compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Reflex
Age when reflex appears
Age when reflex disappears
Stepping
Birth
2 months
Rooting
Birth
4 months
Palmar Grasp
Birth
5-6 months
Moro Reflex
Birth
2 months
Tonic Neck Reflex
Birth
5-7 months
Plantar Grasp
Birth
9-12 months
Note: Not all of the reflexes disappear (e.g., acid reflux)
Components of Theory of Mind
Component
Description
Diverse-desires
● Understanding the two people may have different desires
regarding the same object
● Baka iba ung gusto
Diverse-beliefs
● Understanding that two people may hold different beliefs
about an object
● Baka iba ung paniniwala
Knowledge Access
(knowledge/ignorance)
● Understanding that people may or may not have access to
information
● Naiintindihan ko na baka di nila ako maintindihan kasi wala
sila ng meron ako
False Belief
● Understanding that someone might hold a belief based on
false information
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
● Fake news
Self-worth
Self-esteem
Finds value in the internal world
Finds value in the external world
Arises from self-acceptance & compassion
Arises from self-judgment and comparison
Uses inner beliefs to reinforce and remain
stable
Uses competition and comparison to rise
Linked to emotional stability and self control
Linked to motivation and confidence
Reflects one’s view of the “true self”
Reflects the ego or “false self”
Is an abundant resource that is self-renewing
Is a scarce resource that needs to constant
renewal
Classification
● Sorting of toys according to
categories)
Identity
● A piece of chalk is still a chalk even if
when the piece if broken into two
Reversibility
● (2 + 3 = 5 ; 5 - 3 = 2)
Conservation
● Same amount of water despite having
different containers
Decentration
● Focusing on both height and width ;
content of what’s inside)
Seriation
● Arrangement according to height
Howard Gardner’s Eight Specific Intelligence
Intelligence
Linguistic
Description
The ability to speak and write well
Logical-mathematical
The ability to use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems
Spatial
The ability to think and reason about objects in three dimensions
Musical
The ability to perform and enjoy music
Kinesthetic (body)
The ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical
activities
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
Interpersonal
The ability to understand the interact effectively with others
Intrapersonal
The ability to have insights into the self
Naturalistic
The ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants,
and other living things
Donald Super’s Career Development Theory
Stages
Age
Characteristics
Growth
B - 14 or 15
y/o
Form self-concept develop capacity, attitudes interests,
and needs, and form a general understanding of the
world of work
Exploratory
15 to 24 y/o
“Try out” through classes, work experience, and hobbies.
Collect relevant information. Tentative choice and
related skill development
Establishment
25 to 44 y/o
Early skill building and stabilization through work
experience
Maintenance
45 to 64 y/o
Continual adjustment process to improve position
Disengagement
65 y/o +
Types of Love (Sterberg)
Types
Intimacy
Passion
Commitment
Examples
Liking
Friendzoned
Infatuation
Love at first sight
Empty Love
Arranged marriage
Fatuous Love
Pinakasalan agad porket
nagandahan
Romantic Love
Type at close naman, pero
di nakikita sa future :c
Companionate
Love
Andun ang respect and
commitment, pero nag
fade ang physical
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attraction
Consummate
Love
Complete package, sanaol
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Analytical Intelligence
- Componential
● How efficiently
people process
information
Creative Intelligence
- Experiential
● How people approach
new or familiar tasks
Practical Intelligence
- Contextual
● Helps people deal
with their environment
Perceptions about Death and Death Anxiety
Infancy
Cannot comprehend death yet but they do react to separation caused by
death
Early Childhood
Difficulty comprehending death due to difficulty distinguishing reality
from fantasy
Middle Childhood May have magical thinking and believe that they can bring someone
back to life
Late Childhood
Understand the finality of death and may also think that a person died
due to the deceased's wrong doings. Fears death of parents.
Adolescence
Fantasizes about one’s death and how others will react, may be linked
with personal fable
Early Adulthood
Generally low death anxiety as they expect a long life ahead of them
Middle Adulthood Reports high death anxiety due to caretaking responsibilities
Late Adulthood
Low death anxiety due to low caregiving responsibilities and are
satisfied with their lives, have experienced loss of a loved one.
Concerned about how they will die.
