AS102
COMPETITION AND SECURITY
National Security
Course Outcomes
•
The student will be able to summarize the nature of conflict and the DAF’s
contribution to national security.
Unit Objectives
•
Define national security.
•
Recall vital national security interest categories.
•
List the Instruments of Power (IOP) and recognize their roles in national
security.
•
Identify key historical events that shape the current global landscape.
•
Recall key characteristics of the current strategic global landscape to include
challenges to US national security.
•
Recognize the relationship between the competition continuum and national
security.
•
Recall the basic stages of the competition continuum from cooperation to
armed conflict.
Unit 1: National Security
and Competition
National Security & Interests 4
Instruments of Power 13
Strategic Global Landscape 22
Competition Continuum 35
National Security & Interests
AI Generated
NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGIES
Understanding national security is fundamental to being a leader in the Department of the Air Force
(DAF). The military’s primary purpose is to protect and defend the nation. This course is the initial
introduction to national security, marking the beginning of an exciting and vital journey that will
continue throughout the four-year program. The knowledge gained here will form the foundation for
understanding how we fight wars, protect our citizens, and uphold our nation’s values.
National security is not just an abstract concept; it’s a dynamic and ever-evolving field that impacts every
aspect of military strategy and operations. In this course, you will delve into the essence of national
security, exploring its definitions, the concepts of power and force, and the critical role of national
defense. You will discover how our national interests—what we value, what we stand for, and what we
are willing to fight for—shape our policies and strategies.
By understanding national security, you'll grasp why we train rigorously, prepare meticulously, and
remain ever-vigilant. This knowledge is not just academic; it directly influences how you will lead, make
decisions, and execute missions. Throughout your ROTC journey, you'll build on this foundation, learning
more about the complexities of warfare, the intricacies of military strategy, and the vital importance of
maintaining national security.
Being a military officer means being at the forefront of protecting over 300 million Americans. Your role in
national security is critical, and the DAF needs leaders with passion for defending our nation with honor,
courage, and commitment. Welcome to the world of national security—where your understanding and
actions will shape the future of our country and ensure the safety and freedom of its people.
NATIONAL SECURITY DEFINED1,2,3
National security is a multi-faceted concept that has evolved to address a wide range of threats,
requiring coordination and integration across various sectors and levels of government.
On the White House’s official website, it describes national security as involving a broad and integrated
approach, combining domestic and foreign policy to address traditional and emerging threats. It
encompasses economic security, health security, environmental security, and cybersecurity. It states that
the National Security Council advises and assists the President in coordinating national security policy
across federal agencies and ensuring that the US is prepared to face challenges that span various
domains, including public health, international economics, climate change, and technology.
4
National Security & Interests
The US Environmental Protection Agency’s official website describes national security as encompassing
the security and defense of a nation-state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions. Traditionally
focused on protection against military attack, it now includes non-military dimensions such as terrorism,
crime, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cybersecurity. The
federal government has developed an integrated approach to preparedness, covering prevention,
protection, mitigation, response, and recovery, to safeguard national interests against diverse threats
like terrorism, cyber-attacks, pandemics, and natural disasters .
According to Kim R. Holmes, PhD, in the article "What Is National Security?", national security is defined
as the safekeeping of the nation as a whole. It primarily involves the protection of the nation and its
people from external attacks and dangers through the maintenance of armed forces and safeguarding
state secrets.
Holmes further emphasizes that national security is a broad concept that includes national defense and
the protection of various geopolitical, economic, and other interests. It affects not only defense policy but
also foreign policy and other governmental policies. The essay stresses that national security should not
be an all-encompassing term that dilutes its meaning. Instead, it should focus on clear and achievable
goals that are vital to the nation's security and interests.
Holmes explains that the concept of national security has evolved significantly since the 17th century.
Initially, national security was primarily about military power and defense against external threats. Over
time, it has expanded to include various non-military dimensions such as economic security, energy
security, environmental security, and cybersecurity. But Holmes highlights some key concepts essential to
understand national security:
•
Power: Defined as a nation's possession and control over its sovereignty and destiny. It includes
both hard power (military force) and soft power (diplomatic influence).
•
Military Strength: Refers to the capacity and capabilities of a nation’s armed forces. It is a measure
of the power a country possesses but is not always directly used.
•
Force: the actual use of military or law enforcement capabilities to achieve specific objectives.
Using force effectively can enhance a nation’s power, while unsuccessful use can diminish it.
•
National Defense: The ability of a nation's armed forces to defend its sovereignty and protect its
citizens. Post-9/11, the concept of homeland security has become a crucial element of national
defense, encompassing both domestic and military measures to protect against terrorist attacks
and other threats.
SUMMARY
National security encompasses the policies, strategies, and measures adopted by a nation to ensure
the preservation of its national interests, protection against threats, and the well-being of its citizens.
National security extends beyond the traditional focus on military threats and defense capabilities to
include a wide range of issues to include economic competitiveness, energy independence, securing
borders against illegal immigration and trafficking, cyber security, and even social cohesion and
political stability. The aim is to create a secure environment where a nation's democratic institutions,
economic prosperity, and social norms can function and flourish without undue interference or
harm.
5
National Security & Interests
INTERESTS4,5
To fully understand the breadth and depth of national security, it is crucial to delve into the concept of
national interests. National interests serve as the foundation upon which security policies are built and
encompass a country's most vital concerns, including the protection of its territory, the safety of its
citizens, and the preservation of its economic and political systems. These interests guide the formulation
of strategies and actions aimed at safeguarding the nation from external and internal threats, ensuring
stability, and promoting prosperity. Exploring national interests provides insight into the specific priorities
and objectives that shape a nation's approach to maintaining security.
“In international politics, interests are qualities, principles, matters of self
preservation, and concepts that a nation or actor values and seeks to protect or
advance. Interests may include the maintenance of physical security, economic
prosperity, continuity of government and culture, value projection in the geopolitical
environment, emotional triggers (e.g., fear, honor, glory, justice), and other drivers
(e.g., virtual, cognitive) that animate action. Interests are enduring but can change
over time, and governments and other actors can interpret them differently.”
- Joint Doctrine Note (JDN) 1-22
“Interests are a starting point, not an end state. At its simplest understanding, the
national interest demands the willingness of a state to uphold its morals and
national values with the commitment of its blood, treasure, time, and energy, to
achieve sometimes specific and sometimes in specific ends. National interests reflect
the identity of a people--their geography, culture, political sympathies, social
consensus, as well as their levels of economic prosperity and demographic makeup.
Thus, national interests are little more than a broad set of often abstract guidelines
that allow a nation to function the way it believes it best should function. National
interests also answer the fundamental but essential question: "What are we willing
to die for?"
- US Army War College Quarterly
National interests are typically categorized into three types:
•
Vital—if threatened, poses an existential hazard to the US population, territory, or civil society.
•
Important—if threatened, poses a catastrophic or significant hazard to US population or territory.
•
Peripheral—if threatened, poses a risk to US population or territory or a moderate risk to key
partners or regions.
This classification not only aids in strategic decision-making but also ensures that resources align with a
nation’s most critical needs. Understanding these categories helps us comprehend the implications and
consequences of threats to these interests, guiding our approach to safeguarding national security.
6
National Security & Interests
Vital Interests
The concept of a vital national interest holds a distinct place in international relations, characterized by
two main features. First, a vital interest represents something a nation is fundamentally unwilling to
negotiate or make concessions on. For example, the United States regards its territorial integrity as nonnegotiable; it would not voluntarily surrender any part of its territory under normal circumstances. The
second feature closely relates to the first: a vital interest is something for which a nation is prepared to go
to war. Therefore, if another entity attempted to claim a portion of US territory, the United States would
not only reject any compromise over its claim but would also be willing to engage in conflict to ensure it
retains its territory. This dual criterion underscores the seriousness with which certain interests are held,
signifying that they are of utmost importance to a nation's sovereignty and security.
Important Interests
These interests are crucial to a nation’s well-being and strategic goals, encompassing aspects such as
economic stability, regional influence, and the protection of citizens abroad. Important interests, while
not as immediately critical as vital interests, still play a significant role in a nation's overall strategy and
are vigorously defended and promoted. The pursuit of these interests often involves a mix of diplomacy,
economic measures, and, when necessary, limited military actions. However, unlike vital interests, there is
typically more room for negotiation and compromise. For example, access to critical natural resources,
such as oil or rare earth minerals, is often deemed an important interest. Securing these resources might
involve engaging in diplomatic efforts to foster good relations with resource-rich countries, negotiating
trade agreements, or forming strategic partnerships and alliances to ensure a steady supply. While the
use of military force is generally reserved as a last resort, the focus remains on achieving these objectives
through peaceful and cooperative means when possible. This balanced approach allows nations to
protect and advance their important interests while maintaining flexibility and readiness to adapt to
changing circumstances and opportunities for compromise.
Peripheral Interests
Peripheral interests are at the other end of the spectrum. These are concerns that, while still of some
significance to a country, do not directly affect its core security and prosperity. Peripheral interests might
include promoting certain values abroad, such as democracy or human rights, or engaging in
humanitarian missions. Though a nation may pursue these interests, it is less likely to expend substantial
diplomatic capital or resources, and certainly not to the point of risking war. Actions taken in defense of
peripheral interests are typically limited to diplomatic statements, economic aid, or participation in
international coalitions, reflecting their lower priority on the national agenda.
