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nhplX^Z),& Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria share genectic
content through transformation, conjugation, transduction, transposition u`FWQ(rV.3 Basic
Chapter 18 - Microbiology New genes acquired by HGT can provide fitness (growth)
advantages in natural enviroments E?4Bw)LiHG Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology When HGT
transfers virulence factors to bacteria it enables entry and survival in a host, the nonpathogen is
transformed into a pathogen u/-G3xQ9yN Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Horizontal gene
transfer can move _____ from one organisms to another whole blocks of DNA "f#Jo2) Some
pathogens vary surface antigens to avoid immune detection
3) Cell surface proteins on pathogens, like protein A, can sequester antibodies by binding the Fc
region, rendering antibodies ineffective
4) Pathogens can secrete fake ""cytokines"" to influence the immune system
5) Pathogens may manipulate host immune cells to produce cytokines
6) Cell-cell communication in biofilms via quorum sensing to induce virulence factor gene
expression" NA-6J`u)*8 Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Intracellular pathogens can avoid
innate and humoral immune mechanisms by living inside host cells F08p/kGC~1 Basic Chapter
18 - Microbiology Many components of the immune system do not sense microbes within cells
I,{M8-NRoz Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Facultative intracellular pathogens can invade host
cells but can also survive outside the host cell bh&lkt>%Ub Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology
Obligate intracellular pathogens invade and reproduce inside a host cell only P=/RksTDnO
Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Different pathogens have different stratagies to survive in host
cells Fate 1: can survive and replicate with phagolysosomes "l0#J6+{:ao" Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology Different pathogens have different stratagies to survive in host cells Fate 2:
prevent lysosome fusion and persist in phagosome N]6B=fET~f Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology In fate 2 exocytosis can expel bacteria into extracellular space H%f1=>Ai*A Basic
Chapter 18 - Microbiology in fate 2 phagocytes can ingest pathogens and deliver them to lymph
node xabD)G:HYK Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Different pathogens have different
stratagies to survive in host cells Fate 3: can break out of the phagosome and move throughout
the cytoplasm and adjacent cells lb8ENs]O]y Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Endotoxins or
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an important virulence factor common to all Gram-negative
bacteria NqJU.XBv9} Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Forms on the outer membrane,
composed of lipid A, core oligosaccaride, and a repeating polysaccharide chain Endotoxin or
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) G_4VGOE~c8 Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology
When Gram-negative cells die, they release the _______ component of ____, which is sensed
by ______ and leads to a dramatic release of _______
lipid A, LPS, toll-like receptors, proinflammatory cytokines oIYTCX.~Wf Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology endotoxin activation of toll-ike receptors causes a """cytokine storm"" which
contributes to the signs/symptoms of sepsis" f4Z6;fZ;_f Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology While
immunopathology can cause lot of host bamage, bacterial cells can directly damage host cells
and tissues with _____ toxins H2}^P@Aafi Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Exotoxins secreted
by bacteria alter host cell function, disrupt the immune system, or outright kill the host cell to
obtain nutrients cHII8G8PQl Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Exotoxin Modes of Action Plasma
membrane disruption
Cytoskeleton alterations
Protein synthesis disruption
Cell cycle dsruption
Signal transduction disruption
Cell-cell adhesion disruption
Redirection of vsicle traffic
Blockage of exocytosis ie@skFAwOO Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Exotoxins are
transported out of the cell via one of sveral types of ______ secretion systems "Ep^$w#;**~"
Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology ________ are complex molecular machines that use ATP to
deliver exotoxins outside of the cell Secretion systems kl$<];fs(e Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use ______to move many
proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane genreal secretion pathway wd*vnIZ9Lf Basic
Chapter 18 - Microbiology Only ______ use the specialized Type II, III, and IV secretion systems
to export exotoxins out of the cell Gram-negative rods x$)@&rN&+= Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology In Gram-positive cells, the _____ transports proteins ____ and into the periplasm
