·
TUTTLE
Learning Japanese
e
Ira ana
and
a a ana
Learning Japanese
and
Hiragana
Katakana
Learning Japanese
Hiragana
andKatakana
(WORKBOOK AND PRACTICE SHEETS)
Takagaki & Henshall
TUTTLE PUBLISHING
To kyo ' Rutland , Vermont· Singapore
Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., with editorial offices at
61 Tai Seng Avenue, #02-12 Singapore 534167 and 364 Innovation Drive, North Clarendon, Vermont 05759 U.S.A.
Copyright © 1990 by Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company, Inc.
All rights reserved.
LCC Card No. 90-70374
[SBN-IO: 0-8048-3815-1
rSBN-\3: 978-0-8048-3815-3
Previously published in 2005 as A Guide to Learning Hiragana & Katakana JSBN 0-8048-339J-5
First edition, 1990
Printed in Singapore
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II 10 09 08
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
T U TT L E PUB LIS H I N G ® is a registered trad emark of Tuttle Publishing, a di vision of Periplus Edi tions (HK ) Ltd .
CONTENTS
How to Use This Book
An Explanation of Kana
7
9
PART I: HIRAGANA
Practice a - ko
Mini Review a - ko
Practice sa - to
Mini Review sa - to
Practice na - ho
Mini Review na - ho
Practice rna - yo
Mini Review rna - yo
Practice ra - n
Mini Review ra - n
Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds
Review of Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds
Review of Double Vowels and Consonants
Combined Sounds
Review of Combined Sounds
Review through Place Names and Period Names
General Review
17
19
24
26
31
33
38
40
44
46
50
52
54
57
59
61
63
65
PART II: KATAKANA
Practice a - to
Mini Review a - to
Practice na - n
69
71
81
83
Mini~~wna-n
%
Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds
Review of Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds
Combined Sounds
Review of Combined Sounds and Double Consonants
Review through International Place Names
98
100
102
104
106
PART III: FINAL REVIEW
About Japan
Food Items Quiz
Flora and Fauna Quiz
Personal Names Quiz
Kana Word Search
Quiz Answers
Do-It-Yourself Kana Charts
The Iroha Verse
6
109
111
113
114
115
116
117
118
120
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
The main aim of this book is to help students achieve competence in reading and writing
kana, the phonetic symbols that are fundamental to written Japanese. The book starts with
a section entitled An Explanation of Kana, which contains everything the student will need
to know about the two kana systems of hiragana and katakana. Part I of the workbook section then systematically introduces each hiragana symbol, voiced form, and combination,
and provides ample practice and review. Part II does the same for katakana, while Part III
provides an overall review.
The Explanation of Kana outlines the function and origin of kana, the difference between
the two kana systems, the various sounds, the combinations, and the conventions of usage.
It attempts to be detailed and thorough so that it can be used for reference at any stage.
Though all the information about kana is grouped together in this one section for ease of
reference, it is not expected that the student will read it all before starting on the practice
pages. In fact, to do so might give the impression that kana are perhaps rather formidable,
which is not really the case at all. (Just ask any Japanese child!) We recommend that the
student start work on the hiragana practice pages after reading the first three subsections on the function, origin, and basic sounds of kana. After fmishing practice of the forty-six
basic hiragana symbols the student should go back to the Explanation and read the subsection on additional sounds, then work through the rest of the hiragana practice pages before
moving on to the katakana practice. The final subsection, on other points to note, is mostly
concerned with special katakana combinations and can be left until the appropriate point in
the katakana practice pages, just prior to the final review. Students may modify this order,
but we recommend finishing practice of one kana system before moving on to the next.
In the practice pages of Parts I and II each kana symbol is allotted half a page, permitting
plenty of writing practice in the boxes given. We suggest working in pencil, rather than
ink, as this will allow for erasing and repeated use. Stroke order and a pronunciation guide
are also given for each symbol. In addition, for each symbol there is an illustration of its
graphic evolution from its "parent" character (see Explanation of Kana) and a reference
number for that character as it occurs in A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters
(Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1988), together with the character's pronunciation. This may
be of interest to readers wishing to continue their studies of written Japanese to an advanced
level. (However, some of the original characters are no longer commonly used and therefore are not included in A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters.)
7
After approximately every ten symbols there are "mini review" pages for further practice,
this time using whole words. These are cumulative, containing symbols not only from the
group just completed but from earlier groups. The mini reviews can be used purely for
copying practice, or, by covering the cue kana on the left side of the page, as more challenging writing exercises. They can also be used as vocabulary exercises.
Part III, the Final Review, contains exercises, quizzes, and "do-it-yourself' charts. Unlike
the reviews in the fIrst two parts it combines the two kana systems, as is natural in Japanese
texts. And for a more natural effect the boxes used earlier in the book to help achieve even
spacing and proper stroke lengths are dispensed with in this fInal part.
The words appearing in the reviews have been carefully chosen in keeping with an additional aim of this book, which is to expose readers to key words related to Japanese society
and culture. The prime criterion for selecting review words was their suitability for practicing the kana symbols, but we thought it would be helpful to students if in addition these
words could, whenever possible, have particular relevance to Japanese culture. About half
of the 450 or so vocabulary items in the book fall into this category. It is beyond the scope
of the book to explain these in detail, but students who take the trouble to fInd out more
about them will be rewarded with a broadened appreciation of Japan's society and culture.
In short, we intend that these words should be used as a sort of checklist for an exploration
of Japan, rather than simply memorized as isolated vocabulary items.
Readers will occasionally encounter a semicolon between English equivalents given for a
Japanese review word. This indicates that the Japanese word is a homophone, that is, a
word having a different meaning but the same sound as another. Normally these homophones would be written with different characters, but when expressed in phonetic kana
script or romanization such differentiation is not possible. The English words separated by
a semicolon thus refer to different Japanese words sharing the same kana form. (Commas
between English words simply indicate nuances of the same word.) It should also be noted
that there is sometimes a subtle difference in intonation between "homophones," which cannot be determined from the kana or romanization.
Finally, readers are advised to seek specialist or native-speaker guidance on intonation and
pronunciation. It should be appreciated that the pronunciation guides given in this book can
only ever be approximate, owing to the variety in pronunciation of the same English word
in different parts of the world. Also, some Japanese sounds cannot be precisely represented
by English letters. The Japanese "r," for example, actually falls between the English "r"
and "d" But remember that, with both speaking and writing, practice makes perfect!
8
AN EXPLANATION OF KANA
The Function of Kana
Kana are purely phonetic symbols. That is, they are written representations of pronunciation. They can express the entire Japanese language in writing, though in practice the writ-
ten language uses a mixture of kana and kanji (characters taken from Chinese).
There are two kana systems: katakana and hiragana. Katakana is now mainly used for
words taken from languages other than Chinese. Hiragana is the more important of the two
systems, and is used for everything not written in katakana or kanji. Kanji show meanings
of words, though they also have pronunciations. Normally they are used for nouns and the
the unchanging part (the stem) of verbs, adjectives, and adv~rbs, while hiragana symbols
are used for the changing parts (notably endings). For example, the verb iku means "go,"
while ikanai means "not go." The stem is i-, and this is usually written with a kanji, while
the variable endings -ku and -kanai are written in hiragana. Hiragana is also used to \\rite
particles, and other words where kanji are not appropriate. To all intents and purposes the
two kana systems are not interchangeable, and are rarely mixed within a given word. The
rule is: katakana for non-Chinese loan words, hiragana and kanji for the rest.
The student of Japanese should ideally aim to learn all the two thousand kanji in common
use. They playa very practical role in graphically and distinctively conveying the meaning
of a written statement, unlike a purely phonetic script, and thereby aid rapid understanding.
And naturally, no one can expect to read unedited Japanese texts without a knowledge of
kanji. However, learning the kanji is a time-consuming task. Many of them are structurally
complex, and many have a wide range of meanings and pronunciations.
Kana, on the other hand, are much fewer in number, with only forty-six basic symbols in
each of the two systems. They are simple to write, and, with very few exceptions, they
have fixed pronunciations. If you don't know the kanji for a particular word, but know the
pronunciation, you can just express that entire word in kana (hiragana, that is; remember
that katakana is for non-Chinese foreign words). In other words, while not ideal, kana
(hiragana) can substitute for kanji. This means that even beginners can express
themselves in functional written Japanese with relatively little effort.
9
The Origin of Kana
The word kana derives from karina, meaning "borrowed name," for the kana symbols are
simplified forms of certain borrowed Chinese characters used for their sound (though, confusingly, the same characters lent their meaning in other contexts). The prefix hira- means
"ordinary," with connotations of "informal" and "easy," and in this particular case
"cursive." Thus hiragana means "ordinary (cursive) kana," and indeed hiragana has traditionally been the more commonly used of the two systems, and the more cursive. The hiragana symbols are simplifications of whole Chinese characters. For example, the kana ~
(pronounced like the "a" in "car") derives from a cursive rendition of the character ~
(pronounced "an"). Kata- means "one side" or "partial," pointing to the fact that katakana
symbols derive from one part of a Chinese character. For example, ~ (pronounced like
"ee" in "meet") is the left-hand part of the character
(also pronounced "ee").
1t
Both systems evolved around the end of the eighth century. In those early days hiragana
was used mostly by women, while men preferred to use the more angular katakana. However, these associations have long since disappeared.
The Basic Sounds Represented by Kana
Kana symbols basically represent syllables, and the kana systems are therefore syllabaries
rather than alphabets. Generally the syllables are crisp and clear combinations of one consonant and one following vowel, or one vowel by itself. There is only one consonant that
exists as a syllable and kana symbol in its own right, n.
The use of English letters to refer to Japanese sounds and symbols can produce a number
of apparent irregularities. Among other things a combination of consonant and vowel in
Japanese will not necessarily have the same pronunciation as in English. For example,
while . . ~, is found in the h group (see the table that follows), its pronunciation is actually
closer to the English sound "fu" than "hu." To facilitate pronunciation the romanization
used in this book is a version of the Hepburn system, which transcribes ",~, as fu rather
than hu, but readers should appreciate that there is no direct equivalent in Japanese to an
English "f." Similar cases of convenient but seemingly irregular romanization are found in
the s group and t group. This may begin to seem complicated, but in fact correspondence
in Japanese between kana spelling and pronunciation is much simpler than in the case of
English and its alphabet. Attempts to express certain loan words in katakana can seem
10
awkward, but that is really a problem relating to the Japanization of non-Japanese words,
rather than to the kana system itself.
Each of the two kana systems contains the same basic forty-six syllables, arranged in the
same order. The basic syllabaries are as follows (combined for convenience, with the katakana written slightly smaller).
VOWELS
a
1
-p
k
s
t
tl)
~z
en
z
0
u
,
0
;t
:I;t
;h'
ch a
1 u
e
..., :J
~
'7
1)\ tJ
ka ~
ki
ku Lt 'l
ko
<
,tz
--tj
~
L shi'l t Asu -tt se ~ 'Jso
sa
l \ A
1
rJ
0
'-
"-
4''J
(2 ~-:J
1?
ta
chi
tsu (.
n
t-d- --r
na
h
~~
O
e
U
1\
ha
-:;'
t: -- t/J -;nu ~
~
m
V t:hi .... )
....