SUMMARY
In summary, classifying national interests as vital, important, or peripheral directly shapes national
security policy and strategy. This prioritization helps policymakers allocate resources effectively to
address key threats. Vital interests require the highest commitment and often involve the military
being prepared to defend these interests. Important interests involve diplomatic efforts, economic
strategies, and limited military actions. Peripheral interests, though still significant, are managed
through diplomatic channels, economic aid, and international coalitions. Understanding these
classifications is crucial for effective policy development and maintaining national security.
7
National Security & Interests
STRUCTURED APPROACH6,7
As previously stated, national security is a multifaceted domain that requires a structured approach to
ensure the protection of a nation's interests and the well-being of its citizens. This necessity was
recognized and formalized through the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of
1986. The Act established a deliberate and systematic process for crafting a comprehensive national
security strategy. It mandates that the President annually report to Congress, detailing the United States'
national security strategy, its vital global interests, and the objectives to be achieved. This report also
outlines the proposed short and long-term uses of national power. Before we explain how the process is
distilled down to actionable guidance, we need to cover a few key terms.
Policy
In its simplest form, a policy is a set of rules or guidelines that are created to govern actions and decisions
in order to achieve certain goals. National policy is essentially the choice made by a country's top leaders
on how to handle matters related to the nation's interests. This choice is typically the outcome of careful
consideration and discussions among those in positions of authority. It outlines the country's strategic
goals and how much effort is planned to achieve these aims.
Understanding national policy is crucial because it shapes the development and deployment of the
armed forces. The policy sets the groundwork for what assumptions are made, what resources are
available, the permissions granted, and the boundaries within which actions must be contained. Given
that policies can change based on the situation, the way military forces are used must be adapted to fit
each unique scenario. For example, as laid out in the 2023 “National Cybersecurity Strategy,” the US
policy is to safeguard the nation’s critical infrastructure, government systems, and citizen’s data from
cyber threats.
Objectives
Objectives are specific, measurable goals that are designed to achieve broader aims or purposes. They
serve as clear targets for planning and action, outlining what an individual, organization, government, or
any entity seeks to accomplish within a defined timeframe. Objectives are crucial for guiding decisionmaking processes and for evaluating progress towards achieving the desired outcomes.
In the context of national policy, objectives translate the overarching aims of a policy into tangible and
actionable steps. In reference to the cybersecurity policy previously mentioned, an objective within this
framework might be to increase the readiness of the military to quickly respond to cyber threats by 30%
within the next three years. This objective is specific (increasing military readiness against cyber threats),
measurable (by 30%), and time-bound (within three years), offering a clear target for military and defense
agencies.
Strategy
Strategies are ideas or sets of ideas for employing the instruments of national power in a coordinated
and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, or multinational objectives. Strategies articulate
broad approaches to protect or advance US policy interests and identify necessary resources and
authorities. The United States implements its national strategies globally, through combinations of its
instruments of national power—diplomatic, information, military, and economic. A well-crafted strategy
not only defines the end goals but also provides a roadmap for how to achieve them. This involves a clear
articulation of the objectives, the methods to be employed, and the allocation of resources.
8
National Security & Interests
Think of a national strategy as the big game plan for a country, guiding how it navigates the complex
world stage to secure its interests and goals over the long haul. Unlike a detailed playbook that outlines
every single move for specific situations (which is more the realm of operational and tactical planning), a
national strategy sets the overall direction. It’s not just about military might; it encompasses everything
the country can leverage to achieve its aims—diplomacy, economy, information, and more. Another
name for this overarching strategy is Grand Strategy. At the grand strategic level, the ways and means to
achieve US national interests are based on the national leadership’s strategic vision of America’s role in
the world.
National Security Strategy (NSS)
The primary expressions of national strategy for the military are the President’s National Security
Strategy (NSS) and policy guidance issued through the National Security Council (NSC). These provide a
broad strategic context for employing military capabilities in concert with other instruments of national
power. In the ends, ways, and means construct, the NSS provides the ends. The NSS aligns and directs the
instruments of national power in support of policy objectives.
National Defense Strategy (NDS)
The National Defense Strategy (NDS) describes how the DoD contributes to the execution of the
President’s NSS. The NDS translates the national interests and objectives in the NSS into prioritized
defense objectives for the DoD and articulates the DoD’s approach for developing and employing
military forces and departmental resources to protect and promote US national security interests.
National Military Strategy (NMS)
The National Military Strategy (NMS), developed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS),
describes how the Armed Forces of the United States supports the objectives of the NDS. The NMS
provides direction to employ the final piece of the ends, ways, and means construct.
Example
NSS
NDS
NMS
The NSS may highlight cyber attacks on critical infrastructure as a national security threat,
stressing robust cybersecurity across public and private sectors. It would prioritize
protecting key services like electricity, water, and healthcare, and advocate for
international cooperation to counter cybercrime and terrorism. Additionally, it would
underscore the need for technological innovation in cybersecurity.
The NDS, informed by the NSS, would then translate broad cybersecurity goals into defense
-specific objectives, enhancing the military and defense agencies' role in countering cyber
threats. This could include developing cyber defense mechanisms to protect military
networks and weapon systems, as well as potentially establishing offensive cyber
capabilities as a deterrent.
The NMS elaborates on the NDS by detailing specific military actions for cybersecurity. This
could include setting up new cyber command units, forming rapid response teams for
cyber incidents, and initiating training programs to boost cyber proficiency. It would
specify how to integrate cyber operations within traditional military strategies and
operations.
Note: The NSS, NDS, and NMS will be taught more in-depth during AS300
9
National Security & Interests
To summarize and put it all together, national security is a multifaceted concept that encompasses a
broad range of threats, requiring an integrated approach across various sectors and levels of
government. The figure below illustrates how a nation, guided by its interests, develops policies,
objectives, and strategies that are interlinked to ensure comprehensive security. These are
communicated and operationalized through the National Security Strategy (NSS), National Defense
Strategy (NDS), and National Military Strategy (NMS). The NSS outlines the President’s overarching goals
and aligns national instruments of power to support policy objectives. The NDS, crafted by the
Department of Defense, translates these national interests into defense-specific priorities and
approaches. Finally, the NMS, developed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, details how the
military will support these defense objectives. This structured approach ensures that the nation’s security
policies are actionable, focusing on protecting vital interests, addressing important threats, and
managing peripheral concerns.
Figure 1
Understanding how national security strategies and objectives drive military employment is crucial for
you as future leaders in the DAF, ensuring you grasp the significance of your future roles in executing
national defense policies. The National Security Strategy (NSS), National Defense Strategy (NDS), and
National Military Strategy (NMS) provide a structured framework that translates national interests into
actionable military objectives. Learning how these strategies are interlinked and operationalized will help
you as DAF officers to understand the broader context of your missions, align your efforts with national
priorities, and effectively contribute to protecting and promoting US security interests. This foundational
understanding begins your journey to being strategic leaders who can navigate the complexities of
modern military operations.
10
National Security & Interests
REVIEW QUESTIONS
•
What is the definition of an interest?
•
What are the three levels of interest?
•
Which interest is defined as, “if threatened, poses an existential hazard to the US
population, territory, or civil society?”
•
List the three documents that define our nation’s strategic plans.
•
What is the definition of policy?
•
What is the definition of national security?
•
What is the definition of a strategy?
•
Why is understanding national policy so crucial?
•
Aside from a traditional use of military force, what can national security objectives also
include?
•
What is the overall aim of a nation’s national security?
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
•
Describe how external factors may affect a nation’s strategy.
•
Differentiate between policy, objectives, and strategy.
•
Summarize how interests affect national security.
•
Describe the three levels of interests.
ENDURING QUESTIONS
•
How has the concept of national security evolved to encompass non-military
dimensions, and what implications does this have for the integrated approach to
preparedness described by the federal government?
•
In what ways do the definitions and priorities of national security provided by different
sources (White House, EPA, and Kim R. Holmes) reflect the complexity of modern
threats?
•
How might the classifications of national interests (vital, important, peripheral)
influence strategic decision-making in national security .
11
Unit 1: National Security
and Competition
National Security & Interests 4
Instruments of Power 13
Strategic Global Landscape 22
Competition Continuum 35
Instruments of Power
SETTING THE STAGE8,91
Having explored the foundations of national security policies, objectives, and strategies, captured in the
National Security Strategy (NSS), National Defense Strategy (NDS), and National Military Strategy (NMS),
we now pivot to the instruments that bring these strategies to life. The instruments of national power,
known as DIME—Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic—are the dynamic tools that
promote and defend US national interests on the global stage. These instruments are the driving forces
that shape international relations, deter adversaries, and secure our nation’s future. Understanding how
DIME operates will reveal the true power and impact of these tools in safeguarding our security and
prosperity. By strategically leveraging these instruments, nations can extend their influence and achieve
their objectives without resorting to outright warfare, thereby maintaining a delicate balance within the
international system.
A poignant example of these principles in action that will be referenced throughout the remainder of
this chapter is the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the 1990s. This conflict, which resulted in
significant loss of life and destabilization of the region, drew the attention and intervention of the
international community, including a significant role played by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO). Key operations such as Deny Flight, Deliberate Force, and Joint Endeavor saw comprehensive
involvement from US ground and air forces. Throughout this period, the US Air Force executed over 3,000
missions, transporting over 15,600 troops and delivering more than 30,000 tons of cargo. The conflict also
marked the second combat support deployment of the E-8 Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar
System, alongside extensive use of various combat and support aircraft such as the C-5, C-17, KC-10, and
F-16.
