Assignment 1
AC Unit Base
Material, Transportation, and
Cutting
Submitted by
Ahmed Ossama
Abstract
This report presents a detailed analysis of the assembly process for the AC exterior unit base, with a
focus on selecting between buying 6-meter or 12-meter sectors and cutting them in the workshop, or
directly purchasing 700 mm and 200 mm sections for assembly. The primary goal is to achieve the
lowest total cost while maintaining high-quality standards.
The assembly process includes a comprehensive breakdown of each step, from material acquisition
and transportation to final storage for delivery. Key considerations include selecting suitable
materials, optimizing transportation and handling, and ensuring efficient cutting, grinding, and
welding operations. The report explores strategies for cutting optimization, scrap management, and
lean manufacturing principles to minimize waste and improve workflow efficiency. Contingency
planning and rework processes are addressed to handle potential defects and downtime effectively.
By incorporating these cost-saving measures and process improvements, this report aims to provide
a comprehensive guide to achieving the most cost-effective assembly of the AC exterior unit base.
Page 2 of 14
Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Material Selection ............................................................................................................................. 4
Worldwide Standards .................................................................................................................... 4
Egyptian Standards ....................................................................................................................... 4
Material specs and prices .............................................................................................................. 4
Sectors and Sections prices .......................................................................................................... 5
Transportation .................................................................................................................................. 6
Transportation logistics ................................................................................................................. 6
Transportation candidates ............................................................................................................. 6
Transportation Costs ..................................................................................................................... 7
Cutting.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Technologies Available .................................................................................................................. 8
Oxy-fuel Cutting ............................................................................................................................ 9
Plasma Cutting ............................................................................................................................ 10
Laser Cutting............................................................................................................................... 10
Waterjet Cutting .......................................................................................................................... 11
Mechanical Shearing ................................................................................................................... 11
CNC Flame Cutting ..................................................................................................................... 12
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 13
References ..................................................................................................................................... 14
List of Tables
Table 1 C and Angle Prices................................................................................................................. 5
Table 2 Transportation Costs Summary.............................................................................................. 8
Table 3 Cutting Technologies Summary. ........................................................................................... 12
List of Figures
Figure 1 Oxy-fuel Cutting Technology. .............................................................................................. 10
Figure 2 Plasma Cutting Technology. ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 3 Laser Cutting Technology. ................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4 Waterjet Cutting Technology. .............................................................................................. 11
Figure 5 Mechanical Shearing Cutting Technology. ........................................................................... 12
Page 3 of 14
Introduction
The assembly of the AC exterior unit base is a critical process that requires meticulous planning,
precise execution, and cost-effective strategies. This report explores the comprehensive steps
involved in the assembly process, with a specific focus on selecting between buying 6-meter or 12meter sectors and cutting them in the workshop, or directly purchasing 700 mm and 200 mm sections
for assembly. The primary goal is to achieve the lowest total cost while ensuring high-quality standards
and structural integrity.
The assembly process encompasses a series of stages, including material acquisition, transportation,
cutting, grinding, welding, painting, and final storage. Each stage requires careful consideration of
various factors, such as material selection, transportation logistics, equipment choices, labor costs,
and overall process efficiency. By addressing these factors, the report seeks to identify opportunities
for cost savings and process improvements.
The subsequent sections will delve into the specifics of each stage, providing a comprehensive guide
for optimizing the assembly process and minimizing overall costs.
Material Selection
Worldwide Standards
In most regions, the standard material for C channels and angle sections used in applications like
the AC exterior unit base is low-carbon structural (mild) steel. In North America, ASTM A36 is the
prevailing specification due to its reliable weldability and adequate strength. In Europe,
manufacturers typically rely on the EN 10025 series - often using grades such as S235 or S275 which offer comparable mechanical properties. Similarly, in Asia, the JIS G3101 standard
(commonly SS400) is widely adopted. These standards ensure consistency in performance and
quality across the market, with these steels usually available in hot-rolled or cold-formed conditions
and often provided with corrosion-resistant finishes such as galvanization.
