect are:
and
,
and
and colour
e) the tongue –
2
- vibrates with
the sound waves
3
- amplify the
vibrations and transfer
them to the inner ear
4
- detects wave
movements which trigger
sensory cells to emit
electrical impulses
5
- carries
impulses to the brain
1 Survival depends on having
in the
.
2 The
a) the ear –
b) the skin –
c) the eye –
d) the nose –
3 Sensory information travels along this pathway:
stimulus
neurone
Light and Sight 1 Light detected by the
is changed into
, which are interpreted by the
2 The eye is a complex
Structure
cornea
Nervous System with specialised structures.
Function of that Part of the Eye
1
– processes and
stores information; makes
decisions; initiates action;
controls body functions
2
– relays
messages along body
3
- send
signals from sense organs
4
- send
signals to muscles
front of eye
iris
pupil
amount of light
pupil
light into
lens
light onto
retina
light into
optic nerve
.
and
eye
impulses from eye to
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
impulses
Page 26
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 8: Reproduction & Growth
Note
Egg
Passing on Genes 1 The definition of reproduction is
2 In sexual reproduction each
3 Male gametes (
Sperm
.
contributes a single cell called a
), are able to
; female gametes (
.
) are immobile.
4 Inside each gamete is a
. This contains long structures called
Each chromosome has thousands of
instructions called
its length.
5 There are
chromosomes inside the
which have a half-set of just
.
located along
of all human
cells, except for
chromosomes in their nuclei.
6 When a
enters an
at
,
chromosomes from the father
combine with
chromosomes from the
, giving the new organism a
set of
chromosomes. In this way the new organism has a selection of both parents’
.
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System 1 The female reproductive system is complex as
and
occur
.
A
B
2 The main parts are the
(muscular tube),
the
or womb (hollow, pear-shaped organ),
the two
(oval-shaped), and the
(thin-walled tubes).
C
3 Write down the names of the lettered structures
in the diagram and describe their main functions:
A=
Function = carries
from
to
/ site of
B=
Function = produces
&
C=
Function = protects and
developing embryo
D=
Function = receives the
and
/ allows
.
2 The main parts are the
(cylindrical organ),
the
(bag of loose skin) containing the two
(oval-shaped), and the
(thinwalled tubes) which connect with the
(tube
inside penis).
3 Write down the names of the lettered structures
in the diagram and describe their main functions:
A=
Function = transfer
/pass
B=
Function = carry
or
C=
Function = produce
&
D=
Function =
/
testicles
E=
Function = carry
from
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
to emerge
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System 1 The male reproductive system is mostly
D
E
A
B
C
D
to
Page 27
Menstrual Cycle
1 The menstrual cycle is controlled by
.
2 A complete cycle takes about
be identified by the way the
on average. Different stages in the cycle can
changes during this time period.
3 The cycle has
distinct stages:
a) M
b) Pre-
c) O
d) Post-
During this stage
the
of the
is
released through
the
. It lasts
for about
.
During this stage an
matures inside
an
and a new
develops. It
lasts for about
.
During this stage
the
is released
from the
into
the
. The
egg lives for about
.
During this stage
the
of the
continues
to
in preparation. It lasts for
about
.
Gamete Release Gametes are released from the sex organs during
and
Ovulation
Ejaculation
• occurs in
• occurs in
• occurs
• occurs during
• eggs are released
• sperm are released
• usually a
•
egg is involved each time
• the egg travels along the
of sperm are involved
• sperm travel along the
Ovulation and Fertilisation
Fertilisation 1 The egg is
travels along the
.
by a
.
cell as it
2 The fertilised egg or
and
in the
enters the
lining.
3 The zygote grows into an
embryo develops a
attached to it by the
. The
, that is
.
4 The placenta absorbs
from the mother’s
It removes
and
oviduct
cell division
embryo
and
for the
.
egg
ovulation
ovary
blood-lining
.
sperm
5 The developing embryo grows into a foetus and eventually emerges at
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
uterus
vagina
.
Page 28
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 8: Reproduction & Growth
Learn
Basic Definitions reproduction =
gametes =
chromosome =
genes =
ovulation =
ejaculation =
fertilisation =
menstrual cycle =
hormones =
zygote =
embryo =
Part of a chromosome
Human Reproductive Cycle Testicles produce
each with
23
Develops
human made of
billions of cells each
with 46
in
Either
or
with 46
chromosomes
combine at
Ovaries produce
each with
chromosomes
forms
millions of
new cells
human made of
of cells each
with
chromosomes
in nucleus
Develops
Cell division
forms
of
cells
Menstrual Cycle 1 The menstrual cycle is controlled by
produced in the brain and the
2 Hormones initiate the development of the b
3 The blood lining will remain if
a
egg implants in the
.
4 If a fertilised egg does not
arrive, the lining
and is
via the
.
This happens about
days
after ovulation and is called the
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
,o
and m
pre-ovulation
.
.
post-ovulation
egg
blood lining
develops
lining
shed
ovulation
lining keeps
growing
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-28
Page 29
? Animal Life Processes Test
Check
Name: Class:
Life Processes 1 Why is food essential for living organisms?
2✔
2 What are the three main forms of adaptation that assist organisms to carry out life
processes? •
•
•
3✔
3 Name five life processes that enable an organism to survive.
5✔
Types of Food 1 What are the basic building block units of each of the following food types?
a) carbohydrates:
b) lipids:
c) proteins:
3✔
2 Which type of food includes molecules that are used for energy storage?
1✔
3 Which type of food includes molecules that are used for building new cells?
1✔
Eating Food 1 Complete the table below describing the shape and function of different teeth types.
Tooth type
incisor
molar
canine
Shape
6✔
Function
2 What is chemical digestion?
3 Complete the sentences below.
a) Omnivores are adapted to
b) Herbivores are adapted to
c) Carnivores are adapted to
Digesting Food 2✔
Herbivore skull
1✔
1✔
1✔
Carnivore skull
1 Which food type is digested in the mouth?
1✔
2 What is the function of enzymes?
2✔
3 What is the name of the acid that is found in the stomach?
What is the resulting pH of stomach juices?
1✔
4 Which type of food molecule is digested by stomach enzymes?
1✔
5 Which organ produces an alkaline juice which neutralises stomach acid?
1✔
1✔
Absorbing Food 1 Describe three ways in which villi increase the rate of absorption of digested food.
1✔ b)
a)
c)
2 What does the liver do with the products of digestion?
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
2✔
Page total =
1✔
1✔
/38✔
Page 30
Name: Class:
Breathing Organs 1 In what ways has the air that travels through
the nasal passages on the way to the lungs
been modified?
2✔
2 What is the function of the trachea?
3 What is the name of structure A?
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1✔
1✔
4 What is the combined effect of the rib muscles
and structure A contracting?
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2✔
Exchanging Gases �����������
1 Complete the diagram opposite showing the movement of two gases in and out of the
alveolus and across the membrane of the alveolus.
Adaptation
Advantage for Gas Exchange
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thin-walled
large surface area
�� ���
3✔
Circulating Materials 1 What is the function of the right pump of the heart?
1✔
2 What is the function of the left pump of the heart?
1✔
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��
moist surfaces
�
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�
2✔
gas
�
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��
�
��
�
���
��
��
�
�
2 What is the name of the tube running around the outside gas
of the alveolus from A to B?
1✔
What features enabled you to identify it?
2✔
3 Complete the table below describing adaptations of alveoli
and how they assist gas exchange.
�
��
� ��
���������
����������
3 What is the purpose of heart valves?
4 How does the direction of blood flow in an artery differ from that in a vein?
1✔
2✔
Blood 1 What is the function of red blood cells?
1✔
2 What structures caused the clotting in the photo?
1✔
3 What four types of substances are transported in blood plasma?
•
•
•
•
3✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/24✔
Page 31
Name: Class:
Filtering Wastes �
1 Name the lettered structures shown in the diagram:
A=
B=
C=
3✔
2 What is the function of structure D?
3 What are two functions of the kidneys?
•
•
2✔
�
�
�
2✔
4 Why is excretion necessary?
2✔
5 What are the microscopic structures that filter blood in the kidneys?
1✔
Support 1 What is the main function of the skeleton?
2✔
2 Describe two functions of the sheep‘s skull shown opposite.
2✔
3 Describe the structure of compact bone.
2✔
4 Describe the different roles of the pectoral and pelvic girdles:
• The pectoral girdle
• The pelvic girdle
1✔
1✔
Muscles 1 Describe the structure of a muscle.
2✔
2 A pair of muscles move the forearm up and down. Name the
muscles involved and describe the way each moves the forearm.
2✔
• name:
action:
contracting
muscle
• name:
action:
2✔
3­­­­ What object provides the signal for a muscle to contract?
1✔
Joints 1 Name the types of joints illustrated in the diagram of a human leg shown below.
3✔
A=
B =
C=
2 Describe the movement allowed by joint B.
1✔
3 What objects bind the bones in joint B together?
1✔
A
B
4 How is friction reduced in joint A?
2✔
5 Where else in the body are type A joints found?
1✔
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
C
Page total =
/33✔
Page 32
Name: Class:
Detecting Changes 1 What does the life function of sensitivity involve?
2✔
2 Identify the three kinds of stimuli that the skin is able to detect.
•
•
•
3✔
3 What happens when a sense organ is stimulated?
2✔
4 What is the role of the nervous system?
2✔
The Eye and Light 1 Write the correct labels in the boxes on the
diagram of the eye opposite.
2 What is part A called?
How does it differ from the object?
1✔
3 What is the function of:
• Structure B –
• Structure C –
• Structure D –
4✔
C
A
D
1✔
B
3✔
4 What observable change will occur to the eye if the light in a room becomes dimmer?
2✔
The Ear and Sound A
1 Name the structures labelled A to E in the diagram.
A–
D –
B–
E –
5✔
C–
2 Write down the letter of the structure that:
a) changes vibrations into electrical energy
b) focuses sound on the eardrum
3✔
c) amplifies sound vibrations
E
D
B
C
semicircular
canals
Balance and the Nervous System Both the semicircular canals and the
cerebellum are involved in keeping the body
in balance during motion. Complete the table
below describing their locations and functions.
cerebellum
Structure
Location
Function
semicircular
canals
•
•
cerebellum
•
•
4✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/32✔
Page 33
Name: Class:
The Reproductive Cycle ������������������������
1 The diagram opposite shows different events
that occur during the reproductive cycle of
humans. Match up each event in the table with
the correct letter from the diagram.
Event
sperm
Letter
egg-making
�
egg
sperm making
�
�
testicle
fertilisation
ovary
cell division
development
�
5✔
5✔
embryo
foetus
�
2 Draw an arrow from each label box above to
the correct structure on the diagram.
�����������
�������������
The Female Reproductive System 1 What is the function of these structures?
2✔
A ovary –
B oviduct -
2✔
C uterus –
B
A
C
2✔
D vagina –
2✔
1✔
2 Where does fertilisation occur?
3 Which organ produces the hormones that
1✔
change a girl into a woman?
4 Describe four changes that occur during puberty.
a)
b)
c)
D
d)
4✔
The Male Reproductive System 1 What is the function of testicles?
2✔
2 What is the function of the urethra?
sperm duct
penis
2✔
3 How does the penis become erect?
2✔
4 What is semen?
5 What is this process of ejecting sperm
from the penis called?
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 159 x 100 =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1✔
urethra
scrotum
testicle
1✔
÷ 159 x 100 =
%
Page total =
/32✔
Page 34
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 9: Motion
Note
Describing Motion 1 An object is said to be in motion when its
is changing over
.
2 The motion of an object can be described using four different quantities:
a)
travelled b)
taken c) s
of object d) a
Quantity
Definition
Symbol
distance
how
(m)
time
how
(s)
speed
how
acceleration
how
of object
Unit(s) of Measurement
per
(m/s)
(m/s/s)
per
per
Measuring Distance, Time and Speed 1 The distance d travelled by an object can be measured with a
and with an
if a car is involved.
or
,
2 The unit for distance depends on the distance travelled. The commonly used units are:
a)
(m) b)
(km)
3 The unit for time depends on how long the journey took. The commonly used units are:
a)
(s) b)
(hr)
4 The speed v that an object travels at can be described in two different ways:
a) the
speed at one
in time
b) the
speed over a journey.
5 The unit used for speed depends on the
given in
per second or kilometres per
6 To convert kilometres per hour (km/hr) to
(m/s) this formula is used:
and
.
units used, but it is usually
= 3.6 x km/hr
Average and Instantaneous Speed
1 The average speed of an object during a journey can be found when it is possible to
measure the
and the
.
a) Average speed has the symbol vav and is
d
d
calculated using this formula:
Average speed =
/
vav
t
vav
t
vav = /
b) To calculate the distance travelled or the time taken when the average speed is
known, a
is used to select the correct
.
c) To use a formula triangle,
the quantity that you need to
and the
of the other two quantities will provide the correct formula. Using this
method the formula for distance would be: d =
x
and for time: t = /
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 35
2 Instantaneous speed is a measure of how
an object is travelling at
in time.
a) The instrument which measures instantaneous speed in a car is called a
and it uses
as the units of speed.
b) Speed
are used to measure a car‘s instantaneous speed externally.
Distance-Time Graphs can also be used to describe
Distance d (m)
1 A
Distance-Time Graph
.
2 If the
travelled from the
is
measured at regular
(e.g. every 10
seconds), and the data plotted on a graph, the
result is a
graph.
200
160
120
80
40
0
3 When drawing a distance-graph, follow these rules:
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40
Time t (s)
a) Place time on the
and the
distance travelled on the
.
b) Name each
and include the
and
, e.g. Time t (s).
c) Use scales that start from
increase
, and cover the
values.
d) Plot the data points
using a
(x).
e) Draw a
- line though the plots. This may be a
line drawn with a ruler, or a
drawn freehand.
Interpreting Distance-Time Graphs
Time t
Slope of
Line
line
(horizontal)
Speed
object is
Indicated
Time t
straight
line
object has a
speed
Distance d
of the object.
Distance d
Distance d
Different
Graph
Slopes
Distance d
The slope of a distance-time graph indicates the
The steeper the slope, the
.
Time t
line
sloping
object has a
constant
speed
Time t
upward
line
object has an
speed
Acceleration 1 An increase in the speed of an object is called
acceleration. A decrease in
the speed of an object is called negative acceleration or
.
2 Acceleration is a measure of how much an object’s
(in metres/second) is
changing over
(in seconds). The scientific units for acceleration are therefore
per
per
(m/s/s).
3 Rocks fall with an
by 10
per
of 10 m/s/s, which means that their speed will
each
.
4 Acceleration can be calculated by finding the difference between the
speeds of an object and dividing it by the
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
and
Page 36
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 9: Motion
Learn
Basic Definitions motion =
distance =
time =
speed =
acceleration =
instantaneous speed =
average speed =
distance-time graph =
deceleration =
Finding the Speed of an Object 1 The formula for
Average speed =
3 The formula used to convert
to metres per
is:
m/s =
gone
of a distance-time graph gives the
of an object.
per
Distance
versus
from
2 The
the average speed of an object is:
slope indicates
x km/hr
since
Distance-Time Graphs 1 The data for
on the horizontal axis.
Time
is plotted on the vertical axis against the
Time t
Travelling at a
speed
Distance d
.
Distance d
Distance d
Distance d
2 The steeper the slope of a distance-time graph the
Time t
Time t
Travelling at a
constant speed
Time t
Travelling at a
constant speed
Travelling at
km/hr
Acceleration and Deceleration 1 Acceleration is about how
an object’s
. The units for acceleration are
per
changes over
per
2 If the speed of an object increases, the object is
3 If the speed of an object
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
.
, the object is decelerating.
Page 37
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 10: Force & Acceleration
Note
Pushes and Pulls 1 A force can either be a
hitting a ball involves a
or
on an object. For example,
, and towing a boat, a
.
2 Forces can have different effects upon objects.
a) A force can speed up a moving object. This is called
.
b) A force can slow a moving object. This is called
.
c) A force can
the
of motion of a moving object.
d) A force can squash an object. This is called
.
e) A force can stretch an object. This is called
.
