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Road to Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination
Writing notes 1 (議論文的各部分)
背景介紹
1. According to / Based on + n., + SVO (根據)
Example: According to government statistics, the suicide rate of Hong Kong
has increased in recent years.
Example: Based on newspaper reports, China has the largest number of
smokers in the world.
2. In recent years, + SVO (最近幾年)
Nowadays, + SVO (今時今日)
Example: In recent years, the living standard of many Chinese people has
improved.
Example: Nowadays, many children are spoilt by their parents.
3. A recent report / study / survey +
shows / suggests / reveals / demonstrates + that + SVO
(報導 / 研究 / 調查 顯示…)
Example: A recent report shows that smartphones have penetrated our
lives.
Example: A recent study suggests that Asian people are more prone to
diabetes.
Example: A recent report reveals that more and more Hong Kong people
are considering migrating to other countries.
Example: A recent survey demonstrates that high property prices are the
most pressing concern of Hong Kong people.
4. n. + is no exception (…也不例外)
Example: The problem of air pollution exists in many places. Hong Kong is
no exception.
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引起關注/辯論
1. n. + has (have) raised concerns about + n. (引起關注)
Example: The incident involving Lam Wai-sze has raised concerns about the
moral standard of our teachers.
Example: The serious traffic accidents in the past few weeks have raised
concerns about the road safety in Hong Kong.
2. n. + has (have) raised + sounded alarm bells about + n. (敲響警鐘)
Example: The ferry disaster on Lamma Island last year has raised alarm
bells about navigation safety in Hong Kong.
Example: The recent suicide by a 15-year-old secondary schoolboy has
sounded alarm bells about the mental health of our next generation.
3. n. + is an alarming problem (令人擔憂的問題)
Example: Obesity is an alarming problem in our society.
4. n. + has (have) caused / sparked + debate/controversy + in our society
(在社會上引起爭論)
Example: The Occupy Central Movement has caused debate in our society.
Example: The expansion of landfills in Tsueng Kwan O, Tuen Mun and Ta Ku
Ling has sparked controversy in our society.
5. n. is a controversial issue in our society(是社會爭議的話題)
Example: Homosexuality is a controversial issue in our society.
6. A problem/issue/phenomenon/trend + arises /exists (問題/現象/趨勢
仍然存在)
Example: The problem of wealth gap arises in every society.
Example: Traditionally, men have enjoyed superiority over women. In many
parts of the world, this phenomenon still exists.
Example: Nowadays, more women have chosen to get married when they
are older. This trend also exists in Hong Kong.
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寫作目的
1. I am writing to + v. (我寫作的目的是)
Example: I am writing to express my concerns about (表達關注)animal
cruelty in Hong Kong.
Example: I am writing to explain (解釋) the reasons for the popularity of
smartphones.
Example: I am writing to analyze (分析) the problem of waste disposal and
provide some recommendations (提供建議) for the government.
2. In this article (letter), I aim to + v. (在這篇文章中，我的目的是…)
Example: In this article, I aim to explain the advantages of building casinos
in Hong Kong.
Example: In this letter, I aim to express my opposition to build mental
hospitals in Shatin.
3. This article (letter) aims to + v. (這篇文章的目的是…)
Example: This article aims to introduce the activities of the Science Club
and persuade students to become our members.
Example: This letter aims to point out that heritage preservation can coexist with economic development.
表達觀點
1. I think that / I believe that + SVO (我相信)
Example: I think that extra-curricular activities are as important as
academic achievements.
Example: I believe that the advantages of expanding the three existing
landfills outweigh the disadvantages.
2. It is my belief that / It is my conviction that + SVO (這是我的信念)
Example: It is my belief that the government should make more efforts to
integrate the minorities into society.
Example: It is my conviction that local athletes can improve their
performance in international events if the government allocates more
resources to train them.
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表達觀點
3. From my point of view, + SVO (依我看)
Example: From my point of view, the government should legalize gay
marriage.
4. In my opinion, + SVO (按照我的看法)
Example: In my opinion, exchange trips can enhance the language and
communication skills of students.
5. As far as I am concerned, / As for me, + SVO (就我而言)
Example: As far as I am concerned, the government should not blindly
pursue economic development at the expense of our valuable heritage.
Example: As for me, animal abuse should not be tolerated in a civilized
society.
標題句
1. First of all,/To start with,/Firstly,/To begin with, + SVO (首先)
Example: First of all, cyber bullying brings about psychological damage to
the victims.
Example: To start with, the development of northeast New Territories will
jeopardize the beautiful natural environment in the area.
Example: Firstly, participating in extra-curricular activities can cultivate our
team spirit.
Example: To begin with, peer pressure leads to drug abuse.
2. Secondly,/ In addition,/Additionally,/ Furthermore, /
Moreover,/Besides,/Also, + SVO (除此以外)
Example: Secondly, the pervasiveness of cyber bullying may convey a
wrong message to the bullies that they do not need to take responsibility
for their behavior.
Example: In addition, the northeast New Territories development project
will duplicate the tragedy of Tin Shui Wai.
Example: Furthermore, extra-curricular activities can release our pressure.
Example: Besides, the problem of drug abuse has arisen due to tremendous
pressure in school life.
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標題句
3. Apart from / In addition to + n., + SVO (除了…以外)
Example: Apart from psychological effects on the victims, cyber bullying
may convey a wrong message to the bullies that they do not need to take
responsibility for their behavior.
Example: In addition to peer pressure, tremendous pressure in school life
has also contributed to the problem of drug abuse.
4. What is more,/More importantly, + SVO (更重要的是)
Example: What is more, toxic substances have been found in northeast
New Territories and residents moving into the area will suffer from serious
health problems.
Example: More importantly, poor academic results have disheartened
many students and some of them have resorted to taking drugs to escape
from the reality.
5. Last but not least,/Lastly, + SVO (最後一點是)
Example: Last but not least, cyber bullying will make our society less
harmonious.