\
fu
/"'-.
.qte
~
ne
~
he
t
()
~l
t-
to
)
no
It,
ho
;e:
-A
L mu tb me
t mo
.::z3
y
~ ya
J:
YO
vo
vu
, _:L
11
r
? ra ~) ri ~ ru fL re J:; ro
=1
w
h 'Jwa
R
wo
y
m
~ rna J-r
~
$
ffil
~
)v
Iv n
}....
(1
n
This order is known as the goju.onjun, meaning "the fifty sounds order." In fact, there are
now only forty-six basic symbols (sounds) officially in use. Yi, ye, and wu do not exist.
Wi (~/
and we
were officially removed from the list in 1946 since the
sounds were considered sufficiently close to i and e to be represented by the symbols for
these. However, the symbols for wi and we are still encountered on rare occasions.
J/:-)
(JL /.::e,.)
The gojiionjun is the standard order followed by dictionaries and other reference works. It
11
is therefore particularly important to remember it. To this end, the following mnemonic,
which is a modified version of one taught by Professors Dunn and O'Neill of the University of London, may be helpful.
Ah, kana signs! Take note how many you read well (n).
The reader will have taken note of the fact that the first letters of these words follow the
gO}Uon}un consonant headings. With apologies to mathematicians, even the syllable n (Iv)
is represented, by the mathematical symbol "n" indicating the utmost number (in this case
92, the sum of the two kana systems).
The syllable n (Iv) is sometimes called the "independent n" but in fact it can never be used
truly independently. Nor can it ever start a word. When working from romanization it is
sometimes difficult to tell whether a non-initial n followed by a vowel is a syllable from the
n- group, or whether it is n ( Iv) followed by an independent vowel. For example, tani
could be either t-=-l:::.(valley) or t::.Iv\l \(unit). Context usually makes this clear. To avoid
ambiguity some romanization systems use an apostrophe after the n that represents Iv.
Thus f:. ~ '" 1can be romanized as tan'i. Note also that in romanization Iv is sometimes
written as m before a p, b, or m, as in shimbun for shinbun (newspaper). This practice is
by no means universally followed (and is not followed in this book), but its existence does
indicate one of the exceptional cases where the pronunciation of a kana symbol could be
said to vary slightly according to context.
Additional Sounds Represented by Kana
In addition to the forty-six basic symbols, there are sixty-one classified modifications and
combinations in each system, and a few further special combinations as well. This may
sound alarming, but in fact it involves only a handful of new points to learn.
The first is the dakuon, meaning "voiced sound" or "hardened sound." Sounds starting
with the unvoiced consonants k, s, t, and h are voiced as g, zl}, dlzl}, and b respectively if
the diacritical marks " are added to the upper right side of the basic kana symbol, as
shown in the following table. (See also pp. 52-56.) The table also shows handakuon,
meaning "half-voiced sound," which applies only to sounds starting with h. The addition
of a small circle 0 to the upper right side of the appropriate basic kana symbol changes the
pronunciation from h to p (as opposed to changing it to b in the case of the full dakuon ).
12
VOWELS
a
g
~ z/j
1
fI"
Il~'
~a
~"
-tr"
'-
za
~
..
~~
ci
~
,
"
;/
C'
e
U
ji
'l"'
<"
~t"
~u
r"
0
~"
~e
"-
go
~".
~~
~.'
tt' ze
zu
",,"
.:;-It
5 d/z/j " 9"
"
4-"
"('"
"'?
15"
f:- da
ji
zu
de
5u
t:::"
J \"
, " 7"
,~'.
til
b
p
Lt" ba 1.1" bi v) \
CO
J \0
L'f pa {)O pi ,,~
.'
/"\.,
bu
, <'
7°
\
pu
~
::I ,I
'1"
""
~
zo
F'
.. do
;1",'
be ll" bo
~
pe
;t,Q
t~O po
ct';
Ji and zu are written C' and
except when they clearly derive from chi (1? ) and tsu (-:;)
in compounds or repeated symbols. For example, hanaji (nosebleed, from hana [nose] and
chi [blood]) is ~1 tJ.Ij'; and tsuzuku (continue, from tsutsuku ) is -:> "':i'< '
A combination of a consonant and y- is known as a yoon, meaning "contracted sound,"
Any of the seven basic consonants k, s, t, n, h, m, or r, or voiced or half-voiced consonants, can be used, The symbol that represents these consonants plus i, for example
.!
l
(ki) or (shi), is followed by a symbol from the y- group - either ya, yu, or yo as appropriate, This second symbol is written smaller, while the i sound is barely pronounced and is
dropped in romanization. Thus kyo is expressed as ~ J: and shu (syu in some romanization systems) as L.,.p , If the J:: or ,.p of our examples were written the same size as the
preceding symbols, then they would be treated as uncombined symbols and read kiyo or
shiyu respectively. Full tables are given below. (See also pp. 59-62.)
a
u
~1(1
a
0
~:1.
~3
~~ kya ~~ kyu ~~ kyo
.7'~_
5"3
71
sh
l-t sha L~ shu
LJ: sho
ky
gy
~"
u
..
~ ~
~~ ~ya
~"
~~
0
~'~ ~'.
~'3
~yu
~yo
-J:
J
C~ ia'i~ C~ iu
;;/i
L'.t 5/"jo
iJ.p chu ~J: cho
J
.4-".:1
+'9
'::::-"3
ny ~::~ .;:...'" ~:.p ':::'.3nya
nyu l=J: nyo
t:,.",
1::::3
r-ld:
hy
-;~ ia -5~ ju i5'~ jo
by
ch
?~
k~
cha
.4-1
A-:l
OJ:. hyo
1h hya VifJ hyu
.....
~3
-=-~
my
J+~ mya Jj-.p mvu J-tJ:. myo
,,~
IJ~
113
t)..p rvu t).t ryo
t) .t' rva
:3
py
~:l.
ry
4-'~
-
Note that ..}' combinations rarely occur.
13
Some consonants - essentially k, s, t, and p - can be doubled by inserting a small tsu (..,
or \~) in front of them. This combination is known as a sokuon (double consonant). Thus
gakki (school term) is expressed as 1) \'~ ~. The little -? or 'y is not pronounced as such,
but the consonant that follows it is given, as it were, a double amount of time for its pronunciation. It is important to apply this extra time to the consonant only, and not to the following vowel. Thus the word in our example should be pronounced gakki and not gakkii.
These double consonants can never begin a word. (See also pp. 57-58.)
Students commonly make the mistake of trying to write a double n, as in words like annai
(guide), with a small...,. The correct way is to use Iv to represent the first n. Thus annai
should be written ;f-, Iv ~ l- \.
The lengthening of vowels (including the vowel sound of syllables in which a consonant
precedes the vowel) can also cause errors, especially in the case of the long o. In romanization long vowels are usually indicated (if at all) either by writing the vowel twice or by a
macron, as in uu or for a long u. For loan words in katakana, a barlike symbol _. (or I
with vertical script) is used. Thus rabli (rubber) is written =; /'"-. In hiragana, the vowels a, i, u, and e are doubled by simply writing ~, ~ " -7, or ik. respectively after the preceding symbol. Thus okasan (mother) is written 1,'I}';;' ~ Iv. (The doubling of a and e
actually occurs infrequently in hiragana. What sounds like a long e is usually e followed by
i, as in 1:t 1v1±t..', sensei [teacher].) A long 0 can sometimes be formed by doubling in the
same way as with other vowels, that is, by adding h', but it is more commonly formed by
adding ~ (u). Thus so (so, thus) is written ~., . The long 0 that takes j;' was once pro-
u
nounced slightly differently from the long 0 that takes /;' but that is no longer true, and it
is necessary to learn each word with a long 0 sound case by case. Fortunately, there are
only a few common words that require the addition of "JJ' as opposed to ~. These include
okii (big, JJ' j:)~",), oi (many, 1>'''/J' ~ l), toi (far, tri~ \),to (ten, t ~'), and tori (way,
road,
LJ). Students should take particular care not to be misled by the common romanization practice of writing a long 0 as 00, when in hiragana it is usually
(0) plus ~ (u).
tn'
n'
Caution is also needed when transcribing from kana to romanization. Always check that an
apparent long vowel really is a long vowel, and not two unlinked vowels. A typical case of
the latter is a verb whose variable ending starts with the same vowel as the last vowel of the
stem, or appears to combine with it to make a long o. For example, the verb ':t meaning
-1,
"go with," should always be romanized as sou and not so or soo. (By contrast, ~-? meaning "thus," being a genuine long vowel, is romanized as so or soo.) Similarly, suu is the
romanization for the verb
(suck), rather than SU, and kiite is the way to romanize the
suspensive ~ ~ , 1. (listening), rather than kIte.
t1
14
Other Points to Note
There are three common cases where kana usage is distinctly irregular. They all involve
particles, namely the topic particle wa, the object particle o,and the directional particle e
(meaning "to"). These words are written ~<t,
,and /'\. respectively, and not b, "'h',
and
as might be expected. The irregularities result from the failure of writing conventions to keep pace with pronunciation changes over the last century or so.
k
:t
Certain further usages need to be noted with regard to katakana loan words only. These are
relatively recent attempts to express non-Japanese words with greater accuracy, and tend to
(.1
be an extension of the yoon principle
J': etc.) seen earlier. That is, they combine two
kana symbols, the flrst one lending only its consonant sound and this fact being indicated
by the small size of the second symbol. For example, "f' sounds can be approximated by
followingfu (7) with a small vowel. Thusfa,fi,fe, andfo are written as 7r, 7-f , 7r.,
and 7~ respectively. Similarly, "q" can be represented by ku (1) plus a small vowel, as in
7~-9- (quarter). A German-style "z" (as in "Mozart") can be shown by tsu (0/) plus a small
vowel, Le.,':{:' - 'Ir ,*<Mozart). "She" (as in "shepherd"), "che" (as in "check"), and the
voiced version "je" are written as :;;~, *~and ~j:. . Though not a consonant, u ('7) is
used in a similar type of combination, to produce "w" sounds. As mentioned earlier, the
sounds wi and we are still occasionally found expressed by.:zt and.::e respectively, but
'?r..
nowadays are usually written as '71' and
Thus "whisky" (uisukT) is usually written
as ~-l A ~ -. Theoretically =J could be used for wo, but this has become so associated
with the object particle 0 that 1'7.Pt' is used instead. (Wa, however, is represented by '7 .)