Mass and Weight 1 All objects have
. Mass refers to the
2 The formula symbol for mass is
in an object.
.
3 The mass of an object remains
4 Mass is measured in
of
regardless of its
(g) or kilograms (
5 The weight of an object depends on its
.
). 1 kilogram =
grams
and the
pulling down on it.
6 The weight of an object can
depending on where it is
. Astronauts
weigh
on the moon because the force of gravity is
. But their mass is the
in both locations.
7 Mass and weight can be compared because they are different:
measured
with
or
a
unit is
or
kg
g
measured
with a
multiply the mass
of an object (in
kg) by
to find
its weight
mass
weight
unit is
,N
changes when
stays constant
when
Measuring Forces 1 A force (symbol F) has two aspects:
and
2 Forces are drawn as
force, and the
which the force
.
of the arrow line indicates the
of the
points indicates the direction in
. The
in which the
3 The two forces are pushing in
directions.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
smaller1 N
force
.
10 N larger force
Page 38
4 The size of a force is measured in units called
. The unit symbol is
.
5 A force of
newton is defined as the force needed to make an object of mass
accelerate at m/s/s over a
,
surface.
kg
Force, Mass and Acceleration 1 When a force is applied to a free object it will
force
or
it.
in the
that the
2 If you increase the force on an object its acceleration will also
the force used will
the acceleration.
. Doubling
3 If you keep the force
then its acceleration will be
and increase the mass of an object by adding a
. Doubling the mass will
the acceleration.
4 The following formula links force, mass and acceleration:
Force =
x
or
,
F
F =
m
x
a
5 The formula triangle can be used to find the formula for calculating the
or
or
by covering up the required quantity. Using this
method the formula for acceleration is: a = /
and for mass: m = /
6 The table below compares the quantities of force, mass and acceleration.
Quantity
Symbol
Definition
Unit
mass
amount of
an object
force
something that can change
the
of an object
acceleration
a change in the
an object
Unit Symbol
in
kg
of
N
metres/second
/second
/ /
Types of Forces 1 A contact force is a force that is applied by one object to
another by
, e.g. a hammer pulling out a nail.
2 A
another
fulcrum
force (e.g. a magnetic force) is a force that is applied by one object to
touching it. These forces can act over a
, without the object
the force
the object that experiences the force.
3 The object causing a non-contact force has a
a magnetic
around it.
around it, e.g. a
has
4 A force-field is the
in which the force has an
. The strength of the force
field
as the distance from the source of the force
.
5 The three types of
Force
force are summarised in the table:
Origin
Action
electrostatic
/
magnetic
/
gravitational
separated masses
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Affects
Strength
objects
and
objects
Page 39
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 9: Force & Acceleration
Learn
Basic Definitions force =
newton =
mass =
kilogram =
weight =
acceleration =
g=
contact force =
non-contact force =
Describing Forces 1 A force (symbol
) is defined as a
2 A force can change the
,
or a
on an object in a particular
of motion, or
3 The size of a force can be measured using a
4 The three types of non-contact forces are
Forces Summary
Actions that qualify as forces:
•a
on an object
•a
on an object
Points about forces:
• the symbol for force is
• forces act in a certain
• forces have different
•
are used to measure the strength of forces
• the unit used is the
(N)
• forces have different
on
objects (see opposite)
.
of an object.
. The unit is the
,
(N).
and
.
Effect: a racing car
speeds up
Term:
Effect: crashing
slows down a car
Term:
Effect: the side of
the car crumples
Term:
Effect:
the bungy
cord
stretches
Term:
Force, Mass and Acceleration 1 Force, mass and acceleration are linked by the formula:
Force =
x
or F =
2 If the force increases so does
3 If the mass is increased, acceleration
x
. Doubling the force
. Doubling the mass
acceleration.
acceleration.
4 The weight force acting on an object is caused by gravity. The formula is:
Weight =
x
=m x g
g=
m/s/s
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 40
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 11: Forceful Effects
Note
Density 1 Density is defined as the
of a standard
of a substance.
2 The following formula is used to calculate density:
Density =
3 The mass of a liquid or a
÷
object can be found by using a
.
4 The volume of a liquid can be found by using a
. The volume of
a solid object can be found by
it in water in a measuring cylinder and
measuring the
in water
.
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Definition
mass
m
or
how much
or substance
there is in an object
volume
how much
a substance occupies
m3 or cm3
ρ
kg/m3 or g/cm3
the
of a standard
substance
of a
Pressure Points 1 The concentration of
within a defined area is called
, symbol .
2 The following formula is used to calculate pressure:
Pressure =
Quantity
Symbol
÷
or
Unit
P =
/
Definition
F
newton ( )
a
area
square metres (
or
square centimetres (
the size of a surface
P
(N/m2)
)
per
or a
the concentration of
a defined
within
3 If the same size force is applied to a smaller area, then the pressure will
.
4 If the pressure is being caused by one object placed upon another, then the force
involved is the object‘s
force. If the mass of the object is known, then the
following formula can be used to calculate the weight force:
Weight force =
x
Friction – Hindrance or Help 1 Friction occurs when one surface
2 When friction occurs,
against another. Friction always opposes
energy from the movement is changed into
.
energy.
3 Smooth surfaces create
friction than rough surfaces. Friction that occurs
between air or water and a solid body is called
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 41
4 Sometimes friction is
, at other times it is
.
Situations where Friction is Useful
Situation
Increased by:
Situations where Friction is Unhelpful
Situation
Decreased by:
walking
•
•
friction in
bearings
•
•
cycling
•
drag on car
driving
•
•
drag on skis
•
•
•
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Forces can be combined to find the overall or
1N
10 N
When
forces act on an
object, the object
will
in
the direction of the
force (i.e.
the
N force).
5N
5N
When forces are
balanced (
but
), there is
no
force. The
object will carry on
at the
or stay
.
Newton’s
Law
If the forces acting on
an object are
,
then the object will
remain
or
keep moving at the
same
in the same
.
force acting on an object.
1N
10 N
When two forces
act in the
direction,
them together will
give the
or net force
( N+
N = N).
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s
Law
If
forces act
on an object, then the
object will
in
the direction of the
force.
5N
7N
When two forces
act in opposite
directions,
the
from
the
will give
the
force
( N - N = N).
Newton’s
Law
When a force acts on
an object, an
and
opposite
force
occurs. This is called
.
Falling Slowly 1 Gravity is caused by the
A large object will exert a
of
between objects that have
attractive force than a
one.
.
2 Earth has a
mass and so exerts a
force that makes objects
downwards at
m/s/s. This value is called .
3 When an object falls through air, it encounters a
force which
its motion. This force, called
, makes the object fall more
.
4 Streamline-shaped objects create
drag. If two different objects are
released together from the same height, the more streamlined one will fall
.
5 The moon has no
, so there is no
objects that have quite different
and
feather, would fall at the
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
when objects fall. Two
, such as a hammer and a
Page 42
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 11: Forceful Effects
Learn
Basic Definitions density =
pressure =
friction =
drag =
net force =
balanced forces =
gravity =
g=
Newton’s Laws of Force and Motion Density 1 Newton’s First Law applies when:
• forces are
• an object is
or when it is
moving at a
speed.
1 Density is the amount of
in a
standard
of a substance.
2 To find the density of an object you
.
must measure its
and
3 A balance is used to measure
a measuring cylinder to measure
, and
.
4 The formula for density is:
Density =
÷
5 The units of density are:
a)
per cubic
(kg/m3)
b)
per cubic
(g/cm3)
This formula is used to convert units:
g/cm3 =
÷
2 Newton’s Second Law applies when:
• forces are
• an object is
Movement is always in the direction of
the
force.
3 Newton’s Third Law applies when:
• any
acts on an object
The reaction force is always
in size
but
in direction to the action
force.
Pressure 1 Pressure is the force exerted on an area.
2 The formula for pressure is:
Pressure =
÷
3 The units are
per
Friction ... • occurs when one surface
• is a
so it is measured in
• opposes the
• can be
of an object
or
• causes the transformation of
into
energy.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Falling Slowly 1
and
act on a falling object.
2 Gravity:
• is a force of
• pulls objects
• causes objects to
• accelerates
10 m/s/s.
object at
3 Drag:
• is
caused by moving through
• is a
which opposes
•
an object’s speed
•
if the object is streamlined.
Page 43
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 12: Levers & Work
Note
A Turning Force
Turning Forces 1 A turning force is used to make an object
around a
. The fixed point
is called the
.A
force
must be applied to create the turning force.
F = turning
force
direction of
rotation
nut
2 Some examples of tools that produce
turning forces are c
sc
and sp
.
d=
e
nc
ista
d
spanner
fulcrum (bolt)
3 The scientific term describing the action of
a turning force is
.
4 To find the size of the torque involved:
a) Measure the
of the
F applied in
(N).
b) Measure the
d from the
to the point
where the force is
in
(m).
c) Use the formula:
Torque =
d) The scientific
x
or Torque =
x
for torque are the newton metre.
5 To produce a larger torque, the
d from the fulcrum to where the turning
force is applied can be
, or the
of the
can be
.
Levers Make Life Easier 1 Levers are useful tools that allow you to transform
.
2 A lever is basically a
.
that can be
about a fixed point or
3 For a tool to be classed as a lever, there must be:
a) a rigid
b) a
around which the
4 The sideways force that is applied to a
lever (e.g. a crowbar) to make it work is
called the
E.
c) a
increase.
Action of a Lever in Increasing Force
lever
Load force L
5 The force that is applied to an object
(e.g. a crate) by the lever (crowbar) is
called the
L.
D
d
6 The torque that the lever applies to the
is always
the torque you
to the lever.
fulcrum
Effort
force E
Load force L x d = Effort force E x D
7 The formula that describes the above relationship is:
Load torque =
or
x
=
x
• L is the
in
• d is the distance in metres from the
to
where the
force is applied by the
• E is the
in
• D is the distance from the
to where the
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
force is applied to the lever
Page 44
Types of Levers There are two types of levers.
Seesaw-type Levers
Wheelbarrow-type Levers
Definition:
a lever where the load force acts
on the
side of the
fulcrum to the
force
a lever where the load force acts
on the
side of the
fulcrum as the
force
Examples:
•
•
•
•
Doing Work 1 To do work,
as the amount of
is required. Work, symbol W, is defined
used in making an object move.
2 Work is done when an object is
work done depends on the size of
over a
by a
applied and the
. The amount of
the object is moved.
3 The formula used to calculate work done is:
Work done =
• W is the
• d is the
x
or
in
• F is the
the object is moved in
W =
x
W
applied in
4 The formula triangle opposite can be used to find the
F
involved or
d
moved.
5 As work refers to the amount of
transferred to an object, the unit of work
is the
(J). One joule is defined as the
.
6 For an object to move,
must be overcome. No work is done unless the
applied overcomes the forces of
and the object actually
.
Quantity
Symbol
W
F
distance
Definition
Unit
Unit Symbol
the amount of
either a
J
or a
Newton
how
E
m
required in order to
joule
J
Kinetic and Potential Energy 1 Moving objects have
, symbol
2 When a stalled car is pushed along a road,
3 Doubling the speed of an object increases its
4 A heavier object travelling at the
If the heavier object has double the
. The unit for energy is the
.
is done and the car gains
energy by
.
times.
speed as a lighter one has
kinetic energy.
of the other, then it will have
the Ek.
5 When an object is lifted, it gains
. This energy is a form of
stored or
energy, symbol . The object has stored energy because the
has been overcome. Doubling the
of an object
its Ep.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 45
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 12: Levers & Work
Learn
Basic Definitions fulcrum =
torque =
lever =
effort force =
load force =
seesaw-type lever =
wheelbarrow-type lever =
work =
kinetic energy =
gravitational potential energy =
Formulae In science, work …
• Torque =
x
Torque =
x
• Torque applied to object
=
L x
• Work =
=
x D
W =
x
W
x
F
d
Levers … … transform small
… have three features:
a) a
b) a
c) a
increase
… can be classified as:
a)
b)
into
fulcrum
Kinetic Energy …
… is associated with
… increases by four times when an
object’s
… doubles when the mass
… has the symbol .
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
… is done when a
moves an object
… is not done if the object
… requires
… has the symbol
… is defined as the amount of
used in making an
object
… equals
times
… has the unit
Energy is …
… required for
to be done
… measured in units called
… used to overcome
… possessed by
objects
… possessed by
objects.
Gravitational Potential Energy …
… is a form of
energy
… is
by an object when it is
… doubles when an object’s
is
… has the symbol
.
Page 46
? Movement & Forces Test
Name: Class:
Check
Describing Motion 1 What is meant by the phrase ’an object in motion’?
2✔
2 What are the four quantities used to describe motion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
4✔
3 a) What is meant by the term acceleration?
b) What occurs during positive acceleration?
c) What occurs during negative acceleration?
3✔
v av
Measuring Speed 1✔
1 Complete the formula triangle linking average speed with distance gone and time taken.
2 Use the formula to calculate the average speed in each situation.
Distance
travelled (m)
Time
taken (s)
Average Speed
Your Working
Answer
100
5
vav = d/t =
3✔
600
10
vav = d/t =
3✔
50
25
vav = d/t =
3✔
Units
3 What is meant by the term ‘instantaneous speed’?
2✔
4 List three instruments that are used to measure the instantaneous speed of a car.
a)
b)
c)
3✔
A four-wheeled drive vehicle takes
50 minutes to travel a journey of 18
kilometres over a large hill.
1 Complete the graph by adding labels to
each axis. Include a title too.
2 Describe the vehicle’s speed during the
periods indicated below.
A
B
C
D
4✔
)
Distance-Time Graphs 18
(
5 Interpret the following information using words:
a) 28 m/s = the object’s speed is
b) 100 km/hr = the object’s speed is
c) 5 m/s/s = the object’s speed is
16
D
14
12
C
10
8
3✔
B
6
A
4
2
0
0
3 During which periods is the vehicle accelerating?
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
3✔
5
10
15
1✔
20
25
30
35
40
45
Page total =
50
/35✔
Page 47
Name: Class:
Comparing Mass and Weight 1 Describe what scientists mean by the mass of an object.
2✔
2 Describe what scientists mean by the weight of an object.
3 Study the instrument shown opposite.
a) What is the name of this measuring instrument?
b) What is it used to measure?
c) What unit does it measure in?
d) Would it give the correct reading on the moon?
4 Study the instrument shown opposite.
a) What is the name of this measuring instrument?
b) What is it used to measure?
c) What unit does it measure in?
d) Does it respond to a push or a pull force?
e) How does it work?
f) Would it give the correct reading on the moon?
2✔
4✔
6✔
5 Why would an astronaut weigh less on the moon?
2✔
Force, Mass and Acceleration 1 What are the two components of a force?
•
•
2✔
2 What is the weight force acting on:
a) a 3 kg bag of sugar? Weight =
x =
b) a 110 kg rugby player? Weight =
x =
3✔
3✔
3 A wind pushes a land yacht of mass 120 kg across hard sand with
a force of 240 newtons.
a) Write down the formula you would use to calculate the acceleration
F
of the land yacht:
Acceleration =
m a
1✔
b) Calculate the acceleration of the yacht:
Acceleration of yacht =
3✔
c) If the force of the wind on the yacht increases to 480 N, what would happen to
the acceleration of the yacht?
1✔
d) If a lighter person got into the yacht instead and the wind force remained constant,
how would the acceleration of the yacht compare with before?
1✔
Types of Forces 1 Which type of non-contact force can only pull objects?
1✔
2 Which non-contact forces would affect a charged balloon?
2✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/33✔
Page 48
Name: Class:
Density Gold
Use the formula below to calculate the missing data in the table:
Density = mass ÷ volume
Substance
Mass (g)
Volume (cm3)
gold
193
10
aluminium
270
100
mercury
Aluminium
Density (g/cm3)
Mercury
10
13.6
3✔
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces 1 What are the two aspects of a force?
