Safety Equipments
and Tools for
Construction
Constrofacilitator
Knowledge and b2b portal for
construction and infrastructure
eMAGAZINE
October 2023
V05 eM-10
Inside
Different types of fall protection equipment
F for ensuring safety at heights
F Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Safety
of Construction Workers
F
Safety equipments and tools used in
hazardous materials handling in construction
F Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding
Safety Equipment and Tools
Construction Safety Measurement and
F Accident Control Measures
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Safety equipments & tools for construction
Safety equipment and tools in construction are of paramount importance, as
they serve to protect the lives and well-being of workers and the integrity of the
project. Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as hard hats, gloves, and
steel-toed boots, shield workers from potential hazards, while safety harnesses
and fall arrest systems prevent falls from heights. Additionally, dust masks, ear
protection, and eye goggles safeguard against respiratory issues, hearing damage, and eye injuries. Power tools with safety features reduce accidents, and fire
extinguishers and first aid kits are essential for immediate response in emergencies. These safety measures not only prevent injuries and fatalities but also
contribute to the overall efficiency and success of construction projects.
In this edition of eMag we have covered Different types of fall protection equipment for ensuring safety at heights, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for
Safety of Construction Workers, Safety equipments and tools used in hazardous
materials handling in construction, Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding
Safety Equipment and Tools, Construction Safety Measurement and Accident
Control Measures.
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
2
Different types of fall protection equipment for
04 ensuring safety at heights
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Safety of
11 Construction Workers
Safety equipments and tools used in hazardous
17 materials handling in construction
Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding Safety
23 Equipment and Tools
Construction Safety Measurement and Accident
27 Control Measures
04 11
17 23
3
Constrofacilitator • October 2023
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
Different types of fall protection
equipments for ensuring safety at heights
F
all protection
equipments are
used to safeguard individuals working at
elevated positions
from the risks associated with falling. Its
primary purpose is to prevent or minimize the consequences of falls,
which can result in serious injuries or
fatalities in various industries, especially those involving construction,
maintenance, and industrial work.
Fall protection equipment is meticulously engineered to provide secure
anchorage, support, and restraint for
workers, allowing them to work
safely at heights while minimising the
risk of accidents and ensuring compliance with safety regulations and
standards.
04
Different types of fall protection
equipments
1. Anchorage Connectors:
Anchorage connectors are critical
components of any fall protection
system. They serve as the anchor
point for connecting various fall protection devices and equipment, ensuring the safety of workers at elevated work sites. Different types of
products used includes;
-
-
cally located on the front, back, or
sides of a harness to provide versatile attachment options.
Anchor Straps: Anchor straps,
usually constructed from strong
D-Rings: These are robust metal
rings, often forged into safety harnesses or existing as separate anchor points, serving as the primary connection point for lanyards, lifelines, and other fall protection devices. They are strategiOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
-
webbing or rope, are designed to
securely encircle anchor points
such as steel beams, columns, or
other sturdy structures. They ensure a reliable and stable connection for connecting lanyards and
lifelines.
Fixed Anchors: Fixed anchors
are permanent attachment
points integrated into structures
like rooftops or concrete surfaces. These anchors are crucial
for consistent, long-term fall protection and are certified to meet
specific safety standards. They often include eyebolts, beam anchors, and wall anchors for various applications.
-
for tool attachment and work positioning, offering security while
maintaining mobility.
Work Seats: Work seats are additional components that can be attached to body belts. They allow
workers to sit comfortably while
performing tasks at heights, reducing strain during prolonged
work periods.
2. Body Belts & Work Seats:
3. Confined Space Entry/Retrieval:
Body belts and work seats are essential for worker positioning, restraint,
and comfort during tasks at heights.
They provide both safety and ergonomic support, ensuring that workers can perform their duties effectively. Different types of products
used includes;
Confined space entry and retrieval
equipment are specialized systems
designed for safe operations in confined and potentially hazardous
spaces. These products are essential
for emergency rescue and ensuring
worker safety. Different types of
products used includes;
-
-
Body Belts: Body belts are worn
around the waist and are used for
positioning and restraint. They
are often equipped with D-rings
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
Retrieval Systems: Retrieval systems are designed for safely extracting workers from confined
spaces during emergencies. They
-
typically include components like
winches, tripods, and selfretracting lifelines.
Gas Monitors: In confined
spaces, ensuring safe air quality is
paramount. Gas monitors continuously detect and alert workers
to the presence of hazardous
gases, providing a critical safety
measure for those operating in
confined spaces.
4. Fall Protection for Tools:
Fall protection for tools is crucial for
preventing objects from falling and
causing harm to workers below. Different types of products used includes;
-
Tool Lanyards: Tool lanyards are
tethering devices used to secure
05
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
-
elevated work areas. These systems
are vital for ensuring that workers
can reach their work sites safely. Different products used includes;
wearer's body and are equipped with
D-rings for attachment points and adjustments to ensure a secure fit. Different products used includes;
-
Scaffolding: Scaffolding provides
a robust and stable platform for
workers to access elevated work
areas. Different types of scaffolding are available, including frame
scaffolding, mobile scaffolding,
and suspended scaffolding, tailored to diverse construction and
maintenance needs.
-
Full-Body Harness: Full-body harnesses encompass the entire
torso and thighs of the wearer,
distributing fall forces evenly
throughout the body. They feature D-rings for attaching lanyards and other fall protection
equipment and are adjustable for
a secure fit.
-
Ladders: Ladders come in various forms, including extension
ladders for reaching greater
heights and fixed ladders for providing permanent access to elevated platforms or structures.
Proper ladder selection is crucial
for safe vertical access.
-
Chest Straps and Leg Straps:
These harness components ensure that the harness fits snugly
and securely. Chest straps and
leg straps are adjustable to accommodate different body sizes
and shapes.
hand tools to a worker's harness.
If a tool slips or is dropped, the lanyard prevents it from falling to the
ground and posing a danger to
workers below.
Retractable Tool Tethers: These
devices are equipped with a retractable line, allowing tools to be
used at arm's length. When the
tool is released, the tether automatically retracts, maintaining a
safe work environment without
clutter from dangling tethers.
5. Access Systems:
6. Harnesses:
Access systems encompass a wide
range of equipment and structures
designed to provide secure entry to
Full-body harnesses are the cornerstone of fall protection systems. They
distribute fall arrest forces across the
06
7. Horizontal Lifeline Systems:
Horizontal lifeline systems consist of
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
a cable or track anchored horizontally, allowing workers to attach to a
moving point along the line, ensuring
lateral movement while maintaining
fall protection. Different products
used includes;
-
-
ment for safety. Different types of
products used includes;
-
Cable or Track: Horizontal lifeline systems consist of a cable,
track, or rail anchored horizontally, allowing workers to attach
to a trolley or shuttle that moves
along the line. This enables lateral
movement while maintaining fall
protection.