Egyptian Standards
In Egypt, the market similarly favors low-carbon structural steel for fabricating C channels and angle
sections. Products used in local fabrication are generally aligned with international standards,
notably EN 10025 (with grades like S235/S275) and equivalents to ASTM A36. Local suppliers ensure
that the material conforms to these widely accepted benchmarks, which meet both structural and
economic requirements for outdoor applications such as AC exterior unit bases. Additionally, the
Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality helps to guarantee that products achieve the
necessary performance specifications, while corrosion prevention treatments, such as
galvanization, are commonly applied to extend service life.
Material specs and prices
The most commonly used structural steel for fabricating C channels and angle sections in Egypt is
the EN 10025 S235/S275 grade, known for its reliable weldability and adequate strength. This
material aligns with international standards and ensures consistency in performance and quality.
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The current market price for EN 10025 S235/S275 steel ranges from EGP 37,000 to EGP 40,700 per
ton, inclusive of VAT. Local suppliers such as Ezz Steel, Suez Steel, and Egyptian Steel offer this
material with high availability, making it a reliable choice for various structural applications,
including AC exterior unit bases.
To determine the cost-effectiveness of using C channels and angle sections, we first calculate their
𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟓𝟎
volumes per millimeter of length. For the C channel with dimensions 𝟖.𝟓×𝟔 mm, the volume will be
1,150,000 mm³/m length. For the angle section with dimensions
𝟓𝟎×𝟓𝟎
𝟓
mm, the volume will be
475,000 mm³/mm length. These calculations provide a basis for estimating the weight and cost of
each section.
Considering the density of steel at approximately 7,850 kg/m³, the weight for the C channel is 9.03
kg/m, while the angle section weighs 3.73 kg/m. By multiplying these weights by the price per
kilogram, we find that the cost per meter for the C channel ranges from EGP 333.02 to EGP 367.12,
and for the angle section, it ranges from EGP 137.97 to EGP 151.77. For the purpose of cost analysis,
we will apply the higher end of these price ranges to ensure a conservative estimate.
By focusing on EN 10025 S235/S275 grade steel, which is widely available and cost-effective, we can
ensure both the structural integrity and economic feasibility of the assembly process. This detailed
analysis of material specifications, volumes, weights, and costs provides a comprehensive
foundation for making informed decisions in the assembly of the AC exterior unit base.
Sectors and Sections prices
For the 6-meter and 12-meter lengths of C channels and angle sections, the respective costs are
EGP 2,204.13 and EGP 4,408.26 for the C channels, and EGP 910.91 and EGP 1,821.82 for the angle
sections. If we opt for pre-cut sections, a 200 mm C channel would cost EGP 73.27, and a 700 mm
angle section would cost EGP 106.85. These detailed cost calculations will help determine the most
cost-effective option for the project, ensuring both structural integrity and economic feasibility in the
assembly of the AC exterior unit base.
Material Type
Length
Weight (kg)
Cost (EGP)
C Channel
6 meters
54.18
2,204.13
C Channel
12 meters
108.36
4,408.26
C Channel
200 mm
1.81
73.27
Angle
6 meters
22.38
910.91
Angle
12 meters
44.76
1,821.82
Angle
700 mm
2.61
106.85
Table 1 C and Angle Prices.
Page 5 of 14
Transportation
Efficient transportation of raw materials is critical to maintaining the quality and availability of
components throughout the assembly process. A well-planned transportation strategy ensures that
every component reaches the production site on time and in optimal condition, allowing operations
to proceed without unexpected interruptions. By carefully mapping routes, selecting the appropriate
vehicles, and scheduling departures in synchronization with production deadlines, we can minimize
fuel consumption, reduce potential delays, and avoid excessive handling that might damage
materials.