The strategic application of IOPs in a coordinated manner was fundamental to the resolution of the
conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The use of military power to create a secure environment, supported by
diplomatic efforts to negotiate peace, the dissemination of information to shape public opinion and
justify intervention, and economic tools to rebuild the affected areas, showcased how multiple
instruments of power can be harmoniously integrated to achieve comprehensive and sustainable
outcomes in international conflicts.
For Deeper Insight
• Operation Joint Endeavor https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/joint_endeavor.htm
• The Air Force in the Balkans https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Magazine%
20Documents/1996/March%201996/0396balkans.pdf
Though it was not scheduled to arrive, nor be employed operationally at that time, the E-8
was a major player in the conflict helping to spot vehicles and troops on the ground.
Picture source: https://www.af.mil/News/Photos
13
13
Instruments of Power
INSTRUMENTS OF POWER17.181
As you learned in previous sections, our nation’s security and interests, with respect to the ever changing
global landscape, are not going to be achieved by doing nothing or by accidental success. It takes policy,
strategy, and other actions. Part of those actions involve instruments of power, which ultimately enable
the key to victory and securing our objectives.
Simply stated, the ability of the United States to advance its national interests depends on the United
States Government achieving its policy aims as stated within the NSS, of which you learned previously.
Military power aligns with the other instruments of national power to achieve a whole-of-government
approach to advance and defend US values, interests, and objectives.
There are four primary Instruments of Power. They are Diplomacy, Information, Military, and Economic
powers or DIME for short. Each are unique but coexist with the others. Each use of a specific power is
determined on its use and objective. It is also important to keep in mind that each nation has these four
IOPs as well.
Diplomacy
Consider diplomacy as the art and strategy of engaging with other nations and entities to promote and
protect national interests, values, and objectives without immediate recourse to force. It involves
nuanced negotiations, building alliances, and the strategic deployment of a nation's soft power—noncoercive means—to shape the international environment in its favor. Diplomacy may include support to
sympathetic groups opposing a hostile regime or occupying power, outreach to displaced populations,
the use of international organizations to achieve strategic objectives, or the arbitration or mediation of
international and internal disputes.
Referencing back to the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict during the 1990s, diplomacy played a pivotal role in
addressing the complex web of ethnic tensions, nationalistic fervor, and humanitarian crises that
characterized the region post-Cold War. The breakup of Yugoslavia had unleashed a series of conflicts
that threatened not just the stability of the Balkans but posed a broader challenge to European security
and peace. The United States, alongside NATO allies, embarked on operations aimed at quelling the
violence and fostering a sustainable peace. This involved several key diplomatic actions:
•
Coalition Building: The US and NATO united a group of international partners to work together.
This coalition aimed to push for peaceful solutions to the conflict through collective influence and
negotiation, much like assembling a team to tackle a complex project with a unified approach.
•
Eliciting Foreign Support for Military Operations: Diplomacy paved the way for actions in the
Balkans by gathering support from other countries and organizations. This strategy highlighted
how the prospect of military force can serve as a motivator in diplomatic talks, especially when
aimed at resolving humanitarian crises or upholding international law.
•
Engagement with International Organizations: The US and its allies worked with organizations
like the United Nations and the European Union to help mediate the conflict, impose sanctions,
and implement peacekeeping efforts. This approach is akin to drawing on the expertise of
professional groups to address challenges beyond the scope of any single country.
•
Diplomatic Coordination and the Chief of Mission Authority: In conflict zones, US ambassadors
and their teams were key in aligning US efforts with wider goals, managing interactions with local
authorities, and overseeing aid.
14
Instruments of Power
MODERN DAY VIGNETTE ON DIPLOMACY IOP10,11
Advancing Peace through Diplomatic Engagement: US Approach to the Israel-Gaza Crisis
In the wake of the brutal October 2023 terrorist attacks by Hamas on Israel, the region teetered on the
brink of a full-scale war. Amidst the escalating tensions, the United States, under the leadership of
President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Antony Blinken, embarked on a vigorous diplomatic mission
to navigate the complex crisis.
Diplomatic Actions:
•
High-Level Visits and Empathy: President
Biden's visit to Israel was a poignant
demonstration of solidarity with the Israeli
people. He met with victims' families and
emphasized the importance of measured
responses, drawing parallels to the US's own
experiences post-9/11. This visit aimed to show
empathy while urging restraint to avoid the
mistakes made in past conflicts.
•
Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management: The
US announced substantial humanitarian aid for
Gaza, aiming to alleviate the suffering of
civilians caught in the crossfire. This move was
part of a broader strategy to ensure
humanitarian access and support for the most
vulnerable,
underscoring
America's
commitment to global humanitarian principles.
•
Shuttle Diplomacy: Secretary Blinken's shuttle
diplomacy involved intensive engagements
with leaders across the Middle East, including
Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Qatar. These
efforts were crucial in managing the regional
reactions to the conflict and exploring avenues
for de-escalation. The diplomatic efforts aimed
to balance support for Israel with the urgent
need for humanitarian relief in Gaza and to
prevent the conflict from spreading further.
•
Promoting Long-Term Peace: A central tenet of
the US diplomatic approach was advocating for
a two-state solution as the best path to
sustainable peace. This stance involved pressing
for
negotiations
and
highlighting
the
importance of establishing a Palestinian state
alongside Israel, aiming to address the
underlying issues that fuel the ongoing conflict.
Map of Israel, depicting the small territory
of Gaza where the current conflict is
happening.
Uploaded from wikimedia.org
15
Instruments of Power
Information
Information is a significant instrument of national power and a strategic resource critical to national
security. The information environment is the aggregate of social, religious, cultural, linguistic,
psychological, technical, and physical factors that affect how humans and automated systems derive
meaning from, act upon, and are affected by information. This includes the individuals, organizations,
and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or use information.
When properly coordinated, information serves as a force multiplier. The laws of physics do not limit the
creation of effects in the information environment in the same way they limit lethal effects. Information
can exist everywhere in all mediums at once and can be interpreted differently. In that regard,
information is the most easily employed of all the instruments of national power and can be employed at
relatively low cost with minimal resources. These characteristics also mean that both state and non-state
actors can wield their power to create significant effects that support their desired objectives.
In today's world, where global networks and evolving social media platforms play a crucial role in how
people interpret actions and events, the Department of Defense (DoD) enhances the US government's
ability to communicate through these channels. By carefully planning and executing operations, the DoD
aims to use these informational tools to support national interests, policies, and goals. Every action, word,
or image from the DoD is crafted to convey messages that resonate with both American and
international audiences, potentially impacting strategic outcomes. Working in concert with broader
government efforts, the DoD strives to ensure its strategies, plans, and operations are perceived
accurately and positively by key global audiences.
During the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict, the information instrument was used extensively to manage the
narrative and gain international support for intervention. This included publicizing the humanitarian
issues and the atrocities being committed, which galvanized international opinion and justified
intervention efforts. Information operations were also critical in counteracting propaganda from the
warring parties, helping to stabilize the region and support peacekeeping efforts.
RECALLING KEY TERMS
• Interest: The perceived needs and aspirations of an actor. US national interests determine our
involvement outside our borders. All actors have interests and, inevitably, some of those interests
conflict with the interests of others.
• Our interests usually fall into three categories and help shape the use of IOPs:
-
Vital—if threatened, poses an existential hazard to the US population, territory, or civil society.
-
Important—if threatened, poses a catastrophic or significant hazard to US population or
territory.
-
Peripheral—if threatened, poses a risk to US population or territory or a moderate risk to key
partners or regions.
16
Instruments of Power
MODERN DAY VIGNETTE ON INFORMATION IOP12
Combating Disinformation
A prime example of utilizing the "Information" element of DIME (Diplomacy, Information, Military, and
Economic) can be seen in the US government's efforts to counteract disinformation campaigns,
particularly those orchestrated by foreign entities such as Russia and China.
The Threat of Disinformation
Disinformation campaigns have become a critical tool for nations like Russia and China, aiming to
influence public opinion, create societal discord, and undermine trust in democratic institutions. During
the 2016 US presidential election, Russia employed a sophisticated disinformation strategy, using social
media platforms to amplify divisive content and sow discord among American voters. This operation
highlighted the vulnerabilities in the US information environment and emphasized the need for robust
countermeasures.
U.S. Countermeasures
•
Social Media and Cyber Operations: The US has recognized the weaponization of social media by
adversaries. Platforms like TikTok and Twitter can be exploited for disinformation, leading to
efforts by US agencies to monitor and mitigate these risks. For instance, FBI Director Christopher
Wray testified about the potential threats posed by TikTok, emphasizing its capacity for data
collection and influence operations by the Chinese government (source: Air University).
•
Public Awareness and Education: Increasing public awareness about the tactics and dangers of
disinformation is crucial. Initiatives to educate citizens on how to identify and counter fake news
and misinformation help build resilience against these campaigns. Trust-building exercises and
community outreach by military and civilian agencies also play a role in this strategy (source:
media.defense.gov).
•
Whole-of-Government Approach: Achieving information dominance requires collaboration across
various government agencies. The Department of Defense, as outlined in the National Security
Strategy (NSS) and National Defense Strategy (NDS), advocates for a coordinated approach
involving diplomatic, military, and civilian efforts to combat disinformation effectively. This holistic
strategy aims to safeguard the integrity of information and ensure cohesive responses to
adversarial threats.