In similar fashion, i (1) can be followed by a small I- to express "ye." Thus "Yemen" is
1:t. - j )-. Remarkably, an extension of the use of "7 has seen diacritical marks added to it
in order to express "v." Thus "Venus" is r7~- fA. The English sounds "ty" or "ti" (as
in "party") and their voiced equivalents "dy" and "di," which were once expressed rather
=r1
f
and ~\' respectively, are now written as
and -r~. Thus "party"
unfaithfully by
is /\0_ 71-, The "tu" of "tuba" and the "du" of "due" can be expressed bY::;-:1- and 7';,..'
giving-r;L.-J" (tuba) and .:f~I.'/kduet), while the "Tou" of "Toulouse" can be s~~wn
by t 7 (a voiced version is also possible).
These combinations have very recently received official approval, particularly when used in
proper nouns such as place names and personal names. However, there is also official recognition of established usage, such as of b for v. This means that in practice some words
can be written in a number of ways. "Violin" can be eitherrjp.,-f It I) :; or I \'1 it I) /. for
example. In cases where a certain usage has become particularly flrmly entrenched in the
Japanese language the old rendition is favored, such as ~ ) 1..--7 ~ -
15
-t (mirukuseki) for
"milkshake" (but note that "Shakespeare" is ;;~ -1 A t:.°r). At the same time, it is also
possible to make up new combinations as appropriate, such as ::::- (ni) plus a small ~ (e)
to express the nye sound of the Russian nyet. In short, the student should be prepared for
a range of creative and sometimes inconsistent usages.
Katakana is very occasionally used for words other than loan words. For example, it can
be used to emphasize or highlight words, such as entries in academic reference works, and
is also used in telegrams and certain military and official documents. In such cases, when
used for purely Japanese or Chinese-derived words, its conventions of usage are identical
to those of hiragana. Long vowels, for instance, are formed by adding the appropriate
vowel and not by a bar. Thus gakkO (school) is 1]':,/ :J
rather than -1(,/ 'J -.
\7,
A kana symbol can be repeated by the special symbol \ . This can also be used when the
second symbol is a voiced version of the first, in which case it becomes \ " . Where more
than one syllable is repeated, in vertical script only, \ (or {' if the first of the repeated
sounds is voiced) can be used, with the symbol covering two spaces. These repetition symbols are known collectively as odoriji (jump symbols). Students need to recognize them,
but should only use them, if at all, with caution. They are not compulsory, and have a number of restrictions on their usage. For example, they cannot be used where the first symbol
of one word is the same as the last symbol of the word that precedes it (as in kuroi ishi
meaning "black stone"), or similarly in compound words where the first symbol of the second word coincides with the last symbol of the first word (as in tama-matsuri meaning
"festival of the dead"), or where the-first symbol of a variable word ending is the same as
the last symbol of the word stem (as in Id-Idmasu meaning "listen"). Some examples of
correct usage:
IJ'"
~"
Jr
mimi
(ear)
v,
.....~
~
j:
<
iroiro
(various)
kagami
(mirror)
<-
samazama
(various)
Finally, students should learn the basic Japanese punctuation marks, known as kutoten.
Full stops are written 0 (maru), and commas are written, (ten). Quotation marks (kagi),
are written r J in horizontal script and
in vertical script
,
L.
16
I
HIRAGANA
fllRAGANA
ORIGIN
(AN 223)
STROKE ORDER
a
as "a" in "car," but
shorter
PRACTICE
.
.....'... ...
. :......... "
..
ORIGIN
(I 419)
IJ:A I~ ~ I~ >Il )I
2
1
STROKE ORDER
;'v '\
'•
I
I\; I\;) I I I
as "ee" in "meet,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
:
\
.'
19
HIRAGANA
~
ORIGIN
,
1tl11 7 10 1
1
~
U
(U 811)
~
2;
STROKE ORDER
'"
1 10 1 1 1
as "u" in "hula," but
shorter
PRACTICE
"
. ....:
ORIGIN
1
~
e
2A-
1;KILI~lil
STROKE ORDER
3
as "e" in "get"
PRACTICE
" ~ .-:
.0
0·'
:
_0.
20
(FJI 420)
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(0)
1+d-J~~
STROKE ORDER
o
as "0" in "or," but
shorter
PRACTICE
.. "... ...
.'.. ,,'
~.;" " .'" ':
ORIGIN
(KA 431)
IflO Iv Ib') IfJ' I
VJ
STROKE ORDER
ka
as "ca" in "car," but
shorter
PRACTICE
. .
"''-.
' ....
: : .:
21
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(1(1
1129)
I~'I! I~ I~ I
STROKE ORDER
ki
as "ki" in"k eep, "
but shorter
PRACTICE
••• 1
. ',
. ..
~
ORIGIN
(KU 647)
I~I~I~I<I
STROKE ORDER
ku
I<I I I I
as "Ku" in "Kuwait,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
I
'.
22
HlRAGANA
ORIGIN
(KEI 105)
l~tlnlttlLtl
STROKE ORDER
ke
as "ke" in "keg"
PRACTICE
,: . --! . .
~I'
:
ORIGIN
~
(KO 855)
1r:IGILI21
STROKE ORDER
1'" 121
1
~
)
2~\.....,
1 1
\.
ko
as "co" in "core,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.....
:
.... . .
~
23
HIRAGANA
MINI REVIEW
ct - :2 / A - KO
ai
love
I : I : I : I : I : I
ue
10: il : I : I : I : I i I : I
oka
1~h':1J\1 :
: I : : I : :
kiku
l<h: l 'I
:
above, top
hill
1
1
1
1
hear, ask; chrysanthemum
I~:< I : I : I : I : I : I
koke
12:Ltl :
: I
moss
1
: I i
1
:
ike
pond
kau
buy
1
:
1
:
1
Il ,: It I : I : I : I : I : I : I
11)': -? I :
1
: I : I : I : I : I
eki
I1: ~ I :
station
1
iku
: I : I :
1
::1
:
:
1
:
1
1
:
1
1
:
1
go
: :
I" ': <I koko
12:
1
1
1
:
1
: I :
here
: I : I :
au
1
:
meet
1~:11 : I : I : I : I : I : I
24
HIRAGANA
koe
1-::
VOIce
:ll : 1
1
:
kaku
11)\:
<
1
:
1
1
:
:
1
1
:
:
1
1
:
:
iu
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
1
:
:
1
1
1
house, extended family
I : I
: 1: 1: 1
1
say
:
1
1
:
akai
:
1
:
1
1
:
1
red
l;h:t.]":\; 'I : :
: :
aoi
1
:
:
: 1
:
:
:
blue
n:t, ,I : :
: :
kioku
1~: ;1;:
1
I
I
I
autumn
Ich: 11 : 1 : 1 :
I~:
1
: I : 1 : 1
1
aki
1\,':-11
:
face, honor
ie
1t,1:;t1
:
wooden bucket
kao
l:b':;n-I
1
write
oke
117":111
:
1
1
1
memory
<1 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1
ekaki
lil:tJ\:~1
:
I
I
I
painter
1: : 1: : 1: : 1
25
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(SA 22)
2
I~
sa
3
STROKE ORDER
~'-
as "sa" in "sarcasm ,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
. .. . .
.t.,.
ORIGIN
(SHI, part of 1335)
1
~
STROKE ORDER
shi
as "shee" in "sheep, "
but shorter
PRACTICE
.-. .
26
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(SUN 909)
Itltltlq-I
2
~
STROKE ORDER
su
as "Su" in "Susan,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.... - ·t"· ..
" ,
... ;
ORIGIN
(SE 327)
2
J,
STROKE ORDER
se
as "se" in "set"
PRACTICE
27
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(SO, part of Z0741)
STROKE ORDER
so
as "so" in "sore,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
. ..
"
: ....
'::
ORIGIN
(TA 164)
STROKE ORDER
ta
as "ta" in "tar," but
shorter
PRACTICE
.;.,
: ....
. .....
28
IllRAGANA
ORIGIN
(CHI 169)
STROKE ORDER
chi
as "chee" in "cheek,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
:
0 .. •
..
~
ORIGIN
(SU 304)
1~
STROKE ORDER
tsu
I
as "tsu" in "tsunami"
PRACTICE
...
29
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(TEN 58)
STROKE ORDER
te
as "te" in "ten"
PRACTICE
.. .... ::...
ORIGIN
(TO-maru 129)
STROKE ORDER
to
as "to" in "tore,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
,
! .. ,
30
HIRAGANA
MINI REVIEW ~ -
C / SA -
sushi
sushi
TO
11: II : I I : I : I :
1-:>:-l?1 : I : 1 : 1 : I :
11:cl i I I : I : I : I : I
I~ :(tl : 1 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
tsuchi
soil
solo
outside
sake
sake; sahnon
letsu
iron, steel
I(:~I :
I : I : I : I : I : I
seki
11±: ~ 1
seat; cough
: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
tatsu
Ir~~1
stand, leave; dragon
: I : I : 1 : I : I : I
Iochi
land
uta
song, poem
kolo
thing; Japanese harp
suso
hem
1C: ~I : I : I i I : I : 1
1-7 :t::1 : I i I : I i I i I
12:tl : I i I : I : I i I : I
11:~1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
31
HIRAGANA
tai
Ir::::t'l
sea bream
:
: 1 : 1
:
1
:
I
1
:
1
I : I : I
:
1
:
1
1
teld
enemy
l-z: ~ I : I
I : I : I
shichi
1 ~: 1J1
seven
: 1
1
:
ose
sweat
IJY!1t1 : I
sam
I~:<tl :
:
1
thrust; indicate
1
1
:
uso
:
1
:
1
1
untruth
11:~1 : 1 : I : I : 1 : 1 : 1
kisetsu
1J
season
:-tt: ~I : : 1 : : 1
ashita
I~: L: (:::1
: 1 : : 1
tomorrow
: : 1: : 1: : 1 : : 1
satoi
I~:
I
I
I
c: ~ 'I : : I : :
sekitei
1-tt:~:(:l'l
clever, sharp (of senses)
1
:
:
1
:
:
rock garden (Japanese style)
:::
chikatetsu
32
1
subway
:
:
:
1
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(NA)
STROKE ORDER
oa
as "na" in "narcotic,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
ORIGIN
(NI 906)
11~17 21 L21l =1
STROKE ORDER
II It-lt:1 I
. . . . .21:.1
2
13~
~'--
'-•
01
as "nea" in "neat,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
., .. . . ...:.
. .
:: . . ...... .
33
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(NU/DO 1638)
1
J,
STROKE ORDER
DU
as "noo" in "noon,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
:.... :: ....
'\
:.~ :.:~ -::: .:.
ORIGIN
(NE)
STROKE ORDER
De
as "ne" in "net"
PRACTICE
. " ,~'.... " ....:
.....,j :: :.":..
34
HI RAGA NA
ORIGIN
(NO/NAD
STROKE ORDER
I
no
I
as "no" in "north,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.. ., ...
.. ..:
:- ..'
"
'
"
ORIGIN
(HA 367)
STROKE ORDER
ha
as "ha" in "harm,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.
........
,,'
.'.....
, .. ,
35
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(HI 771)
I I I
I~L Vt L~ V I
STROKE ORDER
Ivl I I I
hi
as "hea" in "heat "
but shorter
'
PRACTICE
.,
.