•
•
2✔
2 For each trolley shown opposite:
• calculate the net force
• name the law of Newton that applies
• state the resulting motion.
Write your answers in the table below.
Trolley
Calculation
Net force
����
�
����
���
�
���
���
�
����
����
�
����
Law that Applies
Resulting Motion
4✔
A
Newton’s
Law
B
Newton’s
C
Newton’s
Law
4✔
D
Newton’s
Law
4✔
4✔
Law
Force Effects 1 A heavy book with a mass of 2 kg is placed flat on a library shelf.
a) One of the forces acting on the book is the support force of the shelf. What is
the name of the other one?
b) Why does the book stay at rest?
1✔
1✔
2 The area of the front cover is 0.25 m2. Use these formulae to solve the problems.
Weight force = 10 x mass
Problem to Solve
Pressure = force ÷ area
Your Working Out
Answer
Unit Symbol
a) What is the weight force
acting on the book?
Weight =
=
3✔
b) What pressure is applied
by the book to the shelf?
Pressure =
=
3✔
3 A student accidentally pushes the book off the shelf. What are the two forces
acting on the book as it falls? •
•
2✔
Page total =
/31✔
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 49
Name: Class:
Levers ������������
The diagram opposite shows a wheelbarrow being
used as a lever to lift a heavy load.
�����
1 Label the empty boxes in the diagram to show
the different components of a lever.
2 What is a lever?
����������
D
4✔
d
�������
2✔
3 What effect does a lever have upon forces?
4 Calculate the size of the different quantities involved when the wheelbarrow is used
to carry different loads. Write your answers in the table below. Use this formula:
Load torque = effort torque
Torque
(N m)
or
2✔
L x d = E x D
Load Force L
(N)
Distance d
(m)
Effort Force E
(N)
Distance D
(m)
300
0.4
1.2
2✔
600
0.4
1.2
2✔
Work 1 What is work?
2✔
W
2 Use the formula triangle opposite to find:
a) The amount of work done when a 6 N force moves an object 2 m.
F
d
3✔
W =
b) The size of the force involved when 12 J of work is done on an object that is
moved 3 m.
F =
3✔
c) The distance an object moves when a force of 12 N does 48 J of work on it.
d =
3✔
3 A student attempted to push a parked car but failed. In this situation no work has
been done. Explain why.
2✔
Kinetic and Potential Energy 2✔
1 What is kinetic energy?
2 What is the unit for kinetic energy?
1✔
3 A cyclist doubles her speed. What happens to her kinetic energy?
4 The cyclist doubles a friend and pedals at the same speed. If the combined mass of
passengers and bike is now double, what will their kinetic energy be?
2✔
1✔
5 Why is gravitational energy a form of potential energy?
1✔
6 What will happen to the potential energy of an object if its height is increased?
1✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 132 x 100 =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
÷ 132 x 100 =
%
Page total =
/33✔
Page 50
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 13: Charged Particles
Note
Electricity 1 Electricity occurs in
, but is also produced by
2 Electricity is a convenient form of
a) it
rapidly
b) it can be readily
into s
c) it is used by all domestic
.
because:
,h
.
,l
and k
energy
3 There are two forms of electricity:
a)
electricity – for example, after you brush your hair it
; in this situation the electrical energy is
b)
electricity – for example, a lamp lights up when you
situation the electrical energy
around a
.
4 Understanding
and
particles helps to explain
Atoms and Charged Particles 1 All
called
; in this
.
Atom Structure
is made of extremely small particles
.
2 The central part of an atom is the
.
still.
3 Atoms are made of
a) Protons:
• have a
charge
• are found in the
• have the same
as neutrons.
b) Neutrons:
• have no
• are found in the
• have the same mass as
.
c) Electrons:
• have a
charge • fly around the
• are much
than protons and neutrons.
This atom is electrically
as it has three
and
protons.
at high
.
4 Neutral atoms have
5 Electrons can be removed from some atoms, leaving more
atoms become
charged ions.
than electrons. The
6 Other atoms gain
and have
more
than protons. These
atoms become
charged
.
7
can travel from atom to atom
in some substances. In
electrons
can move freely, so metals are called
.
8 Substances such as
do not allow
to travel freely from atom to
atom. They are called
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
A
charged ion
A
charged ion
Page 51
wool
Charge Separation 1 Charge separation occurs with
2 When an insulator is
or
. This
,
-
.
-
Symbols
-
++
+ +
+
+
wire
-
are
the object.
+
single-cell battery
plastic
rod
3 Rubbing a plastic rod with wool transfers electrons.
a) The rod will
electrons and become
charged.
b) The wool will
electrons and become
charged.
+
two-cell battery
open switch
4 This transfer of electrons causes a
or
of electrons
on the charged object’s
, this is what is meant by the term
of
separation.
closed switch
5 A charged object has an electrical
around it which will
affect other
objects. They will be a
or r
.
lamp
A positively charged plastic rod is suspended by a thread. When this rod is then
approached with rubbed rods made of other materials different effects are observed:
Attraction
+
new
rod
• The
of
electrons gives the new
rod a
charge.
• The rods
each
other because
charges attract.
The rod may gain or lose
electrons when rubbed.
Repulsion
+
If the
rod gains
electrons
If the
rod loses
electrons
Like charge repel,
unlike charges attract.
+ new
rod
• The
of
electrons gives the new
rod a
charge.
• The rods
each
other because
charges repel.
Current Electricity 1 An electrical current occurs when
flow through a
. They travel
from a
charged area (e.g.
terminal of a battery) to a
charged area (e.g.
terminal of a battery) because unlike charges are attracted.
2 An electrical circuit is an continuous
3 An electrical circuit requires the following
aspects:
a) an
(e.g. a battery)
b) an
(e.g. a lamp)
c) a
pathway from the energy
to the energy
and
again (i.e. a
pathway).
4 The
wires in a circuit are very good
and provide a huge number of
which are able to travel
around the circuit.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
around which
can flow.
Electrical Circuit
- - - - - - - - - - - - conducting pathway
+
positive
terminal
flow of energy
electrons supplier
negative
energy
terminal
user
- - - - - - -
-
Page 52
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 13: Charged Particles
Learn
Basic Definitions electricity =
atoms =
nucleus =
ions =
conductor =
free electrons =
insulator =
charge separation =
electrical force field =
circuit =
current electricity =
Becoming Charged Charge Separation and Electrical Current 1 Electricity is a convenient type of
because:
a) it
rapidly
b) it is readily
into other forms.
2 Electricity occurs in two forms:
Charge Separation
Current Electricity
• charge is
• charge is
• occurs on
• occurs in
• electrons accumulate on
of
• electrons
through
• occurs when
are
together
• occurs when a
or
supplies
3 Atoms become charged particles called
a) If they lose electrons they become
b) If they gain electrons they become
electron
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1 Charge separation occurs if:
• materials are
• surfaces are
•
are transferred
•a
of charge exists
on
of material.
2 Charged objects have
electrical
.
3 Oppositely
objects
4
-charged objects
.
Getting a Flow .
electron
.
ions.
ions.
1 Current electricity needs:
• an
• an
•a
conducting
.
2 Electrons flow when:
•a
is
•a
charged
area is joined to a
charged one
in a conducting
.
Page 53
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 14: Current & Voltage
Note
Charge and Current Electrons are the
electrons to become
charged particles in atoms. Atoms can
. A charged object has
The
terminal of a battery
has a shortage of
, so it is
charged.
Electrons are
A current occurs
when there is a
of
.
charged particles.
- - - - - - - - - - - - +
positive
terminal
negative
terminal
- - - - - - -
Where there is a
in
charge between two points in a
circuit (e.g. between the
of a battery) an electrical
is created. This will
electrons
around the circuit from the
to the
terminal.
The
or
energy.
-
terminal has excess
, so it is
charged.
electron
flow
copper wire
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The electrons that flow in the circuit come from
the metal atoms of the
. The
electrons are called
electrons.
copper
atoms
Series and Parallel Circuits 1 A circuit is a complete
formed by
(battery or mains) to different
, which run from the
(e.g. lamps) and back.
2 Many components are
and
the electrical
electrons of the current into other forms, such as l
,h
,s
3 There are
types of circuits –
and
.
Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits
Parallel
Series
•
loop or
•
• components connected
•
current through
• current is
carried by the
or k
energy.
at
to
components
in circuit
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
or more
or pathways
• components connected
• current is
• sum of
others
between
currents =
current
Page 54
Measuring the Current Flow 1 When electrons flow,
a
occurs. The
current can vary in
.
terminal
terminals
2 The symbol for
is (it describes the
intensity of the current).
An
must be
connected in
with other
in a
.
3 The unit of
is
the
(amp) and
the
symbol is .
4 An
is used to
measure the size of
a current. Its circuit
symbol is shown below:
A
A wire connected
to the
terminal
must lead back to the
of the
or
.
connected in
series with
components
A
An
is a device used to
measure the
of the
.
5 With
-powered
appliances, the
travels in one direction only. This is called
(DC).
6 With
-powered appliances, the current keeps changing direction 50 times each
second. This is called
(AC).
Measuring Energy Gain and Loss 1 The
in the current gain
energy from the energy supplier (battery
or mains) and
to it energy users (e.g. lamps and heating elements).
2 The increase in the energy of
as they pass through the energy supplier is
called the
. The decrease in the energy of electrons as they pass through
an energy
is called the
.
3 A
measures
4 The
for voltage gain or loss is V and the unit is the volt, symbol V.
5 A voltmeter must be
connected in
around a component,
because a voltmeter can
measure
the
in voltage.
or
A
6 The total voltage lost by
the current
the
voltage
from the
.
7 In a
circuit, the
voltage loss is
between
.
In a parallel circuit, the
voltage loss is the
across
components.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
. Its circuit symbol is:
measures the
or
by the
V
A wire connected
to the
terminal
must lead back to the
of the
or
.
A
must be
connected in
.
terminal
terminal
V
connected in
parallel around
the lamp
Page 55
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 14: Current & Voltage
Learn
Basic Definitions electrons =
electrical potential energy =
electrical force field =
series circuit =
parallel circuit =
current =
ammeter =
ampere =
direct current =
alternating current =
voltage =
volt =
Electricity 1 Atoms become
Current and Voltage when they
2 All batteries have
terminals:
a) the positive terminal has a
so it has a
charge
b) the negative terminal has an
so it has a
charge.
3 The difference in
creates an electrical
around the
or lose
.
of electrons,
of electrons,
between the two terminals
which drives
.
4 Conducting pathways are usually made of a
, which has a
of
such as
.
Series and Parallel Circuits Series and parallel circuits have important differences:
Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits
• all components are in a
loop
• some components are in
loops
• current
• current is
branches
in circuit
• voltage loss
between components
• voltage loss
across all components
• sum of component losses • sum of
=
voltage loss
= total current
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1 The direction of current
flow may be:
•
(battery-powered)
•
(mains-powered)
2 An ammeter:
• measures
• is connected in
with circuit components.
3 The current gains
from an
this is called
–
.
4 The current loses
to energy
– this is
called
.
5 A voltmeter:
• measures
or
in
• must be connected
in
around a
.
6 The total amount of
voltage lost around a
circuit is always
to
the total
.
Page 56
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 15: Resistance & Power
Note
Components 1 There are four types of components commonly found in circuits.
Type
Description
Details
energy
sources of
(voltage)
create
energy
components that
use
energy
convert
h
,s
energy
components that
properties
of
• measure
size
• measure
or
• measure resistance
•
•
• ohmmeter
components that
vary or
the
flow of electrons
• some determine whether or
a
flows
• some determine the
of
the
in part of a circuit
•s
•d
• re
• rh
current
Example
around
2 A
is a component which lets the
travel in
direction only.
3 A fuse is a
if the
that
gets
and
.
Resisting the Current ,l
to
•b
•m
energy into
or k
•l
• el
•m
Diode
diode symbol
diodes let currents go
in
only
Fuse
1 Some materials oppose the
of
through them. This property is called
.
fuse symbol
a) Increasing the resistance in a circuit
the number of
that can flow through, fuses prevent
currents from flowing
thus reducing the
.
b) Decreasing the resistance allows
electrons
through, thus
the
.
Resistor
2 The electrons lose some of their
(voltage)
in overcoming the
. This energy is
changed into
. Circuits often feel warm.
3 Resistors are electrical
used to
the
in a
of a circuit. This avoids
to components through
.
/f
resistor symbol
resistors
the
size of currents
diode
car
fuse
fixed
resistor
Rheostat
rheostat slide
4 The resistance of some resistors can be varied.
rheostat symbol
a) In the lab, a
can be used to
the
rheostats
the
of the
. Moving the
changes
size of currents
the
of the
, which in turn
determines the number of
that get through.
b) With a potentiometer the
of the
can be
with a knob that
is
. This varies the
, and thus alters the number of
passing through. The
control on a Walkman is a potentiometer.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 57
Measuring Resistance 1 The resistance of a resistor (or another
) can be
if the size of the
flowing through the resistor
and the
across it are
.
2 Finding the resistance of a component requires the
to
be connected
with the component, and the
to
be connected in
alongside it.
Quantity
Definition
Symbol
to the
through a component
component whose
resistance is
being measured
A
V
Unit
Unit Symbol
flowing
lost by
as they
pass through a component
flow of
through component/ amount of charge passing
Formula:
Resistance =
÷
or
/
R =
Voltage and Current 1 The
in
between the
power pack or mains) creates an
particles called
around the
2 The difference in
measured in
. The
of an energy supplier (e.g. battery,
. This field
charged
, which is what we mean by the
.
between the terminals is called the
the difference in charge, the
the
, and it is
.
4 The voltmeter measures the
ammeter measures the
in
(V). The
(A).
5 As the
is increased, the current
well. This relationship between
and
can be plotted on a graph as shown opposite.
as
in
Electrical Power 1 The power supplied by a battery or power pack depends on:
a) the
emerging per second (current)
b) the amount of energy
by
(voltage gain).
2 Power is defined as the
of energy gained or
lost per second. The unit of power is the
(W). One
or
per
.
Quantity
Definition
power
amount of
or
by the current per second
Formula:
Power =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
x
Current (A)
3 Increasing the voltage gain
the size of the
flowing in a circuit. To investigate this relationship
the circuit opposite can be used.
Effect of Voltage
Supply on Current
Voltage supply (V)
is one
of energy
Symbol
Unit
Unit Symbol
or
P =
x
Page 58
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 14: Resistance & Power
Learn
Basic Definitions diode =
fuse =
resistance =
ohm =
resistor =
potentiometer =
rheostat =
power =
watt =
Components Voltage and Current Four types of
a)
found in circuits are:
suppliers, e.g. b
b) energy
, e.g. l
m
h
c) meters, e.g. a
d) current
s
r
p
v
v
, e.g. f
d
resistor
Increasing
resistance
Decreasing
resistance
current
Decreasing
voltage gain
current
Resistance and Power Resisting the Current 1 Changing the resistance
Increasing
voltage gain
the size of the current:
current
current
2 Resistors are components that:
a) oppose the
b) limit the
of the
in a circuit
c) convert some of the
energy into
Power
Formula:
R = /
Formula:
P =
x
Unit:
Unit:
Unit
symbol:
Unit
symbol:
Electrical Power .
3 There are two kinds of variable resistors.
a) The r
:
• has a
to change the
of a
• is used to vary the
in
.
b) The p
:
• has a
to
resistance
• is used to vary the
in sound equipment.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Resistance
1 Power is the amount of
energy
or
per
.
2 Power depends on :
• the
of the
• the
gain or loss.
3 The unit of power is the
. One watt of power
is
of energy
or
per
.
Page 59
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 16: Magnetic Effects
Note
Magnetism 1 Objects that attract
and
are called
.
2 A magnetic
is present around a magnet. An iron
object or a magnet placed within the
will experience
a
or a
force.
3 A magnetic force field can be revealed by sprinkling
around a magnet or by moving a small
around the magnet and marking the needle direction.
Magnetic Field Lines
compass
4 A magnetic force field is concentrated at two points called
the
.