Transportation logistics
Efficient transportation logistics are vital to ensuring the seamless flow of materials from suppliers
to the workshop. By carefully planning transportation routes, negotiating favorable terms with
logistics providers, and optimizing the use of transportation resources, we can significantly reduce
transportation costs and minimize delays. This section will explore the strategies and considerations
for effectively managing the transportation of raw materials, ensuring that they arrive on time and in
optimal condition for the assembly process.
To efficiently transport the steel sections of various lengths, it is essential to select the most suitable
vehicles for each type. For the 6-meter and 12-meter sections, flatbed trucks are the ideal choice.
These trucks offer an open platform that can easily accommodate the length and weight of the steel
sections. They facilitate easy loading and unloading and are well-suited for oversized and heavy
loads. However, it is crucial to ensure the proper securing of the load using lashing belts, steel
chains, or wooden dunnage to prevent shifting during transit.
On the other hand, for the shorter sections of 200 mm and 700 mm, box trucks or enclosed trailers
are more appropriate. These vehicles provide a secure and enclosed environment that protects the
steel from environmental factors such as moisture and dust. Box trucks and enclosed trailers offer
protection from weather conditions, secure transportation, and easy handling of smaller sections.
Proper organization and securing of the sections within the vehicle are necessary to prevent any
damage during transit.
By selecting the appropriate vehicles for each section length, we can ensure efficient and safe
transportation of the steel materials to the workshop. This approach minimizes the risk of damage
during transit and optimizes the transportation process, ultimately contributing to the overall costefficiency and success of the AC exterior unit base assembly project.
Transportation candidates
For the transportation of 12-meter-long sectors, flatbed trailers are an excellent option. These
vehicles are specifically designed for extended loads, accommodating lengths up to 12 meters with
ease. They also offer a high payload capacity, ranging from 5 to 20 tons, which is more than enough
for your combined C channels and angle sections weighing about 2 to 2.5 tons. The open platform
design makes loading and unloading simple and efficient, and the use of lashing belts, chains, or
wooden dunnage ensures the cargo is safely secured during transit. This makes flatbed trailers a
reliable choice for transporting your materials in a single trip.
Page 6 of 14
Alternatively, light-duty flatbed trucks with extended beds provide a cost-effective and versatile
solution for lighter loads. These trucks, such as the Isuzu NPR or Mitsubishi Fuso Canter, are widely
available in the Egyptian market and can handle payload capacities of 3 to 5 tons. With proper
modifications to their beds, they are well-suited for 12-meter-long steel sectors. These vehicles
strike a balance between maneuverability, cost, and functionality, making them an appealing choice
for smaller-scale transportation needs.
Low-bed or step-deck trailers are another viable option for the 12-meter sectors. These trailers are
specialized for handling oversized or extended loads while maintaining a payload capacity starting
at 3 tons. Their design provides additional stability and a secure loading platform, ideal for ensuring
the safety of long steel materials during transportation. These vehicles are particularly useful for
projects that require frequent movement of extended steel sections.
For the transportation of 6-meter-long sectors, light-duty flatbed trucks are highly suitable. Their
payload capacity of 3 to 5 tons allows for multiple 6-meter sections to be transported efficiently in a
single trip. These trucks are designed to handle such lengths effortlessly and provide enhanced load
stability during transit. They are a practical choice for the majority of steel logistics scenarios
involving medium-sized sections.
Pickup trucks with extended flatbeds are a step down in capacity but offer great flexibility for
transporting lighter 6-meter-long loads. Vehicles like the Toyota Hilux or Nissan Navara, when
customized with extended beds, can handle payloads of 2 to 3 tons. These are particularly useful for
urban or short-distance hauls where maneuverability and cost-effectiveness are key factors.