Key features of Emerging
Adulthood
Identity Exploration
● Love, Work/Career Choices
Self-focused
● Personal development / More personal choices
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
Feeling in-between
● Am I adult enough?
Instability
● Changes in Career, Residence, Uncertainties
Future-oriented Thinking
● Plans, Decision Making, Meaning of life
Types of Grief
Complicated Grief
Disenfranchised Grief
Anticipatory Grief
Atypical Reactions
Not socially recognized
Expected Death
Ethnicity
Cultural heritage, nationality, characteristics, race, religion, and
language
Culture
Shared beliefs (college culture, community, adolescent culture)
Ethnic Group
People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who
often share a language, culture and religion
Race
A group of people regarded as distinct from other groups on the
basis of appearance, typically skin color. Social scientists think
race is a misleading concept, as biological differences are not
signified by outward appearance
Socio-economic Status
Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and
economic characteristics
Ethics of Care by Carol Giligan
(Empathy and the ability to care)
Stages of Ethics of Care
Level 1: Pre-conventional
Only the needs of the self are recognized
Level 2: Conventional
The needs of other are prioritized and the
needs of the self are denied
Level 3: Post-conventional
Balance between the needs of the self and the
needs of others
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
The Seven Ages of Man by Shakespeare
Infancy
Infancy is the real period of real dependence. The baby is helpless.
Whining Schoolboy
Reluctant to leave his circle of protection and step into the harsh
world and still lacks confidence when it comes to exercising his
own discretion. The stage when the man meets a lot of people and
socializes with them.
The Lover
Girls become the center of his attention. Not afraid of making a
fool of himself in quest of getting the attention of his lover. Tries
to be romantic at this stage. In Love with the feeling of love.
A Soldier
Acquired a sense of productivity, accomplishment, and triumph.
Maintains healthy life patterns. Has now become sensible and
mature. Childish behavior has gone. More capable of dealing with
the hardships of life. His words show his maturity. His attitude
follows the path of a leader, and his values begin to shape up his
character.
The Justice
Acquired wisdom through countless experiences. More confident
in sharing his views and ideas. Succeeded in making a name for
himself and is now well-respected.
An Old Man
Can also be referred to as the “Stage of Ego-death” as he loses his
grip over his unique self-sense. The man becomes a shell of his
former self physically and mentally.
Dotage and Death
At this stage, his sight fades away and his hairs and teeth begin to
fall out. This slow demise painfully guides the man into the
oblivion of death. He becomes completely dependent on others
and is unable to communicate with the world.
Second Childishness
Once an independent man falls back all the stages and finds
himself right back at the first stage of infancy and dependency. He
finds himself on the verge of losing and can hear the ultimate
calling of death.
The Ninth Stage by Joan Erikson
Mistrust vs. Trust
Elders are forced to mistrust their own capabilities. Time takes
its toll even on those who have been healthy and able to maintain
sturdy muscles, and the body inevitably weakens.
Shame & Doubt vs.
Autonomy
Doubt returns to elders as they no longer trust in their autonomy
over their bodies and life choices. Will becomes weakened,
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
though held in check enough to provide some security and to
avoid the shame of lost self-control
Guilt vs. Initiative
Elders who took leadership seriously early in life may in later
years shun the guilt that accompanies overzealous initiative.
While once you were full of creative ideas, at eighty plus it’s all
memorable enthusiasm.
Inferiority vs . Industry
The industry that was a driving force when you were in your
forties is a memory you may hardly recall. You were so proud of
your competence. Such energy! That urgency is gone, and very
likely that’s a blessing because you really don’t have enough
strength for the pace you set then.
Identity Confusion vs.
Identity
With aging, you may feel a real uncertainty about status and
role. By what names in your old age do you wish to be called?
How independent can you afford to be? Who are you at eightyfive and beyond, when compared with who you were at midlife?
Your role is unclear when compared with the firmness of your
earlier stance and purpose.
Isolation vs. Intimacy
All elders in the ninth stage may be unable to depend on how
they are used to relating with others. How one typically engages
and makes contact with others may be overshadowed by new
incapacities and dependencies. To add to the confusion, an
elder’s community of others may shrink or expand depending on
circumstance; at the very least it will change frequently.
Stagnation vs.
Generativity
Generativity, which comprises the major life involvement of
active individuals, is no longer necessarily expected in old age.
This releases elders from the assignment of caretaking.