5 A freely suspended magnet will line up so that one
faces northward. This pole is called the
of the
magnet. The other end is called the
pole.
6 I
,
or nickel objects can be magnetised if they are
or if they are placed in
.
Law of Magnetism 1 If the
of two magnets are brought near each other, they will experience a
2 If the two poles are different (
two poles are the same (both n
3 The
of Magnetism is:
.
) the magnets will be
. If the
or both s
poles) the magnets will be
.
poles repel, unlike poles
.
4 Iron filings are used to demonstrate that fields of unlike
poles
, whilst fields of like poles
each other.
Electromagnetism Observation:
If a
with a
battery and loop of wire
is set up and a
placed near the wire,
then the compass
will change
when the current is
on.
magnetic
+
–
force
field
card
compass
currentcarrying
wire
Like poles repelling
Principle:
A
force field is
produced by a
carrying wire. In science
this is called the
effect.
Application:
A
is a coil of
tightly wound loops. The
fields around
the
combine to give
a
force field.
Use in Technology:
Electromagnetic
lift
objects.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Boosting the Effect:
The electromagnetic
effect can be increased:
• by
the current
• by
wire into a coil
• by
an iron bar
the coil.
Example:
An
is a
current-carrying wire
wrapped around an iron
bar. The bar becomes
when the
current is . The
and
fields
to
make a
magnet.
Page 60
Electric Motors The Motor Effect
A magnet has a
field around it.
A
-carrying wire has a
field around it too.
–
horseshoe magnet
+
The two
will interact
if the
is
placed near the
magnet.
When the circuit is
on, the wire will experience
either a
or a
force.
compass
+
–
1 The simplest type
of motor requires:
• a freely
coil of
• a power
attached to the
•a
creating
a magnetic field
around the
.
2 When the current
is , one
of
the coil is attracted
to one
of the
magnet and the
other side is
by the other pole so the coil
.
3 The spinning coil
turns the
of
the motor.
The interaction between a
current-carrying
and a
is called the
, as the
created by the
is used
to drive
motors.
direction
of
Generating Electricity 1 If a
loop that is attached to a sensitive
quickly in and out of a
field, the
will flick, because a
flows in the wire.
2 This happens even though no
to the wire loop.
or
is attached
3 When the wire is moved and
of the
force field is created, which drives a
4 This effect is called
making
by moving a
ammeter reading
is moved
of the ammeter
in a
current
field an
.
It can be defined as
field.
5 The current
can be increased by:
a) looping a long wire into a
b) spinning the coil (or magnet) more
c) using a
magnet.
dynamo
6 The electromagnetic induction effect is
used in a bicycle
and in a power
station
to make
.
7 In a bicycle dynamo, a
very quickly next to a coil of
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
magnet
moving
wire
is
rotating
magnet
soft
iron
core
to
lamp
coil of wire
Page 61
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 16: Magnetic Effects
Learn
dynamo
Basic Definitions motor
magnet =
magnetic force field =
magnetic poles =
Law of Magnetism =
electromagnetic effect =
solenoid =
electromagnet =
motor effect =
electric motor =
electromagnetic induction =
generator =
dynamo =
Electromagnetism 1 A magnetic
carrying
Magnetism is created by a
– this is called the
effect.
-
2 The electromagnetic effect can be increased by:
•
the current
•
the wire into a coil called a
•
an iron bar
the coil.
3 An
bar becomes
of a
4 Electromagnetic cranes
in the magnetic
conductor.
heavy
objects.
Motor Effect 1 For the motor effect you need:
a) a b
b) a w
c) a m
+ battery –
magnet
pole
2 The principles involved
:
a) a magnet creates a
field
b) a current-carrying wire creates a
field as well
c) force fields interact to cause a
d) a force can make an object
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
currentcarrying
wire
movement
of wire
1 A magnet:
a) attracts
b) has a
and
around it.
2 The
of two magnets will:
a) experience a
if they
are brought
b)
if they are the same
c) attract if they are
.
Generating Electricity 1 Electromagnetic induction:
a) causes an electric
when a wire is
in a
because an
electrical
is
created in the wire
b) can be strengthened by
the number of
loops,
the coil
more quickly, or by using a
.
2 Applications of electromagnetic
induction include the bicycle
and the power station
.
Page 62
? Electricity & Magnetism Test
Check
Name: Class:
Static and Current Electricity 1 What is electricity?
2✔
2 Give two reasons why electricity is a convenient form of energy.
•
•
2✔
3 What is charge separation?
2✔
4 How does charge separation occur?
2✔
5 What types of object can be electrically charged?
1✔
6 What is current electricity?
2✔
Atoms and Charged Particles 1 Complete the table below which summarises the particles found in atoms.
Name of Atomic Particle
Charge on Particle
no charge
Size of Particle
Location of Particle
smaller
9✔
in nucleus
2 How is a negatively charged ion formed?
2✔
Charged Up 1 How can rubbing a plastic rod with wool make the rod positively charged?
2✔
1✔
2 What charge will the wool have?
Explain your answer.
2✔
3 When two charged objects are attracted to each other, what can be said about the
charges on the objects?
To Flow or Not to Flow 1 Complete the diagram of a circuit opposite by
adding the missing labels.
2 What features does a circuit require?
a)
b)
c)
3✔
- - - - - - - - - - - - +
- 3✔
- - - - - - -
-
3 What type of substance would the circuit pathway be made of?
4 What property does this substance have that allows it to
conduct electricity?
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1✔
1✔
1✔
Page total =
/36✔
Page 63
Name: Class:
Electron Flow 2✔
1 What are electrons?
2 Why is one terminal of a battery called the negative terminal?
2✔
3 What effect does the electrical force field created by a battery have on free
electrons in a circuit?
2✔
4 What are the three requirements for a functioning electrical circuit?
•
•
•
3✔
5 Why are metals usually good conductors of electricity?
2✔
Series and Parallel Circuits 1 Are the identical bulbs in the photo connected in
series or parallel with each other?
1✔
How do you know?
1✔
2 How would the currents in the two bulbs compare?
1✔
3 If the right bulb failed, what would happen to the right bulb?
1✔
Measuring Current and Voltage A1 Circuit B
1 In the circuit diagram opposite, are the two identical bulbs
connected in series or parallel?
1✔
A2
2 If the reading on meter A2 is 2 amps, what will be the reading:
2✔
a) on meter A3?
b) on meter A1 ?
3 What is the device used to measure current?
1✔
4 What do the symbols I and A stand for?
•I
•A
2✔
A3
5 What mistake has been made with connecting an ammeter into a circuit when the
indicator needle:
a) moves in the wrong direction?
1✔
b) moves off the scale?
1✔
6 The diagram shows a voltmeter measuring the voltage loss across a
bulb. How is the voltmeter connected to the bulb?
1✔
7 Which terminal of the battery should the wire from the red
terminal of the meter lead to?
1✔
8 If the voltage loss across the bulb is 3 V, what would be the
voltage gain across the battery?
1✔
V
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/26✔
Page 64
Name: Class:
Components 1 What is a current controller?
2✔
2 Give two examples of current controllers that are used to
suddenly interrupt (stop) the current. •
•
2✔
3 The photograph shows a component that is a variable resistor.
a) What is the name of this type of resistor?
1✔
b) Explain the principle on which it operates.
2✔
4 What is the function of these two meters?
a) the voltmeter measures
2✔
b) the ammeter measures
1✔
5 In the top boxes, draw the circuit symbol for each named component.
1✔
a) diode
1✔
b) rheostat
1✔
c) ammeter
6 Potentiometers are used to vary the current in many appliances. What is the main
difference between the ways a rheostat and a potentiometer vary resistance?
1✔
• a rheostat
• a potentiometer
1✔
Potentiometer
Voltage, Current, Resistance and Power 1 The questions are based on the circuit shown.
B
a) Name the following components:
3✔
C
A=
B=
C=
b) The dial on component B is rotated so that
the voltage supply is increased. Describe the
A
effect of this on these components:
• lamp 1✔
1✔
• meter A • meter C 1✔
c) To find the resistance of the light bulb, what two readings should be taken?
2✔
•
•
d) What is formula that is used to calculate resistance? R =
1✔
e) The power rating of the bulb is 25 watts. How much electrical energy would it use:
(i) per second?
(ii) per minute?
2✔
2 Which two factors determine the total amount of electrical energy supplied to a
component? •
•
2✔
Page total =
/28✔
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 65
Name: Class:
Magnetism A
1 What is the name of the scientific law
demonstrated in the photos?
1✔
•
State that law:
B
2✔
2 What evidence is there in the photos that:
a) force fields are present?
b) force fields are concentrated at the poles of the magnet?
2✔
2✔
1✔
3 Which photo shows two poles that are repelling each other?
What evidence supports your opinion?
2✔
4 Which photo shows two poles that are attracting each other?
What evidence supports your opinion?
1✔
2✔
5 How can the north pole of a bar magnet be determined?
3✔
Electromagnetism 1 What is meant by the electromagnetic effect?
2✔
magnetic
field
solenoid
compass
1✔
2 What is a solenoid?
Why does it produce a strong electromagnetic effect?
+
–
battery
2✔
3 What must be inserted into a solenoid to turn it into an electromagnet?
4 How is the magnetism of an electromagnet controlled?
1✔
2✔
Motor Effect 1 What is the motor effect?
2✔
2 How does an electric motor work?
4✔
Electromagnetic Induction 3✔
1 What is electromagnetic induction?
3✔
2 How can the size of the induced current be increased?
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 129 x 100 =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
÷ 129 x 100 =
3✔
%
Page total =
/39✔
Page 66
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 17: Atoms Revisited
Note
Energy Shells
Atoms, Ions and Molecules outer
shell
1 Atoms have a central
packed with
that
have a
charge, and neutrons that have
.
carry a negative charge and fly around the
.
2 Every kind of atom has its own special number of protons.
This number is called its
.
3 Atoms are electrically
same number of
because they have the
and
charges.
4 Each type of atom has a symbol written using one or two
letters. For example:
(neutrons not shown)
inner
shell
a) carbon is written as
b)
5
is written as Cu.
fly around the
in spaces called
accommodate a fixed number of
.
6 If the
7 Atoms can
. Each energy shell can
shell is completely full, an atom is
,
or
and
electrons with other atoms to gain a full outer shell.
8 When an atom gains or loses
, it becomes a
particle called an
a) If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a
charged ion.
b) If an atom gains an electron, it becomes a
charged ion.
c) In crystals like table salt,
9 Some atoms form bonds by
A molecule is a
.
and
ions are held together by
.
.
electrons. This helps them fill their outer shells.
that share some of their
.
Elements or Compounds 1 Most elements are either metals or non-metals. They have different features.
Properties of Metals
Properties of Non-metals
•
•
• bendable
•
•
• solid,
• good conductors of
•
conductors of heat
• good conductors
•
conductors of
shiny
or
• lose electrons to become
•
to become
negatively charged ions
• do not form
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
• share electrons to become
Page 67
2 Chemicals can be described using four different terms.
Element
• substance that
be broken
down
into
substances
• has only one type
of
•a
represents element
Atom
• smallest
of an element with
the
of
that element
Compound
• formed when
two or more
of different
combine
Molecule
•
of atoms
that are
electrons, e.g.
H
•a
is used
to represent a
compound
N
H
H
ammonia
Atom Arrangements Water is the
of the
compound.
The
in front means
there are 3
.
A formula gives information:
The
number gives the
number of
.
3H2O
for example.
The
of
hydrogen atoms to
oxygen atoms
is :
The
give
the elements in
the compound.
The small numbers
give the
in
which
are
combined.
H(
O(
)
)
Describing Reactions 1 A
occurs whenever chemicals are changed into
2
are the chemicals that a reaction starts with.
3
are the new chemicals formed when the reaction occurs.
4 A
equation is used to name the
and the
5 A
equation uses only symbols for the reactants
and products.
6 The reaction between hydrogen and chlorine can be
described as follows:
a) One molecule of
reacts with one molecule
of
to give
molecules of hydrogen
chloride.
b) The word equation is:
Hydrogen +
c) The formula equation is:
H2 +
2HCl
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
substances.
.
molecule
collision
molecule
molecules
Page 68
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 17: Atoms Revisited
Learn
Basic Definitions nucleus =
protons =
electrons =
lattice =
bond =
molecule =
compound =
ratio =
element =
formula =
equation =
Atomic Structure 1 The atomic number:
a) is unique for each
b) indicates the number of
the
c) indicates the number of
2
inside
.
have no electrical charge. In an
atom, they are found inside the
.
3 Electrons
around the
in spaces called energy
.
Bonding between Atoms 1 Attractive forces hold atoms together to form a
or a
.
a) A lattice is a
and
arrangement of
numbers of
charged
.
b) A molecule is a
of
bonded together because they share
.
Describing Reactions 1 In the reaction opposite
nitrogen molecule (with
nitrogen atoms) reacts
with
oxygen molecule (with
oxygen atoms) to produce
nitrogen oxide
molecules.
a) The reactants are
and
.
N
b) The product is
.
O
N
c) The word equation is:
N
+
O
O
N
d) The formula equation is:
O
+
2NO
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 69
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 18: The Nature of Acids
Note
Types of Acids 1 Acidic substances are usually sharp-tasting or sour.
Two examples of acids used in cooking are:
a)
b)
2 Acids occur in three states: solids,
or
.
3 A property of acids is they may
like
.
substances
4 Acids are placed in two groups:
acids.
acids and
Organic Acids
• occur
• usually
• all contain
Mineral Acids
• made from
• usually
• used in
•h
•s
•n
acid is an
acid found in
Examples
acid
acid
acid
•
•
•
Examples
acid (vinegar)
acid (lemons)
acid (baking)
acid is a
acid used in
batteries.
Nature of Acids 1 An acid is a substance that displays
.
Hydrogen Ions
hydrogen
H+
+
proton
2 Acids are compounds as they are made of
.
as one of the
Cl
hydrogen ions; weak acids
.
hydrochloric
3 All acid compounds have
atoms in the compound.
4 Strong acids release
release only a few
H
hydrogen
becomes
Acidic Solutions An acid compound is a substance that releases
when it dissolves in
.
The flow chart below helps to explain the steps.
When
an acidic
in which
hydrogen
atoms
electrons
is dissolved
in
The hydrogen atoms
lose
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
the
atoms
separate from the
compound.
to form hydrogen
(H+),
which gives
an
with acidic
properties
such as a
sour taste.
Page 70
Acidic Properties
Some signs that a solution has acidic properties are that:
• it tastes
(Warning: never taste a laboratory chemical!)
• it attacks a
to produce hydrogen gas
• it attacks marble (calcium carbonate) to give
• it turns
litmus
gas
.
Identifying Acids 1
are substances that
when added to an acidic solution.
2 A chemical dye called
is extracted from plants called lichens. A
is dyed using the litmus chemical. The litmus paper strip can be dipped into a
to indicate whether the solution is
or not.
a) Blue litmus paper will change to a
a) Red litmus paper will change to a
colour in an acidic solution.
colour in an basic solution.
3 Another type of chemical that is used to identify an acidic solution is
. It is useful because it tells us how strong an acid is.
a)
indicates a very strong acid.
b)
indicates a strong acid.
c)
indicates a weak acid.
d)
indicates a very weak acid.
Measuring Acidity 1 An acid is a substance that releases
2 A base is a substance that
hydrogen ions from a solution.
3 Litmus paper indicates whether a solution is
or
it does not say how acidic or basic the solution is.
, but
pH Scale
1 The
tells us how strong an acidic solution is. It is
more useful for measuring the acidity of a solution than litmus
because it is more
.
2 The scale indicates how plentiful the
3 The scale runs from
to
pH Scale
in solution.
are.
very strong acid
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
2
3
weak acid
neutral
.
4 The scale tells us the following.
a) A solution with a pH of 7 is
. The pH of pure
is 7.
b) Solutions with pHs less than 7 are
. A solution with
a pH of is the most acidic possible. As the pH scale goes
from 7 to 0 solutions are increasingly
.
c) Solutions with pHs greater than 7 are
. A solution with
a pH of
is the most basic possible. As the pH scale goes
from 7 to 14 solutions are increasingly
.