Trolleys: Trolleys are attachments that glide along the horizontal lifeline, permitting workers
to move horizontally while remaining connected to the lifeline,
providing both safety and mobility.
Harness and Lanyard Kits:
These kits are preconfigured with
a full-body harness and an appropriate lanyard or lifeline, ensuring
that workers have the essential
fall protection equipment they
need. They are available in different variations for specific applications.
-
-
Custom Kits: Some kits are tailored for particular industries or
tasks, incorporating a selection of
equipment like harnesses, lanyards, and additional accessories
designed for specialized work scenarios.
9. Lanyards:
8. Fall Protection Kits:
Fall protection kits provide comprehensive solutions for various fall protection needs, offering pre configured or custom options to ensure
workers have the essential equipOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator
Lanyards are connecting devices
used to secure workers to anchor
points, available in various types to
suit different applications. Different
types of products used includes
-
Shock-Absorbing Lanyards:
These lanyards include an integrated shock-absorbing pack that
reduces the impact force during a
fall, lessening the strain on the
worker's body. They are ideal for
preventing injuries in the event of
a fall.
Positioning Lanyards: Positioning lanyards are used for work positioning, providing adjustable
lengths to allow workers to access
their work areas comfortably
while remaining securely connected to an anchor point.
10. Load Arrestors:
Load arrestors are engineered to prevent heavy objects or equipment
from falling. They activate automatically in the event of a sudden force or
freefall, effectively stopping the fall
and reducing the risk of injury or
damage to property. Different types
of products used includes
-
Load-Limiting Devices: Load
arrestors automatically engage to
prevent heavy objects or equipment from falling. When subjected to sudden force or a
freefall situation, they activate
and stop the descent, reducing
07
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
13. Self-Retracting Lifelines:
Self-retracting lifelines (SRLs) are automatic fall arrest devices that provide freedom of movement while
maintaining fall protection. They are
designed to retract slack in the lifeline automatically. Different types of
products used includes;
the risk of injury and damage to
property
-
SRLs with Retrieval Capabilities: Self-retracting lifelines are
equipped with retrieval capabilities, allowing workers to perform
self-rescue. These SRLs enable ascent or descent to safety in emergency situations.
-
Web or Cable SRLs: Selfretracting lifelines come in different materials, such as webbing or
cable, to accommodate specific
applications and environments.
11. Fall Protection Accessories:
Fall protection accessories enhance
the functionality and convenience of
fall protection equipment, improving
the overall safety and organization of
the work environment. Different
types of product used includes;
-
Tool Pouches and Holsters: Tool
pouches and holsters are designed to organize and secure
tools while working at heights.
They prevent tools from dropping, improving efficiency and
safety.
12. Rescue & Controlled Descent
Devices:
Rescue and controlled descent devices are essential for safely extracting or lowering workers in emergency situations. They offer reliable
means of performing rescues and
controlled descents. Different types
of products used includes;
-
-
-
Descenders: Descenders are designed for controlled descent during rescue operations. They allow
workers to lower themselves or
rescue suspended personnel
safely.
Evacuation Devices: Specialized
devices for emergency evacuations from elevated areas, ensuring quick and secure egress in urgent situations.
Harness Pads and Gear Bags:
Harness pads enhance comfort
during prolonged use, preventing
chafing or discomfort. Gear bags
offer a convenient way to store
and transport fall protection
equipment, keeping gear in good
condition and easily accessible.
08
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
14. Vertical Lifelines:
Vertical lifelines are crucial for secure
vertical movement, allowing workers
to ascend or descend structures
safely. These lifelines come in various
materials to accommodate different
work environments. Different types
of products used includes;
-
-
Rope or Cable Lifelines: Vertical
lifelines are essential for secure
vertical movement. They can be
constructed from rope or cable
material, offering flexibility for different work environments and requirements.
Rope Grabs: Rope grabs are attachments used to move up and
down vertical lifelines safely, providing a reliable method for ascending or descending structures
while maintaining fall protection.
proper utilization of these devices
are determined by the specific nature of the work, existing hazards,
and adherence to safety regulations.
Regular inspection, maintenance,
and comprehensive training are fundamental to ensuring that workers
are adequately safeguarded against
the perils of working at elevated locations.
Fall Protection Equipment Compliance with OSHA Guidelines:
Compliance with Occupational
Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) guidelines regarding fall protection equipment is important to
ensure the safety of workers who
may be exposed to fall hazards in various industries. OSHA has specific
regulations and requirements in
place to minimize the risk of falls and
protect workers.
1. Fall Protection Equipment:
OSHA has stringent guidelines regarding the selection, use, and
maintenance of fall protection
equipment. This includes equipment such as harnesses, lanyards, lifelines, guardrails, and
safety nets. Employers are responsible for ensuring that the
equipment provided to workers is
appropriate for the specific job
tasks and is in good working condition. Regular inspections and
maintenance are essential to ensure the reliability of this equipment.
2. Anchorage Points: OSHA specifies the need for secure anchorage points for personal fall arrest
systems. These anchorages must
be capable of supporting at least
5,000 pounds per attached
worker, or be designed by a qualified person. The proper installation and testing of these anchor
points are essential.
3. Training: Employers are required
to provide training to workers
who are exposed to fall hazards.
This training should cover the
proper use of fall protection
equipment, recognizing fall hazards, and procedures for working
Each of these fall protection equipment types serves a vital role in maintaining the safety and well-being of
workers at heights. Selection and
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
09
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
safely at heights. Workers need to
understand how to inspect their
equipment, don harnesses, and
safely use lanyards and lifelines.
4. Written Fall Protection Plan:
OSHA may require employers to
have a written fall protection plan
for job sites with significant fall
hazards. This plan should outline
the specific fall hazards present,
the safety measures in place, and
procedures for rescue in case of a
fall.
5. Guardrail Systems: In some
cases, OSHA may mandate the
use of guardrail systems as primary fall protection. Employers
need to ensure that these guardrails are properly installed and
meet OSHA's specifications.
6. Safety Monitoring Systems: In
situations where conventional fall
protection systems may not be
feasible, OSHA allows for safety
monitoring systems. These involve a designated person who
observes and warns workers of
fall hazards.
7. Rescue Plans: Employers must
have procedures in place for rescuing workers in the event of a
fall. It's essential to have a plan
that can be implemented
promptly to minimize injury.
8. Regular Inspections: Routine inspections of fall protection equipment and systems are critical to
identify wear and tear or damage.
Equipment showing any signs of
wear should be taken out of ser-
vice immediately.
These measures are essential for
maintaining a safe work environment and preventing accidents related to falls from heights. Employers
have a significant responsibility to ensure their workplaces adhere to
these guidelines, and employees
should be trained and equipped to
work safely when exposed to fall hazards.
Conclusion
Fall protection equipments plays an
indispensable role in safeguarding
workers from potentially lifethreatening accidents in various industries, such as construction and
maintenance. As regulations and
awareness surrounding the importance of fall protection continue to
evolve, it is imperative for employers
and employees alike to invest in, utilize, and maintain these critical safeguards to ensure a secure and productive work environment for all.