Lastly, compact step-deck or flatbed vans can be considered for smaller-scale shipments of 6meter sections. With payload capacities of 2 to 3 tons, they are suitable for lower quantities and
provide a budget-friendly option for transporting steel over shorter distances. These vehicles are
easy to handle and well-suited to tighter spaces, making them convenient for local transport needs.
By combining these transportation options based on load length, weight, and logistical
requirements, you can ensure efficient and cost-effective delivery of your steel materials. This
approach allows for flexibility and optimizes resources, streamlining the transportation process for
your project. Let me know if you'd like me to refine this list further.
Transportation Costs
Estimating the total transportation cost begins by calculating the base cost per kilometer. This rate
typically includes expenses such as fuel consumption, driver wages, and routine maintenance.
Multiply the per-kilometer cost by the distance between the supplier and your workshop to
determine the variable portion of the cost. For instance, if the vehicle charges EGP X per kilometer
and the distance is Y kilometers, the basic transportation expense becomes EGP (X × Y).
Next, incorporate any additional fees—such as tolls, road taxes, permits, and loading/unloading or
insurance charges—that may apply during the trip. Since the entire load (both C channels and angle
sections) will be transported in one trip using a vehicle with a capacity of approximately 5 tons, you
only need to account for this single journey. Adding these extra costs to the base transportation
expense gives you the total cost for the trip. This comprehensive approach ensures you accurately
capture all factors involved in moving your materials.
Page 7 of 14
For the 12-meter steel sectors, the recommended option is to use dedicated flatbed trailers or
low-bed/step-deck trailers. These vehicles are specifically designed to handle long loads,
accommodating the 12-meter length while supporting a payload of about 5 tons. Using these
assumptions (500 km trip with two toll stations and other associated fees), the base transportation
cost was estimated at EGP 5,700. With the addition of 20% overhead costs, the total now becomes
EGP 6,840. This setup ensures a safe and efficient transport solution for the extended sections while
accounting for all operational factors.
For the 6-meter steel sectors, a light-duty flatbed truck or an extended-bed pickup truck offers
a cost-effective and practical choice. These vehicles are well-suited for transporting shorter sections
with payloads of around 2 to 3 tons. The original estimated transportation cost for a 500 km trip was
EGP 4,600. After including 20% overhead costs, the revised total cost rises to EGP 5,520. This
adjustment reflects the all-inclusive expenditure while maintaining the efficiency of the process for
shorter sectors.
Similarly, for the smaller pre-cut sections—0.2-meter C channels and 0.7-meter angle sections
with a total combined load of 4,165 kg—a light-duty flatbed truck capable of handling up to 5 tons
is sufficient for a single trip. Using the same assumptions, the initial cost for the journey was
estimated at EGP 4,600. With the addition of a 20% overhead, the total transportation cost is now
EGP 5,520. This approach consolidates the smaller sections into one efficient trip, ensuring all costs
are fully accounted for while keeping logistics streamlined.
Here’s a summary of the transportation costs
12-meter Sectors
6-meter
Sectors
Smaller Sections
(0.2m & 0.7m)
Flatbed trailers /
Low-bed trucks
Light-duty
flatbed trucks
Light-duty flatbed
trucks
Base Cost (EGP)
5,000
4,000
4,000
Toll Fees (EGP)
100
100
100
Additional Fees (EGP)
600
500
500
Total Cost (EGP)
5,700
4,600
4,600
Total Cost with 20%
Overhead (EGP)
6,840
5,520
5,520
Category
Vehicle Type
Table 2 Transportation Costs Summary.
Cutting
Technologies Available
• Oxy-Fuel Cutting: This traditional method uses an oxygen-fueled flame to cut through steel. It is
particularly cost-effective for thicker materials and can achieve high cutting speeds. However, it
Page 8 of 14
generates a significant heat-affected zone and may require additional finishing work, which might
be less ideal for applications where edge quality is critical.