Example: Lastly, extra-curricular activities can increase our sense of
belonging to our school.
6. Most important of all, + SVO (最重要的是)
Example: Most important of all, addiction to smartphones is harmful to our
health.
7. Concerning / Regarding / with regard to/As regards / As for + n.,
+ SVO (就…而論)
Example: Concerning the bullies, they may think that they do not need to
take responsibility for their behavior.
Example: With regard to our studies, obsession with smartphones will
distract us from studying and exacerbate our academic performance.
Example: As for the host cities, the Olympic Games can attract millions of
tourists and promote economic development.
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標題句
8. As far as + n. is concerned, + SVO (就…而論)
Example: As far as our mental development is concerned, sensational media
coverage pollutes our mind and instills wrong moral value into us.
寫原因
1. S VO + for two / three reasons (…有兩/三個原因)
Example: The Chinese government should abolish the one-child policy for three
reasons.
2. There are + two / three / many/numerous/several/a lot of/plenty of/a
wide variety of + reasons for /causes of + n. (有幾個/很多原因)
Example: There are three reasons for the declining English standard of
students.
Example: There are several causes of the increasing suicide rate.
Example: There are a wide variety of reasons for the increasing popularity of
social networking websites.
3. The first (second/third) reason for (cause of) + n. + is that + SVO
(第一/二個原因是…)
Example: The first reason for the declining English standard of students is that
the government has adopted the mother-tongue policy since 1998.
Example: The second cause is that many teachers have abysmal English
standard themselves.
Example: The last reason is that many students are too passive to read English
books and newspapers.
4. n. + is a reason for / is one of the reasons for + n. (…是…的其中一個原因)
n. + is a cause of / is one of the causes of + n. (…是…的其中一個原因)
Example: Parental indulgence is a reason for over-dependent children.
Example: The lack of precautionary measures was one of the causes of
widespread outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003.
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寫原因
5. The reason + why + SVO+ is that + SVO (…的原因是…)
Example: The reason why the suicide rate has increased is that many people suffer
from depression.
Example: The reason why social networking websites have gained popularity is that
most people want to achieve a sense of recognition on the Internet.
6. n. + is the root cause of + n. (…是…的根本原因)
Example: Wide wealth gap is the root cause of the social conflicts nowadays.
7. n. + is the culprit of + n. (…是…的罪魁禍首)
Example: The lack of concentration is the culprit of many students’ poor academic
results.
8. n. + engender/contribute to/ lead to/result in/bring about + n. (導致)
Example: The lack of communication engenders domestic violence.
Example: Laziness contributes to failures.
Example: A poor education system leads to slow economic development.
Example: The blind pursuit of economic growth has resulted in moral degradation in
Chinese society.
Example: Wars bring about homelessness and deaths.
9. n. + result from / stem from + n. (起源於)
Example: The success of Hong Kong results from hard work.
Example: The falling standard of local television programmes stems from the lack of
competition.
10. n. + can be / could be + attributed to/ascribed to/associated with/connected
with/related to + n. (歸因於 / 歸咎於)
Example: The phenomenal achievements of Kobe Bryant can be attributed to his
determination and persistence.
Example: The poor living conditions of Tin Shui Wai could be ascribed to poor
government planning in the early 1990s.
Example: Terrorism can be associated with poor governance and poverty.
Example: The lack of creativity of Hong Kong students can be related to our ossified
education system.
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好處與壞處/影響
1. There are many/several/numerous advantages and disadvantages of
There are many/several/numerous benefits and drawbacks of
There are many/several/numerous pros and cons of + n. / + v. + ing
(有很多好處和壞處)
Example: There are many advantages and disadvantages of smartphones.
Example: There are several benefits and drawbacks of outlawing subdivided flats.
Example: There are numerous pros and cons of allowing more tourists from the
mainland.
2. v. + ing/n. + can bring + many/several/numerous + advantages and disadvantages
v. + ing /n. + can bring + many/several/numerous + benefits and drawbacks
v. + ing/n. + can bring + many/several/numerous + pros and cons
(…可以帶來很多好處和壞處)
Example: The construction of casinos can bring many advantages and disadvantages.
Example: Cooperating with property developers to build subsidized housing can bring
several benefits and drawbacks.
Example: Space exploration can bring numerous pros and cons.
3. The first advantage of + v. + ing / n. is that / The second advantage is that + SVO
(第一個好處是 / 第二個好處是 …)
4. The first disadvantage of + v. + ing / n. is that/ The second disadvantage is that
+ 句子 (第一個壞處是 / 第二個壞處是 …)
Example: The first advantage of building casinos is that Hong Kong can attract more
tourists from around the world.
Example: The first advantage of reclamation is that it can provide more land for urban
development.
Example: The second advantage is that casinos can provide a stable source of revenue
for the government.
Example: The first disadvantage of building casinos is that this will engender the
problem of pathological gambling.
Example: The first disadvantage of reclamation is that it will result in water pollution.
Example: The second disadvantage is that casinos may become the breeding ground of
crimes.
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好處與壞處/影響
5. One of the advantages of + v. + ing / n. is that + SVO (其中一個好處是)
One of the disadvantages of + v. + ing / n. is that + SVO (其中一個好處是)
Example: One of the advantages of organizing the Students’ Association is that we
can learn to cooperate with other people.
Example: One of the disadvantages of organizing the Students’ Association is that
this may distract us from our studies.
6. Another advantage is that + SVO (另一個好處是)
Another disadvantage is that + SVO (另一個壞處是)
Example: Another advantage is that we can improve our problem-solving skills.
Example: Another disadvantage is that we need to confront tremendous workload.
7. + v. + ing / n. + be + good for/ advantageous to/beneficial to/conducive
to/instrumental in + v. + ing / n. (有好處的)
Example: Eating vegetables is good for our health.
Example: Developing a sophisticated education system is advantageous to the
sustainable development of a country.
Example: Playing sports is beneficial to our body.