for Gram-negative cells General secretion pathway, outside of the cell tI3UYWKPFY Basic
Chapter 18 - Microbiology In Gram-negative cells, the _________ acts as a piston that uses ATP
to push proteins out of the cell Type II secretion system Lr@qVq9VYn Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology "In Gram-negative cells, _________ acts as a neddle that uses ATP to ""inject""
proteins into host cells" the Type III secretion system O:dBa^nZOS Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology ___ is a modified conjugation pilus that transports toxins instead of DNA Type IV
secretion system hH,1F&A55] Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology ____ will transfer the toxin via
cell-cell contact Type III and IV SS ls?t0yp:x6 Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Viruses living
outside of a host cell are ________ and _______ to survive within host cells completely inert
(inactive), require pathogenic strategies n^3s-$,Hj/ Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology All viruses
are obligate, intracellular parasites nN_CuwaW/n Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Antigenic
Variation Virus serotypes are the same species of virus, but antigenically distinct enough to
generate a unique adaptive immune response u+f.p;fM^M Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology
"The ""common cold"" consists of 100+ known ____ rhinovirus" serotypes N6%CzH99&X Basic
Chapter 18 - Microbiology Antigenic Drift the occurrence of small mutations that continually
generate slightly different forms of a particular virus "G#p,3ua7Rc" Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology Antigenic Shift is the reassortment of genome segments from a viral strain that
infects one species with segments from a strain that infects a different species uYx83~ud:8
Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Rhinoviruses replicate most efficiently at ____ and influenza at
___ 33 degree C, 37 degree C NC:e4pdN8+ Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology ______ from
influenza trigger proinflammatory cytokine production in the upper and lower respitory tract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) "yk#Vunvd/U" Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology Immunopathology in the repiratory tract from influenza infection makes patients
prone to secondary infections u1R5f/K0Hq Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Human
papillomaviruses also have hundred of serotypes that generate unique immune responses
antigenic variation NXu6-l:3OM Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Proteins expressed by HPV
increase ______ of virus-infected cells to form warts host cell division sh,q+mv4v= Basic
Chapter 18 - Microbiology Transformed host cells become immortal and replicate
uncontrollably, which can devlop into cancer f;yO-;Yn0^ Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology
Latency results when a pathogen is present in the body, but is not actively replicating or causing
signs/symptoms of disease "Nb#qc:!`,9" Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology All herpesviruses
undergo latent infection as part of the infection cycle JXdk`0nw$| Basic Chapter 18 Microbiology Viruses that undergo latency will generally cause _______ Chronic infections
P*%Eh{|920 Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Not all chronic infections will be latent
g%B*_&x3XO Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology _____ of latent viruses cases disease
Reactivation PU&z}aJlsZ Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology HIV's virus attachement protein Env
binds to ____ on ______ CD4, T helper cells o%8&6sVRy% Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology
This _____ leads to _______ by eventually ______ cell preference, immunosuppression,
depleting CD4 T helper cells LU/LYv;a6` Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology _____ is defined as
less than 200 CD4 T cells/mm3 of blood Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Dk[E`VJ@NK Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Without T helper cells, neither branch of adaptive
immunity will act against opportunistic infections L?b3=$k6M< Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology
______ is a rare cancer that can develop in AIDS patients, or those with immune deficiencies
Kaposi's Sarcoma iMV@|$tc(n Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Two options that comes before
the strategies of viral pathogenesis Infect immune system cells - Cripple immune system
Latency - Hide from immune system N@y+2X16&Z Basic Chapter 18 - Microbiology Strategies
of viral pathogenesis - Inhibit apoptosis
- After MHC I presentation - Less MHC I on host cells, replace with mimic MHC I
- Cytokine production - Increase --> more inflammation or Decrease --> less inflammation
- Altering viral antigens - segmented RNA genome --> Antigenic shift, or Error-prone viral RNA
polymerase --> antigenic drift
Tissue preference - compatible receptors --> preferential growth temperature