• Plasma Cutting: Plasma cutting utilizes a high-velocity jet of ionized gas to melt and expel material
from the workpiece. It generally offers faster speeds than oxy-fuel cutting and is more versatile
when handling a range of material thicknesses. Although plasma cutting delivers better precision,
it still creates a heat-affected zone that could affect the final quality, depending on the material
and production requirements.
• Laser Cutting: Laser cutting provides highly precise cuts with clean edges, making it an attractive
option when quality is paramount. It minimizes the heat-affected zone considerably but comes
with a higher capital cost and energy consumption. Laser cutting may also be slower for thicker
sections, so its suitability should be weighed against production volume and material
specifications.
• Waterjet Cutting: This technology employs a high-pressure jet of water, often with an abrasive
added, to slice through materials without generating heat. The result is a very high-quality cut with
no heat-affected zone, which can be particularly beneficial when dealing with quality-sensitive
profiles. However, waterjet cutting tends to be slower and may present higher operational costs,
making it more suitable for jobs where precision outweighs speed.
• Mechanical Shearing/Guillotine Cutting: In cases where the process is straightforward and
involves creating straight cuts without complex profiles, a mechanical shear or guillotine cutter
can be used. This method is generally cost-effective and fast for producing uniform cuts on long
sections. Its limitations lie in its reduced versatility for handling non-linear or intricate cuts and its
suitability might be affected by material thickness and the specific profile of the steel sections.
• CNC Flame Cutting: A variant of traditional oxy-fuel cutting, CNC flame cutting combines the costeffectiveness of oxy-fuel with the precision and repeatability of CNC systems. This automated
approach can improve consistency and efficiency compared to manual oxy-fuel methods, though
it still shares some of the same challenges regarding heat effects.
Each of these technologies brings a unique set of advantages and potential limitations in terms of
precision, speed, cost, and the impact of heat on the material. The final selection will depend on a
balanced evaluation of these factors alongside production volume, material characteristics, and the
specific quality needs for the 200-mm channel sections and 700-mm angle sections. We'll take a
step-by-step approach to assess these options further as we delve into machine specifications and
detailed cost analyses. Each one of them will be discussed; an average machine will be used to
compare the costs.
Oxy-fuel Cutting
The Microcut Fully Automatic Oxy-Fuel Cutting Machine is priced at approximately EGP
816,960.00 and is engineered to handle EN 10025 S235/S275 steel up to 50 mm thick. Operating at
a steady power rating of 4 kW, it completes each 100-mm cut in 24 seconds. When scaled to 2,000
cuts, the machine runs for a total of about 48,000 seconds (or roughly 13.33 hours), which results in
an energy consumption of approximately 53.33 kWh. At an electricity rate of 2.34 EGP/kWh, the
incurred power cost is around EGP 124.80. When this energy cost is integrated with the baseline
assembly cost, the overall cost per assembly is determined to be EGP 408.54.
Page 9 of 14
Figure 1 Oxy-fuel Cutting Technology.
Plasma Cutting
Priced at nearly EGP 612,720.00, the Hypertherm XPR300 Plasma Cutting System is designed for
precision cutting of EN 10025 S235/S275 steel up to 50 mm thick. It employs an arc power rating of
30 kW and completes a 100-mm cut in just 15 seconds. Over 2,000 cuts, the total operating time is
about 30,000 seconds (approximately 8.33 hours), leading to a cumulative energy usage of 250 kWh.
With power priced at 2.34 EGP/kWh, the overall electricity expense amounts to roughly EGP 585.00.
Incorporating this cost with the established assembly cost, the final cost per assembly for the
plasma cutting method is calculated to be EGP 306.65.
Figure 2 Plasma Cutting Technology.