•
Research and Development: Investing in research to understand the evolving nature of
disinformation tactics. This includes analyzing trends, developing new tools for detecting
disinformation, and continuously updating strategies to stay ahead of adversarial efforts.
•
International Collaboration: Partnering with allies and international organizations to combat
disinformation on a global scale. Collaborative efforts include sharing intelligence, joint cyber
exercises, and coordinated responses to disinformation campaigns.
•
Military and Intelligence Integration: Incorporating disinformation countermeasures into military
and intelligence operations. This involves training personnel to recognize and respond to
disinformation, integrating information warfare tactics into military planning, and utilizing
intelligence resources to identify and disrupt disinformation networks.
17
Instruments of Power
Military
The fundamental purpose of the military instrument of power is to win the nation’s wars. In the nuclear
age, an equally important purpose is to deter war. If war is inevitable, then limiting escalation is crucial.
The United States employs military forces in support of strategic objectives. Commanders can apply
military force in cooperation and competition to assure allies and partners, to deter adversaries, and to
coerce or force enemies and adversaries to comply with our nation’s demands. Regardless of when or
where leaders employ the military, joint forces abide by standards for the profession of arms and the law
of war.
With respect to military power, you must understand that DoD policy requires compliance to the Law of
War, commonly referred to as the Law of Armed Conflict. The Law of War comprises those treaties and
international law binding on the United States that regulates the use of armed force; the conduct of
hostilities and the protection of war victims in international and non international armed conflict;
belligerent-occupation (duty of occupying power to ensure the population is provided with supplies); and
the relationships between belligerent, neutral, and non-belligerent states. Put simply, the Law of War is
specifically intended to address the circumstances of armed conflict.
The military instrument was perhaps the most visible during the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict. NATO’s
implementation of operations like Deny Flight, which enforced a no-fly zone over Bosnia, and Deliberate
Force, a series of air strikes against Bosnian Serb forces, were crucial in curtailing the conflict. These
military actions, combined with the deployment of ground forces under Operation Joint Endeavor,
helped to enforce peace agreements, providing a secure environment for the delivery of humanitarian
aid.
Economic
The economic instrument of national power refers to how a country uses its economic resources to
influence the behavior of other nations and achieve strategic goals. This can include promoting or
restricting another nation's economic prosperity and power. The tools at a country's disposal for this
purpose are varied and can range from engaging in trade, setting fiscal and monetary policies, to
imposing sanctions, embargoes, or tariffs. Other measures like providing foreign aid, offering debt relief,
or manipulating prices also fall under this category. These economic strategies are designed to
incentivize or coerce changes in behavior that align with the influencing country's objectives.
Regarding the NATO and US involvement in the Balkans, economic measures were part of the strategy
used to address the crisis. Sanctions were a key tool in this regard. The international community, imposed
economic sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (comprising Serbia and Montenegro at the
time) to pressure it into ceasing hostilities and engaging in negotiations. These sanctions aimed to
weaken the economic strength of the Yugoslav government thereby limiting its ability to sustain military
operations against Bosnia and Herzegovina and later Kosovo.
SUMMARY
The interplay of the Instruments of Power—Diplomacy, Information, Military, and Economic
measures—underlines the multifaceted approach required in modern global affairs. These tools are
not isolated; they work in concert to shape international strategies and responses. The ability to
effectively integrate these instruments is crucial, especially in situations where the dynamics of
conflict and cooperation are complex and the stakes are high.
18
Instruments of Power
MODERN DAY VIGNETTE ON ECONOMIC IOP13
The Role of US Economic Policy in Modern International Relations
The United States demonstrated the "Economic" instrument of power within the DIME framework
through strategic economic measures to support Ukraine and counter Russian aggression. Amidst the
ongoing war in Ukraine, the US has leveraged its economic power to influence the conflict's dynamics
and support Ukraine while weakening Russia's economic capabilities. These measures include sanctions,
financial aid, and efforts to stabilize global markets affected by the conflict.
Key Actions
•
Economic Sanctions: The US has imposed
severe economic sanctions on Russia, targeting
key sectors like finance, energy, and
technology. These sanctions aim to cripple
Russia's economy by restricting access to
international markets and limiting its ability to
finance the war in Ukraine. The sanctions have
been coordinated with allies in Europe and
other regions to maximize their impact.
Sourced from Business Today.In; www.businesstodawww.businesstoday.in y.in
•
Financial Aid to Ukraine: The US has provided substantial financial aid to Ukraine to support its
economy and military efforts. This aid includes direct financial assistance, military equipment, and
humanitarian support. The financial packages are designed to help Ukraine sustain its defense
against Russian aggression and stabilize its economy amid the war.
•
Stabilizing Global Energy Markets: The war in Ukraine has caused significant disruptions in global
energy markets, leading to soaring prices and supply shortages. The US has worked to stabilize
these markets by increasing its own energy production, releasing strategic petroleum reserves,
and encouraging other countries to do the same. These efforts aim to mitigate the economic
fallout from the war and reduce Europe’s dependency on Russian energy.
•
Multilateral Economic Initiatives: The US has led multilateral efforts to support Ukraine and
pressure Russia economically. This includes working with international financial institutions to
provide loans and aid to Ukraine and coordinating with G7 partners on additional sanctions and
economic measures against Russia. These initiatives aim to present a united front and ensure
that Russia faces substantial economic consequences for its actions.
•
Encouraging Investment in Ukraine: Beyond immediate financial aid, the US has encouraged
investment in Ukraine's future reconstruction and economic development. This includes initiatives
to attract private sector investment and international aid for rebuilding infrastructure and
promoting economic growth in a post-conflict Ukraine.
These economic policies and actions highlight the US's strategic use of economic power to influence
international relations. By imposing sanctions, providing financial aid, stabilizing energy markets, and
fostering multilateral cooperation, the US aims to support Ukraine, weaken Russia’s economic
capabilities, and mitigate the global economic impacts of the war.
19
Instruments of Power
REVIEW QUESTIONS
•
Who directs the use of the instruments of power?
•
What are the four primary instruments of power?
•
Which instrument of power involves nuanced negotiations, building alliances, and the
strategic deployment of a nation's soft power?
•
What can diplomacy include?
•
When properly coordinated, what serves as a force multiplier?
•
What is the fundamental purpose of the military instrument of power?
•
What is an important purpose of military power in the nuclear age?
•
What does the economic instrument of national power refer to?
•
What are some tools at a country’s disposal for using economic power?
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
•
What role does diplomacy play in advancing US national interests without using force?
•
Describe how the Department of Defense (DoD) utilizes information to support
national interests and goals.
•
Explain the importance of compliance with the Law of War in the use of military
power.
•
How can economic power be used to influence the behavior of other nations?
•
Describe how the information Instrument of Power is vital to securing national security
interests.
•
In what ways do the four Instruments of Power coexist and interact to achieve
strategic objectives?
ENDURING QUESTIONS
•
How do the four primary Instruments of Power (DIME) interact to achieve US national
security objectives, and what are potential challenges in coordinating these
instruments effectively?
•
Compare and contrast the roles of military and economic power in achieving strategic
objectives. How do their methods and impacts differ in the context of international
conflict?
20
Unit 1: National Security
and Competition
National Security & Interests 4
Instruments of Power 13
Strategic Global Landscape 22
Competition Continuum 35
Strategic Global Landscape
"Perfect security can never be achieved, but states can squander their power in
its pursuit if they are not prudent."
B. Chance Saltzman
Chief of Space Operations
Having explored the intricate processes through which national security policies, objectives, and
strategies are distilled into actionable objectives via the National Security Strategy (NSS), National
Defense Strategy (NDS), and National Military Strategy (NMS), and the whole of government approach to
national security through the Instruments of Power, we now shift our focus to the current strategic global
landscape and great power competition. Understanding the evolution of this landscape, from the postWorld War II era to the present, is crucial. This historical perspective highlights the shifting power
dynamics and strategic considerations that shape today's geopolitical environment.
Today’s newly commissioned officer in the DAF will be stepping into a role significantly shaped by the
intense dynamics of the current global strategic landscape and the fierce competition among great
powers. For future leaders in the DAF, grasping these changes and the ongoing great power competition
is essential for informed decision-making and strategic planning in an increasingly complex and
interconnected world.
PAST TO PRESENT 14
Since World War II, the global strategic environment has undergone significant changes, influenced by
shifting power dynamics, technological advancements, and evolving geopolitical challenges. During the
Cold War, the bipolar competition between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated the
strategic landscape, with a focus on deterrence and nuclear arms race. The post-Cold War era saw the
emergence of new threats such as regional conflicts, terrorism, and cyber warfare, prompting a shift
towards more flexible and adaptive security strategies. Today, the strategic landscape is characterized by
great power competition, particularly involving the United States, China, and Russia, alongside
transnational threats like climate change, pandemics, and economic instability.
Post-World War II and Cold War Era
The period following World War II was defined by
the emergence of nuclear weapons and the onset
of the Cold War, placing the United States and the
Soviet Union in a tense standoff that revolved
heavily around nuclear deterrence and ideological
supremacy. The US committed to a policy of
containment, supporting countries threatened by
communism through economic aid and military
alliances. This led to an era of proxy wars.
US President, John F. Kennedy, shaking hands with the Soviet
Union President, Nikita Khrushchev, in Vienna, Austria during
the height of the Cold War.