.~.
~I..
.'
~
,,~,
ORIGIN
(FU 572)
If I~IJ;I~~, I
3~V 52 ~
I I I-~ Iv), I
1
~
STROKE ORDER
fn
as "foo" in"~00,
1"
but with softer Iff'
)
~
)
PRACTICE
........
~
:
'.'
~
"
36
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(HFjBU 384)
STROKE ORDER
1~
he
I I
as "he" in "hen"
PRACTICE
............ .
ORIGIN
(HO 787)
STROKE ORDER
ho
as "ho" in "hom,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
! .... !.
. ': : ~'.'... ,
.
o
.....
.,'
37
HIRAGANA
MINI REVIEW ~J.. -
til NA -
nani
what
I~:L:::I :
HO
I : I : I : I : I : I
hone
bone
Ll:tdl : : : :
:
I&'J: (f) I : I : I : I : I : I : I
I
I
I
I
I
nww
cloth
hifu
skin
Zt-:·~,I :
1
:
I
:
Ireta
1
:
I
I
I
I
I
1
:
1
Iuma
~-J: t"J 1 :
1
I
I
I
I : I
flower, blossom; nose
1
:
I
:
June
I·~,:nl
:
clumsy
1"'-: t::1 : I : I : I : I
I
I
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
boat
: I : I : I : I : I : I
kani
crab
I
Iif: tJI : I : I : I : I : I : I
Ili: ~I : I : I : I : I : I : I
11.J':
t :::1
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
lUna
doll, fledgling
hashi
chopsticks; bridge; edge
Idnu
silk
I.!:~I :
1
:
1
:
38
1
:
1
:
1
:
:
1
HIRAGANA
Iv: c
I(f): ~
1
hoshi
star
hito
person
:
1
:
1
:
1
eaves
noki
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
t::: ~
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
haiku
It~: l \: <
1
11 ': ~: ~ 1
:
:
1
:
:
1
:
:
1
:
:
r~: &'J: 1 1
:
1
:
:
:
:
:
I : : I : :
1
1
:
i
1
:
:
1
:
I
carved figurine
1
:
:
1
:
i
1
:
1
raccoon dog
tanuki
1
:
curved sword
netsuke
Ihi~: l t
1
haiku
katana
1
:
west
nishi
1
:
1
:
:
seifu
1
:
government
inoshishi
wild boar
heisotsu
soldier
Il':(f): l: II : : : 1 : : : I
39
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(MATSU 587)
STROKE ORDER
rna
as "rna" in "mark,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.
........
. ... .
.... ::: 40,_.
ORIGIN
1
(BI 376)
~
STROKE ORDER
rnl•
as "mea" in "meat,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
..-0·-::..•. ;...
•• oo;
"~
40
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(MU 781)
2
~
3
~
STROKE ORDER
mn
as "moo" in "moon,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
' ••1
,•
... .
•
I
ORIGIN
(ME 35)
STROKE ORDER
me
as "me" in "met"
PRACTICE
..
.:.....-:... ...
...
°
0
•
•
••
41
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(MO 210)
STROKE ORDER
mo
as "mo" in "more,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.....
''''- ..
,\.
ORIGIN
(YA, part of CHI 167)
STROKE ORDER
ya
as "ya" in "yard,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
~~
...............
,,- :
' " eo
.
42
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(YU 399)
2
~
1
~
STROKE ORDER
yu
1Y-JIYjJI
as "you" in "youth,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
: .....:...,
.f
,
-:
.:
,
0
0
'
ORIGIN
(YO 1873)
2
J, 1
~
STROKE ORDER
yo
as "Yo" in "York,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
··...
::..•.:.· ..
,
'
43
HIRAGANA
i - ~ / MA - YO
MINI REVIEW
mountain, hill
yatnIl
I~:il
:
1
: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 :
yume
lyp:~1 :
dream
1
: 1:
1
: 1 :
momo
Ititl :
IJt:~1
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
1
:
1
:
1
i 1 :
1
:
1
1
:
1
read
yomu
IJ-:ctl :
1
1
peach
: 1:
:
1
miya
shrine
: 1 i 1 i
1
kome
uncooked rice
12: &""JI : ! : 1 : 1 : 1 :
dew
Isuyu
I-:>:vpl :
1
: 1 :
1
:
1
:
1
1
:
1
:
1
li:-JI : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 :
1
:
1
: 1 : I : I : 1 :
1
1
insect
mushi
1
tb: GI :
1
:
1
:
:
Japanese plwn
ume
:
1
pine; wait
matsu
11 :&01
:
1
1
chest, breast
11lU1U!
IcG:tJ! : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
44
HIRAGANA
kimono
1~:t:(f)1 : :
kimono, clothing
I : : 1 : : 1: : I
sashimi
sliced raw fish
1~: L: 011 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1
Yamato
old name for Japan
: : I : : 1: : I : : I
yukata
cotton kimono
sumie
India-ink drawing
e maki
picture scroll
hanami
blossom viewing
1~d:: 1J:;Jt1 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1
mikoshi
portable shrine
IJt:=-: II : :
I·: :
11 :~ :J: : itl : : : 1 :: I
11±:c:t:d)1 : : : I: : : I
It: ~ :~: ~ I : : : I : : : I
1
:
:
1
:
:
ukiyoe
woodblock print
setomono
porcelain
sukiyaki
sukiyaki
45
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(RNRYO 598)
STROKE ORDER
ra
as "ra" in "mirage,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.:.-... .-
'.
,
ORIGIN
1
J
Jl
I~)J Ih I~ IL) I
2
I\.-
STROKE ORDER
I~ I~) I I I
rl•
as "ree" in "reek,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.:' ....
:
(RI 596)
.
..
46
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(RU 805)
STROKE ORDER
I
ru
I
as "m" in "rule,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.
.....
.. ...
"': :
'
'
ORIGIN
(REI 413)
STROKE ORDER
II IfLl
re
as "re" in "red"
PRACTICE
•...:,. .
.
'... .,.
,.
~
~.
~
47
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(RO 256)
1
STROKE ORDER
ro
as "ro" in "roar, "
but shorter
PRACTICE
.... ::
....... , ..,
.' .
ORIGIN
(WA 416)
STROKE ORDER
wa
II ItJ I
as "wa" in "watt"
PRACTICE
...:" ....
."I,.~ .. -:
48
HIRAGANA
ORIGIN
(ONIEN 79)
3
STROKE ORDER
o
as "0" in "or," but
shorter
PRACTICE
.. :....
...... .
~.,
... :....
ORIGIN
(MU)
STROKE ORDER
n
as "n" in "sin"
PRACTICE
:
'"
.: . .
o·
49
HIRAGANA
,
MINI REVIEW
? -Iv / RA -
wan
Ib:lvl
bowl; bay
: 1
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
lera
l-z:
temple
sl : I
I : I : I : I : I
tsuru
1-::>: ~I
: 1
crane; to fish
1 : I : 1 : 1 : 1
kore
this
12:fll : I
I : I : I : I : I
furo
I·),: 61
bath
: 1
.
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
edible seaweed; paste
non
Id): q I : I
I : I : I : I : I
spring; to stretch
haro
I~~: ~I : 1
.
1 : 1 :
1ft: l \1
1 : I :
reI
: 1
1 :
1 :
I :
castle; white
: 1 : I : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Nihon
1~::::Li:~1
1 :
politeness; soul; example
shiro
Il:l:J1
N
Japan
: : 1 : : I : : I : : 1
sakura
I~:<: bl : :
cherry blossom
I : : I : : I : : I
50
HIRAGANA
uchiwa
round fan
11 :s:t?1 : : I : : I : : I : : I
11 : -:J: L) 1 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1
IL;}::k:~1
matsuri
festival
hotaru
firefly
: : I : : I : : I : : I
futon
I·~': c :lvl : :
futon
: :
1
rekishi
I
: : I : : I
history
Ift:.i: II : : I : : I : : I : : I
1:b:.~,: <I : : I : : I :
I : : I
.
I~ :?J :lvl : : I : : I : : I :
I- ~ ': ~: L: ~ I : : I : : : I
Il<t:~:~:1)1 : ! : I : : : I
wafuku
Japanese clothing
I
I
I
nron
theory
furoshiki
cloth wrapper for parcels
1
harakiri
harakiri
Hinomaru Rising Sun Flag
IV:(J): 1!{;>1 : : : I : : : I
samurai
51
samuraI
HIRAGANA
VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS
ga
as "ga" in "garden" but shorter
IJJ~ol I I I I I I
I I I I I
I,rl I I I I I I I I I I I I
1(°1 I I I I I I I I
I I
IltOI I I I I I I I I
I I
12"1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Ixol I I I I I I I I I I I I I
ILI I I I I I
II
ItI I I I I I I
I I
l{t°l I I I I· I I I
I I
I:fl I I I I I I I
I I
gi as "gee" in "geese" but shorter
gu
as "goo" in "goose" but shorter
ge
as "ge" in "get"
go
as "go" in "gore" but shorter
za as "za" in "bizarre" but shorter
ji
as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter
zu as "zoo" but shorter
ze as "ze" in "zest"
zo as "zo" in "Azores" but shorter
52
HIRAGANA
as "da" in "dark" but shorter
da
Ir~1
ji
I I I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter
It"l I I I I I I
zu as "zoo" but shorter
I I
de
as "de" in "desk"
1-(1
do
1 1 1 1 1 I
1
I
as "doo" in "door" but shorter
Ic"1 I I I ·1 I I
I I
1Lf"1 1 1 1 1 1 I~ 1"1 1 1 1 1 1 I
Iv-I I 1 1 I 1 I~·I 1 1 1 1 I I
I·q I I 1 1 I I·q 1 1 I 1 I I
1'"'1 1 I I 1 1 I~I 1 1 I I 1 I
Iufl I I I I I Itfl I I I I I I
ba
as "ba" in "bark" but shorter
pa
as "pa" in "park" but shorter
bi
as "bea" in "beak" but shorter pi
as "pea" in "peak" but shorter
bu
as "boo" in "boot" but shorter pu
as "poo" in "pool" but shorter
be
as "be" in "beg"
bo
as "bo" in "bore" but shorter po
pe as "pe" in "peg"
53
as "po" in "pork" but shorter
HIRAGANA
REVIEW OF VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS
obi
waist sash for kimono
I : I : I : I i I
Jude
writing brush
Zen
Zen
I : I iii I : I
soba
buckwheat noodles; side
biwa
lute; loquat
geta
wooden clogs
I : I : I : I
Obon
Buddhist festival
: I : : I
Kabuki
Kabuki drama
ojigi
bow (head)
sanpo
walk, stroll
I~ :Iv: 1iol : : I : : I : : I :
monpe
old-style work pants
54
1
I
HIRAGANA
keigo
polite language
mikado
old word for emperor
manga
cartoon
mikuji
written oracle
yakuza
gangster
nigiri
rice ball
ILi: ~ \: 2"1 : : I : : I : : I : : I
1,It-: 0': c"l : : I : : I : : I : : I
I~ :Iv: 1)\"1 : : I : : I : : I :
IJt: <: c'l : : I : : I : : I :
I~: <:~"I : : I
: I : : I :
I~:: ~": t) I : : I : I : I :
11 :Iv: <"I : : I
: I : : I : : I
I[;~: ~: :;"1 : : I : I : : I :
IJt: 9":h: ~) I : : I : : : I
l;f:lv: l':~I : : : I : : : I
Ir~' : ~ ~: I : : : I : : : I
I
I
I
tengu
long -nosed goblin
hanaji
nosebleed
o
0
mzzuwan
whisky and water
I
I
I
00
It , :.