Example: A harmonious family environment is conducive to the psychological
growth of children.
Example: A capable police force is instrumental in maintaining law and order of a
society.
8. + v. + ing / n. improve /enhance/strengthen/ameliorate + n. (改善)
Example: Debating can improve our public speaking skills.
Example: Liberal studies can enhance our awareness of current affairs.
Example: Exercising regularly can strengthen our muscles.
Example: Planting trees can ameliorate the air quality of a country.
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好處與壞處/影響
9. + v. + ing / n. + be harmful to/detrimental to/deleterious to/injurious to + n.
(有壞處的)
Example: Taking drugs is harmful to our health.
Example: Excessive pressure is detrimental to our mental health.
Example: The two world wars were deleterious to global economic development.
Example: Violence and pornography are injurious to teenagers’ psychological
development.
10. + v. + ing / n. harm / endanger / compromise /jeopardize / undermine
+ v. + ing / n.(危及)
Example: The construction of the MTR South Island line will harm the livelihood of taxi
drivers.
Example: Global warming will endanger the habitat of polar bears.
Example: The surging rents in recent years have compromised the profit of small
businesses.
Example: The Occupy Central Movement will jeopardize Hong Kong’s stability and
prosperity.
Example: The declining birth rate will undermine the competitiveness of China.
11. + v. + ing / n. hinder / impede/ hamper (妨礙) + n.
Example: Indecision has hindered the social and economic development of Hong Kong.
Example: Overprotection impedes the mental growth of children.
Example: The exam-oriented education system in Hong Kong has hampered the
development of creativity of Hong Kong children.
12. + v. + ing / n. is a danger / hazard to n. (帶來危險)
Example: Air pollution is a danger to our health.
Example: Hill fires are a hazard to Australia.
13. n. + get worse / deteriorate/ worsen (惡化)
Example: The Chinese standard of Hong Kong students is getting worse.
Example: Despite the efforts of the government, the problem of drug abuse has
deteriorated.
Example: With prolonged economic downturn, youth unemployment has worsened in
many European countries.
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好處與壞處/影
14. + v. + ing / n. + aggravate / exacerbate + n. (使惡化)
響
Example: The emergence of the knowledge-based economy has aggravated the wealth gap
in China.
Example: The influx of mainland tourists in recent years has exacerbated the hostility
between Hong Kongers and mainlanders.
15. n. / v. + ing has / have / had + disastrous / catastrophic +
impact / effects / consequences/ ramifications / repercussions
+ on + n. / v. + ing
n. / v. + ing bring / brought + disastrous / catastrophic +
impact / effects / consequences/ ramifications / repercussions
+ to + n. / v. + ing (帶來災難性的影響)
Example: The 311 earthquake had disastrous impact on Japan.
Example: Domestic violence can have catastrophic consequences on the victims.
Example: The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution brought disastrous
repercussions to China.
16. n. / v. + ing adversely affects (v.) + n. / v. + ing (負面影響)
Example: Civil wars adversely affect the development of Africa and the Middle East.
Example: Staying up late adversely affects our health.
17. n. / v. + ing does more good than harm 利多於弊
n. / v. + ing does more harm than good 弊多於利
Example: Expanding the existing three landfills does more good than harm.
Example: Constructing casinos in Hong Kong does more harm than good.
18. The advantages of n. / v. + ing outweigh the disadvantages(利多於弊)
The disadvantages n. / v. + ing outweigh the advantages(弊多於利)
Example: The advantages of smartphones outweigh the disadvantages.
Example: The disadvantages of capital punishment outweigh the advantages.
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因果關係
注意:
1. Because / As / Since + SVO, + SVO (因為)
SVO + because / as / since + SVO
「因為」和「所
Example: Because the Chinese University has high-quality teaching staff and beautiful
以」不能共存。
environment, it attracts many Jupas applicants every year.
Example: European soccer teams have earned more and more money because they receive
huge broadcasting fees and they are sponsored by large-scale international corporations.
Example: Since Hong Kong was a British colony, it is influenced by western culture.
2. Due to / Owing to / Thanks to / As a result of + n., + SVO (因為)
SVO + due to / owing to / thanks to / as a result of + n.
Example: Due to his charm and excellent football skills, C. Ronaldo has become one of the
most popular soccer players in the world.
Example: Many parents can hardly communicate with their children owing to their hectic
lifestyle.
Example: Thanks to abundant supply of cheap labour, China has become the world’s
manufacturing powerhouse.
Example: A lot of marine animals have died in recent decades as a result of deteriorating
water pollution.
3. SVO, + so + SVO (所以)
Example: Mainland parents are concerned about the food safety in China, so many of them
prefer to buy food in Hong Kong.
Example: Many mainland tourists lack civic awareness, so they are unpopular in Hong Kong.
4. SVO. + Therefore, / Hence, / Thus, / As a result, / As a consequence, + SVO
SVO, + and therefore / and hence / and thus + SVO (所以)
Example: The problem of drug abuse has worsened. Therefore, the government should take
the initiative to tackle the problem.
Example: Public hygiene in India is poor. As a result, infectious diseases are pervasive.
Example: Moral persuasion has been ineffective, and hence the government should solve
the problem through legislation.
Example: High-quality human resources are indispensable for the success of Hong Kong, and
thus the government should improve the education system and attract more talents.
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轉折關係
注意:
1. Although / Though / Even though + SVO, + SVO
SVO + although / though / even though + SVO (雖然)
「雖然」和「但
Example: Although the government lacks land to satisfy the housing needs of the public, it
是」不能共存。
should not develop the land in country parks.
Example: Though mainland tourists have become a nuisance in our society, we cannot deny
that they have stimulated the economic development of Hong Kong.
Example: The number of traffic accidents has risen sharply even though the government
has organized public campaigns to encourage road safety.
2. SVO, + but + SVO (但是)
Example: Hong Kong has been united with China for 16 years, but many Hong Kongers do
not have a sense of belonging to our motherland.