Picture source: Wikimedia Commons, free media repository
22
Strategic Global Landscape
Proxy Wars
Proxy wars became a key strategy where the US and the Soviet Union supported opposing sides in
conflicts in third-party countries, rather than fighting directly, thereby avoiding a direct Soviet-American
war. This approach was visible in multiple regions:
•
Korean War (1950-1953). The Korean War began when North Korea, backed by the Soviet Union
and China, invaded South Korea in 1950. The United States, under the auspices of the United
Nations, intervened on behalf of South Korea. This conflict was the first major confrontation of the
Cold War and a clear manifestation of the US commitment to the Truman Doctrine, which was
aimed at containing communism through direct military engagement.
•
Vietnam War (1955-1975). The Vietnam War is
perhaps the most prominent example of the
US containment policy in action. The war
began in the context of the decolonization of
Indochina, with North Vietnam, led by
communists, aiming to unify Vietnam under
communist rule. The US intervened to
prevent the fall of South Vietnam to
communism, fearing the domino effect that
could lead to the spread of communism
throughout Southeast Asia.
•
Other Engagements. The US also involved
itself indirectly in other regional conflicts by
providing support to anti-communist forces
in various countries such as Angola,
Afghanistan, and Nicaragua during the latter
stages of the Cold War.
Air Force F-105 Thunderchiefs enroute to bomb military target in
Vietnam, refueling by an AF KC-135 Stratotanker
Picture Source: .Wikimedia Commons, free media repository
Post-Cold War and the Rise of Unipolarity
The fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) and the subsequent
dissolution of the Soviet Union marked a significant
shift in global power dynamics, with the US
emerging as the uncontested global hegemon
(dominance). This was dramatically underscored by
Operation
DESERT
STORM
in
1991,
which
demonstrated the US military's technological
superiority and operational effectiveness.
The fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989
Picture Source: .Wikimedia Commons, free media repository
•
Operation DESERT STORM (1991). Operation DESERT STORM, commonly known as the Gulf War,
was a major conflict that showcased US military dominance following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in
August 1990. The US led a coalition of 35 nations in response to Iraq's aggression, initiating a
substantial build-up of troops and resources in the Persian Gulf region, known as Operation
DESERT SHIELD. Operation DESERT SHIELD became Operation DESERT STORM in January, 1991.
“The US and its allies flew more than 116,000 combat air sorties and dropped 88,500 tons of bombs
over a six-week period that preceded the ground campaign. The air bombardment was so
23
Strategic Global Landscape
successful that the ground campaign was over in 100 hours. “ Charles Pope, Secretary of the Air
Force Public Affairs
The US utilized advanced technology and precision weaponry on a scale never seen before, which
allowed for significant US dominance in the conflict. The use of stealth bombers, GPS for
navigation and targeting, and extensive use of satellite communications were pivotal in achieving
swift victory. The war demonstrated the effectiveness of modern military technology and tactics,
leading to minimal coalition casualties compared to the heavy losses on the Iraqi side.
Operation DESERT STORM boosted the US's global military standing, illustrating the capabilities
of a modernized post-Cold War force and reinforcing the US position as a global superpower.
F-16A Fighting Falcon, F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle
fighter aircraft fly over burning oil field sites in Kuwait
during Operation DESERT STORM.
F-15C Eagles fly over Kuwait during the Gulf War in 1991.
Picture Source: https://www.af.mil/News/Photos
Picture Source: https://www.af.mil/News/Photos
US Marines assigned to the 2nd Marine Division.
About 697,000 US troops took part in Operation
DESERT STORM, with only 299 lives lost.
Picture Source: https://www.af.mil/News/Photos
However, this unipolar moment led to a degree of complacency regarding non-state threats and
irregular warfare. The focus on state-centric conflicts and the perceived end of major power competition
allowed smaller, non-state actors and terrorist groups to organize and plan without the same level of
scrutiny.
.DAF Transformation (Cold War & Post-Cold War)
The next three figures highlights how the Department of the Air Force was shaped and responded to the
strategic global environment during the Cold War and Post-Cold War eras. Changes in the strategic
environment directly affects how the military utilizes its forces, develops people and capabilities, and
generates readiness to appropriately present forces as needed.
24
Strategic Global Landscape
Figure 2
25
Strategic Global Landscape
Figure 3
26
Strategic Global Landscape
Figure 4
27
Strategic Global Landscape
September 11 and the Global War on Terror (GWOT)
The attacks on September 11, 2001, were a stark reminder of the dangers posed by non-state actors,
dramatically shifting US strategic priorities to the Global War on Terror. This era saw extensive military
engagements in Afghanistan and Iraq, emphasizing counterinsurgency and nation-building.
•
•
Afghanistan
War
(2001-2021).
The
immediate response to 9/11 was the
launch
of
Operation
ENDURING
FREEDOM in Afghanistan in October 2001.
The US alongside NATO allies and nonNATO partners, aimed to dismantle alQaeda and remove the Taliban from
power for harboring al-Qaeda leaders,
including Osama bin Laden, the architect
of the 9/11 attacks. The military strategy
included massive airstrikes followed by
ground
forces
targeting
Taliban
strongholds. Over time, the mission
expanded
into
a
broader
counterinsurgency and nation-building
effort, focusing on stabilizing the country,
fostering a democratic government, and
rebuilding the Afghan military and police
forces to maintain security independently.
Iraq War (2003-2011). In March 2003, the
US launched Operation IRAQI FREEDOM,
predicated on the belief that the Iraqi
regime of Saddam Hussein possessed
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
and posed a significant threat to
international security. Although WMDs
were never found, the war led to the
toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime. The
subsequent occupation of Iraq shifted US
efforts towards counterinsurgency and
rebuilding the Iraqi state, including its
governance structures and security forces.
The US faced significant challenges in
Iraq due to sectarian violence, insurgency,
and complex political dynamics among
various ethnic and religious groups.
After establishing a runway and clearing airspace, combat
controllers give a C-130 take off clearance and provide air
traffic control while during a mission in support of
Operation ENDURING FREEDOM.
Picture Source: https://www.af.mil/News/Photos
Members of an Air Force Tactical Air Control Party
accompany Army 82nd Airborne Division soldiers on a foot
patrol through an arms market in Iraq.
Picture Source: https://www.af.mil/News/Photos
DAF Transformation (GWOT)
The next figures explain how yet again, the changes in the strategic global landscape caused the
Department of the Air Force to make changes in their approach to warfighting.
28
Strategic Global Landscape
Figure 5
29
Strategic Global Landscape
Figure 6
30
Strategic Global Landscape
While necessary, the focus on non-state actors drew resources and attention away from traditional statebased strategic competition, allowing rivals like China to quietly expand their influence, modernize their
military capabilities, and assert themselves within the international system, particularly in economically
strategic regions like the South China Sea.
AI Generated
Current Global Landscape
AI Generated
The current global landscape is marked by an unprecedented level of complexity, driven by the
resurgence of great power competition, rapid technological advances, and the expansion of conflict into
new domains such as cyberspace and outer space. In the past, military might was often demonstrated
through direct, physical confrontations. However, today's global dynamics involve a blend of traditional
and innovative strategies, including cyber attacks, space warfare, and the use of artificial intelligence.
Military engagements are no longer limited to land, sea, and air. Cyberspace and outer space have
become new frontiers for strategic dominance. Cyber attacks can disable critical infrastructure, steal
sensitive information, and disrupt economies without a single shot being fired. Similarly, space warfare
involves the potential for satellite destruction or jamming, impacting communication and surveillance
capabilities essential for modern military and civilian operations.
The stark contrast with the past lies in the nature and number of variables that must now be considered
in global strategy. Previously, strategies could often be more linear and focused, primarily concerned with
physical military engagements. The Cold War, for instance, was characterized by clear ideological blocs
and a relatively predictable set of strategic calculations. Today, nations must navigate a labyrinth of
technological, economic, and informational factors, where the actions of one state can have cascading
effects through these interconnected systems.
This complexity requires a deeper, more nuanced understanding of international relations and a more
sophisticated approach to diplomacy, military strategy, and economic policy to manage the intertwined
threats and opportunities of the 21st century. Key aspects that define this complexity:
31
Strategic Global Landscape
•
Great Power Competition (GPC): The rise of China and the resurgence of Russia as formidable
adversaries challenge the dominance of the United States and its allies. This has reintroduced an
era of GPC not seen since the Cold War. Today’s multipolar world involves multiple states with
significant global influence, creating a more intricate and unpredictable international system.
This competition spans military, economic, technological, and diplomatic spheres, demanding a
nuanced strategy that balances competition and cooperation.
•
Peer Adversaries and Contested Environments: Modern conflicts are characterized by the
engagement of peer adversaries—nations with comparable military capabilities—operating in
highly contested environments. This involves warfare in scenarios where adversaries can
challenge each other across all domains—land, sea, air, space, and cyber. This is a shift from
previous conflicts where technological and strategic superiority was often clear and decisive.
•
Technological Advances: The rapid pace of technological innovation has transformed military
strategies and capabilities. Advances in precision weaponry, unmanned systems, artificial
intelligence, and cyber warfare mean that military forces can strike with great accuracy almost
anywhere on the globe. This global reach was unimaginable a few decades ago, making the
strategic landscape far more lethal and sensitive to technological disruptions.