10
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
for Safety of Construction Workers
C
onstruction sites
are inherently hazardous, characterised by various
potential dangers
such as heavy machinery, falling debris, exposure to chemicals, loud
noises etc. PPE plays an important
role in reducing the incidence of accidents and injuries. It shields workers
from head to toe, guarding them
against physical harm, long-term
health issues, and even lifethreatening situations. PPE extends
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
beyond merely offering physical protection. It nurtures confidence
among workers, assuring them that
their employers place a high value on
their safety. Additionally, it enhances
productivity by reducing discomfort
and fatigue, thus ensuring that the
workforce can remain efficient and
engaged.
What is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ?
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
refers to a range of specialized gear,
clothing, and equipment designed to
protect workers from various jobrelated hazards and ensure their
safety. This equipment is specifically
tailored to the unique risks present
in construction environments. PPE includes items such as hard hats,
safety goggles, ear protection, respirators, gloves, safety boots, highvisibility clothing, and fall protection
gear like harnesses and safety belts.
Importance of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
11
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
The primary purpose of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is to safeguard individuals from various workplace hazards and risks.
-
Ensures worker safety in hazardous construction environments.
Mitigates legal and regulatory
compliance risks.
Prevents head, eye, ear, and respiratory injuries.
Reduces the risk of hand, arm,
and foot injuries.
Prevents falls and enhances
worker visibility.
Safeguards against specific jobrelated hazards.
Boosts employee confidence and
overall productivity.
Enables effective emergency re-
12
sponse and infection control.
Types of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
The construction industry features diverse work environments, each with
its own set of unique hazards. Discussed below are different PPE used
for a variety of construction works.
1. Head Protection:
Head protection is paramount in construction. Hard hats, typically made
from impact-resistant materials like
high-density polyethylene (HDPE),
are essential. These hard hats provide vital protection against falling objects, impacts, and electrical hazards.
Some hard hats feature a full-brim
design for extra protection, making
them suitable for outdoor work.
Welding areas require welding helmets with protective face shields to
shield workers from intense heat,
sparks, and harmful UV radiation.
2. Eye and Face Protection:
Construction workers often face eye
and face safety risks. Safety glasses
or goggles are the standard choice to
protect against dust, debris, and
chemical splashes, typically with impact-resistant lenses. For situations
with a risk of liquids splashing or flying debris, face shields offer comprehensive protection by covering the
entire face. Welding areas necessitate specialized welding helmets with
shaded lenses to safeguard the eyes
and face from intense light and
sparks. These helmets automatically
darken the lens to protect the
welder's vision.
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
3. Hearing Protection:
6. Body Protection:
Construction sites can be noisy due
to heavy machinery and equipment.
To prevent noise-induced hearing
loss, workers commonly use earplugs or earmuffs. Earplugs, made
from foam or silicone, provide a snug
fit in the ear canal. Earmuffs encase
the entire ear and can be adjusted
for comfort, with Noise Reduction
Ratings (NRR) indicating their effectiveness in reducing noise exposure
and protecting hearing.
The need for body protection varies
based on the nature of construction
work. In general construction settings, high-visibility safety vests are indispensable for enhancing visibility,
especially in areas with heavy equipment and traffic. These vests are typically made from fluorescent materials with reflective strips, ensuring
workers remain easily visible even in
low-light conditions. In cases requiring protection against dust and contaminants, workers may wear coveralls or work suits. Additionally, in cold
weather construction, insulated, waterproof clothing and thermal gloves
are essential to protect against cold
temperatures and environmental
conditions that can be encountered.
4. Respiratory Protection:
Construction sites can generate various airborne contaminants, including dust, fumes, and chemical vapours. Dust masks, half-face respirators, and full-face respirators with
suitable filters are employed to prevent the inhalation of harmful particles. The choice of respirator depends on specific hazards, with filter
cartridges designed to purify the air
from different contaminants. Asbestos removal scenarios require specialized PPE, including full-body suits,
respirators with P100 filters, and
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
gloves to protect against asbestos fibre inhalation.
5. Hand Protection:
Hand injuries are common in construction, making hand protection a
priority. Construction gloves come in
various materials, such as leather,
nitrile, and rubber, providing protection against cuts, abrasions, and
chemical exposure. Leather gloves
are preferred for general construction tasks due to their durability and
resistance to abrasions. Nitrile or rubber gloves are chosen when dealing
with chemicals and corrosive substances, providing a barrier against
these hazards. Cut-resistant gloves,
often made from materials like
Kevlar, are used when handling
sharp objects to prevent cuts and lacerations. These gloves strike a balance between protection and dexterity, allowing workers to handle tools
and materials effectively while staying safe.
13
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
7. Foot Protection:
Foot injuries are a significant concern
in construction, given the potential
for crushing injuries and punctures.
In general construction, steel-toed or
safety boots are standard requirements. These boots have reinforced
toe caps made from materials like
steel, composite, or aluminum, offering protection against falling objects
and other hazards that could result
in foot injuries. Additionally, the boot
soles are designed for maximum
grip, ensuring safe navigation on construction site surfaces, even in challenging conditions. Roofing workers
typically wear roofing boots with soft
soles to prevent damage to roofing
materials and maintain traction.
to the harness. The anchor points are
securely attached to structures, ensuring a safe and reliable attachment
for lanyards. Fall protection equipment is a cornerstone of ensuring
worker safety, especially for those engaged in tasks at elevated locations,
such as scaffolding, roofs, or elevated platforms.
9. Chemical and Hazardous Material Handling:
The construction industry often involves handling hazardous chemicals
and materials. Workers in chemical
exposure scenarios may require specialized PPE, including chemicalresistant suits, gloves, and boots.
These PPE items are designed to provide a barrier against chemical
splashes and exposure, ensuring
worker safety from potentially harmful substances. In cases of lead and
asbestos abatement, specific PPE like
full-body suits, gloves, and respirators is used to protect workers when
handling these hazardous materials.
The PPE chosen is tailored to the specific hazards associated with these
materials and the work environment.
10. Welding and Hot Work:
Welders face distinct hazards due to
the intense heat, sparks, and molten
metal produced during welding processes. In addition to welding helmets equipped with shaded lenses
for eye and face protection, welders
wear flame-resistant clothing to
guard against burns. These flameresistant garments are designed to
minimize the risk of burns from
sparks and hot metal inherent in
welding. Specialized welding gloves
8. Fall Protection:
Fall protection is critically important
in construction, particularly when
working at elevated heights. Fall protection equipment includes full-body
harnesses, lanyards, and anchor
points. These components work together to prevent falls and evenly distribute fall force across the body, reducing the risk of injury. Full-body
harnesses are secured to anchor
points using lanyards, which connect
14
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
are also essential, constructed with
heat-resistant materials to shield the
hands from burns and other welding-related hazards.
the construction industry.