1
strong acid
very weak
acid
0
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
very weak
base
weak base
strong base
13
14
very strong base
Page 71
✔ Summary Worksheet
Learn
Unit 18: The Nature of Acids
Basic Definitions hydrogen ion =
acidic solution =
indicator =
neutral =
pH scale =
litmus =
universal indicator =
acidic properties =
mineral acids =
organic acids =
Types of Acids Acids can be described
in different ways
The
Scale
0
acid
by their
by the way they
1
acid
2
acid
the two types of acid are
with
indicator
3
4
acid
5
organic
6
7
for example
their state:
•
•
•
examples are:
•
acid
•
acid
•
acid
examples are:
•
acid
•
acid
•
acid
8
with blue litmus:
• turns
in an
acidic solution
9
10
11
with different chemicals:
• bases –
occurs
• metals – produces
gas
•
– produces CO2 gas
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
12
13
14
Page 72
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 19: Acids & Bases
Note
Bases and Alkalis 1 Bases may be described as compounds that remove hydrogen ions from a solution.
2 An alkali is a base that will dissolve in water. The resulting solution is said to be
alkaline.
3 A soluble base will form an alkaline solution with a pH greater than 7.
4 Examples of bases found at home are sodium hydroxide (in Mr Muscle), ammonium
hydroxide (in Handy Andy) and magnesium hydroxide (in Mylanta).
5 These bases all dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions. Calcium hydroxide is also
a base, but as it does not dissolve in water it is not an alkali.
Acid, Bases and Neutralisation A base releases
into
a solution.
Neutralisation
hydroxide
ion (OH–)
O
When a
is added
to an acidic solution,
the
ions
(H+) are
.
If the
is
evaporated, a
compound called a
remains.
hydrogen
ion (H+)
H
H
O
water
molecule (H20)
H
H
The hydroxide ions (
)
react with hydrogen ions
( ) to form
. The
reaction is shown below:
Hydrogen ion + hydroxide ion
+
An acid releases
when
dissolved in water.
molecule
H2O
When an
is
added to an alkaline
solution, the
ions (OH–)
are
.
If the number of
ions
supplied equals the
number of
ions present, then
the solution will have
a pH of , that of a
neutral solution.
Tests for Gases 1 To test for the presence of hydrogen gas, place a lighted stick in the mouth of the
test-tube containing the unknown gas. If a pop-noise is heard as the gas ignites and
explodes, the gas is hydrogen.
2 To test for the presence of oxygen, place a glowing stick into a test-tube of the gas.
If the stick re-ignites, the gas supports combustion and is oxygen.
3 To test for the presence of carbon dioxide, bubble the gas through clear lime water.
If the lime water solution becomes milky, the gas is carbon dioxide.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 73
Acids and Metals 1 When an acid reacts with a reactive metal, the metal produces
and
2 When
metal reacts with
, five
observations can be made:
a) The reaction is
(fast).
b) The magnesium
(dissolves).
c) Many
are produced.
d) When the gas is collected and tested with a
stick, a
noise is heard.
e) A
powder remains when the liquid has been
.
.
dissolving
Three
can be drawn from these observations:
(i) The bubbles of gas are
because the test for this gas was
(ii) Magnesium is a
metal with hydrochloric acid because the
magnesium
.
(iii) The white powder left after the water evaporated is a
.
3 The reaction can be written as a word equation:
Acid
+
metal
+
+
+
metal
chloride
4 During this reaction
ions released by the acid remove
metal and then join in pairs to form
gas.
from the
Acids and Metal Reactivity
1 Metals react differently in
2 Some metals react
at all.
.
Most
Reactive
.
g
, whilst other metals do not react
l
3 Metals can be arranged according to their
.
The following mnemonic will help you remember the order:
n
“Camels (Ca Mg Al Zn) Feed on Cucumbers Aggressively”
e
Acids and Carbonates 1 Carbonates include chemicals such as:
•
(marble)
•
(baking soda)
u
Least
Reactive
2­ The general pattern for reactions between an acid and a
carbonate is:
Acid + carbonate
+
+
3 Adding marble chips to hydrochloric acid produces
called calcium
.
4 Baking powder contains
react during baking to produce
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
a
and
,
g
and a
. These ingredients
gas, which causes cakes to rise.
Page 74
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 19: Acids & Bases
Learn
Basic Definitions acid =
base =
alkali =
neutralisation =
metal reactivity =
hydroxide ions (OH–) =
hydrogen ions (H+) =
salt =
neutral solution =
evaporation =
Gas Tests Complete the boxes by naming each test, the gas produced and by adding a description
of the event in the bottom box.
Gas Test
Gas Test
Gas Test
test-tube
of
gas
!
pop
stick
test-tube of
gas
glowing
stick
test-tube of
gas
is
shaken in gas
Acids with Metals and Carbonates 1 Metals react with acids to produce a metal
Hydrochloric acid + magnesium
2 Carbonates react with acids to produce
For example:
Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate
and
gas +
. For example:
,
and a
+
3 The metals Fe, Ag, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cu, Al can be placed in a
reactive to least reactive. Record the order in the box below.
.
+
order from most
(The mnemonic “Camels (Ca Mg Al Zn) Feed on Cucumbers Aggressively” may help to
remind you.)
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 75
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 20: Everyday Acids
Note
pH and Tooth Decay The pH of the mouth can be changed using
.
Acid attacks
phosphate in
in
sweets
in
mouth digest
sugar
Brushing with
particles
are released
ions
are released
occurs in the
mouth
are prevented
Toothpaste
contains a
pH of mouth is around
pH and Pickles pH can be changed to
c
food. Pickling uses a
d
to kill
using
s
can be
killed or inactivated by:
f
b
pH of
p
e.g. onions
.
Bottle lid is
coated with
to
prevent
an
e.g.
pH and Fizzy Drinks 1 To give fizzy drinks a tart taste,
added to the drink.
2 When
forms.
(hydrogen ions) are
gas is dissolved in
3 Carbonic acid releases
, a weak acid called
.
4 Fizzy drinks therefore have an acidic nature with a pH of about .
pH and Swimming Pools 1
(moulds) and
can increase rapidly in the
water of a swimming pool. This would cause a
hazard.
2 The most common
used is a chlorine compound
called sodium hypochlorite. It is very effective at killing
.
3 Sodium hypochlorite kills germs most effectively under
would
.
4 By adding some
or a
conditions, but this
to the water the pH can be kept at around
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
Page 76
pH and Blood Keeping blood pH at the
is critical for safe blood transfusions.
pH may not vary
by more than
No enzyme
functions
outside its
Blood has a
pH of
Enzymes are
sensitive to
Blood contains
All
solutions
must have a
of about
or the
patient will
be
Enzymes
body functions
pH and Soap 1 Laundry soap dissolves to form an
solution with a pH
2 Bathroom soap and shampoo have pH’s
.
so that our
.
pH and Plants 1 Soil pH can be
to improve plant growth and productivity.
2 Soil
or alkalinity affects how readily plants can
for healthy growth.
3 Information about the correct soil
and in gardening
.
needed
for different plants can be found on
4 Soil pH can be made more alkaline by
neutralises the
particles in the soil.
(calcium carbonate). The
5 Soil pH can be made more acidic by
powder.
pH and Stomach Acid 1 The stomach produces
with a pH of
2 This pH is necessary so that the digestive
.
found in the stomach can work.
3 If
is produced, the acid irritates the lining of the stomach and
oesophagus and this causes
.
4 Stomach pH can be
by using
tablets and
5 Antacid powders and tablets contain bases (e.g. calcium
) which
the stomach acid. They
prevent the pain.
.
and sodium
the pH level and
pH levels in Everyday Situations Substance
soap
shampoo blood
vinegar
pool
water
fizzy
drinks
stomach
juices
pH
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 77
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 20: Everyday Acids
Learn
Basic Definitions pH =
neutralise =
antacid =
alkaline =
base =
acid =
hydrogen ions =
enzymes =
optimum pH =
disinfectant =
pH’s of Everyday Substances Draw arrows to indicate the approximate pH of each of the substances shown below.
0
1
2
strongly
acidic
3
4
5
6
weakly
acidic
7
8
neutral
9
weakly
basic
10
11
12
13
14
strongly
basic
Using Substances to Alter the pH Complete the table below which summarises the action of some chemicals which are
used to alter the pH in certain situations.
Situation
Involved
Chemical
Used?
Acid or
Base?
Raises or Adds or Removes
Lowers pH?
Hydrogen Ions?
• making soil
less acidic
• preserving pickles
and gherkins
• neutralising acidic
conditions in mouth
• making pool water
less alkaline
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 78
? Atoms, Acids & Bases Test
Name: Class:
Check
Atoms, Ions and Molecules 1 The drawing is of the atomic structure of oxygen.
1✔
a) What is the symbol for oxygen?
b) What is the atomic number of oxygen?
1✔
c) Write the number of electrons and protons that the
oxygen atom should have in the appropriate boxes.
outer
shell
protons
2✔
2 The second shell of oxygen has six electrons. What is
the maximum number of electrons that the first shell
can accommodate?
1✔
inner
shell
electrons
3 What is an ion?
2✔
4 What is a lattice?
2✔
5 What is a molecule?
2✔
Elements and Compounds 1 What is an element?
2✔
2 List four physical properties of metals.
•
•
•
•
4✔
3 What are two distinct ways in which atoms of an element can be arranged?
a)
b)
2✔
4 The diagrams below show different molecules. Decide which are elements and which
are compounds. Write your answer underneath each.
N N
a)
F
F
C O
b)
Cl
c)
Cl
d)
O
H
S
N
H
O
e)
H
6✔
f)
Atom Arrangements and Reactions 1 What is a formula?
2✔
2 Name the elements found in copper sulfate
(CuSO4) .
3✔
3 The formula for copper sulfate is CuSO4 .
Complete the table opposite.
4 What is a chemical reaction?
Elements
Present
• means
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Number
of Atoms
copper
sulfur
6✔
oxygen
2✔
5 In a chemical equation, what do the symbols + and
• + means
Symbol
of Atoms
mean?
2✔
Page total =
/40✔
Page 79
Name: Class:
Types of Acids 1 What is an acid?
2✔
2 What is an organic acid?
2✔
3 Name the acid that is found in:
(a) baking agents –
(b) vinegar –
2✔
4 What is the meaning of the term “strong acid”?
2✔
5 The formulae of some acids are listed in
the table. Complete the table by indicating
whether each acid is:
a) a mineral or an organic acid
b) a strong or a weak acid.
Formula
Type
Strength
HCl
C 6 H8 O 7
H2SO4
Acidic Properties HNO3
1 How can acids can be described?
a)
b)
CH3COOH
12✔
C4H6O6
2✔
2 Describe the effect of an acid on:
a) blue litmus paper
b) a reactive metal
c) marble chips
3✔
3 Colour the bottom half of the litmus strip shown in the drawing opposite the
appropriate colour and complete the box.
4 What are four properties of acids?
a)
b)
c)
d)
2✔
litmus
paper turns
4✔
strong acid
Measuring Acidity 1 Why is universal indicator paper more useful than litmus paper?
2✔
2 On the pH chart below write a description in the boxes to indicate the relative
strength of acidic solutions with those pH values.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
5✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/38✔
Page 80
Name: Class:
Bases and Alkalis 1 What is a base?
2✔
2 What is an alkali?
2✔
3 What is the name of the ions that are released when some bases dissolve in water?
1✔
Neutralisation 1 What is neutralisation?
2✔
2 Write the reaction shown in the drawing using words:
3✔
+
➞
3 What will be the pH of the solution formed?
1✔
4 What two products will be formed when an acid
reacts with a base? •
•
2✔
Acids and Metals Neutralisation
water molecule
hydroxide
H
ion
O
O
H
H
hydroxide ion
combines with
hydrogen ion H hydrogen
ion
Zinc Reacting with Sulfuric Acid
1 Zinc granules are placed in sulfuric acid as
shown opposite. What would you observe
happening to the zinc?
a)
2✔
b)
2 What is the gas being collected?
3 The reaction in words is:
Zinc + sulfuric acid ➞
+
collected gas
1✔
2✔
zinc
sulfuric acid
water
4 Where does the gas product come from?
2✔
5 How would you test to see if the gas being given off was hydrogen?
2✔
6 What are the symbols of three metals that are more reactive than zinc?
a)
b)
c)
3✔
Acids and Carbonates 1 What is the general pattern for reactions between acids and carbonates?
+
➞
+
+
5✔
2 What is the test for carbon dioxide?
2✔
3 Name two examples of carbonates:
a)
(marble or lime)
b)
(baking soda) 2✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/34✔
Page 81
Name: Class:
1 Is this substance
neutral, acidic or
alkaline?
1 Is this substance acidic
or basic?
1✔
2 What is its purpose?
1✔
1✔
2 What is its approximate pH?
1✔
3 When blood is transfused, does a
neutralisation reaction occur?
1✔
3 When this chemical is
used, does a neutralisation reaction
occur?
1✔
2✔
2✔
4 What precaution should be taken
when this substance is used?
1 Is this substance
neutral, acidic or
alkaline?
1 What is this equipment
used for?
1✔
1✔
2 What is its approximate pH?
1✔
3 When this chemical is used, does a
neutralisation reaction occur?
2 What should the
pH of pool water be
approximately?
1✔
4 What precaution should be taken when
this substance is used?
2✔
1 Are these products
acidic or alkaline?
1✔
3 What chemical is used to kill germs in
pools?
1✔
4 Under what conditions does it work
best?
1✔
1 Is this substance
neutral, acidic or basic?
1✔
2 What is its action?
1✔
2 What is their approximate pH?
1✔
3 When this chemical is used, does a
neutralisation reaction occur?
4 What precaution should be taken
when this substance is used?
1✔
3 When this chemical is used, does a
neutralisation reaction occur?
1 Is the liquid involved
acidic, neutral or
1✔
alkaline?
1 Is this substance
neutral, acidic or
alkaline?
2 What is its approximate
pH?
1✔
2 What is its approximate
pH?
1✔
3 When the chemical is used, does a
neutralisation reaction occur?
3 When this product is used, does a
neutralisation reaction occur?
4 What precaution should be taken
when this substance is used?
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 148 x 100 =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1✔
2✔
%
1✔
1✔
1✔
4 What should happen after products
like these are used?
÷ 148x 100 =
2✔
Page total =
2✔
/36✔
Page 82
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 21: The Nature of Metals
Note
Recognising Metals 1 Metals are easily recognised as
2 Metals belong to a
,
(when clean),
of chemicals. There are over
substances.
different types of metals.
3 In nature, most metal atoms are found in
. An ore is a
in which
atoms are bonded to other
.
4 To obtain the
metal, it is necessary to
the metal
from its
by a process called
, which usually requires
heat or electrical energy (see photo opposite).
5 A few metals like
and
do not need to be smelted;
they are mined in their
state.
6 A pure metal is an
because the metal is made of only
of atom.
Different Metals
1 Copper (symbol ) is a b
,r
exception as most metals are
2 Gold (symbol
3 Silver (symbol
) is a s
,h
metal. Its
.
, bright
) is a bright,
-
is an
Cu
metal.
Pb
metal.
4 Mercury (symbol
) is a
,s
-white,
metal.
It is the
metal that is a liquid at
temperature.
Au
Al
5 Lead (symbol ) and is a h
, bluish-white metal. It is a
metal with a
melting point.
6 Aluminium (symbol
very
metal.
7 Iron (symbol
) is a s
) is a s
8 Magnesium (symbol
,
,h
) is a l
-grey metal. It is a
,
,
Ag
Fe
-grey metal.
-white metal.
Hg
Mg
Alloys
An alloy is
made by adding other
different
Common Alloy
to the metal. Most
metals are
stainless steel
actually
.