•
Warfare and Competition in All Domains: The expansion of the battlefield into new domains like
space and cyberspace adds layers of complexity to modern warfare. Space technologies are
crucial for communication, navigation, and reconnaissance, while cyber warfare can disrupt a
nation’s infrastructure without physical conflict. The ability to wage war and exert influence in
these domains is now an essential component of national power.
•
Hybrid Warfare and Gray Zone Tactics: Countries increasingly employ hybrid warfare strategies
that blend conventional and unconventional tactics. Actions in the "gray zone" (activities that are
coercive but do not clearly cross the threshold into open warfare) such as cyber attacks,
disinformation campaigns, and economic coercion complicate the traditional understanding of
conflict, making it harder to manage and respond to threats.
•
Global Connectivity and Interdependence: The interconnected nature of the global economy and
the internet means that events in one part of the world can have immediate and far-reaching
impacts elsewhere. This interdependence makes managing international relations more delicate
and the consequences of conflicts more severe for the global community.
DAF Transformation (GPC)
Figures 7 and 8 explains the DAF’s approach to meet the demands and challenges of the new strategic
global environment.
"Today, a new key inflection point is upon us. We cannot afford to be complacent,
holding on to outdated structures. The Air Force built for the previous era is no longer
optimized for the current strategic landscape. History has shown that we can
successfully navigate these turning points—now is the time to do so again. Our
motivation is crystal clear: change is not an option but a necessity. We must adapt to
effectively demonstrate our readiness and capability to deter, and, if required, to
prevail in conflict.."
David W. Allvin, USAF Chief of Staff
32
Strategic Global Landscape
Figure 7
33
Strategic Global Landscape
Figure 8
34
Strategic Global Landscape
GREAT POWER COMPETITION
As we seek to understand the current global landscape, great power competition (GPC) continues to be
emphasized. If you look up a definition of GPC you will be bombarded with a plethora of viewpoints on
this topic. For simplicity’s sake and ease of understanding, below is a synopsis of what our study of GPC
means, taken from various online sources such as the National Defense University Press, the Center for
Strategic and International Studies, and the Modern War Institute.
GPC Defined
GPC refers to the strategic rivalry between the United States and other prominent global powers, notably
China and Russia, each vying for influence and dominance across various domains, including military,
economic, technological, and diplomatic spheres.
Great Power
We will discuss more about competition in the next lesson, but a “great power” is a nation that possesses
significant economic, military, and political strength, enabling it to influence international affairs
substantially. Historically, great powers have been those countries capable of projecting their power
beyond their borders and shaping global norms and rules. In contemporary terms, great powers are
defined not only by their military capabilities but also by their economic clout, technological
advancements, and diplomatic influence.
•
Military Power—Military strength remains a crucial aspect of being a great power. This includes
not only the size and capability of a nation's armed forces but also its ability to project power
globally, maintain a presence in strategic regions, and develop advanced military technologies.
For example, China's significant investments in its navy and missile technology and Russia's
modernization of its nuclear arsenal are clear demonstrations of military power within GPC.
•
Economic Power—Economic influence is another cornerstone of great power status. A nation's
economic power is measured by its gross domestic product (GDP), control over critical resources,
influence over global trade, and ability to invest in and develop emerging markets. China's Belt
and Road Initiative, which seeks to expand China's economic reach through infrastructure
investments worldwide, exemplifies economic power in action.
•
Technological Power—Technological advancement is increasingly pivotal in GPC. Nations that
lead in critical technologies, such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and space exploration,
can significantly influence global standards and norms. Both the US and China are heavily
investing in these areas to gain a strategic edge.
•
Diplomatic Power—Diplomatic influence involves the ability to form and lead alliances, shape
international institutions, and negotiate favorable terms in global agreements. The US maintains
a network of alliances through NATO and other partnerships, while China is expanding its
influence through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and other regional initiatives.
35
Strategic Global Landscape
SECURE THE POSITION 15
In response to the evolving strategic global landscape characterized by intense competition and shifting
power dynamics, the US must refine its approach to maintain global influence. This strategy includes
strengthening alliances, leading in technological innovation, engaging in proactive diplomacy,
modernizing military capabilities, and enhancing resilience against non-traditional threats. Each
component is crucial to adapt and respond effectively to both the opportunities and challenges posed by
global actors. Through this integrated approach, the US aims to shape and secure a favorable
international order.
Strengthening Alliances and Partnerships
The US must rejuvenate and expand its network of alliances and partnerships, recognizing these
relationships as cornerstone assets in GPC. This involves not only reinforcing commitments within
established alliances but also cultivating deeper ties with partners in the Indo-Pacific, Africa, and Latin
America. A multidirectional strategy that leverages these relationships for collective security, economic
collaboration, and technological innovation can create a more cohesive front against adversarial actions.
Leading in Innovation and Economic Competitiveness
Technological innovation and economic strength are essential for US national security and global
influence. Prioritizing advancements in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology—
guided by ethics and democratic values—is crucial. Strengthening economic resilience through secure
supply chains, investments in key industries, and fair trade policies will enhance US leadership and
counteract competitors like China and Russia.
Strategic Diplomatic Engagement
In today's high-stakes global environment, diplomacy is crucial for the US to manage conflicts, extend
influence, and shape international norms. Through proactive diplomacy, leveraging its alliances and
partnerships, the US aims to build consensus on key issues like nuclear non-proliferation and cyber
governance. These diplomatic efforts focus on isolating adversaries who defy international norms while
seeking cooperation on global challenges. Supported by economic and military strength, this strategic
approach helps reduce tensions and promote a global setting favorable to US interests.
Military Readiness and Modernization
A robust military deterrent is central to US national security, emphasizing the modernization of forces
with a focus on cyber capabilities, space defense, and advanced technologies. By maintaining a
qualitative edge and adapting to modern warfare that includes cyber operations, unmanned systems,
and artificial intelligence, the US can effectively deter aggression and project power globally. Continuous
investment in defense innovation and integrating new technologies are critical for staying ahead in
various theaters of conflict.
Fostering Resilience Against Non-Traditional Threats
Recognizing the extension of GPC into non-traditional domains, the US strategy focuses on addressing
hybrid warfare, cyber threats, economic coercion, and information manipulation. Enhancing
cybersecurity, protecting infrastructure, and combating disinformation are key. Collaboration with the
private sector and international partners is essential to tackle these widespread challenges effectively.
36
Strategic Global Landscape
SUMMARY
Since World War II, the DAF has had to continuously evolve to meet the demands of the changing
strategic global landscape. This evolution is driven by shifting power dynamics, technological
advancements, and new geopolitical challenges.
During the Cold War, the focus was on nuclear deterrence and managing the bipolar rivalry
between the US and the Soviet Union. This period featured proxy wars and an intense arms race that
shaped the foundation of modern strategic thinking. After the Cold War, the DAF adapted to threats
like regional conflicts, terrorism, and cyber warfare in a unipolar world dominated by the US.
Today, there is a resurgence of great power competition, primarily involving the US, China, and
Russia, and the strategic environment is more complex due to rapid technological advances and the
expansion of conflict into new domains like cyberspace and outer space. Unlike the past, current
dynamics blend traditional and innovative strategies, such as cyber attacks, space warfare, and the
use of artificial intelligence. Hybrid warfare and gray zone tactics blur the lines between peace and
conflict, demanding the DAF yet again transform how it approaches its mission.
In today’s multipolar world, involving multiple states with significant global influence, a balanced
strategy of competition and cooperation is needed across military, economic, technological, and
diplomatic spheres. Peer adversaries and contested environments are the new norm, with warfare
waged across all domains—land, sea, air, space, and cyber.
For today’s newly commissioned officers, stepping into the DAF is both an exciting and daunting
prospect. You are entering a world where your roles are significantly shaped by the intense dynamics
of the current global strategic landscape. GPC is not just a theoretical concept; it is a tangible reality
that influences every aspect of Airmen and Guardians’ training and future operations.
The stakes have never been higher. The burden of leadership in this unique time of change and
strategic competition is immense. You must be prepared to navigate a labyrinth of technological
and informational factors, where the actions of one state can have cascading effects globally. This
complexity requires you to be agile thinkers, capable of operating in highly contested environments
against peer adversaries with comparable capabilities. This is your moment to make a difference, to
lead with courage and conviction, and to carry the weight of safeguarding the nation in a time of
profound change and strategic competition.
37
Strategic Global Landscape
REVIEW QUESTIONS
•
What was the primary focus of US national security policy during the Cold War?
•
What proxy wars did the US engage in during the Cold War?
•
What was the shift in power dynamics post-Cold War?
•
What was the negative effect of US unipolarity after Operation DESERT SHIELD?
•
What was the primary focus of the US after the attacks on September 11, 2001?
•
How did the focus on non-state actors affect US attention to traditional state-based
strategic competition?
•
What regions saw a resurgence of great power competition in the modern era?
•
What are hybrid warfare and gray zone tactics?
•
Define Strategic Global Landscape.
•
How does global connectivity impact international relations today?
•
Identify three areas the US must focus on to maintain its position as a Great Power?
•
Recognizing that great power competition extends into non-traditional domains, the U.S.
strategy must also address what?
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
•
Summarize the significant shifts in the global power dynamics from the Cold War to the
present?
•
How has the rise of China and the resurgence of Russia reintroduced great power
competition, and what are the key differences between the Cold War era and the current
multipolar world?
•
What are the essential components of the US strategy to maintain global influence in the
current complex global landscape, and how does this strategy address both traditional
and non-traditional threats?