11. Electrical Work:
Electrical work in construction presents unique risks related to electrical
shocks and burns. To ensure the
safety of electricians and those working with electrical systems, electricalrated PPE is employed. This includes
insulating gloves designed to protect
against electrical shock, typically
made from rubber or other insulating materials that meet specific electrical safety standards. Electricians
also wear flame-resistant clothing engineered to minimize the risk of
burns resulting from potential electrical arcs or sparks. The use of electrical-rated PPE is non-negotiable in
this field to protect against electrical
hazards and promote worker safety.
tunnels, poses significant risks, including limited entry and exit points,
poor air quality, and potential hazards like toxic gases. For workers entering confined spaces, specific PPE
is essential. Full-body harnesses are
used to secure workers in case of an
emergency and to facilitate safe entry and exit. Additionally, specialized
respirators, often with self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) functionality, are used to ensure workers
have a clean air supply in environments where air quality is compromised. Safety equipment for rescue
operations is also critical, including
devices like tripods and winches, designed to extract workers safely in
case of emergencies. The selection of
PPE for confined space work is vital
to safeguard workers from a range of
confined space hazards.
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) Compliance with Indian
Safety Standards (BIS Codes):
12. Confined Spaces:
Working in confined spaces in construction, such as tanks, vessels, or
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
Compliance with Indian Safety Standards (BIS Codes) is necessary to ensure the safety and quality of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in
1. Mandatory Standards: BIS has established mandatory standards
for various types of PPE used in
construction, such as helmets (IS
2925), safety goggles (IS 5983),
safety vests (IS 15809), ear protectors (IS 6229), and more. These
standards define the specifications, testing methods, and performance requirements that PPE
must meet to ensure safety and
effectiveness.
2. Certification: PPE manufacturers
must obtain BIS certification for
their products to demonstrate
compliance with these standards.
Consumers can look for the ISI
mark, which signifies that the PPE
meets the quality and safety requirements outlined by BIS.
3. Legal Compliance: It is essential
for construction companies and
workers to adhere to these standards and use BIS-certified PPE.
Non-compliance can result in legal consequences and, more importantly, compromises worker
safety.
Proper Selection, Usage, and Maintenance of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
Selecting, using, and maintaining Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is
essential for ensuring the safety of
workers on a construction site.
Here's a step-by-step guide on how
to do it effectively:
Selection of PPE:
1. Hazard Assessment: Start by con-
15
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ducting a thorough hazard assessment. Identifying potential
risks is the first step in choosing
the right PPE to protect workers
from specific dangers they may
encounter.
2. Appropriate Fit: PPE should fit
comfortably and securely. Illfitting gear can be uncomfortable
and may not provide adequate
protection. Ensure various sizes
and adjustment options are available to accommodate the diverse
workforce in construction.
3. Task-Specific PPE: Different construction tasks require specific
PPE. For example, welding tasks
necessitate specialized welding
helmets, while abrasive cutting activities require face shields. Using
task-specific PPE enhances safety
and efficiency.
4. Consider Comfort and Fit: PPE
should be comfortable for extended wear. Uncomfortable
gear may discourage workers
from using it consistently. Look
for PPE with adjustable features
for a proper fit.
5. Evaluate Durability and Quality: Invest in high-quality, durable PPE
that can withstand the demands
of construction work, especially
for items like gloves and safety
boots that experience significant
wear and tear.
6. Ensure Proper Certification: Verify that selected PPE meets safety
standards and certifications. Look
for labels or markings indicating
compliance with safety regula-
16
tions.
7. Consider Environmental Conditions: Account for environmental
factors such as extreme temperatures or wet conditions. PPE
should be suitable for the climate
and weather conditions at the
construction site.
Usage of PPE:
Training: Provide comprehensive
training to workers on how to correctly wear, adjust, and use their PPE.
Workers should understand the limitations of their equipment and when
and where it is necessary to wear it.
PPE in a clean, dry, well-ventilated
area to prevent damage and contamination, ensuring it remains in good
condition and ready for use.
Repair and Replacement: Any damaged or worn-out PPE should be
promptly repaired or replaced.
Never compromise the protective
function of PPE. Timely maintenance
ensures a high level of safety on construction sites.
These practices protect construction
workers' well-being, reduce accident
risks, and promote a culture of safety
for the entire workforce.
Conclusion
Consistent Use: Foster a culture of
PPE compliance. Workers must consistently wear their PPE when exposed to relevant hazards to ensure
everyone's safety on the construction site.
Regular Inspections: Before each
use, inspect PPE for signs of damage,
wear, and tear. Damaged equipment
should not be used and must be replaced immediately. Regular inspections are crucial for accident prevention.
Maintenance of PPE:
Cleaning: Depending on the type of
PPE, regular cleaning may be necessary. Safety glasses and helmets, for
instance, should be cleaned for clear
vision. Clean PPE enhances safety
and hygiene.
The effective utilization of Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) in the
construction industry is paramount
to ensure the safety and well-being
of workers. Properly selected and
worn PPE not only mitigates the risk
of injuries but also enhances overall
productivity on construction sites.
However, it is crucial for employers
and employees alike to continuously
educate themselves on the latest
PPE advancements, ensure compliance with safety regulations, and foster a culture of safety to make construction sites as safe as possible for
all involved. With a commitment to
PPE and safety measures, the construction industry can strive for a future where accidents and injuries are
minimized, and workers can confidently pursue their tasks with reduced risk.
Storage: Proper storage of PPE is often overlooked but important. Store
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
Safety equipments and tools used in
hazardous materials handling in construction
S
afety equipment
and tools play an important role in the
construction industry, particularly
when it comes to
handling hazardous
materials. In construction sites,
where workers are constantly exposed to the risks associated with
toxic chemicals, asbestos, and other
dangerous substances, safety equipment and tools are indispensable.
They act as a protective shield, preOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator
venting accidents and ensuring compliance with regulations. They serve a
dual purpose, safeguarding both the
workforce and the environment,
while simultaneously reducing the
long-term health risks and minimizing overall hazards. Beyond their protective functions, these safety
equipments and tools are integral to
promoting a culture of safety awareness, fostering a secure working environment, and aligning with legal
compliances.
Different types of safety
equipments and tools used in hazardous materials handling in construction
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
1. Protective Clothing: This category
of PPE includes coveralls and chemical-resistant suits. These garments
are constructed from materials that
can resist chemical penetration, providing a protective barrier for the
17
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
prevent foot injuries from heavy objects or chemical spills.
Ventilation Systems
body. They safeguard workers from
direct contact with hazardous substances, preventing skin exposure.
2. Respirators: Different types of respirators include N95 masks, half-face
respirators, and full-face respirators.
They are chosen based on the specific hazards encountered. For instance, N95 masks are used in construction to protect against dust and
airborne particles, while full-face respirators are used in chemical plants
to filter out toxic gases.