Laser Cutting
The 10 kW Fiber Laser Cutting System, exemplified by the Trumpf TruLaser 5030 series, commands
a significant capital investment of about EGP 10,212,000.00. Operating at a power rating of 10 kW,
it requires approximately 300 seconds (or 5 minutes) per 100-mm cut. For a production run involving
2,000 cuts, the total cutting duration reaches roughly 600,000 seconds, equating to about 166.67
hours of operation. This results in a total energy consumption of 1,666.67 kWh, which, at a rate of
2.34 EGP/kWh, incurs a power cost of approximately EGP 3,900.00. When combined with the
baseline assembly cost from the reference data, the overall cost per assembly for the laser cutting
approach is determined to be EGP 5,107.95.
Page 10 of 14
Figure 3 Laser Cutting Technology.
Waterjet Cutting
The International Waterjet Machines WC5WA4020H, valued at around EGP 7,659,000.00, is
optimized for high-precision cutting of EN 10025 S235/S275 steel up to 50 mm thick using an 18-kW
pump system. It takes about 90 seconds to perform each 100-mm cut. Over 2,000 cuts, the
cumulative operating time amounts to 180,000 seconds, or 50 hours, leading to a total energy
consumption of 900 kWh. With electricity costing 2.34 EGP per kWh, this equates to an overall power
expense of roughly EGP 2,106.00. When adding this power cost to the base assembly cost provided
in the colored spreadsheet row, the final cost per assembly using waterjet cutting comes in at EGP
3,830.55.
Figure 4 Waterjet Cutting Technology.
Mechanical Shearing
The QH11D-3.5×1250 CNC Precise Mechanical Guillotine Shear Machine With E10 is an
economical option, carrying a capital cost of approximately EGP 2,042,400.00. Designed for rapid
cutting of EN 10025 S235/S275 steel up to 50 mm thick, this machine operates at 5.5 kW and delivers
a 100-mm cut in just 2 seconds. Consequently, 2,000 cuts require a total operating time of roughly
2,600 seconds (or 0.722 hours), resulting in an energy consumption of about 6.11 kWh. At an
electricity rate of 2.34 EGP/kWh, the total energy cost is roughly EGP 14.30. Added to the baseline
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assembly expense indicated in the reference, the cost per assembly using mechanical shearing is
estimated at EGP 1,021.21.
Figure 5 Mechanical Shearing Cutting Technology.
CNC Flame Cutting
The SENLISWELD 6-Meter CNC Flame Cutting Machine is competitively priced at around EGP
2,808,300.00 and is engineered for cutting EN 10025 S235/S275 steel up to 50 mm thick. Operating
at a power rating of 10 kW, the machine completes each 100-mm cut in approximately 12 seconds.
Across 2,000 cuts, the total cutting time is 24,000 seconds (about 6.67 hours), consuming an overall
energy of 66.67 kWh. With an electricity cost of 2.34 EGP/kWh, this results in a power cost of roughly
EGP 156.00. When this is added to the baseline assembly cost from the provided spreadsheet, the
final cost per assembly for the CNC flame cutting process is determined to be EGP 1,404.23.
Below is a summary for these technologies.
type
model
Cost [EGP]
power type
power used
cutting time
total cutting time
[hr]
total energy used
[kWhr]
total power cost
[EGP]
cost/assembly
[EGP]
Oxy-fuel
cutting
Microcut
Fully
Automatic
Oxy-Fuel
Cutting
Machine
816,960
electrical
plasma
cutting
Hypertherm
XPR300
Plasma Cutting
System
laser cutting
waterjet
cutting
Internation
al Waterjet
Machines
WC5WA40
20H
mechanical
shearing
10kW Fiber
QH11D-3.5×1
Laser Cutting
250 CNC
System
Guillotine
(e.g., Trumpf
Shear
TruLaser 5030
Machine With
series)
E10
612,720
10,212,000
7,659,000
2,042,400
electrical (arc
electrical
electrical
electrical
power)
(active laser)
(pump)
(motor)
4 kW
30 kW
10 kW
18 kW
5.5 kW
24 seconds 15 seconds
5 min
90 sec
2 sec
13.33
8.33
166.67
50
1.11
CNC flame
cutting
SENLISWELD
6-Meter
CNC
Flame
Cutting
Machine
2,808,300
electrical
10 kW
12 sec
6.67
53.33
250
1666.67
900
6.11
66.67
124.8
585
3,900
2,106
14.3
156
408.54
306.65
5,107.95
3,830.55
1,021.21
1,404.23
Table 3 Cutting Technologies Summary.