“gold” coins
Metal Properties into a
Molten metal
metal. The alloy has
Added Chemicals
and
and
“silver” coins
1 The physical properties of metals include the features that all metals
for how they
with other
.
except
2 In general, most metals have the following physical properties:
c)
-white or colour
a)
state
b)
melting point
d)
mass
e)
when cut
f)
when stressed
g)
when bent
h)
when stretched i)
when heated
j) conduct
when attached to a power supply
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 83
3 Technical words which refer to the physical properties of metals include:
State
Melting Point
Density
Lustre
4 C
properties relate to how metals will react with o
Some metals are
with these substances.
Metal Properties and Atoms Malleable
Ductile
,w
or a
.
Metal Atomic Structure
1 The physical properties of metals can be explained by considering the
of
, the
of outer
, and the forces of
between atoms.
metal
2 As shown opposite the atoms of metals are
packed
in
layers making up a
. This arrangement
accounts for the following properties:
Atom Arrangement
Metal Property
electrons
tightly packed atoms
layers slide over each other
metal
pipes
ductile
3 Some of the
electrons of metal
are
to move from
The behaviour of these
electrons account for the following properties:
Electron Behaviour
Metal Property
outer electrons move freely from atom to atom
conduct
.
conduct heat
emit
-
light when light hits them
4 There are strong forces of
between the
This accounts for the following properties:
and silvery colour
and the
.
Forces of Attraction
Metal Property
much energy is needed to overcome strong bonds
high
strong bonds hold metal atoms together
of metal
Uses of Metals The uses that different metals are put to depend on their
and
properties.
a) G
and s
are used for jewellery as they are m
,d
and un
.
b) L
is used for
flashing as it is s
and un
.
c) C
and a
are uses in wires as they are very
electrical
.
d) A
and i
are used for structural
as they are very
.
e) M
is used in
as it is a liquid and
regularly when
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 84
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 21: The Nature of Metals
Learn
Basic Definitions metal =
ore
ore =
smelting =
alloying =
molten metal =
smelting
physical property =
malleable =
ductile =
chemical property =
alloy
lattice =
3 Chemical properties relate
to how metals react with
o
,w
and a
,
but some are
.
Recognising Metals 1 An object which is
when clean,
and b
is likely to be a
.
in colour,
2 Most metals occur in nature as part of
called
. The pure metal is obtained by
3 Pure metals are
Metal Atomic Structure .
as they have one type of
.
4 An alloy is a
of a
and other substances.
a) stainless steel has
&
mixed into
b) “gold” coins have
&
mixed into
c) “silver” coins have
mixed into
.
Metal Properties 1 The properties of metals can be classed as either
(non-chemical) or
properties.
2 The physical properties of metals are summarised
below. Identify the property involved in each case.
•S
– all are solid except for mercury
•M
– most have high MPs except for lead
•C
– all are silvery except for copper & gold
•D
– most are dense except for aluminium
• L
– all are shiny when newly cut
•S
– most are strong except for lead
•M
– all can be reshaped readily
•D
– all can be stretched easily
•T
– all transfer heat well
•E
– all transfer electricity well
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
The
of metal
and
explain the
properties of metals.
a)
are tightly and
packed.
b)
electrons move
between
.
c) Strong
occurs between
and the
.
d) Free electrons emit
a
light when
excited.
Metals and Uses 1 The use a certain metal is
put to is related to both
its
and
properties.
2 Many metals objects need
to be
in
and
. This chemical
property gives the
objects
.
Page 85
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 22: Metal Reactions
Note
A Metal Reaction
Chemical Properties 1 Three important chemical reactions of metals include how
they react with: a) o
b) w
c) a
2 In these chemical reactions, the
the substance it reacts with, and the
chemicals formed.
p
are the metal and
are the new
+ other reactant
3 Two important ideas about reactions with metals are:
a) the
shown in the reactions
b) the
of these reactions (they can be compared
to identify any
).
r
Metals and Oxygen 1 Oxygen
is a
chemical that readily
with most other chemicals.
2 When oxygen combines with another substance the reaction is called
types of oxidation occur:
a) slow oxidation (e.g. rusting) at
b) rapid oxidation or
involving much h
and l
.
3 Some metals spontaneously
4 The general
in oxygen, others require
. Two
.
for reactions between metals and oxygen is:
Metal + oxygen
5 Metals differ in the
Metals
of their reactions with
Reaction with Oxygen
sodium, calcium
aluminium, zinc, iron
Product
Reactivity
solid
burns strongly when heated
solid
burn when
solid
lead, copper
,
.
Magnesium
oxidising
solid
no reaction
Metals and Water none
Metals and Water
1 Some metals react with water, especially with
or
as this provides extra
.
2 When a metal reacts with water a
is produced.
This
when ignited, confirming it is
.
3 The liquid left in the test-tube turns red litmus
paper
, indicating that an
product is
present. After the liquid has been
a
compound called a
is left.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
litmus
colour
Page 86
4 The pattern for reactions between metals and water is:
Metal + water
metal
+
gas
5 Metals differ in the
of their reactions with
. Some
do
react at all. Heating can
the reaction rate.
Metal
Reaction with Water Water Temperature
sodium, calcium
cold
magnesium
hot
Reactivity
aluminium, zinc
iron, lead
,
6
,
no reaction
is used for
hot
water pipes because it is
with hot water.
Metals and Acids 1 Acids react with many metals.
2 When a metal reacts with an acid a
ignited, confirming that it is
is produced. The gas
.
3 After the liquid in the test-tube has been
called a
is left in the test-tube.
4 The general
, a solid compound
for reactions between aids and metals is:
Metal + acid
5
when
differ in the
Metal
Zinc reacting with
hydrochloric acid
+
of their reactions with
Reaction with Acid
. A few do not react at all.
Acid Temperature
sodium, calcium
cold
magnesium
cold
Reactivity
aluminium, zinc
iron, lead
,
,
no reaction
warm
Reactivity Series of Metals The general trend in the reactivity of metals is:
Unreactive -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Very reactive
Corrosion and Rust 1 Most metals tarnish due to slow reactions with
2 Aluminium has a natural
,
coating which prevents
or
.
.
3 Iron has
natural protective coating, so it reacts with w
and
and
.
Rust prevention methods, such as p
,p
coating,
-plating, g
,
c
-plating, e
and a
create barriers to prevent air reaching the iron.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 87
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 22: Metal Reactions
Learn
Basic Definitions reactant =
product =
oxidation =
combustion =
Aluminium cans
don’t corrode
metal oxide =
metal hydroxide =
salt =
reactivity series =
tarnishing =
corrosion =
Iron cans rust
if scratched
rusting =
Corrosion and Rust Metals and Oxygen 1 Metals reacts with oxygen to give metal
Metal +
➞
oxide
2 The reaction is called
1 Corrosion is the
away of a
exposed
to
.
.
.
2 Aluminium does
because
3 Slow oxidation occurs at
temperatures. Fast
oxidation (
) releases h
and l
.
Metals and Water 1 Metals react with water to give a metal
and
gas.
Metal +
➞
hydroxide + hydrogen
2 The gas produced
it is
.
3 The
confirmed by
when ignited, confirming that
forms an alkaline solution, which is
litmus turning
.
Metals and Acids 1 Metals react with acids to give a
Metal +
➞
+ hydrogen
and
2 The gas produced pops when
it is hydrogen.
, confirming that
3 After the
, the
gas.
-
-
-
.
3 Iron
corrode
to produce
. The
conditions required for
rusting include:
a)
b)
(air).
4 Methods used to prevent
an iron object from
rusting include:
•p
•a
•c
-plating
•
-plating
•g
•e
g
•p
c-coating • oiling
in the test-tube has been
salt can be recovered.
Reactivity of Metals Least =
corrode
-
-
- -
-
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
-
= most reactive
Galvanised
trailer
Page 88
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 23: Properties of Plastics
Note
Uses of Plastics 1 Plastics are
be
and
.
materials, which can
2 There are over
different types
of plastics. The different types are used
in many different ways.
3 Complete the table opposite listing the
most common types of plastic and some
of the uses to which they are put.
Physical Properties Plastic Type
Examples of Use
•
switches/rubbish bags
•
chilly bins/packaging
•
coats/bench-tops/lino
•
safety goggles
•
drainpipes/raincoats
•
parachutes/stockings
•
clothes/sails
•
floor coating
1 Most everyday objects are likely to
be made out of
and/or
. Metal components usually have a s
appearance (unless they have been painted); plastics do
.
2 Knowing the
of plastics will help you
to
them and the
to which they can be put.
a) Plastics have a low density, so they are
.
b) They are
, so they last for a long time.
c) Most plastics are
in water.
d) Most are
and do not
when bent.
e) Most can be moulded into
when
and
.
f) Some are very
and can withstand
.
g) Plastics are good t
and
insulators.
h) Plastics have low
.
,s
PVC plastic is used for
this
because
is l
,s
,
, and easy to
into shape.
Plastic Molecules 1 A molecule is a
which are held together by
. Plastics are “
molecules consisting of thousands or even
of atoms bonded together.
2 All plastic molecules are
compounds. Carbon atoms are
form the
of the plastic molecule.
Other atoms such as h
and o
are bonded to the carbon atoms as well.
3 All plastics are
assembled out of small
called
.
- giant molecules carbon
molecules backbone
together to
Part of a Polythene Molecule
4 The process of assembling monomers into long polymers is called
Polythene is made by
millions of small
molecules into
+
+
➜
”
.
.
Polythene molecules
are the
.
Ethene molecules
are the
.
5 Manufactured plastics are
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
polymers. Natural polymers are made by
.
Page 89
Chemical Properties 1 Chemical properties tell us how a substance will
with
.
2 Plastics differ in their chemical properties, but they do have some
• Most plastics are
with water and do not
or
,
which is why plastic
lasts for
of years.
• Most plastics are
with
acids.
• So acids can be
safely
in
bottles.
• Plastics are
rich
compounds.
Common Chemical
Properties of Plastics
properties.
• Plastics do
normally
react with
gas in
at
temperature.
• Plastics undergo combustion when
:
Plastic +
➞
carbon
+
+p
•
is released from energyplastics.
Nitric
Acid
Shaping Plastics Extracted chemicals
are
into
suitable
.
Raw materials for plastics
come from
oil and
gas.
Monomers are
by polymerisation
into
.
Raw plastic exists in the
form of
. When heated
these form a
mass.
Plastic Foaming
Foam plastic is made by mixing a
to the
plastic which turns
into gas
when
.
These
sheets
of plastic
have been
extruded.
Three
processes
are used to
heated
plastic.
Blow Moulding
A
of soft
plastic is
placed in a
,
then air
is used to
the
plastic outwards
so that it
the
inside
of the
mould.
Extrusion Moulding
Soft
plastic
is
out into a
shape, which
then
Injection Moulding
Soft
plastic is
forced under
into a
, then
cooled and
as it cools.
from the
mould.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 90
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 23: Properties of Plastics
Learn
Basic Definitions plastic =
molecule =
carbon compound =
monomers =
polymers =
Injectionmoulded trays
polymerisation =
synthetic polymer =
natural polymer =
unreactive =
combustion =
injection moulding =
extrusion moulding =
Extrusionmoulded pipes
blow moulding =
Physical Properties Common Plastics •
(lightweight)
•
(long lasting)
•
in water
• flexible when bent
• easily
when soft
•
, can withstand forces
• good thermal
• good
insulators
•
melting points
Common types of plastic include: p
(rubbish
bags), v
(lino), p
(chillybins), n
(stockings), P
(drainpipes), p
(clothes),
p
(floor coatings) and a
(goggles).
Chemical Properties 5 Plastic objects are moulded using three methods:
1 Plastics are unreactive:
• with w
• with a
• with
in the air.
2 Plastics:
• have
-rich bonds
• undergo
• release much
when they burn
• produce
,
and
when combusted.
Shaping Plastic 1 Raw material is obtained from crude
or natural
2 Extracted chemicals are converted into
3 Monomers undergo
.
into polymers.
4 Unprocessed plastic supplied as
moulding
.
moulding
or
.
moulding
6 These shaping processes require:
•
plastic, which is achieved by heating
•
, which is achieved by applying forces
•
, which is achieved by cooling the plastic.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 91
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 24: Fuels & Energy
Note
Fuel
Types of Fuels 1 A fuel is a substance that is
release
in the form of h
l
. The energy in a fuel is
potential energy.
to
and
as
2 Fuels may be s
.
,l
or g
State
CNG
cars/heaters/labs
LPG
diesel
3 Fuels are used to produce:
a)
energy when a gas lamp is used
for
in the dark
b)
energy when burning oil or gas is
used to
a room
c)
energy when petrol is
combusted inside
.
Used by...
gas
cars/heaters/labs
liquid
cars/lawn mowers
liquid
aircraft
fuel oil
ships
paraffin
solid
barbecues
wood
coal
industry
Combustion of Fuels 1 A
produced,
reaction occurs when a
. New
and
energy are released, and the
2 Combustion requires:
a) a
b)
gas
are
disappears.
c) a source of
3 A source of heat is required to
is under way, a
amount of
a fuel. Once combustion
is released.
4 The oxygen for combustion usually comes from the
Combustion of paraffin
, which is
% oxygen gas.
5 Fuels are
compounds in which carbon atoms are usually bonded to
atoms (e.g. as in methane gas, CH4). Each carbon atom can form
up to
bonds with other atoms. When these
-rich bonds are
�
broken during
, much
is released.
�
bonds
�
�
Complete and Incomplete Combustion The effectiveness of combustion depends on the amount of
types of combustion - complete and
.
Complete Combustion
present. There are
Incomplete Combustion
• occurs when oxygen is
• occurs when oxygen is
• occurs in
-tuned petrol engines
and in
fires
• occurs in
and in
• occurs when bunsen air-hole is
• occurs when bunsen air-hole is
• fuel burns with a
• fuel burns with a
• releases
flame
energy
• Fuel + oxygen ➞ c
• by-products are
• releases
d
Methane
�
+w
toxic
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
tuned engines
fires
flame
energy
• Fuel + oxygen ➞ c
w
+c
• carbon
+c
d
m
+
is dangerous
Page 92
Sources of Energy in Fuels Carbon Compound Fuels
Wood
Coal
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Wood contains
-rich carbon
made by
Coal is formed
in
areas
where wood is
in deep
. Over
of years
and
transform
wood into
.
Crude oil is formed under the
floor over
of
years from
the
remains
of
organisms.
Natural gas is
formed in the
same way as
crude oil
and is often found
The energy originally came from
trapped
by
.
The energy originally came from
trapped
by
.
The energy originally came from
trapped
by
.
The energy originally came from
trapped
by
.
The energy is
released when
wood is
The energy is released when coal is
The energy is
released when
p
,d
,
kerosene, f
and p
are
.
The energy is released when C
or
L
is
burnt.
in the
.
in
fires.
for
.
1 Coal, oil and gas are called
2 They are all
bonds release
with it.
fuels, because they took
compounds that are held together by
when they are
during combustion.
to form.
energy
. These
3 The
-energy bonds were originally formed during the process of
.
During this process
energy was converted into
energy. This means that
the
released during the
of all fuels originally came from the
.
Combustion and Pollution The combustion of fossil fuels results in by-products that can have a negative effect on
the
or on the
of people. The following by-products cause significant
problems:
a) Carbon
contributes to
and
change by trapping the
sun’s heat in the atmosphere. It is called a
gas.
b) Soot from
combustion contributes to
.
c) Carbon
from incomplete combustion is
in confined spaces.
d) Nitrogen
from
irritate the
and contribute to
rain.
e) Sulfur
from the combustion of
irritates the eyes and contributes to
rain.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 93
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 24: Fuels & Energy
Learn
Basic Definitions fuel =
chemical energy =
combustion =
complete combustion =
incomplete combustion =
photosynthesis =
pollutant =
greenhouse gas =
acid rain =
Complete and Incomplete Combustion 1 Complete combustion:
• occurs when
gas is
• produces
and
dioxide
• releases a
amount of
.