Example: India has developed by leaps and bounds in the recent two decades, but sexual
discrimination is severe in the country.
3. Despite / In spite of + n., + SVO
SVO + despite / in spite of + n. (雖然)
Example: Despite Hong Kong’s increasing economic integration with the China, the
relationship between Hong Kong people and mainlanders has deteriorated.
Example: The government has no intention to adopt small-class teaching in all secondary
schools in Hong Kong in spite of its advantages.
4. SVO + However, / Nevertheless, / Nonetheless, + SVO (但是)
Example: It is important for parents to take care of their children. However, parents should
not spoil them.
Example: The mother tongue policy can increase students’ understanding of different
subjects. Nevertheless, it deprives their chance of learning more English vocabulary.
Example: Hong Kong is an international city. Nonetheless, it has never organized such
international sports events like the Asian Games and the Olympic Games.
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假設關係
1. If + SVO, + SVO
SVO + if + SVO (如果)
Example: If we do not care about our neighbour, the whole society will become cold-blooded.
Example: If the mass media continues to attract readers through sensational news coverage, they
will contaminate the mind of our next generation.
Example: Hong Kong will become more crowded and chaotic if the Individual Travelers’ Scheme is
expanded to more inland provinces.
Example: More accidents will occur if the organizers of the Standard Chartered Marathon allow
more people to participate in the event.
2. Provided that / As long as / So long as + SVO, + SVO
SVO + provided that / as long as / so long as + SVO (只要)
Example: Provide that the government allocates more resources to promote the development of
local sports, Hong Kong athletes will achieve better results in international competitions.
Example: As long as reclamation projects do not damage the habitat of marine animals, they are
good ways to increase the land supply in Hong Kong.
Example: Globalization is beneficial for the world so long as multinational enterprises respect
local culture and safeguard the rights of workers.
3. Even if / Even though + SVO, + SVO
SVO + even if / even though + SVO (即使)
Example: Even if the government distributes cash to the poor, the wealth gap cannot be bridged.
Example: People will continue to be exploited by unscrupulous retailers even though the
government has implemented new consumer protection laws.
4. Unless + SVO, + SVO
SVO + unless + SVO
Example: Unless the government passes laws to deter the paparazzi, they will continue to invade
the privacy of celebrities.
Example: People will not restore their confidence of Chinese food unless its safety is safeguarded.
5. SVO + Otherwise, + SVO
Example: Parents should not force their children to join too many courses. Otherwise, they will be
stressed.
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表示目的
1. To / In order to + v., + SVO
SVO in order to / so as to / to + v. (為了)
Example: To ensure the all-round development of students, schools can organize more
study tours and exchange programmes.
Example: In order to buy luxury products, some youngsters engage in activities such as
drug trafficking and compensated dating.
Example: In recent years, many TV channels have broadcast more and more reality
shows in order to attract viewers.
Example: Nowadays, many young people participate in working holidays so as to relax
themselves and broaden their horizons.
2. With a view to / For the sake of + v. + ing, + SVO
SVO + with a view to / for the sake of + v. + ing (為了)
Example: With a view to promoting sports in Hong Kong, the government should
encourage schools to organize more sports activities.
Example: The government has incorporated Liberal Studies into the senior secondary
curriculum with a view to increasing students’ awareness of current affairs.
Example: The government is considering adopting compulsory school-based drug
testing for the sake of tackling the drug abuse problem.
3. SVO + in order that / so that + SVO (sbdy can/could do sthg) (為了)
Example: The government has implemented the minimum wage law in order that it
can protect workers from exploitation.
Example: Some schools adopted e-learning a few years ago in order that they could
relieve the burden on students’ back.
Example: The government has passed laws so that it can prevent the ethnic minorities
from discrimination.
Example: Some teenagers have resorted to vandalism so that they can express their
frustration with society.
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表示程度
1. N. + is / am / are / was / were + so + adj. + that + SVO
Example: The problem of parallel trading was so acute that the government took
drastic measures to deter mainlanders from trading goods at MTR stations.
Example: Dating shows are so entertaining that they attract a lot of audience.
2. N. + is / am / are / was / were + such + adj. + n. + that + SVO
Example: The wide wealth gap is such a deep-rooted issue that the government
should take action immediately.
Example: Freedom of expression is such an important core value that the government
should safeguard it.
一般而言
1. Generally speaking, + SVO
Example: Generally speaking, youngsters are more rebellious in their puberty.
2. In general, + SVO
Example: In general, prolonged exposure to sunlight increases the chance of skin
cancer.
眾所周知
1. Everyone knows that + SVO
Example: Everyone knows that Hong Kong is a gourmet paradise.
2. As everyone knows, + SVO
Example: As everyone knows, declining birth rate will lower the productivity of a
country.
3. As we all know, + SVO
Example: As we all know, euthanasia is prohibited in most countries in the world.
4. It is widely known that + SVO
Example: It is widely known that space exploration is beneficial to scientific
development. Nevertheless, many people oppose it because of its high cost.
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據說
1. It is believed that + SVO (很多人相信)
Example: It is believed that the Cultural Revolution has resulted in mutual distrust
among Chinese people.
2. It is suggested that + SVO (很多人建議)
Example: It is suggested that the government can combat the light pollution problem
through legislation.
3. It is reported that + SVO (據報導指出)
Example: It is reported that 80% of the respondents are anxious about the HKDSE next
year.
舉例子
1. For example / For instance, + SVO (例如)
Example: Youth unemployment is an acute problem in many countries. For example,
nearly half of the youngsters in Spain are unemployed.
Example: The food safety in China is alarming. For instance, it was reported in 2008
that many brands of dairy products were contaminated with melamine, which is a
carcinogenic substance.
2. SVO, + for example / for instance, + n. (例如)
Example: Hong Kong has many famous tourist destinations, for example, Disneyland,
Ocean Park and Wetland Park.
