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IGCSE Seminar 2025
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1
1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms
Key terms to remember
Movement: an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change
of position or place
Respiration: the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules
and release energy for metabolism
Sensitivity: the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external
environment
Growth: a permanent increase in size and dry mass
Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
Excretion: the removal of the waste products of metabolism and substances in
excess of requirements
Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
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Question 1
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Question 2
Question 3
2 Organisation of the organism
Question 4
Question 5
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Question 6
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3 Movement into and out of cells
Key terms to remember
Diffusion: the net movement of particles from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower concentration (i.e. down a concentration
gradient), as a result of their random movement
Factors that influence diffusion: surface area, temperature, concentration
gradient and distance
Osmosis: the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water
potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated
solution), through a partially permeable membrane
Active transport: the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a
region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (i.e. against a
concentration gradient), using energy from respiration
Question 7
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Question 8
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4&5 Biological molecules & Enzymes
Question 9
Question 10
Question 11
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6 Plant nutrition
Key points to remember
The use and storage of the carbohydrates made in photosynthesis:
(a) starch as an energy store
(b) cellulose to build cell walls
(c) glucose used in respiration to provide energy
(d) sucrose for transport in the phloem
(e) nectar to attract insects for pollination
Nitrate ions for making amino acids, magnesium ions for making chlorophyll
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Question 12
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7 Human nutrition
Question 13
Question 14
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8 Transport in plants
Key points to remember
The structure of xylem vessels:
(a) thick walls with lignin
(b) no cell contents
(c) cells joined end to end with no cross walls to form a long continuous tube
Xylem: transport of water and mineral ions and support
Phloem: transport of sucrose and amino acids
Translocation is the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from
sources
to sinks
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves
Water moves upwards in the xylem by transpiration pull that draws up a column
of water molecules, held together by forces of attraction between water
molecules
Water evaporates from the surfaces of the mesophyll cells into the air spaces
and then diffuses out of the leaves through the stomata as water vapour
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Question 15
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9 Transport in animals
Key points to remember
Components of blood:
(a) red blood cells transporting oxygen, haemoglobin binds with oxygen
(b) white blood cells
Lymphocytes: antibody production
phagocytes: engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
(c) platelets: blood clotting, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh
(d) plasma: transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon
dioxide
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10 Diseases and immunity
Key points to remember
Cholera bacterium produces a toxin that causes secretion of chloride ions into
the small intestine, causing osmotic movement of water into the gut, causing
diarrhoea, dehydration and loss of ions from the blood
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Question 17
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11 Gas exchange in humans
Key words to remember
Goblet cell
ciliated cell
mucus
Question 18
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13 Excretion in humans
Digestion, absorption,
Hepatic portal vein
Protein
→→→
amino acid
deamination
liver
→→→
excretion
kidney
urea
→→→
urine
Question 19
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14 Coordination and response
Question 20
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Question 21
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Question 22
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15 Drugs
Key terms to remember
Drug: any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical
reactions
in the body
Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics which reduces the effectiveness of
antibiotics (MRSA)
Antibiotics kill bacteria but do not affect viruses
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16 Reproduction
Question 23
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17 Inheritance
Question 24
Question 25
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Question 26
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18 Variation and selection
Question 27
Question 28
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Question 29
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19 Organisms and their environment
Question 30
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20 Human influences on ecosystems
Question 31
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21 Biotechnology and genetic modification
Question 33
Question 34
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