3. Gloves: Chemical-resistant gloves
are designed to protect the hands
from direct contact with hazardous
materials, preventing skin contact
and potential chemical burns or absorption.
18
4. Safety Goggles or Face Shields:
Safety goggles and face shields serve
as crucial eye and face protection.
They shield the eyes and face from
chemical splashes or airborne particles that could cause injuries or
chemical exposure.
5. Hard Hats and Steel-Toed Boots:
These are essential for head and foot
protection. Hard hats protect against
head injuries, while steel-toed boots
1. Fume Hoods: Fume hoods are enclosed workspaces equipped with exhaust systems that contain and remove chemical fumes. They are crucial for minimizing exposure to harmful vapors during tasks involving hazardous materials.
2. Local Exhaust Ventilation: Local exhaust systems consist of hoods,
ducts, or capture devices that capture and remove contaminants at
their source. This localized approach
prevents hazardous substances
from spreading in the work area.
3. Portable Exhaust Fans: Portable exhaust fans are deployed in areas lacking permanent local exhaust systems. They enhance air circulation
and reduce the concentration of airborne hazardous substances by expelling contaminated air from the
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
3. Safety Cans and Containers: Safety
cans and containers are used to
store smaller quantities of hazardous liquids safely. They come
equipped with safety features to prevent accidental spills.
workspace.
Emergency Equipment
1. Eyewash Stations and Emergency
Showers: Eyewash stations and emergency showers provide immediate
decontamination in case of eye or
skin exposure to hazardous substances. They enable individuals to
rinse off hazardous materials
quickly, reducing the risk of injury.
Containment and Storage
1. Chemical Storage Cabinets: These
cabinets are specially designed to
safely store hazardous chemicals.
They keep chemicals organized, segregated, and labeled, reducing the
risk of incompatible substances coming into contact.
2. Secondary Containment Systems:
Secondary containment, often consisting of trays or basins, serves as a
backup layer of protection. It ensures
that spills or leaks are contained
within the designated area, preventing contamination of the surrounding environment.
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
4. Drum Handling Equipment: Drum
handling equipment, including dollies and lifters, is instrumental in
safely transporting, lifting, and pouring hazardous materials from drums.
This minimizes the risk of accidents
during the handling of heavy containers.
2. First Aid Kits: First aid kits are
equipped with supplies to address
minor injuries and chemical exposures. They ensure that immediate
care can be administered in the
event of an accident.
3. Fire Extinguishers: Fire
extinguishers are essential for responding to fires that may occur during hazardous materials handling.
19
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
They should be specifically rated for
the types of fires that could occur
and be readily accessible for quick response.
Monitoring Instruments
1. Gas Detectors: Gas detectors monitor the air for toxic or flammable
gases. They trigger alarms or warnings when dangerous levels are detected, ensuring that workers are
alerted to potential risks.
2. pH Meters: pH meters are used to
measure the acidity or alkalinity of
substances. This measurement is crucial when handling corrosive chemicals, as it guides safe handling and
storage practices.
3. Radiation Detectors: In environments where radioactive materials
are handled, radiation detectors continuously monitor radiation levels.
This helps prevent exposure to unsafe levels of radiation.
20
Spill Response Kits
1. Absorbent Materials: Absorbent
materials, such as sorbents, spill pillows, or granular absorbents, are
used to contain and clean up spills.
They prevent the further spread of
hazardous liquids in the event of an
accidental release.
2. Spill Control Barriers: Spill control
barriers, including booms or socks,
are deployed to halt the spread of
spilled materials. This is particularly
crucial near water bodies or sensitive
environments, preventing contamination.
sure compliance with regulations
and responsible waste management.
Labels and Signs
1. Hazardous Material Labels: These
labels are affixed to containers to indicate their contents and associated
hazards, providing critical information to workers and emergency responders.
2. Warning Signs and Placards: Warning signs and placards are placed strategically in areas with potential hazards, ensuring that everyone in the
3. Hazardous Waste Disposal Containers: These containers are used to
safely store and transport hazardous
waste for proper disposal. They enOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
workspace is aware of the risks and
takes appropriate precautions to
stay safe.
Osha guidelines for safety
equipments and tools for handling
hazardous materials in construction
OSHA provides specific guidelines
and regulations for the use of safety
equipment and tools when handling
hazardous materials in construction.
Some of the key OSHA guidelines in
this context include:
fined space standards must be followed. This includes measures for
safe entry, exit, and the use of appropriate equipment for rescue and protection.
3. Respiratory Protection: OSHA has
specific standards for respiratory protection when dealing with hazardous
materials. Employers must have a
written respiratory protection program, provide appropriate respirators, and ensure fit testing and medical evaluations for workers required
to use them.
1. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE): Employers must assess the
workplace for potential hazards and
provide appropriate PPE, such as
chemical-resistant clothing, gloves,
eye protection, and respiratory protection. Workers must use this equipment and be trained on its proper
use.
4. Confined Spaces: When working in
confined spaces where hazardous
materials are present, OSHA's con2. Hazard Communication
(HAZCOM): Employers must establish a written hazard communication
program and provide training to
workers on the hazards of the materials they work with. This includes labelling of containers, safety data
sheets, and understanding chemical
hazards.
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
5. Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response (HAZWOPER):
For tasks involving hazardous waste
cleanup and emergency response,
OSHA's HAZWOPER standards must
be followed. This includes specific
training and safety measures for
workers in these situations.
6. Electrical Safety: OSHA regulations
for electrical safety in construction
ensure that tools and equipment are
used safely in hazardous environments. This includes measures to prevent electrical shock and fires.
7. Fall Protection: When working at
heights, fall protection measures are
essential. OSHA standards require
the use of fall protection equipment,
such as harnesses, guardrails, or
safety nets, to prevent falls when handling hazardous materials from elevated positions.
21
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
8. Equipment Inspection: Regular inspections of tools and equipment
used for handling hazardous materials are necessary to ensure they are
in safe working condition. Defective
equipment should be repaired or replaced promptly.
9. Training and Education: OSHA
mandates that workers be adequately trained in the safe handling
of hazardous materials, the use of
safety equipment, and emergency response procedures. Employers are
responsible for providing this training.
How to facilitate effective use of
safety equipments and tools for
handling hazardous materials in
construction
To facilitate the importance of safety
equipment and tools for handling
hazardous materials in construction,
here are some practices to help ensure the effective use of safety equipment and tools in construction:
1. Hazard Assessment: Conduct a
22
thorough hazard assessment to
identify potential risks and the
types of hazardous materials
present at the construction site.
This assessment will guide the selection of appropriate safety
equipment.
2. Proper Equipment Selection:
Choose safety equipment and
tools that are specifically designed for the identified hazards.
Ensure that the equipment meets
industry standards and regulatory requirements.
3. Training and Education: Provide
comprehensive training programs for all workers involved in
hazardous materials handling. Ensure they are familiar with the correct use, maintenance, and limitations of safety equipment.