However, not being needed may be felt as a designation of
uselessness. When no challenges are offered, a sense of
stagnation may well take over.
Despair & Disgust vs.
Integrity
Ninth stage despair reflects a somewhat different experience
from that affiliated with the eight stage. Despair expresses the
feeling that the time is now short, too short for the attempt to
start another life and to try out alternate roads.
IUI
IVF
ICSI
Artificial insemination (also
called intrauterine
insemination), which
involves injecting sperm,
In vitro is latin for “within the
glass.” In in vitro
fertilization (IVF), the egg
and sperm (of which there are
In the intracytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSI)
process, a tiny needle, called
a micropipette, is used to
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
either from a woman’s partner many) are left in a laboratory inject a single sperm into the
or from a donor, into her
dish to fertilize on their own. center of the egg.
uterus.
In ICSI, the selected sperm is
directly injected into the egg.
Expert embryologists will
then select the best embryo to
be transferred into your uterus
and develop into a pregnancy.
IUI
Fertilization takes
place:
Complexity
IVF
Inside the uterus
In the laboratory
Simpler, more natural technique
More complex, less natural
technique
Success rate per cycle: 15 to 20%
40 to 70%
Ovules used:
Own
Own / Anonymous Donor
Semen used:
Partner / Anonymous Donor
Partner / Anonymous Donor
Time:
Shorter
Longer
Price:
Lower (as it is simpler)
Higher (as it is more complex)
Generally Indicated
for:
Young couple / Women under 35 Women over 35 with more
with good medical prognosis
complex medical diagnosis /
alterations
Traditional Surrogacy
Gestational Surrogacy
● The father’s sperm is used to fertilize
the surrogate’s egg
● Typically costs less than gestational
surrogacy
● May pose more legal issues since the
baby is genetically related to the
surrogate, which is why its important
to have a legally-binding surrogacy
agreement
● The surrogate undergoes IUI,
intrauterine insemination, where the
● The intended father’s sperm and the
intended mother’s eggs are combined,
creating an embryo, which is then
implanted into a surrogate.
● Typically costs more than traditional
surrogacy, which may require careful
financial planning.
● The baby is genetically related to both
parents, making this method a more
safe and risk-free option.
● IVF, In-vitro Fertilization is used,
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
sperm cells are placed in the
surrogates uterus
● Offers a viable alternative to adoption,
but comes with some risks.
where the egg is harvested from the
intended mother or donor and
fertilized with the father’s sperm
outside the womb.
● Has a high rate of success and is used
to help many individuals create the
family of their dreams.
Piaget’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Approximate
Age
Stage 0: Premoral
Development
Reasoning About Rules
Up to 4 years old There is no explicit awareness of rules, no use of
moral principles, or notions or justice
Stage 1:
Heteronomous
Stage
4 to 10 years old
Rules are seen as unchanging and external, like
physical laws. Judgements of culpability are based
on the act’s consequences rather than the actor’s
intentions. There is little sense of what punishment
is appropriate for what degree of transgression
Stage 2:
Autonomous Stage
10 to 11 years
old
Rules are seen as human agreements that can be
changed if all parties consent. Judgments of
culpability are based in part on intentions, and
punishment should be appropriate to the severity of
the transgression.
Major Approaches to Disciplining Children
Love Withdrawal
Withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child
misbehaves, that is, creating anxiety over a loss of love
Power Assertion
Use of superior power to control a child’s behavior (e.g., forceful
commands, physical restraints, spanking, and withdrawal or
privileges that may generate fear, anger, or resentment)
Induction
Explaining why a behavior is wrong and should be changed by
emphasizing how it affects other people, often suggesting how the
child might repair any harm done
Proactive (Instrumental)
Reactive (Hostile)
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
Most common, in which children act to fulfill
a need or desire – to obtain an object,
privilege, space, or social reward, such as
adult or peer attention – and unemotionally
attack a per- son to achieve their goal
An angry defensive response to provocation
or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another
person
3 Layers of Embryo
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Develops into the digestive
and respiratory systems
Becomes the circulatory
system, bones, muscles,
excretory, and reproductive
system
Becomes the nervous system
and brain, sensory receptors
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
Ultrasound Sonography
High frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant
woman’s abdomen
Fetal MRI
Uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed
images of the body’s organs and structures
Chorionic Villus
Sampling (CVS)
A prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the
placenta
Amniocentesis
A sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested
for chromosomal or metabolic disorders
Maternal Blood
Screening
Identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
Fetal Sex Determination
CVS has often been used to determine the sex of the fetus
2 Genotype-Environment Correlations
Passive
Description
Examples
Children inherit genetic tendencies
from their parents, and parents also
provide an environment that
matches their own genetic
tendencies
Musically inclined parents usually
have musically inclined children,
and they are likely to provide an
environment rich in music for their
children.