Wn.JITU
know, believe
daibutsu
large statue of Buddha
"/
55
HIRAGANA
kamikaze
111 \ :~: 1] \ :
kamikaze
it"l : : : 1 : : : J
origami
origami
h-: ~) :1.JV·: ~ 1 : : : 1 : : : I
1
senpai
semor
bonsai
bonsai
ikebana
ikebana
vr: ~~r: ~ 1 : : : 1 : : :
171 : Iv: lAo: "'? 1 : : : 1 : : :
1\, \:
11 :Iv:v)~: S
enpitsu
pencil
yokozuna
sumo grand champion
tenpura
tempura
1
:
:
senbei
l-tt :Iv: ~: l )
1
:
1
:
:
:
:
:
rice cracker
:
hanafuda
IL1-: ~:v)\: 1='1
:
:
1
:
flower cards (game)
: : : 1 : : :
j
Fujisan
Mt. Fuji
56
HIRAGANA
REVIEW OF DOUBLE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS
like that; Oh!
o'(aa)
I : I : I : I :
..
u
good
e(ee)
yes ·
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
1
:
1
:
1
sky, void, nothingness
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
eat
1< :-71
: 1
1
I : I : 1 : 1
:
to
ten
1
:
1
to
1
:
1
:
1
tower, pagoda
1
:
1
wu
It:11
:
:
I
:
I
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
~k
:
1
:
1
:
1
mythical creature
kappa
11)\: ~ :I~fl : : I
: I ::
shikki
:: I
lacquerware
I L: :51 : : I : : I: : I : : I
'? :
1
if: t:
swno
11
:
:
sumo
1
:
:
57
1
:
:
I : : I
HIRAGANA
zlJri
sandals
I:t-: 2 : £J I : : I : : I : : I : : I
numernl
suji
11: -7: t'l : : I : : I : : I : : I
yilgen
tranquil beauty
gakkO
school
kOyo
red leaves
12:-7:.J::-?1 : : : I : : :
It i : A-: toO: -?
okii
big
kendo
kendo
I : : : I : :
shrine
jingu
I L' :A-: <"': -11 : : : I : :
larin
wind chime
I·) \: -) :L) :A-I : : : I : :
Shinto
shinto
I L:Iv: t : 21 : : : I ::
allport
kukO
58
I
HIRAGANA
COMBINED SOUNDS KYA-RYO / ~~ -
kya
kyo
kyu
I
I
L)j:
I
I
I
I
I
~~~
,
I
~Ict
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
J
I
I
I
I
l~ct
I
~I~
I
shu
sha
L I~
I
I
I
S~~
I
I
sho
I
L'~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~:~
I
I
I
cha
chu
I
I
I
I
I
I
cho
I
I
I
~! J:
I
I
I
I
I
nyu
nya
I
I
1
I
I
nyo
I
I
l-I
'-',Jt'
I
t: l \9
,
t=-Ict
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
hyu
hya
I
I
I
hyo
I
I
V~~
,
I
VI
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
mya
\.p
I
1
J:
I
myo
myu
I
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
dtl¥p
I
dtl~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
1
I
I
~): ~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
J-tIJt
ryu
rya
I
ryo
l) ;~
I
I
~) I J:
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
59
I
IDRAGANA
VOICED COMBINED SOUNDS GYA-BYO / ~"~ -
gya
gyu
~,!I
'-
.
I
I~
I
I
I
I
I
gyo
~··:W
I
-~J:
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
Ja
.
Ja
~"I
I
.
JU
ILi~1 i I
7):~
JO
L': vp
I
C' :ct
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
i
.
JO
ju
i
t":~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
~"!~
I
I
i
byu
bya
.,1
I
VI~
I
I
I
I
I
~.~ J:
l
VOI~
c
I
I
i
byo
I
"I
V!vP
i
I
1
~
I
V~ J:
i
I
-.l
i
I
pyu
-VI yp
I
I
I
- !)0.t
pyo
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
60
I
"I
HALF-VOICED COMBINED SOUNDS PYA-PYa / V~
pya
I
I
I
(;Q I J :
I
i
I
I
I
I
HIRAGANA
REVIEW OF COMBINED SOUNDS
guest, visitor
kyaku
shoji
sliding screen
IL:J.:1:cl : : : 1 : : :
1
byobu
folding screen
jinja
shrine
C:A-: C': ~ 1
:
:
chanoyu
:
1
:
:
:
tea ceremony
12: ~ :t!2 hpl : : : 1 : : :
geisha
geisha
shodO
calligraphy
f: ~ \: L:~I : : : I : : :
1L
1
L : J: : c": 11
::j
1
:
:
baseball
yakyu
I-t': 1 :~ :01 : : : I : :
IIt-: A-: L) : .t I : : : I : : :
Ih: .t : -2 : ~'I : : : I : : :
enryo
reserve, restraint
myiJji
family name
kingyo
goldfish
61
HIRAGANA
I~::i~i -7 ill
1C':
nyiishi
entrance examination
: i i 1 i i i 1
Jukyo
Confucianism
chiJchin
paper lantern
l?: 1 : -? 1 : : : : 1 : : : : 1
j. :
115: j. : -?:
2:/vl : i : : 1 : : i i 1
hyozan
iceberg
V: J.: -?: ~":/vl : : : : 1 : : : : I
1L) : ~ : -7 ! <I : : : : 1 : :
: 1
1
ryugaku
overseas study
kiJjo
factory
1) ''':
12:1:L':J.:-?1
1C:
I·) ;':
: : : :
I : :
jiuJij
judo
Bukkyo
Buddhism
:
I
i
1
*::-; :t': :21 : : : : 1 :
? :
~ : .t- i01
: :
shOgun
1L: J. : -2 :{':
i : 1
shogun
!vI i : i : 1 :
nyObii
1L::: J:: 1 :Lf: 01
wife
: : : : 1 : i
: 1
announcement
hapPJO
1~1-: " :te: .t : 01
:
: : : : I : :
62
: I
HIRAGANA
REVIEW THROUGH PLACE NAMES AND PERIOD NAMES
N ara
place, period 710 - 794
I~: sl
: I : I : I : I : I : I
I~: t"l : I : I : I : I : I : I
12-: 1 :~I : : I : : I : : I : : I
place, period 1603 - 1868
E do
1~":1v:2"1
Kobe
place
Yayoi
period c. 250 B.C. - c. A.D. 250
Ginza
place
: : I : : I : : I : : I
Hakone
place
Meiji
period 1868 - 1912
I&'): ~ ,: t I : : I : : I : : I' : : I
11J:: 2":~1 : : I : : I : : I :
Nagoya
place
Matsushima
place
Heion
period 794 - 1185
Shiiwa
period 1926 - 1989
I-"':l ':~:lvl : : : I : : : I
63
HIRAGANA
Nikko
It:::
-? :
2:
place
01 : : : I : : :
Sapporo
place
Osaka
place
:::I :::
1~:.t:-7:tl : : :
Iill ~ :1 :-s I : : : I : : :
liJ·:h:~:v'l
Kyoto
place
1
:
:
Muromachi
period 1392 - 1573
Heisei
period 1989 -
Kamakura
period 1185 - 1333
:
It]\: 1 :<:sI : : : I : : :
Honshu
place
Taisho
period 1912 - 1926
1~:~':L:J::-71
:::: I : : : :
lomon
period c. 8000 - c. 250 B.C.
IL:.t:-?:t:1v1 : : : : I : : : : I
place
Tokyo
64
HIRAGANA
GENERAL REVIEW
No
Noh
1(1):-?1 : I
I: I : I : I : I
sabi
I~ :lA"1 :
elegant simplicity; rust
I : I : I: I : I : I
semi
Itt: Jt I : I
cicada
I: I : I : I : I
giri
duty, honor
I.f: l} I : I
I: I : I : I : I
tako
kite; octopus
Ir::: =: I : I: I : I : I : I : I
hakama
divided skirt
I~1: 1)\: ;f.1 : : I : : I : : I :
urushi
lacquer
honne
one's real intent
ItI: Iv: f.}1 : : I : : I : : I :
kokeshi
sty lized wooden doll
12:tt:ll : : I : : I : : I :
lumiwa
111:~=:;b1
clay figurine
: : I : : I : : I : : I
udon
wheat noodles
I?: t":!vl : : I : : I : : I : : I
65
HIRAGANA
brazier, footwarmer
kotatsu
12:~iJI
: : I i i I i i I : : I
childlike dependence
amae
1~:1:7t1
: : I : : I : :
ili v"i
11
: :
1
: :
miai
t: -1
1
1
: :
: I : :
:
tofu
:-),1
1
: :
1
: i
:
1
1
:
:
1
:
1
:
I
1
:
1
1
:
1
year-end gift
I-t:!:: Li"l : I : I : : I
I L :,,~~'i Jt I : : i : i i
shibumi
astringency
1
1
aware
i i
pathos
i
i
: I : i
1
gohan
I ~'i
t1-ilvl : :
;/J'\':
t]l:'i < : :
1
1
:
meal, cooked rice
1
gagaku
1
1
1
I
I
I
I~ihirtl
: :
tofu
seibo
It I :
I
intelView for marriage
IJt:;b:l;11 : :
1
: :
name of god of wealth
Ebisu
1
1
1
1
ancient court music
1
: :
ooren
I : :
1
i :
1
shop curtain
IOJ:kl:1v1 : : I : : I : : I : : I
66
HIRAGANA
haori
short coat
I~~: n':~) I : : I : : I : : I : : I
name card
meishi
1
MJ: ~ \: ~ 1
:
:
1
:
:
odori
1
:
:
1
:
:
dance
1;8: t': t) I : : I : : I : : I : :
kaisha
: : :
ItJ':v\: L:~I
1
company
1
.