Example: The Soccer World Cup is sponsored by many multinational companies, for
instance, McDonald’s, Samsung and Canon.
3. SVO + such as / like + n. (例如)
Example: In recent decades, infectious diseases such as avian flu and SARS have
caused thousands of deaths in the globe.
Example: In view of the nuclear disaster in Japan, more renewable power resources
like solar power and hydro-electric power should be adopted to generate electricity.
4. SVO, + including + n. (包括)
Example: According to employers, the Post-80s have many weaknesses, including low
working skills, poor time management and impoliteness.
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舉例子
5. SVO + for example, / for instance, / such as / like + n. + and so on (等等…)
Example: In Hong Kong, we can taste different kinds of cuisine such as Chinese food,
Korean food, Thai food, Italian food and so on.
6. SVO. + n. + is a case in point (…是一個例子)
Example: In recent years, many countries have been tormented by political turmoil and
civil wars. Syria is a case in point.
7. Take + n. as an example (以…為例子)
Example: While organizing the Olympic Games can enhance the international image and
promote tourism of a country, it is very costly. Take Greece as an example. As many
economists argue, the 2004 Olympics in Athens contributed to the economic crisis in
Greece.
比較
1. Compared with + n., + SVO (與...相比)
Example: Compared with their counterparts in the 1960s, the Chinese nowadays are far
wealthier.
Example: Compared with the old system, the 3+3+4 education system can better train
the logical thinking and critical thinking of students.
2. Comparing + n. + with + n., you will find that + SVO (將 A 與 B 比較，你會發現)
Example: Comparing the local singers nowadays with the superstars in the 1980s, you
will find that their standard is low.
Example: Comparing the children nowadays with those in the 1960s and the 1970s, you
will find that they are over-dependent and spoilt by their parents.
3. On one hand, + SVO. + On the other hand, + SVO. (一方面...另一方面)
Example: On one hand, incinerators can reduce the burden on our landfills. On the
other hand, they will exacerbate the air pollution problem.
Example: On one hand, credit cards can provide us with convenience. On the other
hand, they may lead to overspending.
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比較
4. SVO. + In contrast, + SVO. (相反)
Example: The birth rate in many countries like Germany and Japan has been declining. In
contrast, the United States has maintained a relatively a high birth rate. As a result, its
productivity will be higher in the years to come.
5. In contrast to + n., + SVO (與其他事物相比)
Example: In contrast to the government in Singapore, the Hong Kong government does
not provide sufficient assistance for the public to purchase their homes.
6. SVO. On the contrary, + SVO. (不是...而是)
Example: Heritage preservation will not compromise economic development. On the
contrary, it will stimulate the development of tourism.
7. In contrary to + n., + SVO (與預期或理想相反)
Example: In contrary to their parents’ expectations, many youngsters are uninterested in
studying and working and become socially withdrawn youths.
8. In the past, + SVO. + Now, / Nowadays, + SVO (以前 ... 現在…)
Example: In the past, Hong Kong was reputable for its efficiency. Now, it is hamstrung by
ceaseless conflicts in our society.
9. A few decades ago, + SVO + Now, / Nowadays, + SVO (數十年以前 ... 現在...)
Example: A few decades ago, China used to be the sick man in East Asia. Nowadays, it has
transformed into an economic superpower and the living standard of the Chinese has
dramatically improved.
Example: A few decades ago, children were pure and innocent. Now, many children are
indulged by their parents and polluted by materialism.
10. In the past + SVO. + This is no longer true. / This is no longer the case. + SVO
Example: In the past, consumers were often exploited by unscrupulous retailers. This is
no longer true. The consumers nowadays are more demanding and relentlessly fight for
their rights.
Example: In bygone days, Hong Kongers generally welcomed mainland tourists. This is no
longer the case. Now, they are disgusted by their uncivilized behavior.
20
遞進
1. SVO. + To make the matters worse, + SVO. (更差的是)
Example: In Hong Kong, the living environment of many people is too cramped for pets. To make
the matters worse, some irresponsible owners abuse and abandon their pets.
2. SVO. + To make things worse, + SVO. (更差的是)
Example: In Hong Kong, many people have to confront heavy workload. To make things worse,
they have no choice but to work overtime regularly. As a result, they can hardly lead a balanced
lifestyle.
3. SVO. + Worse still, + SVO. (更差的是)
Example: In the short term, people with unhealthy diets will easily be tired. Worse still, their
immune system will weaken and they will become sick frequently.
4. SVO. + Even more worrying / alarming is that + SVO. (更加令人擔憂的是)
Example: Browsing social-networking websites is time-consuming. Even more worrying is that
they will pollute the mind of teenagers.
Example: The wide wealth gap in the world has resulted in unequal opportunities for different
people. Even more alarming is that it has engendered social disturbance and terrorism.
5. SVO. + To add insult to injury, + SVO. (雪上加霜的是)
Example: The HKDSE is a challenging task for many sixth-formers. To add insult to injury, the
Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority has frequently altered the formats of
examinations and hence made candidates rudderless.
6. SVO. + In some extreme cases, + SVO. (在一些極端的情況)
Example: The lack of sportsmanship is a serious problem in China. In some extreme cases, some
soccer players engage in match-fixing to make financial gains.
7. SVO. + In the worst scenario, / In the worst-case scenario, + SVO. (最壞情況是)
Example: When students do part-time jobs, their academic results will decline. In the worst
scenario, they may put their life in jeopardy.
Example: The victims of cyber-bullying will suffer from depression. In the worst-case scenario,
they may commit suicide.
21
加強語氣
1. Obviously,/Apparently,/Unmistakably,/Evidently,/Clearly, + SVO (明顯地)
Example: Obviously, the exam-oriented system has led to the popularity of tutorial classes in
Hong Kong.
Example: Apparently, teenagers’ obsession with high-tech products like iPhones and iPads is
harmful to their eyesight.
Example: Clearly, the government should not outlaw derivative work on the Internet because it
is a channel for people to express their dissatisfaction.