ENDURING QUESTIONS
•
Describe three ways how the events from the Cold War to the present have shaped our
nation and the way we perceive and act against threats.
•
In what ways have technological advancements and the expansion of conflict into
cyberspace and outer space altered the nature of modern military engagements? Discuss
the implications for national security and international stability.
•
Create a top 3 list from the “Secure the Position” discussion that you feel the US should
prioritize for national security purposes and explain why you chose them.
38
Unit 1: National Security
and Competition
National Security & Interests 4
Instruments of Power 13
Strategic Global Landscape 22
Competition Continuum 35
Competition Continuum
STRATEGIC COMPETITION 16
In today's turbulent global landscape, where great power competition intensifies and peer adversaries
relentlessly contest every domain, technological advancements have revolutionized warfare and
competition. Hybrid warfare and gray zone tactics blur the lines between peace and conflict, while global
connectivity and interdependence amplify both opportunities and vulnerabilities.
Against this backdrop of relentless change and complexity, Joint Doctrine Note (JDN) 1-22, Joint Force in
Strategic Competition, offers a critical framework for understanding the strategic environment. It defines
a world where political, diplomatic, military, economic, social, and informational systems are in constant
interplay, fostering an ever-evolving state of perpetual cooperation and competition. This dynamic and
adaptive landscape is where nations and international actors maneuver for influence and leverage,
striving to pursue their interests while managing acceptable risks and costs. In this intricate dance of
power, strategic competition emerges as a persistent and long-term struggle, one that often avoids
direct armed conflict but involves high-stakes rivalries that shape the global order.
This current operational environment requires the DoD to adopt a more nuanced model or framework
called, The Competition Continuum, that encapsulates this ongoing battle, highlighting the fluid
transition from cooperation to competition and, at times, to open conflict, underscoring the necessity for
strategic agility and foresight in navigating an unpredictable world.
But before we dive into the intricacies of the competition continuum, let’s ensure we understand exactly
what is meant by strategic competition.
Strategic Competition Defined
JDN 1-22 defines strategic competition as a complex set of interactions in which nations try to gain
influence, advantage, and leverage over adversaries and ultimately achieve favorable strategic
outcomes. The nature of strategic competition is:
•
Complex—Strategic competitions generally consist of complex interactions over cultural,
economic, geographic, political, or ideological rivalries, often played out over decades. The
international system is inherently complex and therefore dynamic, nonlinear, and disorderly. Every
move an actor makes changes the environment in ways that require other actors to continually
adapt and co-evolve, often in unpredictable ways.
•
Protracted—Strategic competition is an enduring theme in international relations that occurs
over decades. It does not always result in armed conflict, but most armed conflicts occur as a
result of escalation during strategic competition. For instance, the Cold War between the US and
the Soviet Union, and their respective allies, lasted over decades (1947-1991), and included spikes of
armed conflict in Greece (1946-1949), Korea (1950-1953), Indochina (1954-1974), and Afghanistan
(1979-1989) and major crises in Berlin (1948-1949), Cuba (1962), and the Middle East (1973).
•
Indefinite—Strategic competitions continue with no foreseeable resolution until the adversaries
reach an enduring political settlement and resolve the root causes of their struggle. Winning
battles, or even wars, may not be decisive. Political settlements may not endure. Thus, in strategic
competition, it is usually better to talk in terms of outcomes rather than end states.
40
Competition Continuum
Character of Strategic Competition
While it may not be possible for an actor to avoid strategic competition, the threatened actor can choose
when, where, and how to respond to the adversary’s antagonistic behavior.
•
Competitive Space—Strategic competition occurs within a "competitive space"—a segment of the
international arena where nations vie to protect their interests and influence global dynamics.
This space can be physical, like territorial waters, or virtual, like cyberspace. It represents the
arenas chosen by countries based on their strategic priorities, and it evolves with technological
and geopolitical shifts. Examples of Competitive Spaces:
 Cyberspace: As the digital realm becomes central to national security and economic strength,
nations like the United States have prioritized cybersecurity. Efforts include bolstering
defenses, conducting offensive cyber operations, and retaliating against cyber threats. This
focus aims to maintain technological superiority and secure a stable international cyber
environment.
 Space Domain: With the growing importance of satellites for communication, navigation, and
surveillance, space has emerged as a critical competitive space. Countries are investing in
space technologies to ensure access to, and control over, this domain to enhance their military
and communication capabilities.
 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Control over the electromagnetic spectrum is vital for effective
communication and information warfare. Managing this spectrum allows nations to disrupt or
enhance signals, affecting everything from civilian communications to military operations.
The totality of the competitive space is too large and complex to be addressed directly in a single
strategic approach. Strategists will break down the competitive space into manageable sub-areas.
•
Competitive Sub-Areas—Breaking down the competitive landscape into smaller, more
manageable segments can be based on factors such as geography, information, domain
specificity, or functionality. Despite being distinct, these sub-areas are interconnected and
influence one another. For example:
 Geographical Sub-Areas: Strategists might focus on the South China Sea for its strategic
maritime importance and territorial disputes. Actions here could impact global maritime
strategies and international relations broadly.
 Informational Sub-Areas: This could involve the realm of cyber warfare or propaganda. For
instance, strategies to counter misinformation during elections are crucial for maintaining
national stability, yet the implications extend internationally, affecting perceptions of
democracy and governance.
 Domain-specific Sub-Areas: Consider space warfare, where satellite defenses and anti-satellite
weapons could be developed. Decisions made in this domain not only affect national security
but also impact global communications and technological dependence.
 Functional Sub-Areas: Focused on specific economic sectors, such as the energy industry.
Strategic movements in oil and gas production or renewable energy investments can have far
reaching effects on global energy prices and environmental policies.
Figure 9
The following figure illustrates the sub-areas that may be considered in a competitive space.
41
Competition Continuum
Figure 9
SUMMARY
JDN 1-22 defines strategic competition as a complex, protracted, and indefinite struggle for
influence, advantage, and leverage, it becomes essential to understand the broader framework within
which this competition unfolds. Strategic competition is not only about understanding the intricate
interactions and rivalries across cultural, economic, geographic, political, and ideological lines but also
about recognizing the various arenas, or "competitive spaces," where these interactions take place.
From cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum to the geopolitical hotspots like the South
China Sea, these competitive spaces shape the strategies nations adopt to safeguard their interests.
Yet, the totality of these spaces is vast and multifaceted, prompting strategists to break them down
into manageable sub-areas such as geographical regions, informational domains, and functional
sectors. Each sub-area, while distinct, remains interconnected, influencing and being influenced by
developments in other areas.
42
Competition Continuum
"Our adversaries have studied our military strengths and way of war. They have
implemented approaches that pursue their strategic objectives while avoiding the
deterrent tripwires upon which our national security posture is based. Simply put, US
adversaries intend to win without fighting. The US must remain fully prepared and
poised for war, but this alone will be insufficient to secure its strategic objectives and
protect its freedoms. If the US does not compete effectively against adversaries, it
could lose without fighting."
Retired General Mark A. Milley
Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
SETTING THE STAGE 17,18
Having examined the current global environment marked by strategic competition, what stands out is
the need for a framework (tool or lens) that helps us navigate modern conflicts and rivalries that are
unpredictable and complex.
The US military often distinguishes clearly between times of peace and times of war, largely because
laws—from the Constitution to international laws—tend to use this distinction to determine when it is
acceptable to use force. This distinction also helps the Department of Defense manage its resources
better, as declaring a state of war justifies significant expenditures, increased demands on service
members, and higher risks. Traditionally, managing these issues in black-and-white terms has been
simpler for such a large institution.
However, this simple model of peace versus war doesn't quite fit today's reality. As previously mentioned,
our geopolitical rivals, such as Russia and China, often use a blend of military, economic, and diplomatic
strategies to gain strategic advantages. They do this in ways that don’t quite meet the traditional
definitions of armed conflict, thus avoiding triggering our legal or formal responses. Given this, the US
military recognizes the need for a more nuanced approach to understand and engage in this constantly
competitive world.
Furthermore, the US is often both cooperating and competing with geopolitical rivals at the same time.
For instance, on one hand, the US and China have deep economic ties, engaging in significant trade and
collaborating on global issues like climate change. Their economies are interdependent, with American
companies relying on Chinese manufacturing and China being a major market for US goods. This
cooperation is crucial for both nations and the global economy.
On the other hand, the US and China are in fierce competition over technological dominance, military
presence, and political influence. The US has taken steps to limit Chinese tech companies' access to
American technology, citing national security concerns. In the South China Sea, China’s military
expansion has led to tensions, with the US conducting freedom of navigation operations. Additionally, the
US has criticized China over human rights issues and imposed sanctions in response.
This blend of cooperation and conflict shows why we need the competition continuum framework.
Traditional models that separate peace from war don't capture the complexities of such relationships.
The competition continuum helps us understand that strategic interactions are fluid and can involve
simultaneous cooperation and competition. It provides a way to navigate these complexities, allowing
the US to effectively advance its interests while managing risks and leveraging opportunities.
43
Competition Continuum
Figure 10 19
The top tier of the lexicon in Figure 10 describes the ongoing competition conducted through a mixture of
cooperation, competition below armed conflict, and armed conflict. The competition continuum is not a
three-part model substitute for the two-part peace/war model. This description allows for simultaneous
interaction with the same strategic actor at different points along the competition continuum. For
instance, the US might be in a state of competition below armed conflict with China in regard to some
interests, such as freedom of navigation in disputed areas, and cooperation in others, such as counterpiracy.