Fuels and their Uses 1 Wood is a
2 Coal is a
3 LPG (
fuel used at home.
fuel used in
fuel used by
) is a
and
2 The reaction for complete combustion is:
Fuel + oxygen ➞
+
4 CNG (
fuel used by
3 Incomplete combustion:
• occurs when
gas is limited
• produces w
,
dioxide, carbon
and
(soot)
• releases only a small amount of
.
5 Crude oil is refined into:
• liquid
for cars
•
kerosene for aircraft
• liquid diesel for
• liquid
for
•
paraffin wax for
.
4 The reaction for incomplete combustion is:
Fuel + oxygen ➞
dioxide +
+
c
+
monoxide
The Origins of Fossil Fuels 1 Oil, coal and gas are
fuels.
2 The process of forming fossil fuels involves:
a)
trapping sunlight energy and
storing it in energy-rich
compounds
b) the carbon compounds become part of
the
of plants and animals
c) dead plant or animal material is
which prevents
d) over
of years
of organic
material are
and
until
it becomes coal, crude oil or natural gas.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
) is a
and
.
Combustion and Pollution The combustion of fossil fuels
produces these problems:
a)
gas which
increases
carbon
dioxide levels contributing to
warming and
change
b) solid
(soot) which
contributes to smog
c) carbon monoxide gas which can
be
in confined spaces
d) sulfur dioxide (from burning
) and
oxides (from
car engines) which contribute to
.
Page 94
? Materials & Fuels Test
Name: Class:
Check
Metals and their Physical Properties 1 Write a brief description of each metal in the boxes below. The description should include
the metal’s colour, state, strength (if relevant), and give an idea of its density.
copper
aluminium
mercury
4✔
4✔
4✔
Copper is
Aluminium is
lead
4✔
Mercury is
Lead is
2 Which two metals in the table are alloyed with nickel to make gold-coloured coins?
2✔
3 Which metal in the table is the only liquid metal at room temperature?
1✔
4 Which solid metal in the table is soft but heavy?
1✔
metal atoms
Atomic Structure and Properties The arrangement of metal atoms and the behaviour of their
free electrons give metals their properties. Explain why:
a) electrical wires are made of copper
2✔
b) chrome plating is shiny
c) silver metal can be stretched into thin wires for jewellery
d) aluminium is used to make stepladders
free electrons
2✔
2✔
2✔
Iron nail with a lead head
Uses Give two properties of each metal that make the particular use of the metal possible.
Uses
Property 1
Property 2
copper pipes
lead-head roof nails
gold jewellery
cast iron frying pan
10✔
aluminium wires
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/38✔
Page 95
Name: Class:
Chemical Properties 2✔
1 What is a reactant?
2 Name three reactants that metals react with.
3✔
•
•
•
3 How would you discover the reaction pattern between a reactant and
metals?
2✔
Reactions of Metals with Oxygen 1 What is oxidation?
2✔
2 Write a word equation for the pattern of reactions between metals and oxygen:
+
➞
3✔
3 What is the white powder that forms when magnesium burns in air?
1✔
4 Write a word equation for this reaction:
3✔
+
➞
Reactions of Metals with Water 1✔
1 What is the name of the gas released when a metal reacts with water?
2 Describe the test you would use to confirm the identity of this gas?
2✔
3 If a piece of red litmus paper is inserted into the water during the reaction it will turn
blue, indicating the presence of an alkaline product. What type of compound is this
product?
1✔
4 Write a word equation for the pattern of reactions between metals and water:
+
➞
+
4✔
5 Calcium fizzes in water, giving off a gas until it disappears. Write a word equation for
this reaction:
+
➞
+
4✔
Reactions of Metals with Acids 1 One product of the reaction between an acid and a metal is hydrogen gas. The other
product is a dissolved compound. How can it be recovered?
1✔
2 What type of compound is this second product?
1✔
3 Write a word equation for the pattern of reactions between metals and acids:
+
➞
+
4✔
4 Magnesium fizzes in hydrochloric acid, giving off a gas. Write a word equation for the
4✔
reaction:
+
➞
+
Corrosion and Rust 1 Why is aluminium a useful outdoor material?
1✔
2 What kind of corrosion occurs with iron objects?
1✔
3 How can it be prevented?
1✔
4 Suggest a way of doing this.
1✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/42✔
Page 96
Name: Class:
Laboratory Fuels 1 What is a fuel?
A
2✔
B
2 What fuel could the bunsen burners shown opposite
be burning?
1✔
3 Which of the two burners is receiving more oxygen?
1✔
What observation helped you reach this conclusion?
1✔
4 Which bunsen burner would have its air-hole closed?
1✔
5 Which bunsen burner would be producing soot and carbon monoxide?
1✔
6 Which bunsen burner would heat a flask of water quicker?
1✔
Everyday Fuels Fuel
Complete the table opposite which
summarises the states and uses of
different fuels.
Complete & Incomplete Combustion 1 What is meant by the term
combustion?
State
Used in
liquid
cars, heaters, labs
liquid
trucks, tractors
liquid
aircraft
solid
barbecues
solid
industrial plants
5✔
2✔
2 Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of methane gas (CH4):
3✔
Methane +
➞
+
Next write out a formula equation for the reaction (it does not need to be balanced):
CH4 +
➞
+
3✔
3 Complete the tables comparing and contrasting complete and incomplete combustion.
Similarities
Both processes…
Differences between Processes
Complete combustion…
Incomplete combustion…
… needs lots of
… require
…need
heat
…release
energy
… produce
and carbon
…releases
5✔
.
…is
…occurs in limited
energy
-polluting
… has
dangerous
by-products.
…releases
energy
…causes
…has dangerous by-products
and
..
9✔
Pollution 1 What by-product of combustion in a car engine contributes to acid rain?
1✔
2 Carbon monoxide is also a significant by-product of the combustion of
petrol in some car engines. Why is this?
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
2✔
/38✔
Page 97
Name: Class:
Plastic Molecules 1 What are the characteristic features by which plastics are recognised?
3✔
2 What features distinguish metals from plastics?
3✔
3 Describe the relative size of the molecules that form plastics?
1✔
4 What chemical element forms the backbone of plastic molecules?
1✔
5 What are monomers?
2✔
+
6 What is a polymer?
+
3✔
2✔
7 Label the diagram above which summarises how plastic molecules are assembled.
Shaping Plastic How do the following processes shape warm, soft plastic?
a) injection moulding
b) extrusion moulding
c) blow moulding
3✔
Chemical and Physical Properties 1 Identify the chemical property involved when plastics are:
a) used to store acids:
Nitric
Acid
b) used for fishing nets:
c) incinerated:
. 3✔
2 Plastics contribute to pollution. Identify the chemical properties of plastics that are
involved with these environmental problems:
a) visual pollution:
2✔
b) air pollution:
3 List three important physical properties of the plastic used to make a bucket.
•
3✔
4 Which physical properties make each of the following plastics suitable for its purpose?
PVC
Drainpipe
•
•
•
•
Vinyl
Benchtop
•
•
•
•
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 164 x 100 =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Nylon Fishing
Net
•
•
•
•
Polythene
Switch
•
•
•
•
÷ 164 x 100 =
Polystyrene
Chilly Bin
•
•
•
•
%
Page total =
20✔
/46✔
Page 98
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Note
Unit 25: Tectonic Plates
Inside Earth
Moving Crust 1 Earth‘s continents are
and seem
. But the
planet is over 4.5
years old and
movements
that occur continually over
periods of
can shift
continents
distances.
2 The crust is the
crust and
crust
mantle
outer core
inner core
surface of Earth and includes
(sea-floor) crust.
3 Past evidence that the crust has been moving includes:
a) The
of some continents
together suggesting
they were once
(e.g. South
&
).
b) There are matching rock
found on
side
of areas where continental
fit (see diagram).
c) Related
land plants and animals are found on
widely
continents.
d) Fossil
are found on continents
from the
water that corals need for
.
e) The pattern of
in ancient rocks indicates that
the
of continents was once very different.
Continental Fit
4 Evidence from the
that the crust is still moving includes:
a) Continental crust
has been measured at a few
per year.
b) Oceanic crust spreads out from
ridges at up to cm per year.
Plate Tectonics Tectonic Plates of Earth’s Crust
Eurasian
Eurasian
1 The early theory of
Plate
North
Plate
American
proposed that:
Plate
a) All the continents were once
African
Plate
Pacific
part of a
.
Plate
South
b) This huge land mass
NAZCA American
Plate
Plate
Indo-Australian
into
continents.
Plate
c) Continents moved through the
oceanic
like
.
Antarctic
Plate
The evidence for this theory was
the close
of continents and similarities in
patterns and
distributions.
2 Few
supported this theory because no known
had sufficient
to move massive continents over the
of the
.
3 Overwhelming
came from the discovery in the
of matching patterns
of
on either side of
. This implied that:
a) Large areas of the
were slowly moving
from
.
b) Each moving area included both
(sea-floor) and
crust.
These huge moving areas are called
. Tectonic means “
”.
4 This new theory, which now has the support of nearly all geologists, is called
. Plate movements create ocean
, and cause
and
as well as
building.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 99
Energy for Moving Plates ” on
, semipart of the
rock called
layer.
2 Deep Earth’s core
reactions release huge
amounts of
energy. This heat is the main
of energy for
the gigantic plates.
3 This heat causes magma in the lower mantle rock to
This magma
in
.
converging
nv
co
ection curren
mant
le
1 The plates “
in the
Convection Currents
diverging
ts
core
and become
dense.
4 When the magma
get near the crust they are
sideways, and travel
in
directions. These immensely
currents slowly raft the huge
plates across the planet’s
.
Plates in Motion 1 The crust is made up of
major plates moving in
of between and cm per year.
directions at speeds
2 The boundaries between plates are usually found along
which
the globe and along the
of continents. There are several types of
boundaries between plates.
Constructive Boundary
Destructive (Subduction) Boundary
• where does
• at a
it occur?
• along the
of continents
where two plates are
• along deep ocean
• what occurs
to plates?
• two plates move
• one plate slides
another/
crust goes under
• why does it
occur?
• the
currents
flow in opposite directions
• the convection
flow
each other
• what is the
result?
•
• oceanic crust
rises up between the
plates
• sea-floor
occurs
•
oceanic
forms
• volcanic
develop
Summary at a
plate boundary forms new
crust
as magma
and
.
This crust is moved along by
currents. Eventually, it is
under at a
•
-building occurs nearby
on the continent
•e
and v
occur
Constructive Boundary
volcanic island on
mid-ocean ridge
Sea-floor
oceanic
crust
mantle
mantle
rising magma
and is
oceanic
crust
Destructive Boundary
subduction zone
ocean trench
oceanic
crust
crust
rising
magma
mantle
mantle
melting of crust
plate boundary and melted back into
.
Some plates move
past each other along
faults. An example of this
is the Indoand P
plates
past each other along the
Fault.
Major
occur when there are sudden
of blocks of the crust along
fault
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 100
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 25: Tectonic Plates
Learn
Basic Definitions crust =
continental crust =
oceanic crust =
continental drift theory =
tectonic plates =
Separating
plates
plate tectonic theory =
mantle =
magma =
convection current =
constructive boundary =
destructive boundary =
transform fault =
Sidewaysslipping plates
fault line =
Energy for Moving Plates Plate Tectonics 1 The theory of continental
proposed that:
• all continents were part of a
•
continents
off
• continents drifted through
2 Evidence supporting the theory included:
• continental , e.g.
/
•
distributions •
type patterns
• fossil
in
water regions.
3 The theory lacked a
account for the
which could
of the
2 The heated magma
in vast
.
4 The theory of
tectonics proposed that:
• large
of the crust are moved by
convection currents in the mantle
• plates are made of
&
crust
5 Evidence supporting this theory includes:
• measurement of sea-floor
rates
• measurement of
crust movement
• matching patterns of
on either
side of
.
6 Heat from
reactions in the
the planet provides the
to
convection
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
of
the
1 Magma in the mantle receives an
enormous amount of
energy.
This heat comes from:
•
in the core
• residual heat from when the
.
and
.
3 The convection currents move the
around the
.
Plates in Motion There are 3 types of plate boundaries:
a) At a constructive plate boundary new
forms at midocean
as plates move
.
b) At a destructive plate boundary
crust is forced
continental crust as
plates
.
c) At transform plate boundaries
occur as two plates
sideways past each other.
Page 101
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 26: The Changing Crust
Note
Earth’s Structure 1 The
is a layer of
that press down on the
2 Under the water of the oceans there is a
continuous with
land.
and
layer called the
.
which is
3 The continental land and the sea floor form a thin outer shell called the
the crust there are
-liquid and solid regions.
4 The internal structure of Earth is arranged into
•
crust
with an average
depth of
km
•
crust with
an average depth
of
.
layers:
Earth’s Structure
The Crust
The crust consists of:
The Mantle
atmosphere
• The mantle is the
just under the
crust. It is about
3000 km
.
convection
current
• The mantle makes
up
% of Earth’s
bulk.
6370 km
• The crust is very
compared to
Earth’s
.
• Earth’s crust is
mostly
rock
made out of many
of
o
, si
and
i
.
. Inside
• The mantle is
composed of
,
rock,
called
.
The Core
• The
core is made of
iron and nickel heated to
°C.
• The
core at
°C is
due to the very high
.
Moving Crust • The magma is
slowly
by
currents
over
of
years.
Eurasian
Plate
1 The crust seems permanent, but forces
are
but
changing it.
3 The plates are moved extremely slowly by
gigantic
inside the
African
Plate
Pacific
Plate
2 The crust is not
. There are
which divide it up into huge, jigsaw-like
pieces called
. These plates
are made of
and
crust.
Eurasian
Plate
North
American
Plate
South
NAZCA American
Plate
Plate
Indo-Australian
Plate
Antarctic
Plate
.
4 Plates can interact in different ways at along their boundaries.
Boundary Type
Interaction Between Plates Consequences
•
plates move
•
•
zone
zone
fault
oceanic crust forms as
rises up from the
one plate goes
plates
other
form/v
past each other
shocks
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/q
Page 102
The Erosion Cycle The Erosion Cycle
is constantly being
1 The surface of the
by different
, e.g.
ranges slowly get eroded away over
of years.
2 The erosion cycle involves four stages:
a)
b
occurs where plates
b)
wears down the mountains
c) debris is
by g
w
w
d) debris is
on the
as sediment.
weathering and erosion
tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
mountain
building
deposition
Rocky
debris
3 The processes involved in wearing away mountains are described
in detail below:
Weathering is the break-up of solid rock
a) In
weathering:
•
seeps into
and
starts to
with minerals in the
rock
• the
minerals formed
in the water, which speeds
up the
process.
The rock
be
ways.
can
in
b) Rock debris is moved
downhill by
.
c) Wind blows fine rock
dust
away.
. It occurs in
ways:
b) In
weathering:
•
days and
nights cause
the rock to
, then
and
eventually
• when
enters the cracks and
, it expands and
the
rock.
a) The
in streams & rivers carries
the rock debris away to the
.
The rock debris is finally
on the sea
floor as
.
Local Events There are other ways that Earth’s surface is modified over time:
a) Meteorites are
from
that create large
.
b) Volcanic
produce lava flows, which cause the build-up
Glacial valley
of volcanic
.
c) Glaciers are
of slowly moving
which
up rock surfaces beneath them.
d) Landslides are bulk land
that occur when on
slopes. This happens when the
cover is removed.
e) Waves and
action wear down
rock and wash away
rocks and soil. Sandy beaches are re-shaped by
.
f) Strong winds
away fine
of rock and topsoil.
Landslide on a hill
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 103
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 26: The Changing Crust
Learn
Basic Definitions crust =
mantle =
convection current =
core =
tectonic plate =
erosion cycle =
weathering =
meteorite =
glacier =
lava =
Earth’s Structure 1 The crust:
• is a
layer
• includes
and
floor
• is made of
formed from compounds of o
Erosion Cycle crust
mantle
1 The erosion cycle involves:
a) w
b) t
c) d
.
outer core
inner core
,s
&i
2 The mantle:
• is a deep layer
km thick beneath the
• forms
% of Earth’s bulk
• is made of hot semirock called
• has
currents flowing in it.