2. It is obvious that / It is apparent that /It is clear that/It is evident that + SVO
(明顯的是)
Example: It is obvious that hosting the Olympic Games does more good than harm to a country.
Example: It is apparent that the one-child policy is out of touch with the reality and should be
abolished as soon as possible.
Example: It is evident that China has blindly pursued economic development at the expense of
environmental protection.
3. Undoubtedly,/Indubitably, / Indisputably, / Unquestionably, + SVO (毫無疑問)
Example: Undoubtedly, commercialization is conducive to the development of sports as it can
provide incentives for athletes to maximize their potential and performance.
Example: Indisputably, capital punishment is a necessary evil in the Chinese society.
Example: Unquestionably, the lack of creativity has jeopardized the development of the local
movie industry.
4. There is no doubt that / It is beyond doubt that + SVO (毫無疑問)
Example: There is no doubt that user-friendly functions are the reason why micro-blogs are so
popular in China.
Example: It is beyond doubt that the sound legal system is the cornerstone of Hong Kong’s
success.
5. No wonder + SVO (難怪)
Example: Many teachers have failed the language benchmark tests in recent years. No wonder
the language teaching standard in Hong Kong is so disappointing.
22
加強語氣
6. Alarmingly, + SVO (令人擔憂地)
Example: Alarmingly, more and more teenagers have fallen prey to criminals on socialnetworking websites.
Example: Alarmingly, 20% of the students in Hong Kong are reported to be the victims of
cyber-bullying.
7. Astonishingly, + SVO (令人震驚地)
Example: Astonishingly, some restaurants in China use industrial oil to cook food.
8. Unfortunately, + SVO (不幸地)
Example: The government has emphasized the importance of family harmony in commercials
and public campaigns. Unfortunately, the problem of domestic violence is still acute.
9. Sadly,/ Lamentably,/ Regrettably,/ Sad to say, + SVO (令人傷感地)
Example: Hong Kong is a modern society. Sadly, many poor people have to live in subdivided
flats.
Example: Peace is the universal goal of human beings. Regrettably, many people are displaced
and killed by wars every year.
Example: Despite public education, some people discriminate against the physically-disabled
and the mentally-disabled.
10. Tragically, + SVO (悲劇地)
Example: Tragically, the Sichuan earthquake in 2008 took away the precious lives of nearly
70,000 people.
11. Arguably, + SVO (有理由說)
Example: Arguably, the implementation of 15-year free education can enhance the quality of
human resources in Hong Kong.
Example: Arguably, laziness and lack of concentration are the culprits of many students’ poor
academic performance.
12. Surely, / To be sure, + SVO
Example: Surely, standard working hours can result in work-life balance.
Example: To be sure, the poor courtesy of local people has tarnished the image of Hong Kong.
23
駁論
1. Some people may argue/pinpoint/point out / emphasize + that + SVO
(有些人可能會爭論 / 指出 / 指出 / 強調)
Example: Some people may argue that compulsory school-based drug testing will infringe on the
privacy of students.
Example: Some people may pinpoint that the development of new towns in north-east New
Territories can supply more public housing units for the grassroots.
2. Critics may argue/pinpoint/point out / emphasize + that + SVO
(批評者可能會爭論 / 指出 / 指出 / 強調)
Example: Critics may point out that homosexual marriage will disrupt the norms and order of our
society and pose risk to public health.
Example: Critics may emphasize that Internet slang can facilitate our daily communication.
3. There Is no denying that / It cannot be denied that + SVO (無可否認)
Example: There is no denying that some students may think that the compulsory test will offend
them and some may even think that it is an insult.
Example: It cannot be denied that the housing supply in Hong Kong is insufficient and the living
conditions of the impoverished are unsatisfactory.
4. Admittedly, / Undeniably, + SVO (無可否認)
Example: Admittedly, gay marriage is contrary to the traditional concept of marriage and may
increase the chance of sexually-transmitted diseases.
Example: Undeniably, slang is a useful communicative tool as it can add spice to our conversations.
5. Nevertheless, /However,/Nonetheless,+ we should recognize that + SVO
Nevertheless, /However,/Nonetheless, + we should note that + SVO
Nevertheless, /However,/Nonetheless, + it is worth noting that + SVO
(但是，我們要知道…)
Example: Nevertheless, we should recognize that the physical and psychological health of students is
of utmost importance.
Example: However, we should recognize that north-east New Territories is too remote and may
repeat the tragedy of Tin Shui Wai.
Example: Nonetheless, it is worth noting that the freedom of homosexuals should be respected.
Example: Nevertheless, we should recognize that the abuse of slang will erode our language skills.
24
駁論
6. In fact, / In reality, / Actually, + SVO (事實上)
Example: In fact, the problem of campus drug abuse has been getting worse in recent years.
Example: In reality, basic infrastructures, transport network and social facilities are lacking in the area.
Example: Actually, homosexual marriage has been legalized in many countries such as Holland and
France.
7. The truth is that / The reality is that + SVO (事實是)
Example: The truth is that the language standard of many students nowadays has declined sharply.
Example: The reality is that the campus of some secondary schools in Hong Kong has become the
breeding ground of drug abuse.
承接
1. As aforementioned, / As mentioned above, /As I mentioned,/As I argued, + SVO (如前所述)
Example: As aforementioned, the increasing divorce rate can be attributed to our hectic lifestyle and
individualism.
Example: As mentioned above, over-packaging is wasteful and detrimental to our environment.
Example: As I mentioned, emotional quotient is as important as knowledge and IQ.
Example: As I argued, materialism and peer pressure are the root causes of juvenile delinquency.
2. In the following, + I will suggest some ways to + v. (以下，我會提出幾個方法)
Example: In the following, I will suggest some ways to reduce the divorce rate.