4. Regular Inspections: Implement a
schedule for regular inspections
and maintenance of safety equipment. This includes checking for
defects, replacing worn-out parts,
and ensuring that equipment is in
good working condition.
5. Emergency Response Plans: Develop and communicate emergency response plans that outline
the steps to take in case of accidents or exposure to hazardous
materials. Ensure all workers are
aware of these plans.
6. Spill Containment and Cleanup
Procedures: Develop clear protocols for handling spills. Ensure
that spill containment kits and
cleanup equipment are readily
available, and that workers are
trained to use them effectively.
7. Fire Safety Protocols: Establish
fire safety protocols, including the
location of fire extinguishers and
fire blankets. Conduct fire drills to
ensure that workers know how to
respond in case of a fire involving
hazardous materials.
Conclusion
Safety equipment and tools are crucial for safeguarding the well-being
of workers and effectively managing
hazardous materials in the construction industry. It is essential to adhere
to safety regulations, regularly maintain equipment, and provide comprehensive training to personnel to
ensure the safe handling of hazardous materials. The specific equipment and tools required may vary
based on the type of hazardous materials and the specific tasks at construction sites.
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding
Safety Equipments and Tools
S
caffolding safety equipment and tools are used
to protect workers engaged in construction
and maintenance tasks
on elevated scaffolding
structures. Their importance lies in mitigating against accidents, falls, and injuries, providing a
critical barrier between workers and
potential hazards at elevated work
sites.
Different types of scaffolding safety
equipments and tools
Fall Protection Equipments
-
Safety Harnesses: These are full-
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
body harnesses made of durable
webbing and hardware designed to
secure workers at height. They typically include adjustable straps for a
snug fit, D-rings for attaching lanyards or lifelines, and a chest strap
for added security. Safety harnesses are a primary line of defence against falls, evenly distributing impact forces across the body.
Fall Arrest Systems Equipments
-
-
Shock-Absorbing Lanyards: These
lanyards are designed to absorb
and dissipate the energy generated
during a fall. They reduce the forces
exerted on a worker's body and the
anchorage point. Shock-absorbing
lanyards typically feature stretchable materials that extend during a
fall, gradually slowing down the
worker's descent to prevent a sudden stop, which could cause injury.
Self-Retracting Lifelines (SRLs):
SRLs are specialized lifelines that
automatically retract as the worker
moves. In the event of a fall, they
lock, halting the fall and preventing
the worker from hitting the ground.
23
SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
-
-
Harnesses with Energy-Absorbing
Features: These harnesses are
equipped with integrated energyabsorbing features, often involving
specially designed webbing or
stitching. These features are engineered to deform or tear during a
fall, absorbing energy and reducing
the impact on the worker's body.
Anchorage Points: Anchorage
points are attachment points to
which the fall arrest system is secured. These points must be strong,
secure, and capable of withstanding the forces generated during a
fall. body.
24
Passive Fall Protection Equipments
Stability and Support Equipments
-
-
-
Guardrails: Guardrails consist of vertical posts and horizontal rails installed around the perimeter of the
scaffold platform. They create a
sturdy physical barrier that prevents workers from accidentally
stepping or falling off the edge.
Guardrails are considered a passive
form of fall protection because
they don't require workers to take
any action to stay safe.
Toe Boards: These boards are attached to the base of the guardrails
and act as a secondary safeguard.
They prevent tools, materials, or debris from sliding or falling over the
edge of the scaffold, thus protecting workers and individuals below.
-
Scaffold Brackets: These are structural components used to firmly attach the scaffold to the building or
structure. They provide lateral support and stability, ensuring that the
scaffold remains in place and doesn't tip or sway, even in adverse conditions.
Ladder Access: Safe access to the
scaffold platform is crucial. Sturdy
ladders or staircases are securely integrated into the scaffold structure
to provide workers with a safe
means of climbing up to the platform and descending safely.
Active Fall Protection Equipments
Safety Tools
-
-
Safety Nets: Safety nets are installed beneath the scaffold platform to actively catch falling objects or workers in the event of a
fall. They reduce the risk of injuries
by breaking the fall and preventing
workers from hitting the ground or
lower levels. Safety nets should be
regularly inspected and properly
tensioned to ensure their effectiveness.
Tool Belts: Workers wear tool belts
to carry and organize their tools
while on the scaffold. These belts
help keep tools within reach and
prevent them from falling, reducing
the risk of accidents and injuries.
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
-
Tethering Systems: These systems
include lanyards and attachments
for securing tools to the worker or
the scaffold. If a tool is dropped, it
remains tethered and does not
pose a danger to others below.
-
ducing the risk of hand injuries and
accidents.
Non-Slip Footwear: Non-slip footwear provides workers with better
traction and stability on the scaffold, reducing the risk of slips, trips,
and falls.
critical information to keep workers
and bystanders informed and safe
around the scaffold.
Dust and Debris Control:
-
Scaffold Safety Indicators
-
Scaffold Tags: These tags serve as visual indicators of a scaffold's safety
status. Green tags may signify that
the scaffold is safe for use, while
red tags indicate that it is not safe.
Regular inspections and tagging
are crucial to maintain safety and
ensure that any issues are promptly
addressed.
Safety Monitoring and Emergency Response
-
-
Scaffold Alarms: These monitoring
devices are equipped to detect unsafe conditions such as high winds,
excessive loads, or structural issues
that may compromise scaffold
safety. When triggered, scaffold
alarms emit audible or visual alerts
to notify workers and prompt necessary actions.
Fire Extinguishers: Fire extinguishers on the scaffold are vital for
quickly containing and extinguishing fires in the event of a fire emergency. They are part of the emergency response plan to protect
workers and prevent further damage.
Dust Masks: Dust masks are worn to
protect workers from inhaling hazardous dust or particles, which can
lead to respiratory issues.
Debris Netting: Placed around scaffolding, debris netting prevents falling debris and materials from posing a danger to workers or pedestrians below.
Weather Protection:
-
Tarps and Windbreaks: Depending
on the climate, tarps can shield
workers from rain, snow, or extreme
heat, while windbreaks provide protection from strong winds.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
-
-
Helmets: Helmets protect workers'
heads from falling objects and
head injuries, which can be especially important on a scaffold
where there may be overhead hazards.
Gloves: Gloves protect workers'
hands and enhance their grip when
handling tools and materials, re-
Signage and Communication
-
Warning Signs: Proper signage is essential to communicate safety information effectively. Warning
signs indicate restricted access areas, safety guidelines, and other
Scaffolding safety equipment and
tools compliance with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) regulations
Scaffold safety training for construction workers in India is essential to ensure compliance with safety regulations set forth by the Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) and to protect the wellbeing of workers. Here's an overview
of key elements in scaffold safety
training with a focus on BIS compliance:
1. Regulatory Awareness: Begin the
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
25
SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
training by providing an understanding
of BIS regulations relevant to scaffolding. This includes standards such as IS
3696 Part 1 and Part 2, which outline
specifications and safety requirements for scaffolds.