:
:
menboku
reputation, "face"
shinju
pearl
L :Iv: C: ~ I
:
:
mugicha
:
I
:
barley tea
tenno
emperor
shOgi
Japanese chess
:
:
:
11 :Iv: t1): 21 : : : I : :
I
L : J: : ~ : ~ "I
:
:
onsen
:
1
:
:
hot spring
Ih': Iv: -Ii: :Iv I : : : I : : :
misoshiru
67
miso soup
1
;
HIRAGANA
..
nInja
ninja
Il:: :~ C': ~ I: : I : : :
It:=:d):11 : : : I : : :
~ -? :~-i: kl : : :
I
tokonoma
decorative alcove
soroban
abacus
bunraku
1
:
:
puppet theater
bento
box lunch
:
1~:~:
:
C: -71 : : : I : : :
group
dantai
It~':k:r~:"\1
: : :I : : :
shamisen
sanusen
Shogatsu
New Year
shakuhachi
flute
koinobori
carp streamer
janken
"scissors-paper-stone" game
f': l) 1 : : : : I : : : : 1
12-: ~ \ : 11) :t
68
II
KATAKANA
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(A)
STROKE ORDER
a
as "a" in "car," but
shorter
PRACTICE
ORIGIN
(I)
11rl11
STROKE ORDER
•
I
as "ee" in "meet,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
",
.,." ..
71
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(U 811)
STROKE ORDER
u
as "u" in "hula," but
shorter
PRACTICE
···. .!.....
...
ORIGIN
(E 1244)
STROKE ORDER
e
as "e" in "get"
PRACTICE
..
.. ....
72
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(0)
STROKE ORDER
o
as "0" in "or," but
shorter
PRACTICE
~
.. :: ..
..
, .' "
ORIGIN
(KA 431)
I11D 11) \ I17 111 I
STROKE ORDER
ka
as "ca" in "car," but
shorter
PRACTICE
I:
......
•• ••J'
73
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(KI 1129)
STROKE ORDER
ki
as "ki" in "keep,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.' ,.'
.
•
0
.: •
•
ORIGIN
(KU 647)
STROKE ORDER
ku
as "Ku" in "Kuwait,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
." ..
.. .. : '.
.' ,
74
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(KAI 1059)
1
STROKE ORDER
7
ke
as "ke" in "keg"
PRACfICE
:: . . ; .....
ORIGIN
(KO 855)
STROKE ORDER
1:1
2--"
ko
as "co" in "core,"
but shorter
PRACfICE
.........,
......
75
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
i
(SAN 492)
3
STROKE ORDER
sa
as "sa" in "sarcasm,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
. ..!..:... I
ORIGIN
~
~
I~I~ I~ Iyl
1
2
(SHI, part of 1335)
~
3/ I I~ I~I I
STROKE ORDER
shi
as "shee" in "sheep,"
but shorter
"
~
PRACTICE
'"
'"
..' .
.
76
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(SU)
STROKE ORDER
so
as "Su" in "Susan,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.
."
-.-..
"
ORIGIN
(SE 327)
1-tit1~ltl~1
STROKE ORDER
l--lltl
2
If?
se
I I
as "se ".m "set"
PRACTICE
. .-,
... ~ ": ..-
.-....
1
77
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(SO, part of Z5741)
1~111
,?
I~I
STROKE ORDER
so
as "so" in "sore,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
... ,
~
,"
ORIGIN
(TA 163)
I I
STROKE ORDER
ta
as "ta ".III "tar"
, but
shorter
PRACTICE
."
78
KATAKANA
STROKE ORDER
chi
as "chee" in "cheek "
but shorter
'
PRACfICE
,',"
. .. " -......
:
ORIGIN
(SU 304)
I'J'I'II ~ I~ } I '/ I
STROKE ORDER
tsu
as Ittsu ".m " tsunami"
PRACfICE
.......
-. .
..
'
,.
79
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
2
te
J~3-
(TEN 58)
STROKE ORDER
as "te" in "ten"
PRACTICE
.... . a •
-.".:- _.
""'III
ORIGIN
~
Ikl~I}-I~1
1
,~
t
2
~
to
(TO-maru 129)
STROKE ORDER
II I ~I I I
•
as "to" in "tore,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
: .....
:
80
KATAKANA
MINI REVIEW
7'- r fA -TO
katsu
cutlet
111 : /'1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 :
aim
Ice
"isu
ace
I : I
IL:-:AI : : I : : I : : I : : I
I'T: -::t-I : : I : : I : : I : : I
Ir:rj: ~ I : : I : : I : : I : : I
1-tJ:-:+1 : : I : : I : : I : : I
I:J:-:~I : :
: : I : : I
I'Y: 7:-1 : : I : I : :
li:A: ~I : : I : I : :
I;/: -: '11 : : 1 : : I : : I : 1 I
I~:
keki
cake
auto
out (baseball)
siichi
search
koto
coat; court (sports)
tsua
tour
tesuto
test
sliltsu
sheet (bed)
sekuto
sect
7: ~ I : : I : : I : : I : : I
81
KATAKANA
IWchi
coach (sports)
:
:
sosu
1
:
sauce
sukl
ski, skiing
:
1
:
:
l;z: :\-:-1 :: :: 1 : : 1 : :
19 i7: y:-I : : : 1 : : : 1
l;z:ti-itl : : : I : : :
seta
1-tz:-:9:-1 : : : I : : :
H-:-:1J:AI : : : I : : :
It:-:!r:-I : i : I :
1.1-: -: 11 :-I : i i i : : : 1
IT:1J:5':rl : : : 1 : : :
takushl
taxi
sutiki
steak
svveater
siikasu
CIrcus
oke
okay
ekii
acre
akashia
acaCIa
1
skate, skating
suketo
82
1
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(NA)
STROKE ORDER
oa
I-Itl
as "na" in "narcotic,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
~ ,
.... , ..
ORIGIN
(Nl 61)
1-==--1 ~I
I
.".
."...,.
I
1
-"I
..-.
STROKE ORDER
.-
I
1;:.1
2
~
~
1 1
~
~
•
Ol
as "nea" in "neat,"
but shorter
PRACfICE
.. -...
. . ... ...
83
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(NUIDO 1638)
l-t~loz Ix I~ I
STROKE ORDER
DU
as "noo" in "noon,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
~
....
..:
: .. .
~
ORIGIN
(NE)
1
~
2:f
",4
De
STROKE ORDER
3
as "ne" in "net"
PRACTICE
. .' ..
\
.
,.-:
"f
".
I
84
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(NOINAI)
1
~
STROKE ORDER
no
1
1
as "no" in "north,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.'
(HAem 66)
ORIGIN
I
J
"-I
J\ 1
1
1
1
J ~
STROKE ORDER
I; I; \
2
1
1
ha
as "ha" in "haflll,"
but shorter
1
PRACTICE
. ...
,
~
.
85
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(HI 771)
Ittlul tit
STROKE ORDER
hi
as "hea" in "heat,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
':
... .
.....
ORIGIN
(FU 572)
STROKE ORDER
fo
as "foo" in "fool,"
but with softer "f'
PRACTICE
p
p
,. . . .
";
86
I
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(HEJBU 384)
I%~I S I~I""I
l::rOjER
1~
1
he
1
as "he" in "hen"
PRACTICE
I
. .
.'
I
ORIGIN
(HO 787)
11~IIJ' 1*,1
1
Is:oitit I;f\ 1
3
1
ho
as "ho" in "hom,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
....:.. -
. : ..
:
:
e•
J
87
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
1~
rna
2 ~"<
(MATSU 587)
STROKE ORDER
as "rna" in "mark,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
....... :..
"' ,,'
'.
,
,
~
rnl•
ORIGIN
(Ml 23)
13-1 ~I~ 1 1
,,"
1
2
STROKE ORDER
3
1'I 1--... 1 1
.......
--..
as "mea" in "meat,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.
. ...
'
88
.......
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(MU)
1
STROKE ORDER
~
mn
as "moo" in "moon,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.
.
.........
,,
ORIGIN
(ME 35)
I~-I->LI )( I) I
STROKE ORDER
me
as "me" in "met"
PRACTICE
..
'.'
."
-.
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(MO 210)
STROKE ORDER
mo
as "mo" in "more,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
...,., .
I
•
• • ••
.....
ORIGIN
(YA, part of CHI 167)
STROKE ORDER
ya
as "ya" in "yard,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
..... ' :.
. -', .'
90
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(YU 399)
IWIl-I3-1 I
STROKE ORDER
yu
as "you" in "you th ,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.. : ... .
ORIGIN
(YO 1873)
1~1q-17131
STROKE ORDER
yo
as "Yo" in "York ,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
•
oL "
.....
,
-
I
.. ,
1
91
1
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
1
(RNRYO 598)
~
STROKE ORDER
ra
as "ra" in "mirage,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
.. ~
... ":
ORIGIN
I
j
1
(RI 596)
IflJ I IJ Ii) I I
2
1,
JI
STROKE ORDER
rl•
II It) I I I
as "ree" in "reek"
,
but shorter
PRACTICE
.:,, .:..
92
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(RU 409)
IJf,tl I I}~ I
!I L
!L
STROKE ORDER
2
J]/
ru
as "ru" in "rule,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
..
....' , "
:
ORIGIN
(REI 413)
I~LI LI LI ~I
STROKE ORDER
I vi
re
I I I
as " re ".10 ""'ed"
•
PRACTICE
93
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(RO 256)
STROKE ORDER
ro
as "ro" in "roar,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
~.
. .... . . :
·· ..
t .........
ORIGIN
(WA 416)
STROKE ORDER
wa
as "wa" in "watt"
PRACTICE
\'"' . ... :-
·
.
.
'
94
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(KO, part of 856)
J
3
STROKE ORDER
o
as "0" in "or," but
shorter
PRACTICE
......
~
.
~
. . ..:
ORIGIN
(NI)
STROKE ORDER
n
as "n" in "sin"
PRACfICE
.. .
'
'
95
KATAKANA
MINI REVIEW
-t - y / NA - N
heri
helicoprer
I-": I) I : I : I : I : I:
memo
Ij:~1
: I
memo
: I : I : I : I:
hire
: I
fillet
It.: vi : I : I : I : I : I : I
I~: 11,: 71 : : : : : : : :
miruku
milk
1
1
kanii
ItJ:~:-1
1
canoe
: : I : : I : : I : : I
wanisu
1\7:~:AI
1
: :
varnish
1
: :
ron
I : :
1
: :
1
loan
10:-: /'1 : : : : I : : I : I
It:-{
: I
: :
: : I
:
17: 1---: -I : :
:
: I : : I
IJ :-: t--I : :
: : I : : I : : I
19:1 :-vl : : I : : I : : : :
naifu
knife
:71
1
Jure
Hooray!
nOlo
note, notebook
1
tire (car)
taiya
1
96
1
KATAKANA
kamera
camera
, jJ: f : =J I : : I : : , : : , : : I
nemu
name, reputation
: : I : : I : : I : : I
1~:-::t:71 : : : I :
I~:-:LAI
yiimoa
humor
mainasu
mmus
saran
salary
'-If: =7 : I) : -I : : : I :
hanmii
harruner
: : : I : : :
IJ\:/:~:-I
yoyo
yoyo
hankachi
handkerchief
1/\: )':11:+1
:::I : :
yuniku
unIque
ne kulai
necktie
'7f :I] : 9 :>1' I : : : , : : : I
homuran
home run
97
KATAKANA
VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS
ga as "ga" in "garden" but shorter
11TI I I I I I I I I I I I I I
gi as "gee" in "geese" but shorter
I~"I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
gu as "goo" in "goose" but shorter
11°°1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
ge as "ge" in "get"
IT-I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
go
as "go" in "gore" but shorter
I:J0ol I I I I I I I I I I I I I
za
as "za" in "bizarre" but shorter
l-ifl
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
..