3. To tackle/ cure/deal with/ cope with + the problem of + n., + I will put forward some suggestions.
To tackle/ cure / deal with/ cope with the problem of + n., + I will put forward the following
recommendations. (為了解決…問題，我會提出以下建議)
Example: To tackle the problem of over-packaging, I will put forward some suggestions.
Example: To cope with the problem of teenage crimes, I will put forward the following
recommendations.
4. To alleviate / relieve + the problem of + n., + I will put forward some suggestions.
To alleviate / relieve + the problem of + n., + I will put forward the following recommendations.
(為了紓緩…問題，我會提出以下建議)
Example: To alleviate the problem of illegal downloading, I will put forward some suggestions.
Example: To relieve the problem of aging population, I will put forward the following
recommendations.
25
建議
1. 序數詞, / 連接詞 + I suggest/advise/propose/recommend that + SVO. (我提議)
Example: Firstly, I suggest that the government should pass laws to regulate light pollution.
Example: First of all, I propose that the government should provide more practical training courses for
the youngsters.
Example: Secondly, I propose that schools can organize more study tours so that students can learn
more about the social and economic development of China.
Example: Secondly, I recommend that the police can meet the representatives from the mass media
regularly to address their concerns.
2. 序數詞, / 連接詞, + it is good / advantageous (for sbdy) to do sthg (…是有好處的)
Example: First of all, it is good for family members to communicate frequently with each other.
Example: Also, it is advantageous for the organizers to ban the use of mobile phones in the marathon.
3. 序數詞, / 連接詞, + it is feasible (for sbdy) to do sthg (…是可行的)
Example: To begin with, it is feasible for the government to increase the number of subsidized
university places.
4. 序數詞, / 連接詞, + it is important (for sbdy) to do sthg (…是重要的)
Example: Furthermore, it is important to instill positive attitude in teenagers.
Example: Last but not least, it is important for parents to give their emotional support to sociallywithdrawn youths so that they can reintegrate into society.
5. 序數詞, / 連接詞, + it is necessary (for sbdy) to do sthg (…是需要的)
Example: To start with, it is necessary for the government to provide financial assistance for couples
to have children.
Example: Besides, it is necessary for parents to teach their children to look after themselves.
6. 序數詞, / 連接詞, + it is essential (for sbdy) to do sthg (…是必須的)
Example: Firstly, it is essential for schools to organize more English-related activities for their students.
Example: Lastly, it is essential to monitor the teaching quality of tutorial classes.
7. 序數詞, / 連接詞, + it is urgent (for sbdy) to do sthg (…是緊急的)
Example: Apparently, it is urgent to toughen laws to punish irresponsible and pitiless pet owners.
Example: Clearly, it is urgent for the government to prohibit cigarette advertising.
26
建議
8. It is (high) time for sbdy to do sthg
It is (high) time sbdy should do sthg
It is (high) time sbdy did sthg (是時候做)
Example: It is time for the government to legalize homosexual marriage.
Example: It is high time for the government to increase the construction of public housing estates.
Example: It is time schools should organize more sports activities to improve the health of students.
Example: It is high time parents should care about the feelings of their children.
Example: It is time Chinese food manufacturers improved the quality control of their products.
Example: It is high time the government banned the sale of junk food in schools.
9. Sbdy + plays an important / a significant role in + sthg / v. + ing + sthg(扮演重要角色)
Example: The government plays an important role in the development of local sports.
Example: Parents play a significant role in developing their children into responsible and self-reliant
individuals.
10. Sbdy can (可以) / could (可以) / had better / should (應該) / need to (需要) + do + sthg
Example: Teachers can provide national education in Chinese History lessons.
Example: Schools could invite speakers to educate students about the harmful effects of cyber
bullying.
Example: The government had better consider the needs of the poor when they formulate policies.
Example: To promote tourism, the government needs to develop more tourist destinations.
Example: While it is important to satisfy the curiosity of the general public, the paparazzi need to
respect the privacy of celebrities.
11. v. + ing / n. + is/are the key / solution + to + n. / v. + ing + n. (…是…的秘訣)
Example: Genuine communication is the key to solving family conflicts.
Example: Reclamation is the solution to the lack of land.
12. v. + ing / n. + is/are the recipe + for + n. / v. + ing + n. (…是…的秘訣)
Example: Favourable immigration policies are the recipe for alleviating aging population.
13. v. + ing / n. + is/are the prescription / panacea + for + n. / v. + ing + n. (…是…的藥方)
Example: Standard working hours are the prescription for excessive workload in Hong Kong.
Example: Promoting sports is the panacea for the obesity problem in Hong Kong.
27
建議
14. In the short run, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg
In the short term, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg (短期來說)
Example: In the short run, the government should control the property prices through special taxes
and stamp duties.
Example: In the short term, the government can distribute cash and subsidies to alleviate the pressing
needs of the poor.
15. In the long run, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg
In the long term, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg (長遠來說)
Example: In the long run, the government should increase land supply and the construction of flats
under the Home Ownership Scheme.
Example: In the long term, the government should provide more financial assistance for poor children
in low-income families to prevent inter-generational poverty.
16. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + make effort/put effort + to do sthg (需要作出努力)
Example: The government should make effort to enhance the working skills of youngsters and lower
youth unemployment.
Example: Different countries need to make effort to solve their disputes and prevent wars.
17. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + spend money on / allocate resources on + sthg / v. + ing (需要花錢)
Example: The government should spend money on upgrading the sports facilities in Hong Kong.
Example: Schools need to allocate resources on helping the students with special learning needs.
Example: The government should allocate resources on poverty alleviation.
18. Sbdy + should / need(s) to ensure that / make sure that + SVO (確保)
Example: TV channels should ensure that reality shows and reality shows will not pollute the mind of
teenagers.
Example: Parents need to make sure that their children can become independent and solve their
problems in the future.
Example: The government should ensure that soccer betting and horse-racing will not produce a large
number of pathological gamblers.
28
建議
19. Sbdy + should + do its utmost / try its best to / strive + to + v. (盡力)
Example: The government should do its utmost to mitigate air pollution.