2. Safe Scaffold Erection: Train workers
on the proper methods for erecting
and dismantling scaffolds, ensuring
they follow BIS guidelines for scaffold
design, dimensions, and materials.
3. Load Capacity: Emphasize the importance of adhering to load-bearing
capacities as per BIS standards. Workers should understand the limits of
scaffolds to prevent overloading,
which can lead to structural failure.
4. Fall Prevention: Highlight the use of
safety equipment, such as guardrails,
toeboards, and personal protective
equipment (PPE) like harnesses and
26
helmets, to prevent falls from scaffolds.
5. Stability and Bracing: Teach workers
how to assess and ensure the stability
of scaffolds, including the use of
braces, ties, and base plates, in accordance with BIS requirements.
6. Inspection and Maintenance: Emphasize the need for routine scaffold
inspections and maintenance as per
BIS guidelines to identify and rectify
any issues promptly.
7. Safety Signage: Educate workers
about the importance of safety signage on scaffolds to communicate their
condition and safety status, in line with
BIS recommendations.
8. Emergency Response: Provide training on responding to scaffold-related
emergencies, such as falls or accidents,
and the appropriate actions to take.
9. Hands-On Practice: Practical training
and demonstrations on scaffold assembly, safety equipment usage, and
proper procedures are crucial to reinforce learning.
10. Certification: Consider offering certification or documentation to workers
who have successfully completed scaffold safety training. This provides a record of compliance and competence.
Conclusion
Ensuring the safety of workers on construction sites through the use of
proper scaffolding equipment and
tools is important. By investing in highquality equipment, providing proper
training, and adhering to safety regulations, both employers and workers can
ensure a safer work environment.
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT
Construction Safety Measurement and
Accident Control Measures
Er. Shamanth Kumar M,
Managing Director,
Skanda Group of Constructions
ABSTRACT
Construction activities have made a great breakthrough in the last
two decades on the back of increase in development activities, and
public demand. Still occupational health and safety issues have
become major concern to construction organizations. The world
society and economy have suffered financial and human losses as
a result of poor safety management in the construction industry.
The impact is however more in developing countries. The purpose
of this article is to explore major safety provisions and also a
detailed study has been conducted on safety management procedures in construction sites. Different types of accidents occurring
in construction sites and measures taken to control these accidents are also analyzed in this article. Datas have been collected
through various site visits, literature review and from various construction safety standards including BIS and OSHA (Occupational
Safety and Health Administration). The article has been concluded
after putting forward a set of recommendations for construction
organizations to improve the occupational safety in the construction sites.
INTRODUCTION
Construction industry is considered as one of the most hazardous
industries in the world. There has been an increase in the number
of buildings which are built for commercial, residential and office
purposes every year. The construction market continues to
expand due to the day by day increase in need of infrastructure
facilities, homes, office spaces etc. The construction industry is
very complex and hence it is prone to numerous health hazards.
Therefore safety is a vital concern in the construction industry to
result in a hazardous free environment. Safety professionals have
analyzed that the major workplace accidents are initiated by
unsafe behaviors and that their control is one of the keys to successful accident prevention resulting in low accident rate in construction sites. The number of fatal accidents in construction sites
is not easy to quantify as information on this issue is not available
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
for most countries. The main concern is completing projects at the
required quality with minimum time and cost. Carelessness has
been considered as the major reason for accidents and hazards
happening in construction sites. With the change in timings and
schedules along with the change of men themselves combined
with the nature of the construction jobs makes the construction
industry as one with accident risks. Hence the major aim of this article is to minimize the accidents occurring in construction sites.
More than 3 million working days were lost due to hazards and accidents in the sites. Falls from elevated positions is the major cause
of accidents and deaths in construction sites. Unexpected accidents which occur affect the overall plan of the projects which
leads to production loss, lagging of works and interruption of production flow. Even though accidents cannot be completely erased,
the affects of those accidents on workers can be controlled. Occupational health and safety issues have become a major concern in
construction organizations. Due to lack of enforcement of applicable legislation's, most of the construction organizations are forced
to opt for implementation Occupational Health Safety Assessment
series (OSHAS) to improve safety performance. It has been
accepted that the construction workers have a high risk of work
related illness and accidents than in any other public sector.
Therefore there is an urgent need to reduce risk reduction by
implementing a site safety management.
Construction safety management is a method which is used to control safety activities in order to ensure a safe working environment
in the construction site. Safety during the construction project is
also influenced to a great part by decisions made during planning
and design process. Construction safety can be branched into four
groups which are panning for safety, employee training for safety,
first aid and medical measures and safety policies by the management.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Various literature's were studied in order to gain a clear view on
27
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT
safety management and safety practices in construction industry.
The study examined safety management in construction industry
including organizational safety policy, safety training, meeting,
inspection, penalties and workers attitude towards safety. The
study concludes that a focused dedication inwards safety is
needed and also the owners of large projects can more actively participate in construction safety management. Implementation of
various safety management strategies in construction sites was
studied. The proper practice and evaluation of safety management can improve the occupational safety in construction site. The
study investigate how effective is the safety policy taken by the Australian organizations. A relationship between safety management
and safety practices was found out. This article aims at exploring
current safety practices in the construction industry of Lebanon.
The study found out the existence of construction safety law but
the safety problems are due to the absence of its enforcement.
Even though the laws are maintained the proper practice of these
laws in the construction sites are missing. The study examines how
the project owners, contractors and subcontractors are related in
safety management. They concluded that for proper implementation of safety management in construction sites, the owner, contractor, sub contractors and labour should work together and follow the safety practices. This study examines the effect of three
types of institutional pressure on safety environment in construction. This article propose that at the planning stage itself the major
issues on safety should be erased completely. Early planning of
construction processes can be promoted in order to improve
safety. This article explores the importance of workplace risk
assessments (WRA). The implementation of WRA is considered
strictly in European Union countries. The implementation and
practices of WRA were studied. In this article a multi criteria analysis was done in order to make a mathematical model. It has a hierarchical structure with four phases of life-cycle of buildings. The
article concludes that the implementation of proper health and
safety criteria can improve the sustainable value of projects.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted for this study was identifying real time
problems in sites through site visits and also various datas were
collected from literature's and safety standards. A clear pictorial
representation of the methodology and safety assessments have
been shown in Figure.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Major Accidents in Sites and Control Measures
1. ACCIDENTS FROM Scaffolding's
Scaffolding is considered as one of the most dangerous jobs in construction due to the heights involved in it. Accidents can happen to
the workers constructing the scaffolds, workers using the scaffolds and any people who may pass by the scaffold. The major reason for occurrence of hazards in scaffolds is its improper erection.