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
Evocative
Active (Nichepicking)
The child’s genetic tendencies elicit A happy, outgoing child elicits
stimulation from the environment
smiles and friendly responses from
that supports a particular trait.
others.
Thus, genes evoke environmental
support.
Children actively seek out “niches”
in their environment that reflect
their own interests and talents and
are thus in accord with their
genotype
Libraries, sports fields, and a store
with musical instruments are
examples of environmental niches
children might seek out if they have
intellectual interests in books, talent
in sports, or musical talents,
respectively.
Developmental Patterns of Aging
Normal Aging
Psychological functioning often peaks in early middle age, remains
relatively stable until the late fifties to early sixties, and then shows a
modest decline through the early eighties
Pathological Aging
Greater than average decline as they age through the adult years. In
early old age, they may have mild cognitive impairment, or have an
impairing chronic disease pairs their daily functioning
Successful Aging
Three developmental domains maintained longer, declining later in
old age
Maladaptation
Syntonic
(+)
Virtue
Dystonic
(-)
Malignancy
● Sensory Distortion
Overly trusting, gullible,
cannot believe that
anyone can do him/her
harm
Trust
Hope
Mistrust
● Withdrawal
Depression, Paranoia,
Psychosis
● Impulsiveness
Jumping into things
without proper
consideration of abilities
Autonomy
Will
Shame and
● Compulsiveness
Doubt
Everything must be
done perfectly
● Ruthlessness
\Without mercy, to be
heartless or unfeeling
Initiative
Purpose
Guilt
● Inhibition
Will not try new things;
to not feel guilty
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
● Narrow Virtuosity
Seen in individuals
pushed on only one area
of competence
Industry
Competence
Inferiority
● Inertia
Consequence of those
who were repeatedly
felt that they are
inferior
● Fanaticism
One’s way is the only
way
Identity
Fidelity
Role
Confusion
● Repudiation
Rejects need for
identity
● Promiscuity
To become intimate too
freely, too easily, without
depth
Intimacy
Love
Isolation
● Exclusion
Isolation from warm
relationships, love, and
develop hate
● Overextension
No time for oneself,
focused too much on
work or on other people
Generativity
Care
Stagnation
● Rejectivity
No longer participating
or contributing in the
society
● Presumption
Not facing the challenges
or difficulties in old age,
presuming that one has
achieved integrity
Ego
Integrity
Wisdom
Despair
● Disdain
Contempt of one’s or
anyone’s life
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
ABNORMAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Mental Retardation
Mentally Gifted
55 - 70
MILD
130 - 144
MODERATELY GIFTED
40 - 54
MODERATE
145 - 159
HIGHLY GIFTED
25 - 39
SEVERE
160 - 179
EXCEPTIONALLY GIFTED
< 25
PROFOUND
NEUROTRANS
MITTERS
Acetylcholine
PROFOUNDLY GIFTED
FUNCTION
●
●
●
●
Serotonin
> 180
●
●
●
USED IN TREATMENT
Found in Motor Neurons
○ Basal Ganglia and Nucleus
Basalis of Meynert
Maintains muscles, bone density, tissue
health
Excitatory: Contracts smooth muscles
Inhibitory: Slows heart rate down
●
●
Alzheimer's Disease
Dementia
Found in Brain and Brainstem
○ Pineal Gland and Raphe
Nuclei in the pons
Involve in Limbic Function (emotions /
mood, hunger, sex, instincts,
temperature) Sleep, Wakefulness
Sends signals within the gut and from
●
●
●
●
Depression
Sleep Regulation
Anxiety
Seasonal Affective
Disorder
Fibromyalgia
●
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
the gut to the brain
Dopamine
●
●
●
●
●
Norepinephrine
●
●
●
●
Found in Brain and Brainstem
○ Substantia Nigra (reward,
addiction, movement)
○ Hypothalamus (inhibits
prolactin release)
Runs the brain reward system
Modulates your actions, thoughts, and
mood
Controls your posture and movement
Promote wakefulness
●
●
●
●
●
●
Schizophrenia
Psychosis
Parkinson’s Disease
Bipolar Disease
Restless Legs Syndrome
ADHD
Also called as Noradrenaline
Brain
○ Locus Coeruleus (projecting to
cortex), for arousal, attention,
and anxiety
Increases heart rate and slows
digestion
In the brain NPR heightens arousal
●
●
●
ADHD
Anxiety
Cardiac Failure
Epinephrine
●
●
●
●
Also called as Adrenaline
Fight or Flight response