3 The outer core:
• is mostly molten i
and n
• has a temperature of
°C
• causes Earth’s
field.
3 Rock transportation occurs by:
•
pulling down rocks
•
water in
•
action.
occurs when
debris sinks to the sea
.
Local Events Moving Crust Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
2 Weathering of rock is due to:
•
weathering
• chemical
.
4
4 The inner core:
• is a solid ball of
under huge
• has a temperature of
°C.
Tectonic plates:
• are moved by
• move apart at a
zone
• slide one under another at a
• slide past each other along a
.
in the mantle
zone
fault.
In addition to
movements, other factors that
Earth’s crust include:
•
impacts
•
eruptions
•
grinding
•
slips
•
and
action
•
erosion
•
shocks.
Page 104
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 27: Volcanoes
Note
Structure of a Volcano Volcano Interior
1 A volcano is an
in Earth’s
out
of which
escapes in the form of
flows,
clouds and
.
2 Volcanoes erupt
or
. The
type of eruption depends on the
(thickness) of the
, its
content, and
the build-up of
inside the volcano.
3 Some volcanoes release a
flow of
-viscosity lava that spreads across the
landscape, building up a
volcano.
4 Other volcanoes erupt violently throwing out
huge clouds of a and g . These eruptions
build
volcanoes like the one
shown opposite.
5 The material issuing from a volcano comes
from the
layer.
6 Inside the mantle,
than solid rock, so it
ash
shower
ash
cloud
flow
main
layer
lava
reservoir
rock
to form
. The
up through
(cracks) in the
rock is less dense
.
7 This magma accumulates in a
beneath the
The
increases with the arrival of additional
gas
in the reservoir.
(mouth) of the volcano.
from below, and from
8 Eventually this
may occur suddenly (
. The
eruption).
forces magma out through the
eruption) or gradually (
of pressure
Explosive Eruptions 1 The flow chart below outlines the factors that contribute to explosive volcanic eruptions.
Explosive
Volcanoes
magma
comes
from
flowing
t
heat
up
derived
magma
easily
melting
point
material
vent
expands
2 Other effects of explosive volcanoes include:
out and hurtles down the
as a
a) Gassy lava
b) Dense
of hot ash and
rise up into the
c) Blobs of
thrown high into the air,
to form
d) Fast-moving mixtures of
ice and
called
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
builds up
the
solidified
is
blown
out in an
-speed cloud of
ash.
.
drop-shaped lava
.
, sweep down into valleys.
Page 105
Gentle Eruptions 1 Volcanoes that
gently, ooze
of r
-hot
lava. It can travel at speeds of up to
km/hr.
2 Basalt lava comes from melted
planet. It has a lower
is
viscous and flows more
rock deep inside the
than melted crust, so it
.
3 This type of lava does
volcanoes do
build up
and
Flow of basalt lava
vents. So basalt lava
and erupt
.
Mid-ocean Volcanoes
Location of Volcanoes volcanic island on
mid-ocean ridge
1 Undersea volcanoes are mostly found in
zones running alongside mid-ocean
.
a) Basalt lava rises through
(cracks) as the
oceanic
plates slowly move
.
crust
b) This lava
when it encounters
.
mantle
c) The lava builds up into
sloping
volcanic c
. If they grow large enough they may become
2 There is a
of
active volcanoes around the
A These volcanoes are associated with
zones, where oceanic and
crusts
are
into each other.
B The
oceanic crust at the edges is
under the lighter
crust.
C The oceanic crust
into magma as it is
slowly pushed
into the hot
.
D The
rock is forced upwards and may
emerge as
out of a vent, or
in the
crust to form huge blobs called
.
3 Earthquakes occur where plates are in
grind
past each other along
oceanic
crust
mantle
rising magma
above the sea.
Ocean called the
.
Continental Volcanoes
subduction zone
ocean trench
oceanic
crust
B
crust
rising
magma
mantle
mantle
C
melting of crust
Eurasian
Plate
African
Plate
South
NAZCA American
Plate
Plate
Volcanic Ring of Fire
Antarctic
Plate
, but are more common where
plates
faults.
Predicting Eruptions 1 Volcanoes that are
for long periods of time and then
erupt violently are said to be
.
2 Scientists called
monitor volcanoes, watching
for any
which might help to
a coming
.
Vulcanologists sampling
3 The signs that a volcanic eruption might occur soon include:
volcanic gases
a) changes in
activity, g
,m
,
level, and rock t
b) changes in the composition of the
emerging from the
.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Eu
North
American
Plate
Pacific
Plate
Indo-Australian
Plate
D
A
Page 106
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 27: Volcanoes
Learn
Basic Definitions Ash cloud
volcano =
lava =
viscosity =
magma reservoir =
Lava flow
lahar =
basalt lava =
pluton =
Ring of Fire =
Solidifying lava
dormant volcano =
vulcanologist =
seismic activity =
Volcano Structure 1 A volcano:
a) is a crust o
b) releases liquid
(magma)
c) ejects g
d) may erupt
g
or v
Violent Eruptions Volcanoes and Plate Movement 1 Volcanoes are associated with:
•s
zones
•c
zones.
ash cloud
lava fire
ash
shower
.
tsunami
scoria
lava
bombs
lava
flow
wind blast
earthquake
2 At a spreading zone:
gas
•p
are moved apart by
pyroclastic
currents in
flow
•b
lava rises in cracks
lahar
• volcanic
form.
3 At a
zone:
• oceanic and
crust
into each other
•
oceanic crust slides
under
crust
• oceanic crust
into magma
•
magma rises
•
flows out of
vent.
1 Several factors are involved with explosive
volcanoes:
a) the magma is
and highly
b) magma may
a vent when it
c) the magma has a high
content
d) high
builds up inside the volcano
due to the
and gas
.
2 Associated events are flows of
lava,
dense ash
, lava
and muddy
.
Gentle Eruptions 1 Volcanoes releasing
lava erupt
2 Basalt lava:
a) comes from
deep inside the
b) can travel
as it is
viscous
c) has less
so does
build up
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
.
.
4 The Ring of Fire is a circle of
around the
Rim.
5 Volcanic eruptions can be
predicted from changes in:
•
activity
•g
•m
•
levels •
composition
• underground
.
Page 107
✍ Notemaking Worksheet
Unit 28: Earthquakes
Note
Stress Fracture
Stress Fractures 1 An earthquake occurs when the ground
due to sudden
of
inside Earth’s
.
2 Earthquakes make the ground move as
waves pass by, opening up
in the ground, forcing blocks of crust
u
,d
or s
.
3 Material in the crust is subject to huge
forces, which c
,s
or d
rock. The rock gains
energy.
4 Eventually, when the strain
the crust, causing a massive
the strength of the rock, a
as blocks of rock
.
5 The point where the
occurs is called the
on the
directly above the focus is called the
of the earthquake. The point
.
6 When the stressed rock fractures, a huge amount of
converted into wave
energy, as well as
and
Energy Transfer by Waves 1 Earthquake
from the
in a pond.
transport energy away
, radiating out like
2 Different wave
are produced, each
travelling at a different
.
• Name:
• Action:
• Speed:
• Order:
• Damage:
• Location:
• Medium:
or
• Name:
&
• Action:
• Speed:
• Order:
• Damage:
• Location:
• Medium:
occurs in
energy is released and
energy.
second
wave
type
first
wave
type
0
or
1
2
3
• Name:
• Action:
• Speed:
• Order:
• Damage:
• Location:
• Medium:
time (minutes)
4
5
or
&
Earthquake Damage 1 The damage done at a particular point by energy
coming from an earthquake is
assessed using the
I
scale.
2 The amount of damage depends on the
of the quake and
from the focus.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
Page 108
3 Assessment of damage is done by visual inspection and by interviewing witnesses.
Mercalli Intensity Scale
1 Felt by a few
2 Felt on
floors
3 Similar to passing
trucks
4 Felt by many people
5 Buildings
6 Felt by
/trees
/plaster
7 Hard to
/bricks
8 Weak buildings
9 Buildings
/pipes
10 Huge ground
/
11 Most
destroyed
12 Total
/visible
Measuring Earthquakes of an earthquake relates
1 The
to the amount of
released. It
is measured on the
scale. Most
quakes have a magnitude between and
.
2 A
is the instrument that
measures
by drawing a line on a
produces a continuous zig-zag line called a
3 Calculating magnitude requires a special
the seismogram) and the distance of the
4 Each
and a
.
drum of paper. It
. The wave
from the
(obtained from
are used.
up on the Richter scale represents a -fold increase in ground
-fold increase in the amount of
released.
5 A seismogram from a large quake will show
different periods of shaking
produced by the arrival of P-waves
, followed by -waves, then
L-waves.
Locating Earthquakes 1 The time
between
wave types reaching
a
is
used to
how far
the
quake occurred. But
this does not indicate
Readings from
Earthquake Locations
A
C
B
it occurred.
seismographs are needed to
2 Most earthquakes are located along
along
faults, where the greatest
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
the location.
boundaries. Major quakes occur
occurs in the rock.
Page 109
✔ Summary Worksheet
Unit 28: Earthquakes
Learn
Basic Definitions earthquake =
elastic potential energy =
focus =
epicentre =
Mercalli Intensity scale =
magnitude of quake =
Richter scale =
seismograph =
amplitude of a wave =
transform fault =
Waves and Energy Stress Fractures 1 Earthquakes occur along
2 The
3
lines.
is subject to huge
at faults.
prevents movement along the
4 The rock is c
rock gains
,s
potential
.
.
or d
5 When the strain is too great, a
a
line. The jolt causes the
6 Blocks of
. The
occurs along
.
move relative to each other.
7 The
released when stressed rock
changed into
energy of waves,
is
.
and
Earthquake Damage 1 The Mercalli scale measures earthquake
2 Data are collected from o
.
and i
3 Three factors determine the intensity of damage:
a) earthquake size (
)
b) distance from the
c)
of the building structures.
Measuring Earthquakes and their Location 1 A
1 T
types of waves are
produced.
a) Primary (c
)
waves arrive
. They
travel at about km/s
and cause
damage.
b) Secondary (
)
waves arrive
.
They travel at about
km/s and cause
damage.
.
c) L-waves are the
waves to arrive. They
travel at about km/s
and cause the
damage.
measures ground movements.
2 Wave
and
needed to calculate
from epicentre are
on the
scale.
3 Earthquakes are usually located along tectonic
boundaries, particularly along
faults.
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
2 All wave types
from the
.
out
Page 110
? Earth Systems Test
Name: Class:
Check
Theories of Crust Movement 1 The diagram opposite suggests two types of evidence
that were put forward in support of the theory of
continental drift. What are they?
a) geographical evidence:
2✔
b) geological evidence:
2✔
2 Describe the four types of evidence listed below that helped to convince most
geologists that the theory of plate tectonics was correct.
a) magnetic evidence:
2✔
b) measurements on ocean floor:
c) measurements on land:
2✔
d) nuclear physics:
2✔
Plate Movement The diagram shows a cross-section of
a plate boundary which runs through
the North and South islands.
2✔
Mt Egmont/Taranaki
Tasman Sea
Mt Ruapehu
Pacific Ocean
Indo Australia Plate
Pacific Plate
Mantle
1 Name the two plates involved.
•
•
Mantle
A
2✔
1✔
2 What type of plate boundary is involved?
How do you know this?
2✔
2✔
3 What provides the force to move the plates?
4 What provides the energy that heats the magma in the mantle?
2✔
5 How many major tectonic plates make up the surface of the planet?
1✔
6 What is a mid-ocean ridge?
2✔
7 What occurs at a mid-ocean ridge?
2✔
8 What is happening at point A on the diagram above?
2✔
9 What geological events are associated with the boundary above?
a)
(e.g. in the Southern Alps)
b)
(e.g. on Mount Ruapehu)
3✔
c)
(e.g. at Edgecumbe in the Bay of Plenty)
10 What events are linked to transform faults?
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
1✔
Page total =
/32✔
Page 111
Name: Class:
Earth’s Structure 1 What is the name of the thin outer shell of Earth
labelled A in the diagram alongside?
1✔
A
B
C
D
2 Name the three most abundant elements found in this
outer layer. •
•
•
3✔
3 What is the average thickness (in km) of
continental crust?
1✔
1✔
4 What is the name of the layer labelled B?
What are the currents called that move material around
in this layers?
1✔
5 Name layers C & D. C =
D=
2✔
6 How do layers C and D differ in their states?
Earth’s Inner Structure
2✔
Moving Crust 1 What are the huge areas of the crust called that are moved around by convection
currents?
1✔
2 Complete the table below by identifying the type of boundary associated with the
different interactions between plates.
Interaction between Plates
Type of Boundary
a) one plate slides under another
b) two plates move apart
c) two plates slide sideways past each other
3✔
Erosion Cycle 1 What is meant by the term “weathering”?
2✔
2 How does chemical weathering occur?
2✔
3 How does physical weathering occur?
2✔
4 What are the agents that move rock debris?
3✔
5 What is the material called that is deposited on the sea floor?
1✔
Local Events 1✔
1 How are sandy beaches formed?
2 How do glaciers contribute to the erosion cycle?
2✔
3 How do landslides accelerate the process of erosion?
What events increase the likelihood of landslides?
2✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
/30✔
Page 112
Name: Class:
Volcano Structure and Eruptions 1 Name the parts of a volcano labelled a to e in the diagram.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
5✔
a
2 List two factors that can increase the pressure inside a volcano:
•
2✔
•
3 What type of eruption is illustrated in the diagram opposite?
4 Describe the lava associated with this type of eruption.
e
b
1✔
2✔
d
5 Complete the table by identifying features of violent eruptions.
c
Feature
Description
•
liquid magma which escapes out of a volcanic vent
•
dense cloud of ash which rises high into the atmosphere
•
a “rain” of ash particles from an ash cloud
•
high-speed, glowing cloud of molten ash which rushes down slopes
•
lava blobs thrown high into air which cool into teardrop-shaped rocks
•
fast-flowing flood of melted ice and mud
6✔
Location and Activities of Volcanoes 1 What is a collision zone?
2✔
2 How does new oceanic crust form?
3 Are the volcanoes shown in the
diagram opposite associated with
a spreading or a collision zone?
1✔
How do you know?
2✔
2✔
Mt Egmont/Taranaki
Tasman Sea
Mt Ruapehu
Indo Australia Plate
Mantle
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Plate
Mantle
4 Why does oceanic crust get forced under the continental crust at a collision zone?
5 How are volcanoes formed at collision zones?
3✔
6 What is meant by a dormant volcano?
2✔
7 List three factors that vulcanologists measure in order to predict eruptions.
•
3✔
Page total =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
2✔
/33✔
Page 113
Name: Class:
Stress Fractures 2✔
1 What information does the map opposite provide?
shallow earthquake
deep earthquake
2 Explain the difference between these two terms:
a) focus –
b) epicentre –
2✔
3 Use the diagram opposite and the headings below to help you
describe how an earthquake occurs.
2✔
a) Stress:
b) Fracture:
2✔
c) Energy release:
2✔
Fault
Making Waves 1 In an earthquake, from where do the energy waves originate?
1✔
2 Complete the table comparing the features of two types of waves:
Wave diagram
Name of wave
Speed of travel
wave or -wave
about
Shaking effects
km/s
wave or -wave
about
and
km/s
10✔
and
Determining Damage 1 Name the scale used to assess quake damage.
1✔
2 List two factors that determine earthquake damage.
•
•
2✔
3 How is the damage data collected?
2✔
4 Which numbers on the scale reflect the damage shown in the photo?
1✔
Measuring and Locating Earthquakes 1 Name the scale used to measure earthquake magnitude.
1✔
2 What instrument is used to record ground movements during a quake?
1✔
3 What data are needed to calculate earthquake magnitude?
2✔
4 How is the distance of the epicentre from the seismograph calculated?
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 128 x 100 =
Science Book B Worksheets & Tests
÷ 128 x 100 =
%
2✔
Page total =
/33✔
Page 114