Falls from elevation is the most common scaffolding hazard. Injuries related with scaffolds also include chance of being struck with
falling objects or debris. Electricity is another major risk in scaffold
related works as electrical lines are usually elevated making the
scaffold user prone to contact with those electric lines.
LITERATURE REVIEW
DATA COLLECTION
IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS IN
SITE
ACCIDENT CONTROL MEASURES
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
REAL TIME PROBLEMS IN SITE
ISSUES PROJECTED TO SUPERIORS
REMEDIAL ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
IMPLEMENTATION OF REMEDIES
PLANNING FOR SAFETY IN SITES
EMPLOYEE TRAINING FOR SAFETY
FIRST AID AND MEDICAL MEASURES
SAFETY POLICY BY MANAGEMENT
IMPLEMENTATION DONE IN SITE BY THE MANAGEMENT
Methodology adopted for this work
28
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT
CONTROL MEASURES
Rigid and strong scaffolds must be ensured and it should withstand its own weight and four times the maximum estimated load
without any sway or settlement.
Ø Scaffolds should not be supported on concrete blocks, bricks
or any other unstable substances.
Ø Safety belts and nets should be used for works from heights.
Ø Erection, movement and dismantling of scaffolds must be
done only under the supervision of a qualified person.
Ø A minimum distance of 10 feet must be maintained from electric power lines to prevent electrocution.
Ø In regular intervals the scaffolds must be inspected by a competent person.
2. SLIP, TRIP AND FALLS
Slip, trip and falls (STFs) are one of the most considered factors considered in safety management. Slip can be defined when there is
very little friction between feet and walking surface and the body
balance is lost. Whereas, when the upper body continues its movement even after the lower leg or foot hits an obstacle, trip occurs.
Falls can be of two types, first is the fall at same level and the next
type is fall to a lower level.
CONTROL MEASURES
Ø Waste materials should be disposed immediately from the
site.
Ø Working floor must be maintained clean and dry.
Ø Spillage on site should be cleaned immediately.
Ø The walkway on the site must be maintained without any materials or obstacles.
Ø Debris, concrete, broken blocks or any other obstacle must be
cleared off from the site
Ø Safety shoes or traction footwear must be used in the construction site.
Ø Cables or littering binding wires must be kept at proper allotted places in the construction site.
3. CRANE ACCIDENTS
Cranes are often the largest equipment used in a construction site.
Therefore they are highly dangerous too. Mostly crane accidents
occur when they are being overused without considering the specifications. If the maximum weight on the crane is exceeded then
buckling can be caused or the boom may be collapsed. Another
common reason for crane collapse is improper assembling of the
crane. A crane must be maintained properly by oiling the crane
parts especially the joints in a regular basis. The cranes which goes
in contact with the overhead electric lines is another key cause of
crane accident which leads to electrocution. Improper inspection
of the crane and presence of unskilled crane operators also can
lead the cranes to hazardous failures.
than the maximum carrying capacity of the crane.
Ø Chains, wire ropes and hooks must be regularly inspected by
competent people.
Ø The load should never be moved over a worker.
Ø Before using a crane all the controls of the crane must be
inspected and ensured to be perfect for proper operation of
the crane.
Ø Overhead electrical transmission wires must be watched to
prevent contact of crane with the wires.
Ø The crane should never be operated by an unskilled operator
and a well efficient person should only operate a crane. This
must be ensured by the management.
Ø All rigging's must be fully checked before using the crane.
Ø Assembling of the crane must be done under the supervision
of professionals.
4. LADDER ACCIDENTS
Ladder accidents or ladder falls is one of the most concerned
safety problems in construction site. Fall from a height more than
one meter is more dangerous. Using a wrong ladder can lead to
accidents. Ladder accidents occur more when the worker climbs
the ladder with his tool in the other hand. The ground on which the
ladder is placed should be rigid and the ladder fails when it is
placed on an unstable object like brick, blocks etc.
CONTROL MEASURES
Ø The correct ladder must be used for the particular work.
Ø Defective of damaged ladder should be marked or tagged and
must be kept away from the workers in the site.
Ø A ladder should never be loaded more than its load carrying
capacity.
Ø Metallic ladders must be avoided for doing electrical works.
Ø Length of the ladder must be ensured to be longer than the
climbing height.
Ø Workers must be given safety training about the usage of ladders in construction sites.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE
I.
Planning for Safety
Every construction organization should develop a performance oriented safety programme. A safety management procedure is
briefly shown in figure.
CONTROL MEASURES
Ø It should be ensured that the load on the crane is not higher
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
29
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT
A document including information about personnel protection
equipment's (PPE), hazardous substances in site, use of power
equipment's, safety practices, safety policies, emergency procedures in site, responsibilities of workers etc should be made. This
safety document should be made available to all the workers in the
construction site.
II. Training for Safety in Sites
Proper training about safety should be provided for workers. It is a
major component of safety management. Workers should be
made aware about different hazards that can occur in sites and
control of those hazards. By this training the workers should be
able to handle any emergency situation of safety in sites without
panic and also they should understand the relevance of safety
practices in sites.
The basic accident preventive measure outlined by Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) are:
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Safety helmets for head protection.
Hearing aids for ear protection
Safety shoes with steel toe for foot protection
Safety glasses or goggles for eye protection especially for welding works and in sunlight.
Clothes should be worn according to the climatic conditions.
Use of high visibility clothing should be ensured especially for
works during night shifts.
Safety training programme should be conducted occasionally
by the safety department.
Medical services and first aids should be ensured in site
always.
CONCLUSION
III. Medical Services and First Aids
First aid and medical facilities should be made readily available in
sites according to the size of site and number of workers in the site.
The employer must be responsible for this and should ensure the
availability of medicines and first aids in the sites.
It has been identified that safety management is the most important area in a construction work which ensures sound health of the
workers in the construction site and also prevents occurrence of
different types of hazards and accidents in a construction site. In
this article, the major parameters which are considered in the
safety management were discussed. The different stages of safety
management have been observed and analyzed. Various accidents which are occurring in a construction site were observed
and remedies that are to be taken in order to prevent these accidents were sorted out. The study shows that implementation of
safety measures is more important than safety planning and training. In order to ensure safety, a safety engineer or officer should
always be present at the construction site to inspect the implementation of safety in the sites. The management should make
safety equipment's mandatory. All the workers should be provided with personnel protection equipment's to ensure their own
safety. Proper remedies and measures should be taken in every
construction site to prevent any chance of occurrence of any kind
of accidents.
IV. Safety Policy by Management
About Author
The safety policy of the management is very relevant in maintaining workplace safety. Apart from the safety plans and training
programme, the management must ensure that the workers are
following the safety standards in the site. Regular safety inspections must be conducted by the management in the sites.
The author is the Managing Director at Skanda Group of Constructions. He is an experienced Civil Engineer with a demonstrated history of working in the construction industry. He is skilled in
AutoCAD, Construction, Management, Concrete, and Structural
Analysis.
30
October 2023 • Constrofacilitator
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