Release by fear and stress
Increasing your heart rate, breathing,
blood pressure, blood sugar and blood
flow to your muscles, as well as
heighten attention and focus to allow
you to act or react to different stressors
●
●
●
●
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Cardiac Arrest
Severe Infections
Glutamate
●
Found everywhere in CNS
○ Excites the cerebral cortex,
spinal cord, brainstem,
hippocampus, cerebellum
Brain’s most abundant free amino acid
Plays a role in cognitive functions like
thinking, learning and memory
●
●
●
●
●
●
Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS)
Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease
Dementia
Parkinson’s Disease
Seizures
Found everywhere in CNS
○ Inhibits the cerebral cortex,
spinal cord, brainstem,
hippocampus, cerebellum,
basal ganglia
Prevents excess signaling
Excess brain activity would not work
well
Removes signal noise for more
efficient messaging
Supports sleep
●
●
●
Anxiety
Depression
Rehab for drug abuse
●
●
GABA
●
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●
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
Endorphins
●
Body’s natural pain reliever
Oxytocin
●
●
Found in Hypothalamus via Pituitary
Gland
Forms strong bonds of loyalty and trust
○ Bonding between mother and
child
Stimulate release of milk from
mammary glands
During birth, contracts the uterus
●
Involved in memory and learning
●
●
Nitric Oxide
●
●
Headache
Fibromyalgia
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
I/O
PSYCHOLOGY
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
● Every person in the population has an
equal chance to be part of the sample
Convenience Sampling
● Subjects are selected according to who is
available or can be accessed conveniently.
Any subject may be included in the
sample
Systematic Sampling
● There is a gap or sample interval (e.g.,
every 5th person) between each selected
subject in the sample after randomly
selecting a starting point
Snowball Sampling
● After data is gathered from selected
subjects, the researches asks them in the
whereabouts of other potential subjects to
be included in the sample
Stratified Sampling
● Population is divided into homogenous,
mutually exclusive subgroups (strata) and
a sample is selected from each strata
Purposive Sampling
● Subjects are selected according to a set
criteria with a definite purpose in mind.
Researches assume that some subjects are
better fit than others depending on the
purpose
Cluster Sampling
● Used when the population is scattered
across a large geographic area; divide the
population into are blocks (clusters) and
randomly select from these clusters
Quota Sampling
● Selecting a set number of participants out
of subgroups based on same specific
requirement or predefined category
Multi-Stage Sampling
● Using a combination of two or more
probability sampling methods in different
stages; involves selecting a sample in at
least two stages
compiled / organized by: @gmdprpm (ley)
Reference Sources
Test Catalogs
Contain brief description of the test
Test Manuals
Include the detailed information of the test
Reference Volumes
Include detailed information for the tests listed such as the publisher,
author, purpose, the test takers, and the time limit
Journal Articles
Contain the reviews of the test
Online Databases
Have the bibliographic of tests
-
Measurements
is the application of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things according to
rules
Rules
Is the guideline for representing the properties of scale
Scale
Is a set of numbers whose properties model empirical properties of the objects
to which the numbers are assigned; continuous or discrete
Magnitude
Is the property of “moreness” of a given quantity than does another instance.
Some values are larger and some values are smaller.
Equal Intervals
Refer to a straight line or a linear equation in the form Y = a+bX which means,
an increase in equal units on a given scale reflects equal increases in the
meaningful correlates of units. The difference between 1 and 2 would be equal
to the difference between 11 and 12
Absolute 0
Refers that the scale has a true zero point when nothing of the property being
measured exists. Most psychological qualities are extremely difficult or
impossible to define the absolute 0.