Page 12 of 14
Conclusion
The comprehensive cost analysis demonstrates that sourcing pre-cut sections is decidedly more
economical than purchasing full-length raw sectors (6 m and 12 m) and performing on-site cutting.
When considering both the purchasing and transportation expenses, pre-cut sections offer a
significantly lower overall cost. The lowest cost scenario is achieved by buying the already pre-cut
sections: the raw material cost is EGP 73,270 for the 200 mm channel sections and EGP 106,850 for
the 700 mm angle sections, with an additional transportation expense of EGP 5,520. This approach
not only reduces material expenses but also minimizes the logistical challenges and handling
complexities that accompany lengthy raw sectors.
Furthermore, opting for pre-cut sections completely eliminates the need for investing in cutting
equipment—thereby avoiding substantial capital expenditure, ongoing maintenance, and additional
labor costs. In contrast, if one were to purchase full-length 12 m sectors, the costs escalate
considerably. For the channel sectors, the raw material cost would be approximately
EGP 74,490.42 and for the angle sectors about EGP 107,487.38. The transportation expense for
these longer sectors increases to EGP 6,840, and the process would require acquiring a plasma
cutting machine. With the Hypertherm XPR300 Plasma Cutting System, the operational setup costs
an additional EGP 306.65 per assembly.
In summary, the overall financial and operational benefits—stemming from reduced material costs,
lower transportation expenses, and the elimination of the capital and operating costs associated
with cutting machinery—strongly support the decision to use pre-cut sections. This strategic choice
streamlines the production process and enhances workflow efficiency from material acquisition to
final assembly, ensuring that the project remains cost-effective and competitive without incurring
the extra burdens of in-house cutting operations.
Page 13 of 14
References
[1]
[2]
ASTM International. (n.d.). ASTM A36/A36M – Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (n.d.). EN 10025 – Cold-forming and hot-rolled
structural steels.
[3] Japanese Industrial Standards Committee. (n.d.). JIS G3101 – General Structural Steels (SS400).
[4] Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality. (n.d.). Egyptian Standards for Structural
Steel.
[5] Arab Iron and Steel Union. (n.d.). Steel Prices.
[6] SteelRadar. (2024). Egyptian Steel Market Sees Stable Prices for August 2024.
[7] DirectIndustry – Oxy-Fuel Cutting Machines
[8] ZINSER Cutting Systems Overview
[9] Esprit Automation – Hypertherm XPR300 Review & Specs
[10] CNCSourced – Best Plasma Cutters Overview
[11] Haas Automation Inc. – Laser Cutting Specifications
[12] ADH Machine Tool – Laser Cutting Machine Specifications
[13] International Waterjet Machines – Models and Specifications
[14] ETCN Machining – Waterjet Cutting Machine Prices
[15] YANCHENG C&J MACHINERY – Guillotine Shearing Machine Details
[16] MachineMFG – Guillotine Shearing Machine Listings
[17] SENLISWELD – CNC Flame Cutting Machine Specifications
[18] Gaochuang – Portable CNC Flame Cutting Machine Overview
[19] Oxy-fuel cutting – Kjellberg
[20] Jasic Guide to Plasma Cutting | Jasic Blog
[21] Laser Cutting Technology Principle Explanation And Structure Outline Diagram Stock Illustration
– iStock
[22] What is Waterjet Cutting? A Complete Guide
[23] Steel Plate Shearing | Marietta, OH | Metaltech Steel Company LLC
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