Jl
as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter
Iyol I I I I I I I I I I I I I
zu
as "zoo" but shorter
1;(1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
ze as "ze" in "zest"
l-t°ol I I I I I I I I I I I I I
zo
as "zo" in "Azores" but shorter
I ~/I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
98
KATAKANA
da
as "da" in "dark" but shorter
IY'' I I I I I I I
ji
I I I I
as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter
1+'1 I I I I I I
I I I I
zu as "zoo" but shorter
I~il I I I I I I
de
as" de" in "desk"
1+1 I 1 1 1 1 1
I~'I I I II I I
do
as "doo" in "door" but shorter
ba
as "ba" in "bark" but shorter
pa
as "pa" in "park" but shorter
IJ "'I 1 1 1 1 1 1J\" 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
It"l I I I I I 1t."1 I I I I I I
bi
as "bea" in "beak" but shorter pi
as "pea" in "peak" but shorter
bu
as "boo" in "boot" but shorter pu
as "poo" in "pool" but shorter
11"1 I I I I I 17°1 I I I I I I
be
as "be" in "beg"
pe as "pe" in "peg"
1'"'1 I I I I I 1-"'1 I I I I I I
bo
as "bo" in "bore" but shorter po
as "po" in "pork" but shorter
It~'1 I I I I I It~1 I I I I I I
99
KATAKANA
REVIEW OF VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS
biru
1
C": )1.--1
:
office building
: I : I : I : I : I
1
zero
zero
1-tZ':ol : I : I : I : I : I : 1
bus, bath
basu
1/\:7--1 :. I : I : I : I : I : I
gzya
I~':-YI :
gear
I : I : 1 : I : I : I
dance
dansu
19": y:;..1
I
I
I
:
I
: :
gemu
I
: : I : : I
game
IJr": -: /.\1 : : I : : 1 : : I : : I
gaido
guide, guidebook
11],,: l' : t-: I : : I : : I : : I : : I
gorufu
golf
I::f': )1.-: 71 : : I : : I : : I : : I
besu
base
1-"': -: xl : : I : : I : : I : : I
zubon
trousers
IA': ;K': >'1 : . : I : :
gonra
I ::i' [ I) : 21
1
:
: I : : I
gorilla
: : 1 : : 1 : : 1 : : 1
100
KATAKANA
daburu
double
I''': 7": JL-I : : I : : I : : I : : I
zOn
Iy': -: /1 : : I : : I : : I : : I
zone
jiguZllgu
ZIgzag
repoto
report
jinzu
Jeans
wapuro
word processor
1?:-:7iol : : : I : : :
1/\:t:)I::11 : : : I: : :
lof: -if: -: H : : : I : : :
ICo: - :"< : /1 : : : I : : :
1~:1:~:-:/Z1
pachinko
Japanese pinball
dezato
dessert
piman
green pepper
mai pesu
at one's own speed (limy pace ")
arubaito
part-time job
::::I::: :
101
KATAKANA
COMBINED SOUNDS KYA-RYO / ~~ -
kya
kyu
I~:~I : I
~;.:L
sha
- '
/I~
1
I
,
1
kyo
I
AI
-L
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
,
,
:/1;1..
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
1
-r:
I
shu
-
•
/.
I
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
_I
,
nya
-'
..-I~
hya
,
;j..
1
i
nyu
__I
:L
1
i
1
sho
I
I
~'3
1
cho
l-r:~
I
I
~'3
1
chu
I
I
I
I
I
cha
l) 3
+i
,
,
:3
1
I
1
1
I
I
nyo
-'
..-13
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
~
,
,
I
1
~19
I
1
t::;l-
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
~
,
myu
...... '
,
~I~
mya
"
~I~
hyu
hyo
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
rya
I): ~
,
ryu
myo
......
1
..... 1 '3
':;:1;1..
I
I
'.
1
1
1
I
I
~3
I
ryo
,
I
I
1
I) 1 :::z...
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
102
')
KATAKANA
VOICED COMBINED SOUNDS GYA -BYO f ~..~ -
gya
gyo
gyu
~~'
I~
1
•
~.'; .:1-
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
ja
- ,.
ju
... "
•
t"3
•
1
~'!
31
!
jo
.
...-.
•
•
.:;/I-¥
1
:;/1 ;J...
I
1
1
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A'" 1
I
.
Ja
+'~~
,
.
JU
/.
:/ I
.
~
I
JO
.. '
I
•
I
I~ 1 .'l-
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
3
I
byu
bya
•
t."; ~
1
1
I
1-7 3
byo
•
1
--1
t"; 3
1
1
I
I
1
3
1
-.l
t.": .1-
1
HALF-VOICED COMBINED SOUNDS PYA-PYOf
pya
pyu
I
•
1
1
I
1
I
to--\?- t"3
pyo
I
tQ -t
1
1
1::::0 I
1::1-
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
103
t:'!
1
31
!
1
KATAKANA
REVIEW OF COMBINED SOUNDS AND DOUBLE CONSONANTS
shO
show
I~: -I : : I : : I : : I
;3 :
netto
net
fan
fan (sports)
IJ: '/ :l- I : : I : : I : : I
: I
: I
17:?::;1 : : I : : I : : I : :
yeti
yeti
I'{ ::L:T: -( I : : : I : : : I
I~: ~: -: AI : : : I : : :
14-:~:'/:?1
nyiisu
news
JOku
fork; folk
chekku
check
:
:
:
I
. .
len
jelly
chOku
chalk
wotchi
watch
disuku
disk
I~.: ~: I) : -I : : : I
14-: 3:-:71 : : : I :
1,/: if : '/ :t I : : : I : : :
I-j-": ~ :A:l I : : : I : : :
104
KATAKANA
fue
fairu
wibu/wivu wave (hair)
bideo/video video
1':7": ,{ if: t 1 : : : 1 : : : 1
~hon
apanrnenthouse
1~:>:~:3:/'1 : : : : 1 : : : : 1
windO
window
1'7: ,{ : /' :r: -I : : : :
mOjan
1
:
:
:
:
1
mahjong
1""{ :- :5/: ~: :;1 : : : : 1 : : : : 1
1~ : -\' : ,;/: 51::1-1
wita
waiter
kyasshu
cash
: : : :
I:
hyilman
human
pitchii
pitcher (sports)
Ic:'y:±:-v:-I : : : : I::
duetlo
duet
105
: 1
: 1
KATAKANA
REVIEW THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PLACE NAMES
Ajia
Asia
11': V': T'I : : I : : I : : I : : I
Switzerland
Suisu
IA:1:1Z1 : : I : : I : : I : : I
10:-:<1 : : I : I : : I : : I
Roma
Rome
Kanada
Canada
111 :±:t'l : : I : : I : : I : : I
IF: IJ' :'>'1 : : I : : I : : I : : I
Doitsu
Gennany
Atene
Athens
11':-f:1-1 : : I : : I : I : : I
17°: =1 :, \ I : : I : : I : : I : :
Puraha
Prague
Amerika
America
Oranda
Holland
Jgirisu
England
1;( :~'11) !;Z I : : : I : : : I
Mekishiko
Mexico
If: \: ~: :I I : : : I : : : I
106
KATAKANA
Mosukuwa
Moscow
Betonamu
Vietnam
1~~~it~~1 i i i Iii i
Sydney
Shidoni
I~ i ~·:.::-i -I : : : I : : i
I~ : i- : '\'1 : : : 1 : : :
wln
1'7 :-{ :- ~ >1 : : ~ Iii
Cuba
Kyuba
;L
J
Vienna
Furansu
France
17:-1:/~AI : : : 1
I~l±l
:
Yoroppa
Europe
Firipin
Philippines
Bagudaddo
Baghdad
Echiopia
Ethiopia
t: to: I : : :
T
Noruwe
107
l
I :
Norway
:
:
1
l 1 1 I
KATAKANA
Jakaruta
Jakarta
: : : I
Sanchiago
Santiago
: : : I
Polsumasu
H ariuddo
Portsmouth
:
1
:
1
:
1
:
1
Hollywood
Myunhen
Guatemara
Munich
Guatemala
M aruseyu
Marseilles
Betsurehemu
Bethlehem
Dieppu
Dieppe
f': .( :.:L: ,~: 7"1 : : : : 1
1
BenechialVenechia
Venice
IrJ'Lx:-:;t:±:?1 : : : : 1 ::
Tunisia
ChunijialTunijia
108
:
: 1
III
FINAL REVIEW
FINAL REVIEW
ABOUT JAPAN
Copy each line in the space provided.
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III
0
l:: l1." ~ k'7 ~: "Ji
FINAL REVIEW
n' ~ V, l
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L, ,
1cJ L=i- -; iJ '\ ~, t" 0 1.
:(" Iv _* f-:- t-- JJ
~
~
,
~ '? Lt <t If" l
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11)". , ,,), yP tt 2: t:<l , ytJ3
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1J. J-t L: :P> ~) 1 ct -0' 0, v~, yP "1" t ;;h
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?t (f) l-l ~ ~1 ~ fJ' ~ c" \
i"o
112
~
0 t/) v' cr,
FINAL REVIEW
FOOD ITEMS QUIZ
Fill in the blanks with appropriate romanization.
1.
t=- ~ ::,"
egg
1,°/
3. :J-t:.-
2.
4.
I)'
bread
coffee
~
confectionery
5. v)~· f::. L::
<
pork
6.
1::" - 1['"
beer
7.
~.:t:. /' f--( -
lemon tea
8.
<r:-:' t t1)
fruit
9.
L~ :, rp
soy sauce
10. 4- - -;Z"
cheese
11. J \ " j -
butter
12. ?t~ V'/,
omelette
13. >(1~tt'
vegetable
() Iv :"'
15. =j-I:/
16. 3 - J',!v ~
apple
14.
Chinese noodles
yoghurt
17.
~ C '
"'1
sugar
18.
t:' A '7'"/ l-
biscuit
19.
1;;"t:'
fermented soybean
-,'
A
1)'
<f"'d) 2-
20. :/' ::1-21.
JUIce
herring roe
7() ') /'
23. Jt IJ'/v
mikan orange
24. J \0 }v ,7~
parfait
22.
25.
custard pudding
\1~~/ )/
vemson
113
FINAL REVIEW
FLORA AND FAUNA QUIZ
Fill in the blanks with hiragana (H) or katakana (K) as appropriate.