The second tier (Assure, Deter, Compel, Force) describes the strategic purpose (objectives the US is trying
to achieve) behind the use of force, married to each phase of the continuum. By aligning the strategic
purposes with the phases of the competition continuum, the US can effectively navigate the complex
international landscape, ensuring a coherent and adaptive approach to achieving national security
objectives. This integrated strategy allows the US to manage relationships with allies, deter adversaries,
compel compliance without escalating to full-scale war, and, when necessary, use force decisively to
protect its interests.
The third tier, Campaign Operations Activities, illustrates types of actions the US could be involved in
during each phase of the continuum. Further discussion on campaign operations will come in later AS
years. For now, we will focus on further defining the first two tiers, Continuum and Strategic Use of Force.
44
Competition Continuum
CONTINUUM 20,21,22
Cooperation
The first part of the continuum deals with cooperation. Cooperation involves situations in which joint
forces (more than one military service branch working in concert together) take actions with another
strategic actor in pursuit of policy objectives. Cooperation does not preclude some element of
competition or even armed conflict when their objectives are not in complete alignment. Within
cooperation, joint force actions may include security cooperation activities, multinational training and
exercises, information sharing, personnel exchange programs, and other peaceful military engagements.
Military cooperation may also occur in the form of multinational operations during an armed conflict or
adversarial competition (or competition short of international armed conflict). For example during
combat operations there may be another operation to airlift civilians from the area of battle.
KEY TERMS
• Engage Selectively: Cooperate transactionally with a partner (who is often a competitor
elsewhere) to achieve a specific objective.
• Maintain: Sustain an open-ended cooperative relationship with an ally or partner and secure
bilateral advantage but without significant increase in resources or commitment.
• Advance: Establish and improve an open-ended cooperative relationship with an ally or partner
by significantly increasing resources or commitment.
Competition Below Armed Conflict
The second part of the continuum lies between actions of cooperation and armed conflict. According to
the Joint Doctrine Note (JDN) 1-19, Competition Continuum, this category consists of situations in which
joint forces take actions outside of armed conflict against a strategic actor in pursuit of policy objectives.
These actions are typically nonviolent and conducted under greater legal or policy constraints than in
armed conflict but can include violent action by the joint force or sponsorship of surrogates or proxies.
Competition below armed conflict does not preclude some cooperation in other areas.
Competition may include diplomatic and economic activities; political subversion; intelligence and
counterintelligence activities; operations in cyberspace; and the information environment, military
engagement activities, and other nonviolent activities to achieve mutually incompatible objectives, while
seeking to avoid armed conflict.
KEY TERMS
• Enhance: Achieve strategic objectives, prevent the competitor from achieving incompatible
objectives, and improve relative strategic or military advantage without causing an escalation
to armed conflict.
• Manage: Maintain relative strategic or military advantage to ensure the competitor achieves no
further gains; only seek to improve the US advantage when possible with existing resources and
in a manner that does not jeopardize interests elsewhere.
• Delay: Achieve the best possible strategic objective within given resources or policy constraints,
recognizing that this lesser objective entails risk that the competitor will achieve further gains.
45
Competition Continuum
Armed Conflict
The final portion of the continuum is Armed Conflict. As you can see from Figure 10, it is the farthest to the
right and signifies compelling use of force in varying campaigning operations. Armed Conflict comprises
situations in which joint forces take actions against a strategic actor in pursuit of policy objectives in
which law and policy permit the employment of military force in ways commonly employed in declared
war or hostilities.
Armed Conflict should occur with a long-term view toward the transition period following the end of the
main period of armed conflict. Rarely do wars cease with an immediate and complete end of armed
conflict. Wars disrupt political, social, and economic structures, networks, and institutions which can
create conditions for intense competition among internal, regional, and global actors seeking to retain or
gain power, status, or strategic advantage within a new order.
KEY TERMS
• Defeat: Create conditions to impose desired strategic objectives upon the adversary.
• Deny: Frustrate the strategic objectives of the adversary.
• Degrade: Reduce the adversary’s ability and will to the greatest extent possible within resource
constraints and acceptable risk.
• Disrupt: Temporarily interrupt the enemy’s activities or the effectiveness of enemy organizations
by interdiction, subversion, or coercion.
STRATEGIC USE OF FORCE 23
The strategic use of force along the competition continuum involves the use of Instruments of Power, of
which you learn about in the next Unit Primer. They are the force enablers that allow the United States to
pursue its interests and maintain security.
•
Assure—Using the military Instrument of Power to demonstrate commitment and support to
allies and partners.
•
Deter—The prevention of undesired action by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable
counteraction and/or the belief that the costs of action outweigh the perceived benefits.
•
Compel—A more complicated form of coercion since it requires precise signaling and
communication through actions. It is dependent on an accurate assessment of the adversary’s
will. The United States often compels the threat for limited ends or objectives achievable without
sustained violence, occupation, or regime change.
•
Force—Using pure military strength to achieve the objective directly by subduing the enemy and
imposing the United States’ will. Force does not depend on the enemy’s decision not to comply—
rather, the enemy’s choice of noncompliance is what distinguishes forcible action from coercion.
KEY TERMS
• Coercion: A concept encompassing two distinct forms of persuasion or intimidation—deterrence
and compellence. Coercing behavior works by manipulating the value an adversary places on
an object and influencing their perception of the costs of action or inaction regarding that
interest.
46
Competition Continuum
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
Now that we’ve grasped the different phases and strategic use of force within each phase, let’s consider
the example of US operations in the Middle East, particularly regarding Iran, to put it all together. Note
that all of these actions could be happening simultaneously.
Cooperation Phase
•
Assure: Joint military exercises and training programs with Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
countries. The US conducts joint exercises with allies like Saudi Arabia and the UAE to assure them
of American commitment to their security. This cooperation strengthens alliances, ensures
interoperability, and builds trust, enhancing regional stability.
Competition Below Armed Conflict Phase
•
Deter: Deploying additional US forces to the region and maintaining a naval presence in the
Persian Gulf. The US positions military assets in strategic locations to deter Iran from aggressive
actions. The visible presence of US forces serves as a warning to Iran that any hostile actions will
be met with a strong response, thus preventing escalation and maintaining a balance of power.
•
Compel: Imposing economic sanctions and conducting cyber operations. The US uses economic
and cyber measures to compel Iran to change its behavior, such as halting its nuclear program or
curbing support for militant groups. These actions are intended to pressure Iran without resorting
to direct military conflict.
Armed Conflict Phase
•
Force: Targeted airstrikes against Iranian military facilities and proxies. In the event of open
conflict, the US uses direct military force to neutralize threats. For instance, airstrikes might target
Iranian missile sites or militia bases to degrade their capability and protect US interests and allies
in the region.
SUMMARY
The traditional distinction between peace and war is no longer sufficient for today’s complex global
landscape. Modern rivals like Russia and China use a mix of military, economic, and diplomatic
strategies to gain advantages without triggering a full-scale military response. This demands a more
nuanced approach.
The Competition Continuum framework helps us understand and navigate this complexity. It
recognizes that strategic interactions often involve simultaneous cooperation and competition. This
framework allows the US to effectively advance its interests by tailoring actions to different phases—
cooperation, competition below armed conflict, and armed conflict. By doing so, the US can assure
allies, deter adversaries, compel compliance, and use force when necessary, ensuring a flexible and
adaptive response to global challenges.
As we transition to the next unit, we will focus on the "M" in DIME—military power. This unit will
explore the structure of the Department of Defense, the missions of different service branches, and
delve into the specifics of the Department of the Air Force, including its structure, mission, and core
functions. We will also examine the role of individual Airmen and Guardians, their oath of office, and
the warrior ethos that drives their commitment to service.
47
Competition Continuum
REVIEW QUESTIONS
•
How does JDN 1-22 define strategic competition?
•
What is a “competitive space” in the context of strategic competition?
•
What are the three main phases of the Competition Continuum framework?
•
What are the four Strategic Uses of Force within the Competition Continuum framework?
•
Which categories of the continuum can happen simultaneously?
•
Which section of the continuum involves situations in which joint forces take actions with
another strategic actor in pursuit of policy objectives?
•
Which section of the continuum has the capability to create conditions for intense competition
among internal, regional, and global actors seeking to retain or gain power?
•
Which section of the continuum may include diplomatic and economic activities; political
subversion; intelligence and counterintelligence activities; operations in cyberspace; and other
nonviolent activities?
•
Which section of the continuum deals with terms and actions of Engaging Selectively,
Maintaining, and Advancing?
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
•
Describe the concept of the “Competitive Space” as it relates to strategic competition.
•
Explain the significance of breaking down the competitive landscape into “competitive sub-areas”
for strategic planning.
•
Explain why the traditional peace/war model is inadequate for today’s strategic environment.
•
Differentiate between each section of the continuum.
•
Explain the relationship between the continuum phases and the strategic uses of force.
ENDURING QUESTIONS
•
In what ways do hybrid warfare and gray zone tactics blur the lines between peace and conflict?
Explain how these tactics affect the ability of nations to respond effectively to threats.
•
How does the Competition Continuum framework help the DoD navigate the modern global
landscape of strategic competition? Explain the effectiveness of this framework in addressing the
fluid transitions between cooperation, competition below armed conflict, and armed conflict?
•
Provide examples to explain how the US military engages in both cooperation and competition
with geopolitical rivals simultaneously.
48
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50