Example: Schools should try its best to prevent students from going astray.
Example: Different countries should strive to reduce racial discrimination.
20. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + provide (more) financial assistance for sbdy
(提供財政援助)
Example: The government can provide financial assistance for people who live in subdivided flats and
industrial buildings.
Example: Rich countries should provide more financial assistance for poor African countries.
21. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + provide (more) counseling services for sbdy
(提供輔導服務)
Example: The government and non-governmental organizations should provide more counseling
services for troubled youths.
Example: Schools need to provide more counseling services for the victims of bullying.
22. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / step up cooperation + with+ sbdy
+ on + n. / v. + ing
Sbdy and Sbdy can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / step up cooperation
+ on + n. / v. + ing (加強合作)
Example: The Hong Kong government can enhance cooperation with the Chinese government on
reducing air pollution.
Example: Hong Kong should strengthen cooperation with China on cross-border drug trafficking.
Example: Parents and schools needs to step up cooperation on nurturing the next generation.
Example: China and the United States should enhance cooperation on hacking.
23. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + cooperate + with+ sbdy + to + v.
Sbdy and sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + cooperate + with+ each other + to + v.
(應該互相合作)
Example: The government should cooperate with movie producers to promote the development of the
local movie industry.
Example: The government and non-governmental organizations need to cooperate with each other to
help the non-engaged youths.
29
建議
24. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen /step up + education + about + n.
(加強教育)
Example: Schools should strengthen education about the harmful effects of drug abuse.
Example: The government needs to step up education about the importance of civic awareness.
25. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + strengthen /step up + publicity + for + n.
(加強宣傳)
Example: The Health Department should strengthen publicity for the harmful effects of smoking.
Example: The government needs to strengthen publicity for the Hong Kong Games.
26. The government should / need(s) to + organize more public campaigns + to + v. (推行宣傳運動)
Example: The government should organize more public campaigns to promote personal hygiene.
Example: The government should organize more public campaigns to discourage animal cruelty.
27. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + put up (more) commercials + to + v. + n. (賣廣告)
Example: The government should put up commercials to promote the benefits of rubbish disposal
levy.
Example: The government should put up more commercials on CNN and BBC to promote Hong Kong.
28. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / increase communication + with+ sbdy
+ to + v.
Sbdy and Sbdy can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / increase communication
+ to + v. (加強溝通)
Example: The police should strengthen communication with the public to improve their relation.
Example: Parents and children need to increase communication to understand each other.
29. The government should / need(s) to + set up (more) laws + to + v. + n. (立法)
Example: The government should set up more laws to protect consumer rights.
Example: The government should set up laws to prevent discrimination against homosexuals.
30. The government should / need(s) to + strengthen / step up law enforcement + to + v. + n. (加強
執法)
Example: The government should strengthen law enforcement to combat illegal gambling.
Example: The government should step up law enforcement to tackle online sale of fake goods.
30
建議
31. Parents should / need to spend more time with their children. (父母應花多一些時間陪伴兒女)
Example: Aforementioned, teenagers often feel lonely and helpless. Therefore, parents should
spend more time with their children.
32. Parents should / need to communicate more with their children and care about their feelings.
(父母應多與子女溝通，關心他們的感受)
Example: There is often a generation gap between parents and their children. Hence, parents should
communicate more with them and care about their feelings.
33. Schools can organize (組織) + (some / more) + talks (演講) / sharing sessions (分享會) / slogan
designing competitions (標語創作比賽) / drama competitions (話劇比賽) / book-report writing
competitions (閱讀報告比賽) / carnivals (嘉年華會) / walkathons (步行籌款) / charity sale (慈善
義賣) /debates (辯論) / fashion shows (時裝表演)/
talent shows (天才表演) / singing contests (歌唱比賽) / sports activities (體育活動)/ language
courses (語文課程) / leadership training camps (領袖訓練營) /
extra-curricular activities (課外活動)
Example: To raise students’ awareness of the drug abuse problem, schools can organize some sharing
sessions for them.
Example: To exploit the creativity of students, schools can organize drama competitions and talent
shows for them.
Example: In order to mitigate the obesity problem, schools can organize more sports activities for
students.
Example: In order to enhance students’ communication and leadership skills, schools can organize some
leadership training camps for them.
34. By / Through + n. / v. + ing, + sbdy + can + do sthg
Sbdy + can + do sthg by / through + n. / v. + ing (通過)
Example: By enhancing personal hygiene, we can improve our health.
Example: Through preserving natural scenery and cultural heritage, the government can attract more
tourists.
Example: Chinese milk producers can improve their image by strengthening food safety.
Example: Entertainment companies can promote local music culture through organizing outdoor music
festivals.
31
總結
1. In conclusion, / To conclude, + SVO (總括來說)
Example: In conclusion, indulgence and comfortable lifestyle have made many children overdependent.
Example: To conclude, early university admission is harmful to child prodigies because this will
deprive them of their childhood and bring great pressure to them.
2. In sum, / To sum up, + SVO (總括來說)
Example: In sum, aging population will increase the burden on the medical system and
undermine the productivity of China.
Example: To sum up, copyright infringement will lower the incentives of composers to create
new songs and engender economic losses.
3. All in all, + SVO(從各方面來說)
Example: All in all, the street stalls in Mong Kok do more good than harm as they can let
youngsters showcase their talent and attract tourists from the world.
4. In short, + SVO(簡而言之)
Example: In short, cyber bullying will result in lasting psychological damage on the victims and
compromise social harmony.
5. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to / strike a balance between n. / v. + ing and n. / v. + ing
(在兩者間取得平衡)
Example: The government can strike a balance between combating drug abuse and protecting
students’ privacy.
Example: Surely, Hong Kong should strike a balance between economic development and
heritage preservation.
Example: Clearly, schools need to strike a balance between the academic performance of
students and their physical and mental health.