1.
inu (H)
dog
2.
sakana (H)
fish
3.
raion (K)
lion
4.
take (H)
bamboo
5.
kaede (H)
maple
6.
yiikari (K)
eucalyptus
7.
tsubaki (H)
camellia
8.
chiirippu (K)
tulip
9.
maguro (H)
tuna
10. koara (K)
koala bear
11. nihonzaru (H)
Japanese monkey
12. kangarii (K)
kangaroo
13. nezumi (H)
mouse, rat
14. ajisai (H)
hydrangea
15. haibisukasu (K)
hibiscus
16. hyo (H)
leopard
17. kaneshon (K)
carnation
18. kabutomushi (H)
Goliath beetle
19. hebi (H)
snake
20. pengin (K)
pengum
21. hirame (H)
flatfish
22. botan (H)
peony
23. mahoganT (K)
mahogany
24. suisen (H)
narCISSUS
25. icho (H)
gingko
114
FINAL REVIEW
PERSONAL NAMES QUIZ
Underline the kana error in each name and write the correct version in the blank.
1.
2.
3.
Ch ;h'
Jiro (Jiro)
~~O}V
Carole (K yaroru)
'-=
fd.\;\
2
Reiko
4. J-~/
5.
Nonnan (Noman)
t~ n~
l
Teruo
t'
6.
'7£ 'Jf-A-
Wendy (Wendi)
7.
!-ttJ:L--
Masayoshi
'I' 1.. ~
8. \/-p
9.
Vanessa (Vanesa)
;1,' [1h
Akemi
10. }:' '7- ~
11.
Dwight (Dowaito)
(t ~\;, G
Kenichi (Ken'ichi)
12. ~:r- - )
Shane (Shen)
13. ~ ~
14.
I) -
Yukiko
Julie (JUll)
15. 1,. t) ~
Orie
+";1...
16. ')\7
\t'
7{
Sophie (Sofi)
17. "?l:~
Tsutomu
18.
'71 1) "< LA
William (Wiriamu)
19.
lA L " ~'"
Hidemi
20.
;/'~ '~I
Jack (Jakku)
21.
c:!fl:'
9
Sawako
-"?"/("'7 ~.
22. ....,23.
David (Deviddo)
d)-'ii:
Nozomu
24. ;!-l) ~'~A
Elizabeth (Erizabesu)
25. 7~/ ~Jv
Russell (Rasseru)
115
FINAL REVIEW
KANA WORD SEARCH
~ 17 , Iv 1 'ft
- ~ < f1 7°
7 L) t£) fd. ~ t- - - -"/ 1" t/) ~
,
1j.
,h
17
;P;
t)
-t±'
;t
[1"
:;
t
-E
1
~
.....
.....
......
...... " /)
'\
"
;/
~
'-
,
;t ;I- I
/)
~
'Q
"
~
tt
....
),
l -h li h ~ b if ~: A ~" ~ -7 t" ~
L
,
? ~ L ~ ;f ~ {t A to. J t ~ t 1,- J\
v, t7 -') )b A" 1" ? £ -r V 1:::" 7)' v~,
<"
"
-r ;h' fl .2. 1.." ~ t ~'. f= )v r Iv / ..r 1)'\
J 1;; lv' ~: L \7 ~ ~ L: '/" C' \..-' <r
~ h ~1." Iv 1]'\' )v 1- r~" t- tJ' Iv ~1" t :J" fT
t'l Jt ~ j 1" ''/ ./... 1 { L '?.. -; -r-" b..
,
t!) 7 1:t ) ,
-; \1 )\ ;t ~j: t: }\ ~ V" 17
<"
,.
'
'/ ;t -::> ) it;
'l ~ v ~lo vp ../
1 1J~' i
+r ( ;n' -e" -l:: ~ Iv ~ ~ :J 7J. (/) ~ ~ ~
l::. 17'
1 r~ ~ vp /" ;n' :; It / r) / n'\ Jt
...,
'-
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to!
-
\
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*
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/
~
,
/
0
.....
-
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'
-
<
/'- ~
~
A ~ tid. :I- ) Jr /
9
-
~
) 'I) ....
Find the fifty words below in the square above, moving in a straight line in any direction
including diagonals. The first thirty words are in hiragana, the rest katakana. (We found
over 200 other hiragana words, most of two symbols and not found elsewhere in this
book. How many can you find? Fifty or more means you have a good vocabulary.)
* * * * tsuridOgu
*
madogiwazoku (staff passed over for promotion),
(fishing gear), haragei (nonverbal communication), shitsurei (rudeness), kanji (character), Jugu (blowfish), hinoki
(cypress), kanemochi (rich person), ganbaru (try your best), daruma (Buddha doll), yuki
(snow), tate (verticality), oya (parent), uchi (home, inner group), sewa (care), ongaeshi
(repayment of favor), tsukimi (moon viewing), umeboshi (pickled plum), nemawashi
(behind-the-scenes maneuvering), musubu (bind), nukeru (be missing),furusato (hometown), ame (rain), hosoi (slender), kaiko (silkworm), heta (unskilled), tanin (stranger),
yoroi (armor), nama (raw), mizu (water); nairon, kiosuku, guraJu, dezain, terebi, hosuteru, warutsu, gasorin,furonto, puropera, purezento, kaunto, pasokon, misairu, tarento,
rajio, gomu, masuto, denimu , yoga. (Look up the katakana words you don't know.)
116
FINAL REVIEW
QUIZ ANSWERS
Food items
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
tamago
pan
kohl
kashi
butaniku
bIru
remon ti
kudamono
shoyu
chIzu
bata
omuretsu
yasal
nngo
ramen
yoguruto
saW
bisuketto
natt5
'JUsu
kazunoko
punn
mikan
parufe
benison/venison
Flora/fauna
Names
1..:' 6 -7
~ ) dtJ.
~
)( 13' r.~
cJ..
~~'QJI/
71::1/-'
;(L\'\2
tJ'1L c:"
t ~;1?'
t-=- It
::L -11 I)
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.
-t~
- '),/7°
) - ' ~ /'
?~ /T~~~J:L-
c)p 1-+t-
~<"-?
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L:.ll f.v2.''J~
17 /t(J'v;b ~"}-r
t-tlv~)~
-;:1 -p ~
~ t;' ~ v\
J\1t:J...tJA
1}J:.~
1]- %- 7:3;/
tJ\~~~' C. ~ V
~V"
"'" :,/ ~.' Y
V.S~
il" 1::- fv,
-< It, 11'':::-qv){i:/v
l- \
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1
F')1r-
7;X:. - /
vP~ ~
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/''? ' / ~tJ~
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0)
~ "/ -e)//
ENGLISH VERSION OF "ABOUT JAPAN"
Let's look at an atlas. Japan is a long, thin country lying on a north-south axis to the
east of the Asian mainland. It's about the same size as the state of California in
America. It consists of four main islands. The largest is Honshu, with Tokyo at its
midpoint. The beautiful Mount Fuji is also found on this island. The next largest is
Hokkaido, the northernmost island. Summer here is cool, and in winter heavy snow
makes skiing and skating possible. Kyushu, the third largest island, lies to the
south, so it's warm here even in winter. The fourth largest, Shikoku, is noted for
mikan oranges from its northern half and fish from the south.
117
FINAL REVIEW
DO-IT-YOURSELF KANA CHARTS
Fill in the following charts, writing hiragana in the left part of each box and katakana
in the right. Then check your entries against the charts in the Explanation of Kana.
Basic Kana Symbols
VOWELS
a
1
U
e
a
1
u
e
ka
ki
ku
ke
ko
sa
shi
su
se
so
ta
chi
tsu
te
to
na
ni
nu
ne
no
ha
hi
fu
he
ho
rna
nn
mu
me
mo
0
k
S
t
n
h
m
yo
_yu
2'a
y
ra
n
ru
re
ro
r
wa
wo
w
n
n
118
FINAL REVIEW
Basic Voiced Sounds
a
1
U
e
0
ga
gi
gu
ge
go
za
ji
zu
ze
w
da
ji
zu
de
do
ba
bi
bu
be
bo
pa
pI
pu
pe
po
g
z/j
ip/z/j
b
p
Basic Combinations
Voiced Combinations
a
u
0
a
u
0
kva
k u
k 0
gya
gyu
gyo
ja
ju
jo
ja
ju
jo
bya
byu
byo
pya
pyu
pyo
ky
gy
sha
shu
sho
sh
J
cha
chu
cho
ch
J
nya
ny
-"
hya
nolu
nvo
"- ~
hyu
by
hyo
hy
mya
myu
myo
rya
ryu
ryo
py
my
ry
119
FINAL REVIEW
THE lROHA VERSE
The iroha verse was written about a thousand years ago. Though based upon a
teaching of Buddhism its main use is for writing practice, for it includes all of
the kana symbols with the exception of the final n (M. In ancient times mu «(:)
was used where Iv is used today. The order of symbols in the verse - particularly the first half dozen - is important because it is still sometimes followed
in listings, in similar fashion to the English order "a, b, c."
Try copying out the verse in the space at the foot of the page.
\;) h t"i t2. Li ~ t"'
b 7J~' J: -r- kl ~ .
1hO)1J<~1
1J~~vp)i;Jtt
1:;; ~) (id ~ ~
/~(J:~t:
tt ~ S., :. ;;t --c
~ tA t 1t
r"
The modem romanized version is: Iro wa nioedo chirinuru 0 / Waga yo tare zo
tsune naran / Ui no okuyarna kyo koete / Asaki yume miji ei mo sezu.
A literal paraphrase is: "Colors are fragrant, but they fade away. In this world
of ours none lasts forever. Today cross the high mountain of life's illusions
[Le., rise above this physical world], and there will be no more shallow dreaming, no more drunkenness [i.e., there will be no more uneasiness, no more
temptations]. "
The above translation is given in the appendices of the Japanese - English Character Dictionary (edited by A. Nelson, published by Charles E. Tuttle Company,
1962). Readers who wish to learn more about the historical use of kana, such
are recommended to consult this work.
as ~i ~~, for the modem ~ ~
1'
120
121
122
124
125
126
128
129
130
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
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Includes the following useful features:
• Systematic and comprehensive coverage of the two kana systems
needed to read and write Japanese
• Ample provision for practice, review, and self-testing at several levels
• Detailed reference section explaining the origin and function of
kana, and the various kana combinations
• Helpful additional information for language students accustomed
to romanized Japanese
• Pronunciation guidance for all basic sounds
• Vocabulary selected for usefulness and cultural relevance
KENNETH G. HENSHALL is a graduate of the universities of London (B.A. Hons), Sydney
(Ph.D), and Adelaide (Dip. Ed.). and is now a professor of Japanese at the University of
Canterbury in New Zealand. He has also taught at the universities of Auckland, Western
Australia, California and Waikato. He is well-known for his translations of literature and
his history books, and is the author of A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters.
TETSUO TAKAGAKI is a graduate of the universities of Wakayama (B.A.) and San Francisco
State (M.A.) and until recently was senior lecturer in Japanese at the University of Auckland.
He has also taught at the universities of Hawaii and Maryland, and at Tsuda College in Tokyo.
He is the author of a number of publications on Japanese language and linguistics.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8048-3815-3
ISBN-10: 0-8048-3815-1
I 'III
9 780804838153
US $16.95